Part III SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS
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Download Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1960
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Richard M. Scammon, Director tr H. Hodges, Secretary CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS CONSUMER INCOME January 17, 1962 Washington 25, D .C . Series P-60, No. 37 INCOME OF FAMILIES AND PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1960 (Advance data on the 1960 income of families and persons were issued in June 1961 in Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 36. Data for 1959 and 1960 include Alaska and Hawaii which were not covered in earlier years) For the country as a whole, the average (median) of approximately 3+ percent. This was about 1 per- income of familiesin1960 was $5,600; but, for families centage point more than the corresponding average rate headed by persons 65 years and over, the average was for the 13-year period since 1947, reflecting the only $2,900, according to estimates released today by marked upswing in economic activity and the introduc- the Bureau of the Census, Department of Comnerce. The tion of a full-employment economy that took place dur- all-family average was $200, or 4 percent, higher than ing the early 1940's. in 1959, despite the downturn in economic activity in In 1960, about 6 million families (groups Of two "-e closing months of 1960. Since prices rose some- or more related persons residing together) received ft between 1959 and 1960, the gain inreal purchasing money incomes of less than $2,000. They comprised power of the median family in the United States, how- 13 percent of the 453 million families in the Nation. -
Household Income Forecast DRAFT 08.12.2020
Household Income Forecast DRAFT 08.12.2020 HOUSEHOLD INCOME FORECAST Thurston County DRAFT 08.12.2020 Thurston Regional Planning Council Household Income Forecast DRAFT 08.12.2020 Title VI Notice Thurston Regional Planning Council (TRPC) hereby gives public notice that it is the agency’s policy to assure full compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, and related statutes and regulations in all programs and activities. Title VI requires that no person shall, on the grounds of race, color, sex, or national origin, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination under any Federal Highway Aid (FHWA) program or other activity for which TRPC receives federal financial assistance. Any person who believes they have been aggrieved by an unlawful discriminatory practice under Title VI has a right to file a formal complaint with TRPC. Any such complaint must be in writing and filed with the TRPC’s Title VI Coordinator within one hundred and eighty (180) days following the date of the alleged discriminatory occurrence. American with Disabilities Act (ADA) Information Materials can be provided in alternate formats by contacting the Thurston Regional Planning Council at 360.956.7575 or email [email protected]. For more information contact: Michael Ambrogi, Senior GIS Analyst Thurston Regional Planning Council 2424 Heritage Court SW, Suite A Olympia, WA 98502 360.956.7575 [email protected] This report was funded by the cities of Lacey, Olympia, and Tumwater through grants from the Washington State Department of Commerce. -
THE FREE-MARKET WELFARE STATE: Preserving Dynamism in a Volatile World
Policy Essay THE FREE-MARKET WELFARE STATE: Preserving Dynamism in a Volatile World Samuel Hammond1 Poverty and Welfare Policy Analyst Niskanen Center May 2018 INTRODUCTION welfare state” directly depresses the vote for reac- tionary political parties.3 Conversely, I argue that he perennial gale of creative destruc- the contemporary rise of anti-market populism in tion…” wrote the economist Joseph America should be taken as an indictment of our in- 4 Schumpeter, “…is the essential fact of adequate social-insurance system, and a refutation “T of the prevailing “small government” view that reg- capitalism.” For new industries to rise and flourish, old industries must fail. Yet creative destruction is ulation and social spending are equally corrosive to a process that is rarely—if ever—politically neu- economic freedom. The universal welfare state, far tral; even one-off economic shocks can have lasting from being at odds with innovation and economic political-economic consequences. From his vantage freedom, may end up being their ultimate guaran- point in 1942, Schumpeter believed that capitalism tor. would become the ultimate victim of its own suc- The fallout from China’s entry to the World Trade cess, inspiring reactionary and populist movements Organization (WTO) in 2001 is a clear case in against its destructive side that would inadvertently point. Cheaper imports benefited millions of Amer- strangle any potential for future creativity.2 icans through lower consumer prices. At the same This paper argues that the countries that have time, Chinese import competition destroyed nearly eluded Schumpeter’s dreary prediction have done two million jobs in manufacturing and associated 5 so by combining free-markets with robust systems services—a classic case of creative destruction. -
