Cultural Heritage Management Plan

Old Coach Road, Princetown Integrated Eco-Tourism Facility Cultural Heritage Management Plan

CHMP Number: 14008 Size of Activity Area: Large Assessment: Desktop/Standard/Complex Sponsor: Montarosa Pty Ltd (ABN 30 212 274 839) Heritage Advisor: David Mathews Author: David Mathews and Eugene Shev Date of Completion: 13 December 2016

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

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Tourism Facility -

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Integrated

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Old Coach Road, Princetown Integrated Eco-Tourism Facility Cultural Heritage Management Plan

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Tourism Facility

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Integrated

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) has been prepared by the sponsor as a mandatory CHMP under Section 46 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (the Act) to allow the management and protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage during the course of activities associated with the proposed development at Old Coach Road, Princetown, that may disturb Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area. In addition, this cultural heritage management plan provides contingency arrangements for managing the discovery of any further Aboriginal cultural heritage places identified during construction works associated with the development.

When is a cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) required? A mandatory CHMP is required for an activity if (Regulation 6)- (a) all or part of the activity area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and (b) all or part of the activity is a high impact activity.

Is this activity area an area of cultural heritage sensitivity? Regulation 23 Waterways (1) Subject to subregulation (2), a waterway or land within 200 metres of a waterway is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. (2) If part of a waterway or part of the land within 200 metres of a waterway has been subject to significant ground disturbance, that part is not an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. The activity area is adjacent to the Gellibrand River and approximately 150m east of Latrobe Creek and therefore constitutes an area which is within 200m of a named waterway. This is classified as an area of cultural sensitivity according to Regulation 23 (1) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic). Is this activity a high impact activity? Regulation 45 Dwellings (1) The construction of three or more dwellings on a lot or allotment is a high impact activity. (2) The carrying out of works for three or more dwellings on a lot or allotment is a high activity. The proposed activity constitutes a high impact activity as defined in Regulation 46(1) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic).

Sponsor The Sponsor of this CHMP is Montarosa Pty Ltd (ABN/CAN: 30 212 274 839).

Heritage Advisor This CHMP has been authored by qualified archaeologists and heritage consultants, experienced in professional Aboriginal heritage assessment and evaluation since 1991, in accordance with section 189 of the Act. The Heritage Advisor for this CHMP is:

 David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long and Associates. The authors of this CHMP are:

 David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long and Associates.

 Eugene Shev, Project Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates.

Location of the Activity Area The activity area is located in the vicinity of the township of Princetown, approximately 185km southwest of the Melbourne CBD and situated within the Shire of Corangamite. The proposed activity area is located at the street address of 79 Old Coach Road, Princetown. The Gellibrand River borders much of the activity area. The mouth of the Gellibrand River is located approximately 800m south west of the activity area, The activity area lies within a ‘Rural Conservation Zone Zone’ (RCZ). (for permitted uses see Appendix 4). As the activity encompasses more than 40 hectares, it is considered a large activity as established by Regulation 68 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic).

Description of the Activity The activity area is located in the vicinity of the township of Princetown, approximately 185km southwest of Melbourne CBD and situated within the municipality of Corangamite Shire. The proposed activity area is located across approximately 50.9 hectares at 79 Old Coach Road, Princetown. The activity area lies within land currently zoned as ‘Rural Conservation Zone’ (RCZ1) (for permitted uses see Appendix 4). As the activity encompasses more than 40 hectares, it is considered a large activity as established by Regulation 68 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic). Excavations in regards to the proposed activity will be extensive, and any excavations that do take place across the activity area will be identified and determined by any application and documents lodged with Council. It is not anticipated that construction depths will exceed 1.2m below the current ground surface. It is likely that the proposed activity will include:  Construction of a restaurant and activity centre  Eco lodge dwellings with car parking and landscaping including decks and retaining walls  Sewer, water main and storm water drainage construction and associated trenching areas

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 Installation of utilities  Excavations for vehicular road, pedestrian paths, pavement works and parking areas  Revegetation and landscaping works  Fire services access tracks  Drainage works including localised modifications to the wetlands  Excavated soil to remain on-site as part of cut and fill process

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8  Construction of a boat shed

 Construction of water storage –  Other works as may be required Despite the large activity area, construction activities within the activity area will be localised. Only minor impacts are proposed to the north of the activity area (wetlands). The overall development footprint is proposed to be less than approximately 3ha. Appendix 7 details the indicative development plan. The overall footprint of the development will not change, however minor changes to the location of features may occur.

Registered Aboriginal Parties No Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAP(s)) were present for the activity area at the time the Notice of Intent (NOI) was prepared. In accordance

with the requirements of s. 54 of the Act, on 18 December 2015 a formal Notice of Intent to Prepare a CHMP was submitted to the Secretary Tourism Facility

- of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (Appendix 2), and a response was received on 18 December 2015. Pursuant with Section 65 of the Act, the Secretary of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria will approve the CHMP.

E c o At the time the Notification of Intent to Prepare a CHMP was submitted there were no RAPs for the activity area. There is currently one RAP application for land that includes the activity area, submitted by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC). The EMAC supplied representatives for both the standard and complex assessments. The Kuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation (KMAC), a former RAP applicant for lands that include the current activity area supplied a representative for the complex assessment. These representatives were present and were consulted with during the preparation of this CHMP. This consultation took the form of informal discussions that were undertaken throughout the standard and complex assessments for this CHMP. These discussions included consultation

Integrated in relation to the testing methodology and the testing results, as well as issues relating to any oral history information known about the

study region. The representatives informally consulted for this CHMP are listed below. The outcomes of this consultation are reflected in –

the description of the testing methodology, the discussion of the results and the recommendations presented within this management plan. No additional consultation was undertaken. Desktop Assessment By comparing the results of the background research and the archaeological investigations previously undertaken within the geographic region, the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the nature of Aboriginal archaeological material within the activity area:

 Ethnographic observations indicate that the location of the activity area was the likely tribal and language boundary between two culturally distinct groups, the Gadubanud to the south and east, and the Girai wurrung on the northern and western side.

 The abundance of coastal and riverine resources would have supplied an energy rich diet for the inhabitants of the region. The high amount of registered shell middens situated along the coastline is indicative of the utilisation of these resources on a permanent basis. Alongside coastal resources the Gellibrand River would have been utilised for the harvesting of freshwater molluscs, as is evidenced by the identification of freshwater mussels in shell middens VAHR 7520-0006 and 0008.

 The activity area is likely comprised of one of two geological units, or both; fluvially deposited generic coastal lagoon deposits (Qg) in the northern portion and coastal dune deposits (Qdl1), both Holocene in timescale.

 The activity area lies adjacent to the Gellibrand River, increasing the likelihood of Aboriginal material being uncovered during

Old Coach Road, Princetown subsurface testing. However, given the evidence of the movement of the Gellibrand’s course within the localised activity area in the past decade, there is a lower potential of finding either shell deposits or lithic assemblages compared to other sections of the river further upstream. Additionally, the geological signature of the activity area is younger than that the surrounding geology, and is likely the result of fluvially deposited material sometime within the Holocene.

 A total of 28 registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places are located within a 9 km radius of the activity area. The majority of previously registered Aboriginal places within the geographic region area are artefact scatters (n=18). The remaining Aboriginal Places comprise shell middens (n=11), one object collection (n=1) and earth features (n=1). It must be noted that a few of these sites are composed of both registered Artefact scatters and earth features (n=3), and a combination of shell middens and artefact scatters (n=2). These sites are located almost exclusively within 300m of the coastline. The results of the desktop assessment show that it is possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage could be present in the activity area. On this basis, a standard assessment was carried out in accordance with s. 58(1) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) (see Section 5 for details). Standard Assessment No Aboriginal cultural heritage places were identified within the activity area by the completion of the standard assessment. Given the generally low ground surface visibility and the assigned archaeological potential rating of much of the activity rea (especially IA1 and IA3) it was deemed necessary to enable a proper investigation of the potential for sub-surface Aboriginal cultural heritage places to be present within IA2 and to identify the nature, extent and significance of any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the assessment in accordance with Regulation 60 (1b) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic). Complex Assessment A thorough sub-surface testing program was conducted across IA1 and IA2, including the hand excavation of six 1x1 m test pits, 22 0.5x0.5m test pits and 87 shovel test pits to a maximum depth of 1490 mm.

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Both investigation areas of the activity area (where impacts are proposed) were sampled and subsurface testing targeted the areas of proposed impacts from the activity. Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified in the central part of the activity area in a total of 15 test pits. Stone artefacts were identified in ten test pits and concentrations of shell were identified in ten test pits (five test pits contained both shell concentrations and stone artefacts). The majority of the identified subsurface stone artefacts are of quartz (n=18 or 54.5%) with flint (n=14 or 42.4%) and a single artefact of intermediate raw material also identified (Table 16). Flakes (whole and broken) are the most ubiquitous technological class (n=19, or 57.6%) with angular fragments (n=11 or 33.3%) and a single core and tool present (Table 17). The core is a bipolar unidirectiaonal core. The tool is a quartz backed flake fragment with scalar retouch on the ventral surface. These artefacts along with identified concentrations of shell form three newly identified Aboriginal cultural heritage places (two artefact scatter / shell midden sites and one low density artefact distributions [LDADs]) which is discussed in detail in Section 7. The complex assessment results provided information about subsurface soil deposits within the activity area. Due to the thorough nature of the subsurface testing programme which targeted the areas of proposed ground disturbance from the activity (see Section 2), no further subsurface investigations were warranted as part of this CHMP in the activity area. The results of the evaluation have also demonstrated that outside of the location of the identified Aboriginal cultural heritage places, no dense deposits of stone artefacts or other materials of cultural origin representing Aboriginal heritage places of higher scientific significance are likely to occur within the activity area in the areas subject to proposed construction impacts. There are no mature native trees, notable rocks, caves or overhangs within the activity area, and so no possibility for scarred trees, rock art sites or quarries. Assessment Evaluation - Section 61 Matters Will the activity be conducted in a way that avoids harm to Aboriginal heritage? The evaluation undertaken as part of this CHMP has determined that the activity cannot be undertaken without harm to the Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the activity area:

 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)  Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)  Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD (7520-0184 Will the activity be conducted in a way that minimises harm to Aboriginal heritage? The evaluation undertaken as part of this CHMP has determined that the activity cannot be undertaken in a way that minimises harm to the low density artefact distribution that this present in the activity area:

 Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD (7520-0184) Through a change to the construction footprint, the sponsor has modified the layout of the development to minimise impacts to the following Aboriginal cultural heritage places.

 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)  Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) Specifically, a proposed pathway originally located to the south of the proposed road that intersects with parts of 7520-0185 and 7520-0186 was relocated to the north of the road thereby minimising impacts. The proposed road was also realigned to further minimise impacts to 7520-0186. Specific measures required of the management to Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be affected by the activity, before, during and after the activity? Specific measures required for the management of the Aboriginal cultural heritage place within the activity area, including the requirement for a salvage excavation and cultural heritage induction are outlined in Section 9. Contingency plans for the possible discovery of unexpected Aboriginal cultural heritage, as per Clause 13(1) Schedule 2 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 are to be adopted during the implementation of the activity (Section 10). A summary of specific measures is presented below.

Place Name VAHR Site Type Impact (none, partial Salvage Salvage Surface Repatriation (primary or complete) Excavation Excavation Salvage of artefacts component) Quota (m2) Collection Old Coach Road, 7520-0185 Artefact scatter / Partial (place extent Yes 2m2 (2x1) No Yes Princetown 1 shell midden is 60.01m2. Impact is 20.93m2) Old Coach Road, 7520-0186 Artefact scatter / Partial (Place extent Yes 2m2 (2x1) No Yes Princetown 2 shell midden is 124.08m2. Impact is 92.58m2) Old Coach Road, 7520-0184 LDAD Complete No n/a No Yes Princetown LDAD

7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, the part of 7520-0185 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 21 may be harmed by the activity: Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required prior to the implementation of the activity in the vicinity of 7520-0185;

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 Prior to the commencement of the activity, temporary above ground protective fencing must be installed. The minimum extent of the fencing required is the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21. It is the responsibility of the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate to ensure adherence to the fencing requirements.  Prior to the commencement of the activity in this area, salvage excavation must occur. A 2x1m salvage pit must be excavated. The salvage pit must be located in the part of 7520-0185 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 21. o The HA will determine the precise location of the salvage pits.

o The salvage excavation must be conducted in accordance with arrangements and methodology set out in Section 9.5. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

 A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and –

assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage location. Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  During the activity, there is to be no unauthorised access by personnel, vehicles or machinery to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21. Authorisation may only be granted by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate for emergency or CHMP compliance purposes.  No impacts by machinery to the surface of the land is permitted to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21.  Any planting that occurs within the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21 must be done by

Tourism Facility hand. -  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and

assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. E c o Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  Temporary fencing may be demounted on completion of all ground disturbing works in the vicinity of 7520-0185.  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP and during the salvage excavation in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s)

Integrated and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the

– repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, the part of 7520-0186 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 22 may be harmed by the activity: Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required prior to the implementation of the activity in the vicinity of 7520-0186;  Prior to the commencement of the activity, temporary above ground protective fencing must be installed. The minimum extent of the fencing required is the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22. It is the responsibility of the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate to ensure adherence to the fencing requirements.  Prior to the commencement of the activity in this area, salvage excavation must occur. A 2x1m salvage pit must be excavated. The salvage pit must be located in the part of 7520-0186 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 22. o The HA will determine the precise location of the salvage pits.

