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The Official Magazine of The OceanTE H OFFICIAL MAGAZINEog of the OCEANOGRAPHYraphy SOCIETY CITATION Villanoy, C.L., O.C. Cabrera, A. Yñiguez, M. Camoying, A. de Guzman, L.T. David, and P. Flament. 2011. Monsoon-driven coastal upwelling off Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines.Oceanography 24(1):156–165, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.12. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 24, Number 1, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2011 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. do WNLOADED from WWW.tos.org/oceanography PHILIppINE STRAITS DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT BY CESAR L. VILLANOY, OLIVIA C. CABRERA, ALETTA YÑIGUEZ, MARIANNE CAMOYING, AsunCIon DE GuzMAN, LAURA T. DAVID, AND PIERRE FLAMENT M onsoon-Driven Coastal Upwelling Off Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines ABSTRACT. Cooler temperatures and elevated chlorophyll a, indicative of InR T ODUCTION upwelling, are observed off the coast of Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines. This The Philippine Archipelago consists upwelling is driven primarily by offshore Ekman transport as the northeast monsoon of more than 7000 islands in a variety winds blow parallel along the coast of Zamboanga, with enhancement of positive of shapes and sizes. Between-island wind stress curl due to the land’s frictional retarding force. Analysis of sea surface bathymetry is complicated, consisting of temperature time series reveals interannual variations in upwelling, with weakening narrow shelves, steep slopes, and deep during the 2007/2008 La Niña and strengthening during the 2006/2007 El Niño. basins connected by shallow sills. Ocean Upwelling areas are known as productive and biologically rich, and the Zamboanga circulation here is a result of complex upwelling supports a thriving sardine fishery in the southern Philippines. Sardine interaction between the bathymetry, the landing data correlate remarkably well with monthly chlorophyll values during seasonally reversing monsoons, and the 2009–2010. Despite the prevailing notion that La Niña causes strengthening of the tidal and nontidal circulation between monsoon-driven upwelling, long-term fisheries production data for Zamboanga the South China Sea and the western demonstrate a decrease in fish catch due to weaker upwelling during the 1999/2000 Pacific (Wang et al., 2008; Han et al., and 2007/2008 La Niñas. Interannual variations in upwelling, phytoplankton 2009; Gordon et al., 2011). productivity, and sardine catch suggest that interannual El Niño-Southern Oscillation The dominant wind system over variations can affect the small Zamboanga Peninsula pelagic fishery. the Philippines is the Asian monsoon 156 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 Photo courtesy of Leilani Solera that blows from the northeast between account for 60–80% of total annual northeast/southwest, with sharp coast- December and March and from the upwelling transport (Rykaczewski and line bends at about 122°E and 123°E. The southwest between June and October Checkley, 2008). shelf is generally narrow, with the 200-m (Wang et al., 2001). Monsoonal winds The objective of this paper is to isobath located about 4–10 km from forced through the complicated topog- describe upwelling off Zamboanga the coast. The shelf’s widest part is to raphy can give rise to lee eddies and Peninsula and to make use of satellite sea the west of a small cape at 122°40'E that wind stress curl zones, particularly surface temperature (SST) and chloro- protrudes about 2 km offshore. during monsoon surges (Pullen et al., phyll a distributions as proxies to deter- During the northeast monsoon, the 2008, 2011). Winds blowing through mine interannual upwelling variability. wind vector is directed toward the south- gaps between islands can induce We also briefly discuss the relationship of west, approximately parallel to the shelf upwelling and downwelling along the upwelling and recent local sardine fishery (Figure 2), promoting offshore Ekman leeward sides of the islands (Chavanne trends, as well as upwelling variability. transport (Pond and Pickard, 1983) and et al., 2002). Interestingly, most of these coastal upwelling to replace the displaced features in the Philippines occur only UPWELLING MECHANISM surface water. Coastal upwelling is during the northeast monsoon (NEM; And VARIABILITY evident from the SST field along the Wang et al., 2006; Pullen et al, 2008), Dipolog Strait is 42-km wide and Zamboanga coast during the upwelling- probably because warmer surface is located between Mindanao and favorable NEM season (Figure 2). The temperatures during the southwest Negros islands. The sill lies at ~ 470 m seasonal SST variation is large (4–5°C) monsoon increase near-surface strati- (Gordon et al., 2011) and serves as compared to the cross-shelf temperature fication. The stronger winds and cooler the boundary between the Sulu and gradient (nearshore SST is about 1°C temperatures during NEM can enhance Bohol seas (Figure 1). The northern cooler than offshore SST). This cross- convective mixing, resulting in elevated coast of Zamboanga Peninsula is west shelf gradient is consistent throughout chlorophyll signals in many areas of this strait. The coastline is oriented the NEM months, indicating that the around the country, as seen from satel- lite ocean color data (Wang, et al., 2006; Peñaflor et al., 2007). Zamboanga Peninsula forms the northwest coast of the island of Mindanao (Figure 1). The coast is oriented northeast-southwest, similar to the axis of the monsoon winds. Thus, when the northeast monsoon blows, conditions become favorable for Ekman transport directed away from the shore- line. In addition, upwelling along this shelf can be enhanced by wind stress curl induced by the frictional retarding force of the land. Both types of processes contribute to upwelling in most shelf systems, even along a relatively straight coast such as California (Pickett and Paduan, 2003; Capet et al., 2004). In fact, off the central and southern California Figure 1. Map of the Zamboanga Peninsula shelf area showing bathymetry. Data from coast, wind stress curl is believed to Smith and Sandwell (1997) Oceanography | March 2011 157 Prediction System (COAMPS)1. Model winds of the Philippine Archipelago using COAMPS show the same general features as QuikSCAT wind fields (Pullen et al., 2008). With COAMPS, it is possible to compute both alongshore wind stress and wind stress curl close to the coast. Figure 3 shows a map of the February 2008 mean wind stress and wind stress curl fields. Note that all along the northern coast of Zamboanga Peninsula, the wind stress curl is positive, most likely due to frictional retardation by land. The maximum positive curl values are found off coastline bends (near 122°N and 123°N) and may contribute to upwelling transport in these areas. In Figure 2. QuikSCAT monthly mean wind stress (in N m-2) and mean sea surface temperature (SST; in °C) for February/northeast monsoon (left) and July/southwest monsoon (right). Monthly SST the California and Benguela upwelling was calculated from Pathfinder SST for the period 1985–2009. systems, bands of positive wind stress are believed to be important in shaping the upwelling systems (Fennel, 1999; lower nearshore SST is not due to satellite measurements (e.g., the National Capet et al., 2004). The curl band also seasonal variation in surface heat flux Aeronautics and Space Administration’s forces a downwind surface flow under alone. The negative temperature anoma- Quick Scatterometer [QuikSCAT] and the maximum wind axis and an inshore lies adjacent to the coast extend about the Advanced Scatterometer [ASCAT] upwind countercurrent (Fennel, 1999). 30 km from the coast. instrument), which are too coarse to Similar offshore downwind and near- Wind stress curl is another provide wind stress curl information shore upwind flows were observed mechanism that can drive upwelling. within 50 km of the coast. Alternatively, using underway acoustic Doppler Unfortunately, because no weather we may use model winds from regional current profiler (ADCP) data during the station data are available for this area, atmosphere models such as the December 2007 Joint US/Philippines the only sources of wind data are Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Cruise and the March 2009 Intensive Observational Period cruise (IOP-09), Cesar L. Villanoy ([email protected]) is Professor, Marine Science Institute, University but these flows were absent during of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Olivia C. Cabrera is a PhD candidate IOP-08 in January. at the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Upwelling interannual variability was Philippines. Aletta Yñiguez is Assistant Professor, Marine Science Institute, University examined by using empirical orthogonal of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Marianne Camoying is a Research function (EOF) analysis of monthly Assistant at the Marine Science Institute, and a Master of Science candidate at the Institute 4-km resolution Pathfinder SST data of Environmental Sciences and Meteorology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon 1 City, Philippines. Asuncion de Guzman is Professor,
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