Telework in Belgium
TELEWORK IN BELGIUM Sharing experiences & lowering thresholds PROF. DR. MICHEL WALRAVE — UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP COLOPHON Compiler University of Antwerp Faculty of Political & Social Sciences Department of Communication studies Research group Strategic Communication Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium Contact person: Prof. dr. Michel Walrave Tel: +32 3 820 28 75 Fax: +32 3 820 28 82 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ua.ac.be/michel.walrave e-privacy research: www.e-privacy.be e-work research: www.tijdvoortelewerk.be Author Prof. dr. Michel Walrave Responsible publisher David Mellaerts ESF-Agentschap Gasthuisstraat 31 (9e verdieping), 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 02 546 22 36 Fax: 02 546 22 40 Revision Prof. dr. Michel Walrave Dra. Marijke De Bie Anka De Geyter Translation Dra. Marijke De Bie Anka De Geyter L.S. Translations Design Aanzet / Making Magazines, Ghent (Wilfrieda Paessens) Legal Deposit Number D/2005/10.326/2 1 INTRODUCTION . 7 2 EXPERIENCES WITH AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS TELEWORKING . 9 2.1 Belgium’s mid-position . 9 2.2 Profile of Belgian teleworkers and non-teleworkers . 1 3 2.2.1 Attitude towards teleworking types. 1 3 2.2.2 The desire of non-teleworkers . 1 6 2.2.3 Factors affecting interest in teleworking . 1 7 2.2.4 To want, to be able and to be allowed . 1 8 2.3 Factors affecting teleworking experience . 2 0 3 LEGAL ASPECTS . 2 5 3.1 Homeworking Act . 2 5 3.2 Welfare at Work Act . 3 0 3.3 General health and safety regulations at work . -
Social Insurance Law PART 1
Social Insurance Law PART 1: THE CONSOLIDATED ACT ON SOCIAL INSURANCE CHAPTER I THE REGULATION OF SOCIAL INSURANCE, SCOPE OF APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS Article 1 This Law shall be cited as "The Social Insurance Law" and shall include the following branches of Insurance :- 1. Insurance against old age, disability and death; 2. Insurance against employment injuries; 3. Insurance against temporary disability by reason of sickness or maternity; 4. Insurance against unemployment; 5. Insurance for the self-employed and those engaged in liberal professions; 6. Insurance for employers; 7. Family Allowances; 8. Other branches of insurance which fall within the scope of social security. Each of the first two branches shall be introduced in accordance with the following provisions and the protection guaranteed by this Law shall be extended in future stages by introducing the other branches of social insurance by Order of the Council of Ministers. Article 2 The provisions of this Law shall be applied compulsorily to all workers without discrimination as to sex, nationality, or age, who work by virtue of an employment contract for the benefit of one or more employers, or for the benefit of an enterprise in the private, co-operative, or para-statal sectors and, unless otherwise provided for, those engaged in public organisations or bodies, and also those employees and workers in respect of whom Law No. 13 of 1975 does not apply, and irrespective of the duration, nature or form of the contract, or the amount or kind of wages paid or whether the service is performed in accordance with the contract within the country or for the benefit of the employer outside the country or whether the assignment to work abroad is for a limited or an unlimited period. -
Personality Traits As Risk Factors for Occupational Injury in Health Care Workers
PERSONALITY TRAITS AS RISK FACTORS FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURY IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS By HILARY STEVENS MORGAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Hilary Stevens Morgan 2 To my parents who always stressed the value of education and instilled in their children a belief that anything was possible 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Nancy Nivison Menzel, for her guidance, encouragement, and patience throughout this research study. I appreciate her knowledge of occupational health nursing and her commitment to provide leadership for this study despite moving over 2,000 miles westward. I gratefully acknowledge and extend my appreciation to the members of my committee, Jo Snider, PhD, Jiunn-Jye Sheu, PhD, and James V. Jessup, PhD. Each of them provided unique talents, time, and moral support during this study. I would like to thank Dr. Snider for her support during my struggles understanding psychology, Dr. Sheu for his patience in dealing with my epidemiology and study design questions and Dr. Jessup for his calm and encouragement in my moments of doubt. I also want to thank Seaborn Hunt, MD for his support of my returning to school. I know my absences in the office for school activities presented an additional burden on him, but he never wavered in his encouragement of my endeavors. The same appreciation is extended to Paula Murphy, Kathy Sandor, Ronnie Maxim, Vickie Hall, Milly Wilkinson and Renee' Brown who tolerated, with good graces, my vacillating moods throughout this long process. -