Old Coach Road, Princetown o The salvage excavation must be conducted in accordance with arrangements and methodology set out in Section 9.5.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage location. Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  During the activity, there is to be no unauthorised access by personnel, vehicles or machinery to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22. Authorisation may only be granted by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate for emergency or CHMP compliance purposes.  No impacts by machinery to the surface of the land is permitted to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22.  Any planting that occurs within the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22 must be done by hand.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  Temporary fencing may be demounted on completion of all ground disturbing works in the vicinity of 7520-0186.  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP and during the salvage excavation in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, 7520-0184 may be harmed by the activity:

Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required before the implementation of the activity;  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

Cultural Heritage Induction A single cultural heritage induction must be provided by the HA and relevant RAP, if one exists at the time and chooses to participate, to the contractor (at a reasonable cost to the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate) outlining all procedures defined in the CHMP. It will be expected that the contractor then inducts all relevant personnel involved in ground disturbing activities in the activity/activity area. 1. HA induct key personnel Prior to the activity commencing, all key personnel identified by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate must be inducted with regard to the requirements and procedures defined in Sections 7-10 of this Cultural Heritage Management Plan. This induction must be conducted by a HA and the RAP, if one exists at the time and chooses to participate, at a reasonable cost to the sponsor or sponsor’s delegate. 2. HA prepare CHMP induction manual To facilitate the induction of all relevant staff and subcontractors (see Point 3), the HA must prepare a CHMP induction manual outlining the following:

 the existence of the CHMP;  the role of the CHMP;  the type and nature of Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be encountered;  appropriate responses to Aboriginal cultural heritage encountered; and  the consequences of non-compliance with the CHMP. 3. Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate must ensure all relevant staff and subcontractors receive a CHMP induction. Key personal will present the CHMP induction to all relevant staff and subcontractors. Relevant staff and subcontractors will receive a summary of their obligations under the requirements of the CHMP as part of their overall project induction. Induction of construction staff must ensure all relevant staff and subcontractors involved in ground disturbing works, are aware of:

 the existence of the CHMP;  the role of the CHMP;  the type and nature of Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be encountered;  appropriate responses to Aboriginal cultural heritage encountered; and  the consequences of non-compliance with the CHMP. During the activity a copy of the approved CHMP and the induction manual must be retained by the site manager, where they will be readily available to all construction staff.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ...... 3 1.1 Reason for Conducting the Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 3 1.2 The Name of the Sponsor ...... 3 1.3 The Name of the Heritage Advisor ...... 4

1.4 The Location of the Activity Area ...... 4 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

1.5 The Owners and Occupiers of the Land ...... 4 –

1.6 Notice of Intention to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 4 1.7 Registered Aboriginal Parties ...... 5 2. Activity Area ...... 9 2.1 Activity Description ...... 9 2.2 Extent of the Activity Area ...... 9 3. Documentation of Consultation ...... 11 3.1 The Notice of Intention to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 11 3.2 Registered Aboriginal Parties and Applicants ...... 11 3.3 Participants in the Assessment ...... 11

Tourism Facility 3.4 Summary of Consultation...... 12 - 4. Desktop Assessment ...... 13

4.1 Method of Assessment ...... 13 E c o 4.2 Obstacles ...... 13 4.3 Persons Involved in the Desktop Assessment ...... 13 4.4 RAP Information ...... 13 4.5 Geographic Region ...... 14 4.6 A Review of the Landforms or Geomorphology of the Activity Area ...... 14

4.6.1 Landforms / Geomorphology ...... 14 Integrated

4.7 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Search ...... 22 –

4.8 Review of Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts of Aboriginal Occupation in the Geographic Region ...... 29 4.8.1 Ethno-Historical Accounts ...... 29 4.8.2 Post-contact History ...... 30 4.9 Review of Reports and Published Work about Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in the Region ...... 31 4.10 A Review of the History of the Use of the Activity Area ...... 35 4.11 Conclusions ...... 36 5. Standard Assessment ...... 37 5.1 Introduction ...... 37 5.2 Previously Registered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places...... 37 5.3 Method of Assessment ...... 37 5.3.1 Investigation Areas ...... 38 5.4 Obstacles ...... 38 5.5 Participants Involved in the Standard Assessment ...... 38 5.6 RAP Information ...... 39 5.7 Results ...... 39 5.8 Archaeological Potential Ratings ...... 44 Old Coach Road, Princetown5.9 Conclusions ...... 44 6. Complex Assessment ...... 47 6.1 Introduction ...... 47 6.2 Sub-surface Testing or Excavation Methodology ...... 47 6.2.1 Testing Strategy ...... 47 6.2.2 Excavation Methods ...... 48 6.3 Establishing Stratigraphy ...... 48 6.4 Obstacles ...... 50 6.5 Name of the Supervisors ...... 51 6.6 Names of Participants ...... 51 6.7 Co-ordinates of testing locations ...... 51 6.8 RAP Information ...... 53 6.9 The Results of Testing ...... 54 6.10 Conclusions ...... 56 7. Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment ...... 67 7.1 Introduction ...... 67 7.2 7520-0185 - Old Coach Road, Princetown 1...... 71 7.2.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 ...... 71 7.3 7520-0186 - Old Coach Road, Princetown 2...... 81 7.3.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 ...... 81 7.4 7520-0184 - Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD ...... 90

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 7.4.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD ...... 90 7.5 Stone Artefact Discussion ...... 91 8. Section 61 Matters ...... 93 8.1 Introduction ...... 93 8.2 Will the activity be conducted in a way that avoids harm to Aboriginal heritage? ...... 93 8.3 Will the activity be conducted in a way that minimises harm to Aboriginal heritage? ...... 93 8.4 Specific Measures Required for the Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Likely to Be affected by the Activity, Before, During and After the Activity...... 94 9. Recommendations ...... 97 9.1 Specific Recommendations and Requirements ...... 97 9.2 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 ...... 99 9.3 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 ...... 101 9.4 7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD ...... 103 9.5 Salvage Arrangements ...... 104 9.6 Storage Arrangements ...... 107 9.7 Cultural Heritage Induction ...... 108 9.7 Additional Comments ...... 108 10. CONTINGENCIES...... 109 10.1 Introduction ...... 109 10.2 Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Found During Works ...... 109 10.3 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Recovered ...... 111 10.4 The Management of the Discovery of Human Remains ...... 112 10.5 Reviewing Compliance with the Management Plan ...... 113 10.6 Dispute Resolution ...... 113 10.7 Delays and Other Obstacles...... 113 10.6 Authorised Project Delegates and the Handling of Sensitive Information ...... 114 11. References ...... 115 12. SITE GAZETTEER ...... 117 13. Tables ...... 119

FIGURES Figure 1: Stratigraphic profile drawing of 1x1A ...... 49 Figure 2: Stratigraphic profile drawing of 1x1C ...... 50 Figure 3: Profile drawing of 1x1A – East Elevation ...... 61 Figure 4: Profile drawing of 1x1B – North Elevation ...... 61 Figure 5: Profile drawing of 1x1C – North Elevation ...... 62 Figure 6: Profile drawing of J9 – North Elevation...... 62 Figure 7: Profile drawing of M4 – North Elevation ...... 63 Figure 8: Profile drawing of 0.5x0.5A – North Elevation ...... 63 Figure 9: Profile drawing of 1x1 I4 – South Elevation ...... 64 Figure 10: Profile drawing of 1x1J9 – West Elevation ...... 64 Figure 11: Profile drawing of 1x1D – North Elevation ...... 65 Figure 12: Weight of shell material uncovered per pit; Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) ...... 74 Figure 13: Percentage of total NISP represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) ...... 75 Figure 14: Percentage of total MNI represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) ...... 75 Figure 15: Percentage of total weight represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) ...... 76 Figure 16: Weight per species and spit, Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) ...... 77 Figure 17: Weight of shell material uncovered per pit; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 84 Figure 18: Percentage of total NISP represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 84 Figure 19: Percentage of total MNI represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 85 Figure 20: Percentage of total weight represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 86 Figure 21: Weight per species and spit, Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 86 Figure 22. Relative frequency of raw materials in each place ...... 92

TABLES Table 1: Owners and Occupiers of the activity area ...... 4 Table 2: RAP Applicant(s) for the activity area...... 11 Table 3: Participants in the Assessment ...... 12 Table 4: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places Located within the Geographic Region ...... 27 Table 5: Participants involved in the Standard Assessment...... 38 Table 6: Investigation Area 1 (IA1)...... 40

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Table 7: Investigation Area 2 (IA2)...... 41 Table 8: Investigation Area 3 (IA3)...... 42 Table 9: Archaeological Sensitivity / Disturbance Ratings ...... 44 Table 10: APR Scale ...... 44 Table 11: Archaeological potential ratings of the activity area ...... 44

Table 12: Participants in the complex assessment ...... 51 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Table 13: Excavation co-ordinates (GDA 94, Zone 55) ...... 53 –

Table 14: Test pits containing stone artefacts, sorted by phase ...... 54 Table 15: Stone artefacts sorted by depth range and place ...... 54 Table 16: Stone artefacts sorted by test pit, raw material and place ...... 55 Table 17: Stone artefacts sorted by test pit, technological class and place ...... 55 Table 18: Test pits containing concentration of shell, sorted by phase ...... 56 Table 19: Variables recorded in the technological and typological analysis of the stone artefacts identified as part of this CHMP...... 68 Table 20: Variables recorded in the shell analysis conducted as part of this CHMP...... 69 Table 21: Extent and significance of 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 ...... 71

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Table 28: Extent and significance of 7520-0186 - Old Coach Road, Princetown 2...... 81 Integrated

Table 29: Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road,

– Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 84

Table 30: Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) ...... 85 Table 31: Total weights according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)...... 85 Table 32. Distribution and average maximum dimension (MD) of artefacts by location and raw material ...... 87 Table 33. Relative frequency and maximum dimension (MD) of artefact types by raw material ...... 87 Table 34: Extent and significance of 7520-0184 - Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD ...... 90 Table 35. Select attributes of artefacts comprising Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD ...... 91 Table 36: Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area and management requirements ...... 97 Table 37: STP and 0.5x0.5 Database – Phase 1 and 2 ...... 139 Table 38: 0.5x0.5A Database ...... 140 Table 39: Phase 3 0.5x0.5m Database ...... 142 Table 40: Shell Data ...... 146 Table 41: Stone Artefact Data (1 of 2) ...... 147 Table 42: Stone Artefact Data (2 of 2) ...... 147

Old Coach Road,M PrincetownAPS Map 1: Location of the Activity Area ...... 6 Map 2: Map of the Activity Area ...... 7 Map 3: Photomap of the Activity Area ...... 8 Map 4: Geomorphology of the activity area within a 15km radius...... 17 Map 5: Geology of the activity area within a 15km radius ...... 18 Map 6: Pre-1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVCs) of the activity area within a 15km radius ...... 19 Map 7: Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area ...... 20 Map 8: Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area - insets...... 21 Map 9: Investigation Areas (IAs) assessed during the Standard Assessment including Archaeological Potential Ratings (APR) ...... 43 Map 10: Results of the complex assessment – overview ...... 57 Map 11: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 1 ...... 58 Map 12: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 2 ...... 59 Map 13: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 3 ...... 60 Map 14: Aboriginal cultural heritage in the activity area ...... 70 Map 15: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0185 ...... 71 Map 16: Context plan of 7520-0185 ...... 72 Map 17: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0186 ...... 81 Map 18: Context plan of 7520-0186 ...... 82

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Map 19: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0184 ...... 90 Map 20: Registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area ...... 98 Map 21: 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 – Management map showing areas subject to harm avoidance and areas subject to salvage quota ...... 100 Map 22: 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 – Management map showing areas subject to harm avoidance and areas subject to salvage quota ...... 102

PLATES Plate 1: IA 1 looking north ...... 40 Plate 2: The typical ground surface visibility of IA1 at the time of the standard assessment ...... 40 Plate 3: The wetlands that form IA2 ...... 41 Plate 4: The typical ground surface visibility of IA2 at the time of the standard assessment ...... 41 Plate 5: The edge of the sand dunes that form IA3 (background) rising above IA1 (foreground)...... 42 Plate 6: 1x1A, north elevation ...... 50 Plate 7: 1x1C stratigraphic profile, north elevation ...... 50 Plate 8: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefacts 11-14 from 1x1J9 Spit 3 ...... 78 Plate 9: 7520-0185_15Mar16_EugeneShev_Artefacts 1, 2 and 3 from J9 Spit 2 ...... 79 Plate 10: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_J9 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Austromytilus rostratus (b) Ischnochitonidae sp ...... 79 Plate 11: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_J9 N5 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Cellana sp. (b) D. orbita (c) S. undulata (d) Ischinochitonidae sp. (e) A. rostratus (f) D ...... 80 Plate 12: VAHR 7520-0186_OldCoachRoad,Princetown2_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 24 from I4 W5 Spit 3...... 88 Plate 13: VAHR 7520-0186_OldCoachRoad,Princetown2_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 31 from 1x1I4 Spit 3 Sieve ...... 88 Plate 14: OCRP_1x1 I4 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Haliotis sp. (b) Ischninochitonidae sp. (c) S. undulata (d) Cellana sp. (e) D. orbita (f) A. rostratus ...... 89 Plate 15: OCRP_I4 240-400mm Shell Sample (a) A. rostratus (b) Cellana sp. (c) Ischnochitonidae sp. (d) D. orbita (e) S. undulata (f) Subninella (operculum) ...... 89 Plate 16: VAHR 750-0184_Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 4 from test pit3 ...... 91

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Statutory Regulations Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) ...... 149 Appendix 2: Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan for the Purposes of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) ...... 151 Appendix 3: Heritage Significance Assessment...... 155 Appendix 4: Planning Scheme ...... 159 Appendix 5: Compliance Review Checklist ...... 171 Appendix 6: Glossary of Terms ...... 173 Appendix 7: Preliminary Development Proposal ...... 177

ABBREVIATIONS AV: Aboriginal Affairs Victoria ALA: Andrew Long & Associates AV: Average BP: Before Present (Years) CHMP: Cultural Heritage Management Plan CHP: Cultural Heritage Permit E: East EMAC: Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation HA: Heritage Advisor KMAC Kuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation LDAD Low density artefact distribution N: North NE: North East

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NW: North West RAP: Registered Aboriginal Party S: South SE: South East

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SU: Survey Unit – TA: Testing Area W: West

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Reason for Conducting the Cultural Heritage Management Plan

1.2 The Name of the Sponsor

The Sponsor of this CHMP is Montarosa Pty Ltd (ABN/CAN: 30 212 274 839).