Part 11. Recording & Reporting of Occupational Injuries & Illnesses
MIOSHA-STD-1501 (09/21) For further information 32 Pages Ph: 517-284-7740 www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY DIRECTOR'S OFFICE MIOSHA SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARD Filed with the Secretary of State on February 25, 1976 (as amended May 7, 1979) (as amended November 15, 1983) (as amended December 17,1986) (as amended June 6, 2000) (as amended December 12, 2001) (as amended November 25, 2002) (as amended May 20, 2015) (as amended November 10, 2016) (as amended September 12, 2019) (as amended September 16, 2021) These rules take effect immediately upon filing with the secretary of state unless adopted under section 33, 44, or 45a(9) of the administrative procedures act of 1969, 1969 PA 306, MCL 24.233, 24.244, or 24.245a. Rules adopted under these sections become effective 7 days after filing with the secretary of state. (By authority conferred on the department of labor and economic opportunity by section 69 of the Michigan occupational safety and health act, 1974 PA 154, MCL 408.1069, and Executive Reorganization Order Nos. 1996 2, 2003 1, 2008 4, 2011 4, and 2019-3, MCL 445.2001, 445.2011, 445.2025, 445.2030, and 125.1998) R 408.22102a, R 408.22103, R 408.22104, R 408.22107, R 408.22133, R 408.22151, and R 408.22156 of the Michigan Administrative Code are amended, as follows: PART 11. RECORDING AND REPORTING OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES Table of Contents: R 408.22101 Scope. ....................................................... 2 R 408.22113 Recording criteria for needlestick R 408.22102 Intent. -
Individual Income Tax: Arin / Istock © Sk the Basics and New Changes
PAGE ONE Economics® Individual Income Tax: arin / iStock © sk The Basics and New Changes Jeannette N. Bennett, Senior Economic Education Specialist GLOSSARY “In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” Adjusted gross income: Gross income minus —Ben Franklin specific adjustments to income. (Gross income is the total amount earned before any adjustments are subtracted.) Earned income: Money you get for the work Introduction you do. There are two ways to get earned income: You work for someone who pays Taxes are certain. One primary tax is the individual income tax. Congress you, or you own or run a business or farm. initiated the first federal income tax in 1862 to collect revenue for the Income: The payment people receive for pro- expenses of the Civil War. The tax was eliminated in 1872. It made a short- viding resources in the marketplace. When lived comeback in 1894 but was ruled unconstitutional the very next year. people work, they provide human resources (labor) and in exchange they receive income Then, in 1913, the federal income tax resurfaced when the 16th Amend- in the form of wages or salaries. People also ment to the Constitution gave Congress legal authority to tax income. earn income in the form of rent, profit, and And today, the federal income tax is well established and certain. interest. Income tax: Taxes on income, both earned (salaries, wages, tips, commissions) and 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1913) unearned (interest, dividends). Income taxes can be levied on both individuals The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever (personal income taxes) and businesses source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard (business and corporate income taxes). -
World Developments in Social Security
World Developments in Social Security by CARL H. FARMAN* term risks of income loss resulting Almost without exception the nations of the world are com- from old age, invalidity (of nonoccu- mitted to programs of social security-programs that vary from pational origin), and death of the country to country but have in common the establishment of worker are most commonly met protection, generally through compulsory social insurance, against such risks as sickness and the economic consequences through a system of contributory old- age, invalidity, and survivors insur- of unemployment, disability, old age, and death. The follow- ing survey, based largely on a longer report.1 is an attempt to ance, in which benefits are provided show in broad outline the evolution in such legislation for the without an income test to persons who years 1939-49 and the extent and general character of such pro- meet the qualifying requirements. In grams at the end of that time. a number of countries pensions are paid to all aged, disabled, or survivor claimants with insufllcient means, NE of the most widely shared Soon after the beginning of the war, provided they meet citizenship or resi- objectives of the people of the many countries enacted legislation dence requirements. Such pensions 0 world in the mid-twentieth that either created new systems or subject to income test are the only century is social security. The sys- (more frequently) fundamentally benefits in Australia, Canada, Den- tems of social insurance and assist- amended programs already in exist- mark, Norway, Spain, and the Union ance that constitute the common ence. -