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1.3 The Name of the Heritage Advisor

This CHMP has been authored by qualified archaeologists and heritage advisors, in accordance with

section 189 of the Act. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

The Heritage Advisor for this CHMP is:

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 David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long and Associates. The authors of this CHMP are:  David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long and Associates.  Eugene Shev, Project Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates.

Tourism Facility1.4 The Location of the Activity Area -

E c o The activity area is located in the vicinity of the township of Princetown, approximately 185km southwest of the Melbourne CBD and situated within the Shire of Corangamite. The proposed activity area is located at the street address of 79 Old Coach Road, Princetown. The Gellibrand River borders much of the activity area. The mouth of the Gellibrand River is located

approximately 800m south west of the activity area,

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The activity area lies within a ‘‘Rural Conservation Zone’ (RCZ). (for permitted uses see Appendix 4). As the activity encompasses more than 40 hectares, it is considered a large activity as established by Regulation 68 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic).

1.5 The Owners and Occupiers of the Land

Table 1 lists the owners and occupiers of the land associated with the activity area. Lot Number /SPI Owner/Occupier Allotment 65, SPI 65\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Allotment 65A, SPI 65A\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Allotment 66, SPI 66\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd

Allotment 70, SPI 70\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Old Coach Road, Princetown Allotment 72, SPI 72\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Allotment 73, SPI 73\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Allotment 74, SPI 74\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd Allotment 75, SPI 75\PP5654 (property number 9124) Montarosa Pty Ltd SPI 2007\PP5654 Government Road SPI2004\PP5654 Crown Land Table 1: Owners and Occupiers of the activity area

1.6 Notice of Intention to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan

In accordance with the requirements of s. 54 of the Act, on 18 December 2015 a formal Notice of Intent to Prepare a CHMP (NOI) was submitted to the Secretary of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (Appendix 2).

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At the time the Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare a CHMP was submitted, the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council (VAHC) had not appointed any RAP for lands including the activity area. There was, however, one RAP application for the area by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC).

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Map 1: Location of the Activity Area

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Map 2: Map of the Activity Area

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Map 3: Photomap of the Activity Area

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2. ACTIVITY AREA

2.1 Activity Description

The activity area is located in the vicinity of the township of Princetown, approximately 185km southwest of Melbourne CBD and situated within the municipality of Corangamite Shire. The proposed activity area is located across approximately 50.9 hectares at 79 Old Coach Road, Princetown. The activity area lies within land currently zoned as ‘Rural Conservation Zone’ (RCZ) (for permitted uses see Appendix 4). As the activity encompasses more than 40 hectares, it is considered a large activity as established by Regulation 68 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic). Excavations in regards to the proposed activity will be extensive, and any excavations that do take place across the activity area will be identified and determined by any application and documents lodged with Council. It is not anticipated that construction depths will exceed 1.2m below the current ground surface. It is likely that the proposed activity will include:  Construction of a restaurant and activity centre  Eco lodge dwellings with car parking and landscaping including decks and retaining walls  Sewer, water main and storm water drainage construction and associated trenching areas  Installation of utilities  Excavations for vehicular road, pedestrian paths, pavement works and parking areas  Revegetation and landscaping works  Fire services access tracks  Drainage works including localised modifications to the wetlands  Excavated soil to remain on-site as part of cut and fill process  Construction of a boat shed  Construction of water storage  Other works as may be required Despite the large activity area, construction activities within the activity area will be localised. Only minor impacts are proposed to the north of the activity area (wetlands). The overall development footprint is proposed to be less than approximately 3ha. Appendix 7 details the indicative development plan. The overall footprint of the development will not change, however minor changes to the location of features may occur.

2.2 Extent of the Activity Area

The activity area lies across a number of parcels of land (see Section 1.5). The extent of the activity area covers approximately 50.9ha and is clearly defined in Map 2 and Map 3.

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3. DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION

3.1 The Notice of Intention to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan

No Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAP(s)) were present for the activity area at the time the Notice of Intent (NOI) was prepared. In accordance with the requirements of s. 54 of the Act, on 18 December 2015 a formal Notice of Intent to Prepare a CHMP was submitted to the Secretary of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (Appendix 2), and a response was received on 18 December 2015. Pursuant with Section 65 of the Act, the Secretary of the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria will approve the CHMP.

3.2 Registered Aboriginal Parties and Applicants

At the time the Notification of Intent to Prepare a CHMP was submitted there were no RAPs for the activity area. There is currently one RAP application for land that includes the activity area, submitted by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC). Name Abbreviation Status Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation EMAC RAP Applicant Kuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation KMAC Former RAP Applicant Table 2: RAP Applicant(s) for the activity area. The EMAC supplied representatives for both the standard and complex assessments. The Kuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation (KMAC), a former RAP applicant for lands that include the current activity area supplied a representative for the complex assessment. These representatives were present and were consulted with during the preparation of this CHMP. This consultation took the form of informal discussions that were undertaken throughout the standard and complex assessments for this CHMP. These discussions included consultation in relation to the testing methodology and the testing results, as well as issues relating to any oral history information known about the study region. The representatives informally consulted for this CHMP are listed below. The outcomes of this consultation are reflected in the description of the testing methodology, the discussion of the results and the recommendations presented within this management plan. No additional consultation was undertaken.

3.3 Participants in the Assessment

The participants in the assessments undertaken for this CHMP are listed in Table 3.

Participant Organisation Position Component Date(s) David Mathews ALA Senior Project Manager Standard assessment 07-03-16 Jonathan Lushey ALA Archaeologist Standard assessment 07-03-16 Brandon Hocking ALA Field assistant Standard assessment 07-03-16 Jayden Britton EMAC Representative Standard assessment 07-03-16 Herbie Harradine EMAC Representative Standard assessment 07-03-16 11

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David Mathews ALA Senior Project Manager Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16 Jonathan Lushey ALA Archaeologist Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Brandon Hocking ALA Field assistant Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16,

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09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Jayden Britton EMAC Representative Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Herbie Harradine EMAC Representative Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16,

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11-03-16, 16-05-16, E c o 17-05-16 Hayden Harradine EMAC Representative Complex assessment 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16 Henry Lion ALA Archaeologist Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16

Karl van der Hilst ALA Field assistant Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Integrated

Shane Harrison EMAC Representative Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16 –

Chris Lovell ALA Project archaeologist Complex assessment 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Brendan Edwards KMAC Representative Complex assessment 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Table 3: Participants in the Assessment

3.4 Summary of Consultation

The Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) provided representatives who participated in the planning, execution and recording of the standard and complex assessment for this CHMP. The Kuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation (KMAC) provided a representative who participated in the planning, execution and recording of the complex assessment for this CHMP. The representatives listed in Table 3 also took part in discussions relating to the testing methodology, the results and the recommendations of the project. No oral information relating to the activity area was provided to the CHA.

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4. DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

4.1 Method of Assessment

This section outlines the aims, methods and results of the desktop assessment. The aims of the desktop assessment were threefold:  to determine the level of previous investigation of the activity area and the surrounding region;  to determine the presence of registered Aboriginal places within the activity area; and  to determine the environmental context of the activity area with regard to landform and geomorphology. The methods used to undertake the desktop assessment included:  using appropriate sources, including Victorian government on-line information, reviewing and summarising relevant environmental background;  searching the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) and other research sources (for example, consultancy reports, academic research etc.) for information relating to the activity area and the geographic region (a VAHR search was undertaken on 02-02-2016); and  reviewing and analysing this information to identify or characterise the Aboriginal cultural heritage site types and locations likely to be present within the activity area.

4.2 Obstacles

There were no obstacles to undertaking the desktop assessment.

4.3 Persons Involved in the Desktop Assessment

The desktop assessment was completed prior to the commencement of the standard and complex assessments, and subsequently updated during the drafting of this CHMP. The following individuals were involved in completing the desktop assessment:  David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long + Associates  Eugene Shev, Project Archaeologist, Andrew Long + Associates

4.4 RAP Information

Please note that no oral information was collected during the desktop assessment.

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4.5 Geographic Region

It is important to understand the geographic and environmental context of the activity area in order to gain a better understanding of the possible resources available to pre-contact Aboriginal people and European

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degree to which environmental (e.g. natural erosion of landforms) and/or human processes (e.g. land clearance, cultivation) have impacted on Aboriginal cultural heritage places. The activity area is located in the vicinity of the township of Princetown, approximately 185 km southwest of the Melbourne CBD and situated within the Corangamite Shire municipality. For the purposes of the CHMP the geographic region has been defined as a 15 km radial buffer centred on the activity area, with 0.5 km buffering beyond the coastline into the Southern Ocean in order to potentially incorporate

incorrectly entered GPS coordinates obtained from ACHRIS. Tourism Facility

- This 15km buffer neatly captures the dominant geological and vegetation classes historically relevant to the activity area, and which includes a number of Aboriginal cultural heritage places associated with a variety E c o of substrates in the vicinity of the activity area. It is deemed sufficient to adequately capture information relating to relevant landforms, geology and soils, fauna and flora, and past evidence for Aboriginal occupation relating to the activity area, including all relevant Aboriginal cultural heritage place types. Expanding it further would add little to the information base required to establish an adequate physical and

cultural regional context.

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4.6.1 Landforms / Geomorphology The activity area lies within a geographic region comprised of two or three distinct geological units, that of coastal deposits and that of the Western Plains geomorphological division, and is also situated very close to the division between what constitutes Southern Uplands and Western Plains. According to Victorian Geomorphology Framework (VGF) the activity area is defined by Low coasts: Tidal deposits (8.6.1).1 The geographical region surrounding the activity area is dominated by Southern Uplands Low Relief Ranges (3.2.2) which is categorised by a tilt-block of Cretaceous Otway Group Sandstone that rise from approximately 20m to a maximum of 211m in height. Landforms within this system are characteristically rounded hills separated by broad valleys.2 Another prominent geological unit within the geographical region

Old Coach Road,is the Princetown Western Plains Sedimentary Dissected Plains (Heytesbury) (6.2.2), characterised by strong influence from ridges and swales of strand lines left by the retreating late Tertiary Sea, which has formed rectilinear pattern of parallel arcuate tributaries running north-west to south-east. The development of the drainage has been associated with the final Late Neogene uplift of the adjacent Otway Ranges circa 2 Ma and 1 Ma.3 Along the coastline south-east of the mouth of the Gellibrand River the dune-backed sandy beach gives way to cliffs with small promontories and bays in front of an ascended coastal ridge. These cliffs show sections in the gently tilted Tertiary strata as they begin to rise on the flank of the Otway Ranges. The nearby Pebble Point coastline, just west of the bend in the Gellibrand River, is noted for its basal ledge of ferruginous sandstone located in front of a slumping cliff with a notable amount of talus having been consumed by wave action. On the western side of Pebble point are wind-etched caves in Eocene clays high up on the cliff face. Southeast of Pebble Point the weathered ferruginous deposits are more prominent, with underlying Cretaceous period sandstones and mudstones forming shore platforms (Bird 1993: 5-6). As the activity area lies adjacent to the confluence of the Gellibrand River and La Trobe Creek the geomorphological composition is predictably fluvial in nature. This contrasts to surrounding landforms that

1 http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/grg_vic_tier1- Accessed 16/02/16 2 http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/landform_geomorphological_framework_3.2.2 - Accessed 16/02/16 3 http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/DPI/Vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/landform_geomorphological_framework_6.2.2 - Accessed 16/02/16 14

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 are lagoonal, sedimentary, alluvial and aeolian derivative in nature (see Map 4). There are clear indications that the activity area has been subject to flooding and has been impacted by the natural displacement of surrounding water bodies in the past. There is a varied geological composition of the activity area and the surrounding geographic region (Map 4). Within the 15km radius geographic region are sixteen different geological units, as listed below:  Moomowroong Sand (-Pwm)  Wridjil Gravel (-Pww)  Brighton Group (Nb)  alluvium (Qa1)  Pember Mudstone (-Pwe)  Gellibrand Marl (Nhg)  Eumarella Formation (Koe)  coastal dune deposits (Qdl1)  Black Rock Sandstone (Nbb)  Bridgewater Formation (Qxr)  colluvium (Qc1)  Pebble Point Formation (-Pwp)  Narrawaturk Marl (-Pnn)  coastal lagoon deposits (Qg)  Mepunga Formation (-Pnm)  Port Campbell Limestone (Nhp) The activity area itself is situated on two distinct geological units. The northern portion of which consists of generic coastal lagoon deposits (Qg), comprised of variably consolidated dark grey to black silt and clay. This unit has formed exclusively within the Holocene as a result of fluvially deposited silt in the delta of the Gellibrand River. The geological signature underlying the southern portion of the activity area is composed of Holocene era coastal dune deposits (Qdl1), consisting of poorly consolidated sand, silt and clay. Immediately surrounding the activity area along the coastline is the Bridgewater Formation (Qxr), a Pleistocene calcarenite deposit consisting of coarse grained shell fragments, minor quartz and consolidated, thin palaeosols. To the north lies Gellibrand Marl (Nhg), ancient Chattian to Miocene deposits comprised of calcareous silty clay and clayey silt. The geological signature immediately east of the activity area is composed of large portions of Wridjil Gravel (-Pww) formed between the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene. To the southeast are possible bands of generic alluvium (Qa1).4 As the positional accuracy of these geological observations is not particularly refined it must be noted that there is a possibility for unforeseen geological deposits to be identified. However, given the recent evidence demonstrating the displacement of the watercourse of the Gellibrand River in the last ten years, it is highly likely that the geological composition of the activity area is comprised of geologically younger generic coastal lagoon deposits (Qg) and coastal dune deposits (Qdl1). The activity area predictably lies on two defined geological units, the boundaries of which are clearly observable from satellite imagery. The Gellibrand River curves around the entirety of the low-lying activity area and is responsible for the deposition of fluvial sediments that have dictated its geological signature. This deposition demonstrates changes in watercourse over time, with lagoonal deposits consisting of nearly half the activity area and predicted to underlie the surface deposits of a large portion of the Gellibrand River’s tributary to the north, La Trobe Creek. Due to observable changes in the watercourse and that the constituent geological units being Holocene in age, it is highly unlikely that Aboriginal cultural heritage over a certain antiquity will be uncovered. The prospect of uncovering Aboriginal cultural heritage is entirely dependent on the level of disturbance that

4 http://er-info.dpi.vic.gov.au/sd_weave/anonymous.html - Accessed 19/02/16 15

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has occurred due to the flooding and changing of course of the Gellibrand River. In conclusion, the prospect of uncovering Pleistocene deposits is extremely unlikely.

4.6.2 Environment

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to 1750 have been derived from modelling developed by the Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning (Map 6).5 The geographic region demonstrates a diverse number of different Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVC’s) that are characteristic of the Warrnambool Plain bioregion. The activity area itself, due to its close proximity to the Gellibrand River, La Trobe Creek and the coastline lies at a confluence of Coastal Dune Scrub/Coastal Dune Grassland Mosaic (EVC 1), Swamp Scrub (EVC 53), Estuarine Wetland (EVC 10), Lowland Forests (EVC 16) and Water Body- Fresh (EVC 992). The respective

Tourism Facilitydescriptions of these respective Ecological Vegetation Classes are as follows: -  EVC 1: Coastal Dune Scrub/Coastal Dune Grassland Mosaic - Structurally, a wind-pruned scrub and E c o heath, but may also include a band of grassland immediately behind the beach dominated by the introduced species Marram Grass Ammophila arenaria as well as Hairy Spinifex Spinifex sericeus and Coast Fescue Austrofestuca littoralis.  EVC 53: Swamp Scrub: Closed scrub to 8 m tall at low elevations on alluvial deposits along streams

or on poorly drained sites with high nutrient and water availability. Soils vary from organic loams to Integrated

fine silts and peats which are inundated during the wetter months of the year and is dominated by –

either Woolly Tea-tree Leptospermun lanigerum and/or Paperbarks Melaleuca species which often form a dense impenetrable thicket, out-competing other species. Emergent trees (e.g. Swamp Gum Eucalyptus ovata) may sometimes be present. Where light penetrates to ground level, a moss/lichen/liverwort herbaceous ground cover is often present.  EVC 10: Estuarine Wetland - Grows on anaerobic peat-rich muds on the edges of estuarine waterbodies such as creeks, rivers and lagoons with intermediate salinity conditions. Vegetation is determined by fluctuating salinity, which varies in time from occasionally fresh to brackish or occasionally saline according to river flood and marine tide events. Dominated by graminoids and halophytic herbs and often fringed by a tall scrub layer of Swamp Paperbark Melaleuca ericifolia at the landward edge.  EVC 16: Lowland Forests - Open forest to 25 m tall characterised by the diversity of species and lifeforms in each stratum. Includes a variety of heathy understorey shrubs. It grows on a wide variety of geology and soils. Old Coach Road, Princetown EVC 992: Water Body- Fresh – No native vegetation recorded.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology the climate statistics for the region are as follows. The closest weather station is Cape Otway Lighthouse (30km southeast) which has recordings since 1864 and demonstrates a mean maximum temperature of 21.6C in February and a mean maximum temperature of 13.0°C in the coldest month of July. The Port Campbell Post Office (17km northwest) has rainfall data since 1885, recording a mean annual rainfall of 903.8mm for the area.6

5 http://mapshare2.dse.vic.gov.au/MapShare2EXT/imf.jsp?site=bim – Accessed 19/02/16 6http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/- Accessed 17/12/2015 16

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Map 4: Geomorphology of the activity area within a 15km radius.

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Map 6: Pre-1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes (EVCs) of the activity area within a 15km radius

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Map 7: Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area

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Map 8: Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area - insets

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4.7 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Search

A search for Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the geographic region and registered on the nd

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) was undertaken on 2 February 2016. The results of the

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A total of 28 registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places are located within a 9 km radius of the activity area (Map 7 and Map 8). The majority of previously registered Aboriginal places within the geographic region area are artefact scatters (n=18). The remaining Aboriginal Places comprise shell middens (n=11), one object collection (n=1) and earth features (n=1). It must be noted that a few of these sites are composed of both registered Artefact scatters and earth features (n=3), and a combination of shell middens and

artefact scatters (n=2). Tourism Facility

- No Aboriginal cultural heritage places have been previously recorded within the activity area.

E c o The following salient points emerge from a review of these sites:  The majority of Aboriginal Places within the geographic region comprise artefact scatters (64.2%) followed by shell middens (39.3%), and earth features (10.7%)  Artefact scatters are the most commonly registered Aboriginal site within geographic region, with

increased concentration in close proximity to the coastline, often in conjunction with the presence Integrated

of shell middens. These sites are generally located in close proximity or upon escarpments – overlooking the coastline. A substantial Artefact Scatter (VAHR 7520-0175) comprised of 26 lithic artefacts is located approximately 5km to the northwest of the activity.  The closest registered places to the activity area are two shell middens; VAHR 7520-0008 located 320m to the west of the activity area near the mouth of the Gellibrand River, and 7520-0006 situated close to the eastern bank of the Gellibrand River 440m to the southeast.  A variety of raw materials were present within the artefact assemblages, with flint/chert and quartz dominating, and lesser quantities of silcrete, basalt and quartzite. Quartz is present within most registered lithic assemblages (38.8%) with a large percentage of artefact scatters comprising flint/chert (27.7%). Silcrete (22.2%) is the third most prominent raw material within the geographic region.  Shell speciation is varied and where identified is dominated by turbo (Subninella undulatus) present in 72.7% of registered shell middens. The second most prevalent shellfish species is

Cellana sp. (45.5%), followed by limpet (Patella sp.), present within 36.4% of middens. Old Coach Road, Princetown Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage demonstrates a pattern of site distribution in the region surrounding the activity area represents subsistence activity that reflects the use of coastal resources, in particularly the collection of both freshwater and marine molluscs. The vast majority of these are situated very close to the coastline either as part of limestone formations or in coastal and inland dunes located between the coastal bluff and the Gellibrand River. There are several Aboriginal cultural heritage places of particular significance to the activity area. These are two shell middens ‘Gellibrand River’ (7520-0006), and ‘Gellibrand Cave’ (7520-0008) and a series of stone artefact scatters ‘Gellibrand 2-6’ (7520-0010, 0011, 0012, 0013, 0015). Aboriginal Place ‘Gellibrand River (VAHR 7520-0006) Consists of a thin scatter of fragmented shell and flint flakes situated on an inland dune associated with the eastern bank of the nearby Gellibrand River. This place is located approximately 440m to the southeast of the activity area and is situated approximately 1.2km inland from the coastline. The site contains Subninella, Patella and also freshwater mussels and is demonstrative of the utilisation of freshwater resources as well as the harvesting of nearby coastal invertebrates. This site is anomalous with other registered Aboriginal places within the region given its relatively distant location to the coastline. Aboriginal Place ‘Gellibrand Cave’ (VAHR 7520-0008) 22

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 A cave 4m deep into a limestone cliff looking over the Gellibrand River. ‘Gellibrand Cave’ is 320m west of the activity area, near the mouth of the Gellibrand River. This site contains a variety of invertebrate species such as Subninella, Patella and also includes freshwater mussel shell. Found within the cave was also charcoal and blackened sand, possible evidence of cooking. Aboriginal Places ‘Gellibrand 2-6’ (VAHR 7520-0010, 0011, 0012, 0013, 0015 A collection of stone artefact scatters situated approximately 4.5km to the southeast of the activity area. These artefact scatters located on coastal dunes situated between the cliff face overlooking the coastline and the Gellibrand River, and range in size from 150m2 to 2500m2. All of the artefact scatters also include fragmented shell deposits, similar to other registered places in the region in such close vicinity to the coastline. The results of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) search are presented in Table 4.

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 VAHR Place Name Primary Approximate Surface/ Subsurface Subsurface depth Contents Contents Landform Topography Component Dimensions range (mm) (number of stone artefacts) 7520-0004 LOCH ARD GORGE Shell midden - Surface - - Subninella, limpets, Haliotis Escarpment - - Surface - - (F) Subninella, limpets, Dicathais. Flint Coastal dune Eroding down 7520-0005 SHERBROOK MOUTH Shell midden flakes. steep cliff face - Surface - - (F/B) Thin scatter of Subninella, limpets and Inland dune On Gellibrand freshwater mussel. Flint and (basaltic?) River flats 7520-0006 GELLIBRAND RIVER Shell midden flakes. adjacent to foothills. 75m2 Surface - - Thin and diffuse midden scatter in very Escarpment Extends from poor condition due to wind and water cliff edge 75m erosion, bioturbation and vehicle northwest of 7520-0007 RIVERNOOK Shell midden movement. 4WD access track. - Surface - - Subninella, limpets and freshwater Escarpment/ Steep slope, mussels. Blackened sand and charcoal Cave cave extends present. 4m into 7520-0008 GELLIBRAND CAVE Shell midden limestone cliff above river. - Subsurface - - Shell: Subninella undulatus, Dune / Dune Brachidontes rostrauts, Dicathais, Escarpment between Haliotis. Wide range of lithic flakes. coastal bluff and 7520-0010 GELLIBRAND 3 Artefact scatter Gellibrand River. 50 x 50m - - - Wide range of lithics and shell Dune / Dune Escarpment between coastal bluff and 7520-0011 GELLIBRAND 4 Artefact scatter Gellibrand River. 40 x 20m Surface - - Scatter of lithic flakes. Cellana sp. Dune / Adjacent to shell. Escarpment steep slope 7520-0012 GELLIBRAND 5 Artefact scatter and 4WD track. 15 x 10m Surface - - Scatter of lithic flakes and shell Dune / Adjacent to Escarpment steep slope 7520-0013 GELLIBRAND 6 Artefact scatter and 4WD track. - Surface - - Scatter of lithic flakes and shell Adjacent to flood plain 7520-0014 GELLIBRAND 7 Artefact scatter and 4WD track.

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VAHR Place Name Primary Approximate Surface/ Subsurface Subsurface depth Contents Contents Landform Topography Component Dimensions range (mm) (number of stone artefacts) 8x5m Surface - - Scatter of lithic flakes and shell Escarpment Blowout next 7520-0015 GELLIBRAND 2 Artefact scatter to coastal bluff C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

25 x 25m Surface - - Eroding midden containing in situ Escarpment / Hill Top of –

deposits. Contains Subninella, Cellana, hill/vertical Brachidontes, Dicathais, Abalones. coastal bluff 7520-0016 MILANESIA BEACH 1 Shell midden Unspecified fine grained chipped stone flakes. 32 x ?m Subsurface 20 - ? - Shell: Subninella, Cellana, Coastal dune Edge of Brachidontes, Dicathais, Abalones, grassy flat 7520-0017 MILANESIA BEACH 2 Shell midden Scutus bordering ocean beach. Shell midden; - Surface - - Coarse grained and fine grained Cave - Artefact scatter; chipped stone flakes, ground stone,

Tourism Facility7520-0029 MOONLIGHT HEAD Earth feature burnt stone, unworked exotic stone, - mollusc shell, bone and charcoal.