4, ¢, 4, Tax Reform Will Force Complete Realpraisal of Current Employee Benefit Packages and a Return to the Basics
E B R I EMPLOYEE BENEFIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OCIOBER 1986 NUMBER FIFTY-NINE 4, ¢, 4, Tax reform will force complete realpraisal of current employee benefit packages and a return to the basics. 4,4,4, Tax Reform and Employee Benefits The recently enacted tax reform legislation makes dramatic changes in employee benefits both through the numerous provisions directly affecting benefits and through the overall reduction in individual income tax rates. The changes in the pension and welfare benefit area are intended to produce more comparable employee benefit coverage of rank and file employees and of highly compensated employees. Pension changes, assuming that plans are maintained, increase the number of vested workers through faster vesting schedules, increase pension amounts for rank and file employees by limiting the coordination with Social Security benefits, and mandate broader and more comparable coverage of rank and file employees. Higher-paid employees, however, suffer potential losses in benefits: restrictions on 401(k) salary reduction contributions ($7,000 cap, tighter nondiscrimination rules, and inclusion of all after-tax contributions as annual additions under the section 415 limits); a new limit of $200,000 on the amount of compensation that may be taken into account under all qualified plans; a new excess benefit tax of 15 percent on most annual distributions over $112,500; and sharply reduced maximum benefits payable to early retirees under defined benefit plans. Changes in welfare benefit areas aim for the same effect: an intended broadening of benefits because of tighter nondiscrimination rules that also could reduce tax-favored benefits payable to the higher paid. -
Social Insurance: Connecting Theory to Data
CHAPTER 3 Social Insurance: Connecting Theory to Data Raj Chetty*,† and Amy Finkelstein†,‡ *Harvard University †NBER ‡MIT Contents 1. Introduction 112 2. Motivations for Social Insurance 114 2.1. Adverse Selection: Review of the Basic Theory 115 2.1.1. A Stylized Model 116 2.1.2. The Textbook Case 118 2.1.3. Departures from the Textbook Environment: Loads and Preference Heterogeneity 123 2.2. Empirical Evidence on Selection 127 2.2.1. Testing for Selection 128 2.2.2. Evidence on Selection 131 2.2.3. Welfare Consequences 134 2.2.4. Directions for Future Work 139 2.3. Other Motivations 140 3. Design of Public Insurance Programs 143 3.1. Optimal Benefit Level in a Static Model 145 3.2. Sufficient Statistics Implementation 148 3.2.1. Consumption Smoothing 148 3.2.2. Liquidity vs. Moral Hazard 157 3.2.3. Reservation Wages 159 3.3. Generalizing the Static Model 163 3.3.1. Dynamics: Endogenous Savings and Borrowing Constraints 163 3.3.2. Externalities on Private Insurers 168 3.3.3. Externalities on Government Budgets 170 3.3.4. Other Externalities 172 3.3.5. Imperfect Optimization 174 3.4. Other Dimensions of Policy 176 3.4.1. Liquidity Provision and Mandated Savings Accounts 176 3.4.2. Imperfect Takeup 178 3.4.3. Path of Benefits 180 4. Challenges for Future Work 182 Acknowledgments 186 References 186 Handbook of Public Economics, Volume 5 © 2013 Elsevier B.V. ISSN 1573-4420, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53759-1.00003-0 All rights reserved. -
Cost-Sharing Mechanisms in Health Insurance Schemes: a Systematic Review
Cost-sharing mechanisms in health insurance schemes: A systematic review Submitted to The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO From Meng Qingyue, Jia Liying, Yuan Beibei Center for Health Management and Policy, Shandong University October, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS AbAbAb stract .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Objectives and definitions ............................................................................................................... 7 3 Criteria for inclusion of studies........................................................................................................ 7 4. Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 8 4.1 Searched databases and websites ........................................................................................... 8 4.2 Search strategy ........................................................................................................................ 8 4.3 Review method ...................................................................................................................... 10 5 Results .........................................................................................................................................