E c o 7520-0116 KENNEDYS CREEK 1 Artefact scatter - - - 1 (S) Unretouched/waste flake Terrace Undulating

Object - - - <10 (S, Waisted edge ground axe, worked - - 7520-0117 KENNEDYS CREEK 2 collection B, core. Sa) Artefact scatter; - Surface - <10 (Q, Unspecified chipped stone artefacts, Dune / Undulating

7520-0121 MOONLIGHT HEAD 2 Earth feature F/C) 1x quartz core. Escarpment / Hill landscape

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7520-0122 MOONLIGHT HEAD 3 Shell midden - Surface - - Shell: Cellana, Brachidontes. Charcoal. Dune / Vertical cliff / Escarpment coastal bluff 100m - - - (Q, Coarse and fine grained chipped stone Escarpment Sloping 7520-0129 GREAT OCEAN WALK 1 Artefact scatter S, tools, mollusc shell. irregular land F/C) 7520-0130 GREAT OCEAN WALK 2 Shell midden 2 x ?m Surface/subsurface 100 - Shell: Subninella, Cellana. Charcoal. Dune / Side or base Escarpment of hill 12 x 1.5m Surface - - (Q, Unspecified chipped stone artefacts Dune / Top of hill, 7520-0131 GREAT OCEAN WALK 3 Artefact scatter S) Escarpment sloping irregular land 42 x 23m Surface - - (Q, Unspecified chipped stone artefacts Escarpment / Top of hill, 7520-0132 GREAT OCEAN WALK 4 Artefact scatter F/C) Rocky outcrop sloping irregular land Artefact scatter; - Subsurface - 3 (F) Unretouched / waste flake Flat land Between 7520-0133 TWELVE APOSTLES 1 Earth feature coast and

creek. Old Coach Road, Princetown 26

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 VAHR Place Name Primary Approximate Surface/ Subsurface Subsurface depth Contents Contents Landform Topography Component Dimensions range (mm) (number of stone artefacts) MOONLIGHT HEAD A1 Artefact scatter - Surface - 2 (Q) One primary decortification flake, one Hill Undulating 7520-0135 unretouched flake. landscape 7520-0136 MOONLIGHT HEAD A2 Artefact scatter - Surface - 1 (C) Unretouched / waste flake. Bank of dam, Undulating base of hill landscape 50 x 15m Surface - 26 (F, Low density flaked stone artefact Escarpment Coastal cliff Q, scatter and low density fragment shell Shell midden; Qz) midden, no evidence of in situ 7520-0175 GIBSONS STEPS Artefact scatter deposits. Shell: Turbo = 90%, Donax = 10%. - Surface - 1 (B) Ground-stone axe of fine-grained Coastal Close to 7520-0177 GABLES 1 Artefact scatter basalt. steep cliff edge. Great Ocean Road 0.195m2 Subsurface 550 1 (Q) One complete quartz flake Coastal Very gently 7520-0179 Underpass 1 Artefact scatter inclined

S = Stone, (S) = Silcrete; (Q) = Quartz, (Qt) = Quartzite, (QC) = Quartz Crystal, (FG) = Fine Grained Siliceous, (G) = Glass; (H) = Hornfels; (B) = Basalt; (C) = Chert; (M) = Mudstone; (Gr) = Greenstone; (Sa) = Sandstone

Table 4: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places Located within the Geographic Region

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4.8 Review of Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts of Aboriginal Occupation in the Geographic Region

A review of available ethno historical and historical information relating to Aboriginal people in the Otway Plain region may assist in formulating a model of Aboriginal subsistence and occupation patterns within the activity area. The ethno historical information provides a framework for the interpretation of archaeological sites in the wider area and predictive modelling of potential location of archaeological site types within the activity area. Tribal boundaries were linked with physiographic features such as mountain ranges, and should not be considered as rigid boundaries on the landscape. There are several difficulties with correctly describing 19thcentury Aboriginal groups due to discrepancies in early European accounts and the difficulties early settlers had in understanding Aboriginal languages and social systems. The devastating effects of European settlement on Aboriginal people, including the loss of traditional lands and resources, disease, social collapse, and transferral of people to reserves have added further complexities. As a result, it is difficult to accurately identify the ethno-history and post-contact history of specific Aboriginal clan groups in the geographic region after the period of initial settlement. A language group consisted of independent groups of closely related kin, or ‘clans’, who were spiritually linked to designated areas of land through their association with topographic features connected to mythic beings or deities (Barwick 1984). Clan lands were inalienable and clan members had religious responsibilities (e.g. conducting rituals) to ensure ‘the perpetuation of species associated with the particular mythic beings associated with that territory’ (Berndt 1982: 4). Traditionally, reconstructions of tribal boundaries have been based on language groups documented in the ethnographic and ethno-historical literature. It is important to note, however, that these reconstructions do not necessarily reflect the spatial distribution of Aboriginal peoples prior to European settlement, and instead provide an approximate guide to Aboriginal tribal boundaries during the contact period. An overview of Aboriginal life at the time of European contact in this region is provided by Presland (1994; 2010). 4.8.1 Ethno-Historical Accounts At the time of European settlement, the Gellibrand River likely served as a tribal boundary between two groups; the Girai wurrung to the north and west and the Gadubanud to the south and east. Twenty-one clans speaking the Girai wurrung (literally translating as ‘Blood lip people’) language inhabited lands between the Gelibrand River and Hopkins river. Girai wurrung clans gathered with Djab wurrung, Dhauwurd wurrung and Watha wurrung clans to harvest eels at Lake Bolac, and met at Mirrawuae Swamp, near Hexham, to hunt game and conduct other business (Clark 1995: 125). Girai wurrung people occupied lands that included bountiful coasts with plentiful shellfish, waterways and estuaries that would have contained an abundance of riverine and coastal resouces, as well as forestland to the south and grassy plains to the north that would have contained a plethora of game. Their language is one of a group of closely related languages or dialects that included Djargurd wurrungi to the east and others spoken as far west along the coastal plain as the Glenelg River near the South Australian border. Little is known of the traditional beliefs and laws of the Kirai Wurrung. However, like the Djargurd Wurrung, it is likely that clans were organised into two moieties- Gabadj (Black Cockatoo) and Guragidj (White Cockatoo). The moieties were inherited matrilineally7 Across the southern and eastern banks of the Gellibrand River resided the Gadubanud people, a translation of this name literally meaning ‘king parrot language’. The Gadubanud inhabited the rainforest covered plateau of the Otway ranges and the rugged coastline of the Cape Otway peninsula in western Victoria. Little is known about the Gadubanud although they were likely associated with the Gulidjan to their north.

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Chief Protector George Robinson recorded information on five clans within the group, although other than the clan names and general locales there is a paucity of information describing their social organisation. The five clans of the Gadubanud are the Bangura gundidj, Guringid gundidj and Ngalla gundidj located approximately in Cape Otway, Ngarowurd gundidj north of Moonlight head and the Yan Yan Gurt clan at

Yan Yan Gurt station east of the Barwon River (Clark 1995: 119). It is likely that the Gadubanud language C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

and culture was significantly different to the Wada wurrung to the east and Girai wurrung to the west. Their – territory included the forests and the waterways of the Otway ranges and Cape Otway to the south and included the estuaries and wetlands associated with rivers such as the Gellibrand.8 4.8.2 Post-contact History Girai wurrung people were rapidly displaced by encroaching European squatters, beginning in 1838. From 1838 until the early 1840s organised groups fought a sustained guerrilla warfare against the encroaching pastoralists. With the abolition of the Aboriginal Protectorate in 1849 the Girai wurrung received no state

Tourism Facilityassistance, until the establishment of the Framlingham Aboriginal station beside the Hopkins River in 1865. - Within this period the indigenous peoples of this region gravitated towards pastoral stations where they

E c o worked for settlers whilst continuing their traditional hunting and fishing practices. Forced attempts at relocation of Girai wurrung people to Lake Condah occurred after the closing of the Framlingham Aboriginal reserve in 1867. Many refused to be relocated and those that did leave shortly returned to Framlingham in 1868, actively seeking the reestablishment of the station. From 1887 until 1890

a campaign was waged to take the Framlingham reserve from Aborigines in order to be used as agricultural Integrated

land. The Aborigines Protection Law Amendment Act 1886 redefined the legal definition of Aboriginality, –

forcing many inhabitants of Framlingham to leave. In 1916 Framlingham was closed due to the state governments policy of forced relocation of Aboriginal people to Lake Tyers in Gippsland, however some inhabitants remained. In 1971 the Framlingham community were granted ownership of the 237 hectares of land they held at the time (Clark 1995: 125-128). There are no written records of the Gadubanud inhabiting the Otway region after 1846, however there are earlier records of conflict and displacement resulting from European exploration and settlement in the region. In 1842 members of the Gadubanud people are known to have robbed an outstation of food and blankets, however no violence ensued between them and encroaching Europeans. Between 1845-1846 several visits were conducted by Europeans in the Otway region. Superintendent CJ La Trobe made three attempts to reach Cape Otway. On his second attempt in December 1845 his party followed a ‘native track’ for several kilometres near Moonlight Head until it ended abruptly in thick scrub. His third attempt in March 1846 La Trobe encountered seven Gadubanud men and women in the Aire Valley. April 1846 saw Henry

Old Coach Road,Allan Princetown attempt to cross the Otway ranges with two Aboriginal women as guides, on the Gellibrand River he came across an unoccupied camp. Upon returning two days later he discovered a large number of implements left by its recent occupants. A contract surveyor, George D Smythe was in the Otway region between July and August 1846. During this time he encountered eight Gadubanud, one man, four women and three boys. This encounter ended in violence with one of his surveying party being murdered in undisclosed circumstances. Smythe subsequently returned to Melbourne and organised a retaliatory expedition which set out in late August. Accompanied by several Watha wurrung from around Geelong he came across seven Gadubanud at the mouth of the Aire River and killed them. After this massacre there were no more records of the Gadubanud of the Otway region (Clark 1995: 119-120). In conclusion, the activity area lies along the banks of the Gellibrand River in what according to the ethno- historical sources was the territorial boundary between the Gadubanud to the east and the Girai wurrung to the west. It is assumed that these two groups had significantly different cultures and languages, although given paucity of information on the Gadubanud little is known about the specifics of their language, social customs and relations with other groups. Assumptions based of ethno-historical records would conclude that the Gadubanud were utilising the resource-rich Gellibrand River estuary and associated wetlands,

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 although there can be no certainty as to defined boundaries of land use and whether these two groups shared or competed over resources within the region.

4.9 Review of Reports and Published Work about Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in the Region

In the past 20 years the coastal areas of the broader Barwon/Grampians region of Western Victoria have been the subject of numerous cultural heritage assessments, commissioned by both public and private agencies involved in housing developments and various associated infrastructure. Several works associated with the construction of utility pipelines, the reinvigoration of existing tourist and park amenities, as well as the implementation of new pathways and road infrastructure have led to authoring of several reports assessing Aboriginal cultural heritage in the region. As a consequence, archaeologists working with Aboriginal community groups have achieved reasonable survey coverage, although the lack of prior reporting in the immediate geographic region of the activity area perhaps explains the absence of identified Aboriginal places, when compared to the intensive coverage seen in metropolitan Melbourne. These archaeological assessments have mostly involved only fairly superficial examinations of the geographic region. The currently known distribution of Aboriginal cultural heritage places across the geographic region needs to be considered in the context of these limitations. There have been a limited number of previous archaeological studies within the Otway region. A few regional studies (cf. Richards 1998; Coutts 1977; McConnell, Buckley and Wickman 2002) have covered the geographic region, often included as part of a larger survey of the southwestern Victorian coastal region. Surface surveys and complex testing have taken place nearby as required for the building of tourism and parkland amenities (Williamson 2011, 2014; Gilding 2012) in more localised areas, given the relatively close vicinity of the Twelve Apostles to Princetown. Regional Studies The following studies have examined the archaeology of the geographic area within a regional, rather than a localised context. Summer field programme of the Victorian Archaeological Survey 1976/77 (Coutts 1977) A comprehensive survey conducted resulting in a total of 68 new sites being recorded in the Warnambool area, these included 31 mound sites and 32 coastal middens. Few traces of sites were found in large areas of developed land that demonstrated considerable disturbance. Fishtraps at Lake Condah were identified as part of this comprehensive survey. This survey affirms the high potentiality for coastal middens to exist close to coastlines. This survey did not include the activity area.

A predictive model of Aboriginal archaeological site distribution in the Otway Range (Richards 1998) The Otway study area covers approximately 2129km2 following the Otway Range and surveying the coastline to the south, terminating approximately 7km southeast of the activity area. 1845.5km2 of this was investigated in a surface survey conducted by a group of four people, over a period of five weeks between February and March 1991. The survey resulted in the discovery of 57 artefact scatter sites. Sensitivity Zone 1 included the entire stretch of coastline and inland 5km. This ‘Zone’ was considered highly sensitive and it was concluded that shell middens should be expected to be find from the high water mark to about 500m inland. The probability of finding sites within this belt averages around 30 sites/km2.

Aboriginal heritage management in Victorian forests: Main report (McConnell, Buckley, and Wickman 2002) This report was developed as an Aboriginal heritage management system (AHMS) in public forested land as a requirement of the West Victoria Regional Forest Agreement (RFA). The RFA region broadly includes all of southern Victoria west of Melbourne and excluding Geelong. This report is concerned with the protection of Aboriginal heritage against the potential impacts of logging and deforestation.

Aboriginal heritage management in Victorian forests: Aboriginal heritage sensitivity zoning, West Victoria region (McConnell, Buckley and Wickman 2002) 31

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This is a seminal text that is in conjunction with the report summarised above. It details the environmental and geographic parameters that allowed the zoning of the RFA region into different areas. The activity area falls into the ‘Otway Ranges’ zone as dictated by this report. Within this zone the coastal region is deemed

to hold the highest potential for Aboriginal archaeology. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Localised Studies – There are several localised studies in the geographic region that have relevance to the current project. Several of these reports have been undertaken in the vicinity of the current activity area, and contain similar landforms and geology to the current project. These are summarised below. Archaeological survey and subsurface testing of Twelve Apostles visitor amenities site for significant Aboriginal archaeological and cultural assets (Cekalovic 1999) Located approximately 6km northwest of the activity area, this survey and subsurface testing was

conducted in order to establish any potential Aboriginal cultural heritage that may have been harmed by Tourism Facility

- the building of an amenities facility at the Twelve Apostles. The surface survey revealed no archaeological

heritage although ground visibility was deemed poor, meriting the need for subsurface testing. 130 probes E c o were excavated resulting in one Aboriginal archaeological site being identified (VAHR 7520-0133). This site consisted of three flint artefacts that were located on a slight rise in a paddock that had been subject to ploughing in the 19th century, these were not deemed to be in situ.

An archaeological survey of proposed Vodafone site Sherbrook Hill, Princetown, Victoria (Cekalovic 2000) Integrated

This survey was conducted at Booringa Road, Princetown, approximately 7.5km northwest of the activity –

area. The study area included an 80 x 100m compound in which a systemic surface survey took place. No new Aboriginal cultural materials were found as a result of the survey. As the proposed works were deemed to not cause heavy ground disturbance sub-surface testing was not needed.

Report on an archaeological survey of a proposed visitor centre site, Lochard Gorge (Rhodes 2005) This report entails the results of an archaeological survey of a proposed visitor centre near Loch Ard Gorge, located approximately 9km northwest of the activity area. Shell middens had been previously recorded near the mouth of the Sherbrooke River, which runs through the study area. A pine plantation has previously disturbed north of the Sherbrooke River, and although lying south of the river is a disused section of the Great Ocean, this area is considerably less disturbed. No indigenous sites were recorded as a result of the survey. It was advised that subsurface testing be carried out unless the visitor centre is built on top the disused section of road, or in the disturbed pine plantation to the north of Sherbrooke River.

Old Coach Road,Newfield Princetown wind farm (Barker 2011) This CHMP was prepared for a proposed wind farm at Newfield that consists of 15 wind turbines, underground cabling, an electric substation, a network of access tracks and a permanent wind monitoring mast. The activity area covers 489.3ha of land from Collings Road to Waarre Road on the east side of Cobden-Port Campbell Road, Newfield, approximately 8km north of Port Campbell. The wind farm is located 10km northwest and much further inland from the activity area being investigated in this CHMP. One Aboriginal place (VAHR 7520-0176), a moderate density stone artefact scatter, was previously registered within the activity area prior to this study. No new Aboriginal places were identified during a surface survey of the area.

Subsurface testing was undertaking as the desktop and standard assessments were insufficient to determine the probability of finding Aboriginal heritage in the activity area. Fourteen 1x1m test pits and forty-one 0.5x0.5m STPs were excavated as part of the complex assessment. Of these, four 1x1m test pits and one STP were artefact bearing; as a result, four new Aboriginal places were registered within the activity area (VAHR 7520-0181, 0182, 0183, 0180), all of these were low density artefact scatters.

Great Ocean Walk track realignments, Great Otway National Park and Port Campbell National Park, Victoria (Williamson 2009) Williamson (2009) authored this CHMP as a prerequisite for the realignment of seven sections of track along the Great Ocean Walk, located within the Great Otway National Park and Port Campbell National Park in 32

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 the Shire of Corangamite. The activity area discussed in this report is a 20m wide easement along seven proposed realignment sections, six of which are in the Great Otway National Park, and one within the Port Campbell National Park. The impact zone stretches for 16.25km in total.

Ground survey of the proposed area of realignment identified extensive areas with the potential to contain in situ subsurface deposits of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Approximately 80% of the proposed realignment route was surveyed resulting in the identification of one new Aboriginal place (VAHR 7520-0177), an isolated stone axe. A previously recorded site (VAHR 7520-0007) was relocated and confirmed to be within the activity area. The identification of the isolated stone axe resulted in the recommendation that the beginning of the Moonlight Valley Track be relocated 60m to the north to an area that demonstrates significant prior ground disturbance.

Grants Bridge culvert installation, Cowleys Creek (Hyett 2009) This CHMP was voluntarily conducted in order to establish whether there was any Aboriginal cultural heritage that may have been impacted by the removal of an existing wooden bridge passing over Cowleys Creek and its replacement with twin crown unit culverts. This location is approximately 24km northwest of the activity area, around 15km from the coast, therefore this landform holds little relevance to the activity area being studied in this CHMP. As a result of the standard assessment no Aboriginal cultural materials were identified.

Great Ocean Road underpass and 12 Apostles viewing platform, Port Campbell National Park, Victoria (Williamson 2011) This CHMP was required due to proposed developments that include an underpass under the Great Ocean Road and the construction of a pathway linking the Great Ocean Walk with the Gibsons Steps carpark. These are listed as high impact activities according to Regulation 44g and Regulation 4 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic). The activity area is located on unoccupied Crown land and the reserve for the Great Ocean Road in Port Campbell State Park, approximately 190km southwest of Melbourne CBD. The standard assessment concluded that the underpass section of the activity area had moderate to high potential for the identification of Aboriginal heritage, while the viewing platform area was deemed to hold low to moderate potentiality. Subsurface excavation involved fifteen 0.5x0.5m STPs and two hand- excavated 0.5x1m pits. A single Aboriginal stone artefact was uncovered in the underpass section of the activity area. Subsequent radial excavations revealed no further cultural material, suggesting that this was an isolated artefact. In conclusion, the activity area was deemed to hold low potential for subsurface cultural material. Halladale & Black Watch Gas Field Development (Barker 2011) This report has been prepared for a proposed activity involving the installation of a drill platform and two gas pipelines in Western Victoria. The activity area covers 130.5ha and includes two spatially discrete areas: an 8.6km linear alignment between Heytesbury Gas Plant and Otway Gas Plant (eastern corridor) and a 1.3km linear alignment and 115.5ha in Nirranda South, southwest of Allansford Road (western corridor). Two Aboriginal places were previously recorded within the activity area, a low density artefact scatter (VAHR 7420-0047) and an isolated silcrete artefact (VAHR 7520-0174). These two linear sections are placed approximately 20-30km to the northeast and southwest of the activity being investigated for this CHMP.

Subsurface testing employed the excavation of five 1x1m test pits and twenty-three STPs. From these two stone artefacts were uncovered, one in a 1x1m and one in an STP. These artefacts were discovered within the upper 250-300mm of soil deposits and are not considered to be in situ due to the potential for bioturbation and ground disturbance from agricultural practices. Both stone artefacts were located within the vicinity of VAHR 7420-0047. Recommendations called for a salvage of Aboriginal cultural heritage in order to protect it from potential harm.

Report for Clifton Beach Road formalisation and quarry rehabilitation project (Gilding 2012) A compulsory CHMP was undertaken for the rehabilitation of a sandstone quarry and formalisation of track access to Clifton Beach, Corangamite Shire, around 5km southeast of Port Campbell and located around

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3.5km northwest of the activity area investigated in this CHMP. Proposed activities include the implementation of an alignment for an access road to Clifton Beach, and also the rehabilitation of a disused sandstone quarry. Modification and formalisation of the road alignments is considered to have the most

potential impact. No prior Aboriginal heritage had been recorded within the area of proposed activity. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

As a result of the desktop study and standard assessment the probability of any undisturbed cultural –

material was considered to be relatively low. Complex assessment involved the implementation of 27 STPs and one 1x1m test pit along the two road alignments. STP 15 revealed some low density shell remnants at a depth of 200mm, in order to ascertain the nature of the deposit a 1x1m test pit was opened open. From this a total of 324.8kg of soil was excavated containing a net weight of only 32.1gm of shell which included turban- Turbo sp. (MNI= 3), limpet- Acmaea sp. (MNI= 1) and chiton- Acanthochitona sp. (MNI=1). The paucity of this faunal assemblage did not merit the recording of an Aboriginal shell midden. As a result of a rigorous programme of subsurface testing no Aboriginal Cultural Heritage was encountered within the

activity area.

Tourism Facility - Wannon Water: Port Campbell-Timboon Transfer Main (Gilding, De Maria, Raveendrapillai, Miller- E c o Armstrong and Murnane 2011) John Gilding and Nicole De Maria (2011) undertook the development of a CHMP on behalf of Wannon Water in consultation with the Kuuyang Maar RAP Applicants. The purpose of this investigation was to establish any potential Aboriginal cultural heritage that may be impacted by the development of a water transfer

main between Port Campbell and Timboon, beginning approximately 16km to the northwest of the activity Integrated

area investigated in this CHMP. The proposed alignment involved approximately 1.1km in length, with –

alternative alignments being investigated for 300m, and another 2.9km located predominately within a private property. Fifteen previously registered Aboriginal places are located within 5km of the proposed activity area, situated predominately within 750m of the coastline (n=11) and consisting of artefact scatters (n=12), a shell deposit (n=1) and mixed shell deposits and artefact scatters (n=2). A systematic ground survey concluded that the probability of finding Aboriginal cultural material was relatively low. As part of the complex assessment 35 shovel probes were excavated along the alignment. No Aboriginal material was identified during subsurface testing. The nearest previously recorded sites to the proposed alignment are two artefact scatters (VAHR 7420-0044 and 7420-0043) located 300m to the northwest of the alignments northern termination. It was concluded that there is a reduced probability of previously uncompromised cultural heritage being impacted by the proposed alignment. 29-31 Morris Street Port Campbell: proposed subdivision and car park (Gilchrist 2013) This CHMP was triggered by the planning of a subdivision and reconfiguration of three separate blocks into Old Coach Road,four Princetown blocks of land, located at 29-31 Morris Street, Port Campbell. This property is located within the township of Port Campbell, approximately 16km northwest of Old Coach Road, Princetown.

No Aboriginal places had been previously registered within 200m of the activity area. Surface survey of the activity area identified that it had been subject to some disturbance in the past as there is clear evidence of some aspects of the property having been artificially levelled. Due to the varied level of ground surface visibility it was deemed necessary to conduct subsurface testing. Two hand-controlled test pits were excavated and included a 1x1m and a 2x0.5m. Additionally a near-vertical section of land situated on the boundary of the lot was cut back in order to assess the soil profile. No Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified as a result of the subsurface testing.

Great Ocean Walk: Johanna Lookout to Johanna Beach Gow Campsite- track realignment, Great Otway National Park, Victoria (Williamson 2014) This CHMP was triggered due to a proposed track realignment within areas of cultural heritage sensitivity, including parks (Regulation 29), coastal Crown land (Regulation 27) and the proposed construction of a track exceeding 100m in length (Regulation 44f) as required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic). The activity area is on the Otway coastal plain, which includes an area up to five kilometres inland of the coast and located approximately 19km to the southeast of Old Coach Road, Princetown. The proposed

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 activity involves a track realignment, vegetation removal, installation of benching, track surfacing and the installation of signage and is expected to affect a corridor up to 544m long and 2000m wide.

Surface survey involved the walking of 10m wide transects with four people over the entire 544m length of the proposed realignment. No Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified during the surface survey. Due to the steepness of the slope along the entire route that was investigated the area was deemed to hold low potential for containing Aboriginal cultural heritage. Additionally, the lack of access to the beach below was also deemed a negative factor in the possible prior use of the area by Aboriginal people.

Halladale, Black Watch & Speculant Pipeline (Lane, Gilchrist and Schell 2015) The proposed activity area investigated in this CHMP runs along an existing pipeline easement for approximately 33km, covering a total area of 1,138,174m2. This area extends across agricultural and pastoral land between Newfield and Nirranda South, passing through parts of Moyne and Corangamite Shires. The eastern end of the pipeline will connect with the Otway Gas Plant, with the western end reaching the Halladale, Black Watch and Speculant well. As the activity area passes through agricultural and pastoral land, and follows the route of an existing underground pipeline the presence of native vegetation is scarce. The activity area had previously been subject to a large number of archaeological investigations, with eleven registered Aboriginal places identified within or adjacent to the affected areas. As a result, it was deemed likely that as yet unidentified Aboriginal heritage is present.

A methodology was employed of investigating both areas that had not previously been surveyed, as well as areas in which Aboriginal materials had been identified with particular targeting of areas with optimal ground visibility. A single stone artefact (VAHR 7421-0222-1) was recorded during the standard assessment, found in a very disturbed context on a built-up gravel-surfaced track. Subsurface testing employed ten 1x1m test pits and one 2x1m test pit. Four stone artefacts were identified in three tests pits, and were registered as Low Density Artefact Distributions (VAHR 7420-0052-1-3 and VAHR 7420-0053-1). The natural aesthetic value of these LDAD locations have been adversely affected by disturbance caused by post-contact land use practices/agriculture. Following the significance methodology outlined above, these LDADs are considered to be of low scientific significance because of the relatively common occurrence of places of this type in the region, their disturbed condition and the small size and limited nature of their contents.

4.10 A Review of the History of the Use of the Activity Area

Aboriginal peoples’ occupation of the geographic region is likely to have extended over thousands of years. This occupation would have taken the form of temporary camps used on a seasonal basis, making use of diverse resources in the area. The landscape was undoubtedly well known to generations of people and it is probable that associations extended to spiritual attachments. This section contains a brief synthesis of available local historical records concerning Princetown and the broader area. European settlement within the area of Corangamite Shire dates back to 1838 as land within the wider Princetown to Port Campbell region became subject to European squatting, leading to a rapid expansion of pastoralist activity. Prior to this the area around Princetown, in particularly the Gellibrand River, was the likely tribal and language boundary between two culturally distinct groups, the Gadubanud to the south and east, and the Girai wurrung on the northern and western side. These groups were largely dispossessed of their land rapidly after European settlement in the region and there are no written records of the Gadubanud in the Otway region after 1846 (Clark 1995: 119, 125). Historical European land use within the activity area will have impacted upon the preservation of archaeological materials relating to pre-existing Aboriginal occupation of the area. Vegetation clearance, agriculture and cultivation will have contributed to the disturbance of surface and sub-surface Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity area.

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4.11 Conclusions

By comparing the results of the background research and the archaeological investigations previously undertaken within the geographic region, the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the nature of

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Aboriginal archaeological material within the activity area:

–  Ethnographic observations indicate that the location of the activity area was the likely tribal and language boundary between two culturally distinct groups, the Gadubanud to the south and east, and the Girai wurrung on the northern and western side.  The abundance of coastal and riverine resources would have supplied an energy rich diet for the inhabitants of the region. The high amount of registered shell middens situated along the coastline is indicative of the utilisation of these resources on a permanent basis. Alongside coastal resources

the Gellibrand River would have been utilised for the harvesting of freshwater molluscs, as is Tourism Facility

- evidenced by the identification of freshwater mussels in shell middens VAHR 7520-0006 and 0008.

E c o  The activity area is likely comprised of one of two geological units, or both; fluvially deposited generic coastal lagoon deposits (Qg) in the northern portion and coastal dune deposits (Qdl1), both Holocene in timescale.  The activity area lies adjacent to the Gellibrand River, increasing the likelihood of Aboriginal

material being uncovered during subsurface testing. However, given the evidence of the movement Integrated

of the Gellibrand’s course within the localised activity area in the past decade, there is a lower –

potential of finding either shell deposits or lithic assemblages compared to other sections of the river further upstream. Additionally, the geological signature of the activity area is younger than that the surrounding geology, and is likely the result of fluvially deposited material sometime within the Holocene.  A total of 28 registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places are located within a 9 km radius of the activity area. The majority of previously registered Aboriginal places within the geographic region area are artefact scatters (n=18). The remaining Aboriginal Places comprise shell middens (n=11), one object collection (n=1) and earth features (n=1). It must be noted that a few of these sites are composed of both registered Artefact scatters and earth features (n=3), and a combination of shell middens and artefact scatters (n=2). These sites are located almost exclusively within 300m of the coastline. The results of the desktop assessment show that it is possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage could be Old Coach Road,present Princetown in the activity area. On this basis, a standard assessment was carried out in accordance with s. 58(1) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) (see Section 5 for details).

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5. STANDARD ASSESSMENT

5.1 Introduction

This section outlines the aims, methods and results of a standard assessment (field survey) undertaken for the activity area, including descriptions of individual survey areas. The standard assessment was conducted over a one-day period and was conducted in accordance with proper archaeological practice as set out in Regulation 59 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic).

5.2 Previously Registered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places.

There were no previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area at the time of the standard assessment.

5.3 Method of Assessment

The aims of the current field survey were twofold:  to inspect all areas with ground surface visibility for Aboriginal archaeological sites within the activity area; and  to undertake a general assessment of the overall archaeological potential of the activity area. The field survey methodology was dictated by the need to systematically examine the activity area. Given the large size of the activity area and the waterlogged nature of the northern part of the activity area it was not possible to undertake a comprehensive pedestrian survey of the entire activity area. The field survey was undertaken by both systematic pedestrian transects that were generally walked north to south across the activity area and by vehicular survey. Where there was any land with ground surface exposure, pedestrian survey was employed with each member of the field team spaced approximately 2m apart. This spacing enabled each individual to examine all surface exposures within the activity area in accordance with archaeological practice outlined in Burke and Smith (2004, 65-69). As a component of the field survey and as a means of informing the conduct of the subsequent complex assessment, each investigation area was assessed in terms of the overall archaeological sensitivity and the overall disturbance of the area. The initial archaeological sensitivity rating was based on the outcomes of the desktop assessment, and was subsequently modified as a result of observations made during the field survey. For example, previously identified places within the geographic region containing the activity area were generally located in association with water sources and on landforms such as on elevated land or escarpments or dunes. Previous archaeological investigations within the geographic region have also indicated that artefact scatters and shell middens are the most common site type in the area. On the basis of this data an initial higher sensitivity was expected in similar areas within the activity area. Following this methodology each investigation area was assigned an archaeological sensitivity rating,

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reflecting the environmental and cultural value of a location, and a disturbance rating, reflecting the compound impact of past and present land uses.  Archaeological sensitivity ratings ranged from low to high, and were based on a variety of factors including proximity to water, landform, elevation, vegetation type, traditional owner representative

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 viewpoints and the presence or absence of identified cultural heritage.

–  Disturbance ratings were based on a range from high to none, with the ratings values sequence reversed. The disturbance ratings assigned to an investigation area were based on factors such as the extent of landscape modification by activities such as land clearing, grazing and impacts from vehicles. In accordance with Regulation 59(3) of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic) the field survey included the examination of all mature indigenous trees within the activity area, and checked for the

Tourism Facilitypresence of caves and rock shelter.

- E c o 5.3.1 Investigation Areas The activity area was divided into three investigation areas (IAs) in order to appropriately describe the varying locations, land forms, potential archaeological sensitivity, remnant vegetation, and the extent of ground surface disturbance encountered during the field survey (Map 9).

The activity area was divided into two Investigation Areas (IAs). These are based on a combination of

Integrated

– location, landform and levels of ground disturbance (Table 6 and Table 7).

Investigation Area 1: This section of the activity area is comprised of the slightly elevated and broadly flat land adjacent to the wetlands located to the north Investigation Area 2: IA2 is comprised of the wetlands area of the activity area. Investigation Area 3: IA3 is comprised of the lower and middle slopes of a sand dune.

5.4 Obstacles

The only obstacle impeding the standard assessment was the limited ground surface visibility present within the activity area due to the presence of medium-long grass and garden fill within garden beds that impinged on a clear view of the much ground surface. The generally poor ground surface visibility did not prevent

Old Coach Road,the Princetownexamination of all mature indigenous trees within the activity area, and checked for the presence of caves and rock shelter or a characterisation of the level of disturbance and landforms present in the activity area.

5.5 Participants Involved in the Standard Assessment

The participants in the standard assessment are listed in Table 5. Participant Organisation Position Component Date(s) David Mathews ALA Senior Project Manager Standard assessment 07-03-16 Jonathan Lushey ALA Archaeologist Standard assessment 07-03-16 Brandon Hocking ALA Field assistant Standard assessment 07-03-16 Jayden Britton EMAC Representative Standard assessment 07-03-16 Herbie Harradine EMAC Representative Standard assessment 07-03-16 Table 5: Participants involved in the Standard Assessment

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 5.6 RAP Information

As set out in Regulation 59 (2) of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic), the standard assessment may include the collection and review of oral history relating to the activity area. Please note no oral information was collected during the standard assessment.

5.7 Results

No Aboriginal cultural heritage places were identified during the standard assessment. Summary descriptions of each Investigation Areas (IAs) are presented below:

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Investigation Area 1 Survey Method Pedestrian and vehicular Sampling Strategy Systematic and opportunistic No. of Participants 5

Transect Width 10m C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Transect Spacing 2m –

Visibility Exposure(s) Bare patches, rabbit burrows, informal tracks % ground cover on 5 exposure(s) % surface visibility on 100 exposure(s) % ground cover off 95

exposure(s) Plate 1: IA 1 looking north Tourism Facility

- % surface visibility off 0-2 exposure(s)

E c o Average ground surface 5.95% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowland Elevations

Integrated Slope Flat to Gently Inclined (0°

– - 5°) Locality Landforms Flats Water Gellibrand River is adjacent Disturbance Erosion impacts from flooding. Minor impacts from vehicular use and grazing Previous + Current Land use Clearing, grazing. Vegetation Vegetation Condition modified Vegetation Type modified Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified -- Type -- List -- Old Coach Road,Archaeology Princetown Sensitivity Moderate Rating Disturbance Rating Low Potential Archaeological Moderate Deposits Rating Comments Land is adjacent to Plate 2: The typical ground surface visibility of IA1 at wetlands, elevating up to the time of the standard assessment approximately 1m above. Western section is sandier and contains elongated ridges. Eastern section appears to be more clayey. Table 6: Investigation Area 1 (IA1).

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Investigation Area 2 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Systematic and opportunistic No. of Participants 5 Transect Width 10m Transect Spacing 2m Visibility Exposure(s) Bare patches % ground cover on 1 exposure(s) % surface visibility on 90-100 exposure(s) % ground cover off 99 exposure(s) % surface visibility off 0 exposure(s) Average ground surface 0.95% visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowland Elevations Slope Flat to Very Gently Inclined (>0.5° - 1.5°) Locality Landforms Alluvial Terrace, Creek / River Plate 3: The wetlands that form IA2 Water Wetlands and adjacent to the Gellibrand River Disturbance Erosion and flooding Previous + Current Land use -- Vegetation Vegetation Condition Modified Vegetation Type Modified - native Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified -- Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity Low-moderate Rating Disturbance Rating Low Potential Archaeological Low-moderate Deposits Rating Plate 4: The typical ground surface visibility of IA2 at Comments Only the southern the time of the standard assessment margins of IA2 were subject to pedestrian survey due to the waterlogged nature, access to the north was not achievable. Table 7: Investigation Area 2 (IA2).

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Investigation Area 3 Survey Method Pedestrian Sampling Strategy Systematic and opportunistic No. of Participants 5

Transect Width 10m C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Transect Spacing 2m –

Visibility Exposure(s) % ground cover on 20 exposure(s) % surface visibility on 90-100 exposure(s) % ground cover off 80 exposure(s)

% surface visibility off 0-2 Tourism Facility

- exposure(s) Average ground surface 19.8%

E c o visibility of Investigation Unit Environment Environmental Settings Inland Landform, Land systems, Lowland Elevations Slope Very Gently Inclined

Integrated (>0.5° - 1.5°)

– Locality Landforms Alluvial Terrace, Creek / River Water Gellibrand River is approximately 100m to the north and to the east Disturbance Erosion Previous + Current Land use Vegetation Plate 5: The edge of the sand dunes that form IA3 Vegetation Condition modified (background) rising above IA1 (foreground). Vegetation Type modified Major Vegetation Types -- Aboriginal Place Identified -- Type -- List -- Archaeology Sensitivity Moderate-high Rating Old Coach Road,Disturbance Princetown Rating Low Potential Archaeological Moderate-high Deposits Rating Comments This part of the activity area is not subject to proposed impacts Table 8: Investigation Area 3 (IA3).

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Map 9: Investigation Areas (IAs) assessed during the Standard Assessment including Archaeological Potential Ratings (APR)

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5.8 Archaeological Potential Ratings

As a component of the standard assessment and as a means of informing the conduct of the subsequent complex assessment – each investigation area within the activity area was assessed in terms of its

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 archaeological sensitivity and the level of overall disturbance.

– Archaeological sensitivity ratings range from low (1) to high (5) and are based on a variety of factors including proximity to water, landform, elevation and the presence or absence of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Disturbance ratings are also based on a range from high to low. The resulting values for each of these ratings are multiplied to achieve an overall Archaeological Potential Rating (Table 9 and Table 10). The archaeological sensitivity ranged for each landform. The low-lying wetlands (IA2) were assigned the lowest relative rating of the activity area (low-moderate). The slightly raised land to the south of the activity area (IA1) had a moderate rating, and a small section of the edge of a dune (IA3) had the highest relative

Tourism Facilityrating of moderate-high. The disturbance rating was consistent (low) across all three IAs with a minimal - level of disturbance noted through land clearance activities and lower impact activities such grazing and

E c o vehicle use. Given the location of the activity area a level of ground disturbance (erosion, flooding, etc.) from natural sources is expected. This resulted in an overall APR of moderate for IA1, low-moderate for IA2 and moderate-high for IA3 (Table 11).

Archaeological sensitivity Rating Disturbance

Integrated

– Low 1 High Low-moderate 2 Moderate-high Moderate 3 Moderate Moderate-high 4 Low High 5 None Table 9: Archaeological Sensitivity / Disturbance Ratings

Low 0-6 Low-moderate 6.5-8.5 Moderate 9-12 Moderate-high 12.5-16 High 16.5-25 Old Coach Road, Princetown Table 10: APR Scale

Investigation Aboriginal Archaeological Disturbance Archaeological Potential Area Place Sensitivity Rating Rating Rating IA1 No 3 4 12 IA2 No 2 4 8 IA3 No 4 4 16 Table 11: Archaeological potential ratings of the activity area

5.9 Conclusions

No Aboriginal cultural heritage places were identified within the activity area by the completion of the standard assessment. Given the generally low ground surface visibility and the assigned archaeological potential rating of much of the activity rea (especially IA1 and IA3) it was deemed necessary to enable a proper investigation of the 44

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 potential for sub-surface Aboriginal cultural heritage places to be present within IA2 and to identify the nature, extent and significance of any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the assessment in accordance with Regulation 60 (1b) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic).

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

–

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E c o

Integrated

–

Old Coach Road, Princetown

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6. COMPLEX ASSESSMENT

6.1 Introduction

This section outlines the aims, methods and results of the complex assessment undertaken for the activity area, including descriptions of sub-surface testing results. At the completion of the desktop and standard assessments, it was concluded that further archaeological investigation was required within Investigation Area 1 and 2 (IA 1 and IA2). It was therefore deemed necessary to undertake sub-surface testing as part of a complex assessment to identify the nature, extent and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity area in accordance with Regulation 60 (1b). Excavation did not occur in Investigation Area 3 (IA3) as impacts are not proposed to this area as part of the activity. The testing was undertaken over nine days (March 7-11, May 16-17, and November 3-4, 2016). A total of six 1x1m test pits, 22 0.5x0.5m tests pits and 87 0.4x0.4m shovel test pits (STPs) were excavated across IA 1 and IA2. Several pits were terminated prior to reaching culturally sterile deposits due to the pits encountering the water table. Additionally, several pits reached maximum excavation depths of 1-1.2m without encountering a base deposit. Aboriginal cultural heritage material was identified during the complex assessment.

6.2 Sub-surface Testing or Excavation Methodology

The aims of the sub-surface testing program were to:  fully define the actual archaeological sensitivity of the activity area;  determine the presence or absence of archaeological sub-surface deposits; and  collect data on the nature and significance of any deposits identified.

6.2.1 Testing Strategy Based on the results of the standard assessment, a testing programme across IA1 and IA2 that combined both controlled 1x1m test pits, 0.5x0.5m test pits and shovel test pits (STPs) was employed. The HA concluded that this testing strategy was the most effective means of investigating the archaeological potential of the part of the activity area subject to proposed impacts by the activity The specific aims of the sub-surface testing program were to: 1. establish the sub-surface stratigraphy through controlled hand excavation; 2. determine the presence or absence of sub-surface archaeological deposits and gather more information on the nature of soil deposits through a program of 0.5x0.5m test pits and STPs; 3. determine the boundaries of any identified Aboriginal cultural heritage place within the activity area through targeted shovel test pitting; and 4. determine the nature and significance of any identified Aboriginal cultural heritage places. 47

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Mechanical testing was not employed during the complex assessment. Sampling Strategy A number of variables relating to geology, landform and the nature and location(s) of the proposed activity

contributed to the development of a sampling strategy:

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

–  The standard assessment demonstrated the presence of three landforms within the activity area,

with only two of these subject to impacts from the proposed activity.  Investigation Area 1 (IA1), a slightly elevated landform above the wetlands was assigned a moderate APR. The majority of proposed impacts from the activity occur within this IA.  Investigation Area 2 (IA), the wetlands, was assigned a low-moderate APR. Only limited impacts are proposed in this IA (for example walking tracks and a small boat shed). Based on this, the majority of subsurface testing focused on IA1, with limited testing in IA2. Much of IA2

Tourism Facilitywas inaccessible as it was underwater. For this reason, testing in IA2 occurred near the interface with IA1. -

Initially, two 1x1s were excavated, one on each landform, to confirm the stratigraphy. E c o Sub-surface testing locations are presented in and detailed descriptions of the 1x1 m test pits, 0.5x0.5m test pits and all STPs are presented below and in Section 13.

6.2.2 Excavation Methods Integrated

Controlled hand excavation of the 1x1 m test pit involved the systematic excavation of sediments in 50- –

100mm spits with a focus on the identification of artefacts in situ within their stratigraphic context. Excavation was undertaken by shovel and trowel to a maximum depth of 1490mm. All deposits were 100% hand sieved using a 5mm mesh. The excavation of the 1x1m test pits was used as the means for establishing a stratigraphic profile for the activity area. Shovel test pits consisted of pits 0.4x0.4m and 0.5x0.5m in area were excavated stratigraphically by shovel in 100mm spits to maximum depths of 1200mm. Note that the level of stratigraphic control within these STPs decreases with depth, and the precise depth provenance of any artefacts that might be recovered from the excavations become less certain below ~600 mm, given the risk of vertical contamination by dislodgement of artefacts from higher levels. All excavated STP materials were 100% hand sieved using a 5mm mesh to determine the presence or absence of stone artefacts and to provide an indicator of the preservation of other types of culturally deposited material (e.g. faunal remains, burnt clay). As for the 0.5x0.5m test excavation, the presence of

Old Coach Road,other Princetown forms of site disturbance were also documented. Radiometric dating No radiometric dates were taken as part of the assessment.

6.3 Establishing Stratigraphy

In order to establish a stratigraphic profile for the activity area in compliance with r. 61(4) Part 3 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic), two controlled 1x1m test pits were hand excavated. Although the 1x1m test pits established a stratigraphic profile for the activity area, the value of the other 1x1m test pits and 0.5x0.5m test pits and STPs excavated across the activity area was also considerable in providing further insights into the stratigraphic nature of the activity area generally. The STPs and 0.5x0.5m test pits strongly contributed to a stratigraphic understanding of the activity area, and were undertaken in accordance with the principles presented by Burke and Smith for sub-surface sampling, where “…shovel test pits are the most effective means of ‘seeing’ beneath the ground surface”, and are useful in obtaining “broad stratigraphic or spatial information” about a site (Burke and Smith 2004, 125).

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Test pit 1x1A was located in the western section of the activity area (IA1), on a sandy landform elevated approximately 1-2m above the adjacent wetlands (IA2). The excavation revealed (Figure 1, Plate 6):  Context 1 – 0-250mm: Dark greyish brown weak silty sand (Munsell 10YR 3/2, pH 8); overlying  Context 2 – 250-450mm: Light brown loose sand (Munsell 10YR 6/2. pH 8.5); overlying.  Context 3 – 450-1000mm: Yellowish brown loose sand (Munsell 10YR 4/6, pH 8); overlying  Context 4 – 1000-1200+mm: Yellowish brown loose sand (Munsell 10YR 6/6, pH 8.5) No Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified.

Figure 1: Stratigraphic profile drawing of 1x1A

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Plate 6: 1x1A, north elevation

1x1C was excavated in IA2. It was located towards the east of the activity area in the vicinity of where the boatshed is proposed. At approximately 400mm the excavation encountered the water table and

excavation ceased. The excavation revealed (Plate 7,Figure 2): C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

–  Context 1- 0-100mm: Very dark greyish brown weak sand silt (Munsell 10YR 2/2, pH 8) overlying;  Context 2- 100-400mm: Dark grey weak silty sand (Munsell 10YR 3/1, pH 8).

No Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified.

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E c o

Integrated

–

Figure 2: Stratigraphic profile drawing of 1x1C Old Coach Road, Princetown

Plate 7: 1x1C stratigraphic profile, north elevation

6.4 Obstacles

In a number of excavations, the water table was encountered and flooding of the pits occurred.

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 6.5 Name of the Supervisors

In accordance with Regulation 61 (3) excavations were supervised by a qualified archaeologist and were carried out in accordance with proper archaeological practice. The supervisor of the complex assessment of this CHMP was:  David Mathews, Senior Project Manager, Andrew Long and Associates  Jonathan Lushey, Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates  Henry Lion, Archaeologist, Andrew Long and Associates

6.6 Names of Participants

The participants in the complex assessment are listed in Table 12.

Participant Organisation Position Component Date(s) Jonathan Lushey ALA Archaeologist Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Brandon Hocking ALA Field assistant Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Jayden Britton EMAC Representative Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16; 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Herbie Harradine EMAC Representative Complex assessment 07-03-16, 08-03-16, 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Eugene Shev ALA Project archaeologist Complex assessment 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16, 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Hayden Harradine EMAC Representative Complex assessment 09-03-16, 10-03-16, 11-03-16 Henry Lion ALA Archaeologist Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Karl van der Hilst ALA Field assistant Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Shane Harrison EMAC Representative Complex assessment 16-05-16, 17-05-16 Chris Lovell ALA Project archaeologist Complex assessment 03-11-16; 04-11-16 Brendan Edwards KMAC Representative Complex assessment 03-11-16; 04-11-16

Table 12: Participants in the complex assessment

6.7 Co-ordinates of testing locations

The geographic coordinates of all excavations carried out during the complex assessment are provided in Table 13. All geographic co-ordinates are in Victorian Government Standard GDA94 (Zone 54) format. Phase Pit Name Pit Type Easting Northing 1 Q1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687787.6 5714621.1 1 Q2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687767.7 5714608.7 1 Q3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687751.8 5714600.2 1 Q4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687730.1 5714588.7 51

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1 R4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687886.7 5714559.2 1 R3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687867.9 5714558.6 1 R2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687846.9 5714557.2 1 R1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687825.9 5714553.9 1 S2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687945.1 5714511.5

1 S1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687935.4 5714496.9 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

1 S3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687947.4 5714530.4 – 1 S4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687940.3 5714549.1 1 T1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687858.4 5714637.9 1 T2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687872.5 5714658.0 1 T3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687884.1 5714679.2 1 U1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687990.8 5714589.8 1 V1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688060.2 5714497.5 1 1x1C 1x1m test pit 688588.0 5714342.7 1 K1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688595.0 5714331.8

1 K2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688601.7 5714320.0 Tourism Facility

- 1 N1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688045.0 5714278.8 1 N2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688061.5 5714290.8 E c o 1 N3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688077.6 5714301.9 1 N4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688093.0 5714313.0 1 M4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688066.0 5714338.8 1 M3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688049.1 5714325.2 1 M2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688031.7 5714309.6

1 M1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688015.8 5714292.4 Integrated

1 O1 0.5x0.5m test pit 688054.3 5714306.1 –

1 L1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687680.0 5714555.3 1 L2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687654.6 5714560.6 1 H2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688303.9 5714257.6 1 H3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688284.1 5714263.6 1 H1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688323.2 5714254.9 1 I3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688316.7 5714226.8 1 I4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688335.7 5714223.0 1 I5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688347.7 5714220.8 1 J8 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688198.5 5714263.8 1 J7 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688178.0 5714269.7 1 J6 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688157.6 5714273.2 1 J5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688137.1 5714274.9 1 J9 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688218.6 5714254.5 1 J10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688235.2 5714245.4 1 J1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688050.0 5714260.7

Old Coach Road, Princetown1 J2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688070.9 5714267.2 1 J3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688091.3 5714271.7 1 J4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688113.9 5714273.7 1 I2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688297.6 5714231.3 1 I1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688276.7 5714236.4 1 D1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688523.2 5714206.9 1 D2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688503.0 5714211.2 1 D3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688481.1 5714216.7 1 D4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688459.1 5714221.8 1 E1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688453.2 5714241.3 1 E2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688445.3 5714225.7 1 E3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688435.2 5714207.8 1 E4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688430.4 5714187.3 1 F1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688450.1 5714174.6 1 F2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688467.1 5714179.7 1 F3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688485.2 5714185.0 1 F4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688503.9 5714190.0 1 G1 0.5x0.5m test pit 688529.2 5714191.7 1 G2 0.5x0.5m test pit 688550.6 5714193.3 1 G3 0.5x0.5m test pit 688571.6 5714194.5 1 G4 0.5x0.5m test pit 688590.9 5714195.7 1 1x1B 1x1m test pit 688559.9 5714193.6 52

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 1 A1 0.5x0.5m test pit 687698.1 5714556.9 1 A2 0.5x0.5m test pit 687718.1 5714554.9 1 A3 0.5x0.5m test pit 687739.4 5714552.4 1 A4 0.5x0.5m test pit 687760.2 5714551.0 1 B1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687826.8 5714530.9 1 B2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687849.1 5714527.5 1 B3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687871.2 5714523.9 1 B4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687891.5 5714520.9 1 C1 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687813.9 5714598.7 1 C2 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687835.3 5714598.9 1 C3 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687855.7 5714598.7 1 C4 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 687876.4 5714598.9 1 1x1A 1x1m test pit 687852.0 5714583.1 2 M3 N5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688052.2 5714329.0 2 M3 W5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688043.4 5714328.6 2 M3 E5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688053.4 5714322.3 2 M3 S5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688046.6 5714320.4 2 0.5x0.5 A 0.5x0.5m test pit 688048.6 5714326.4 2 J9 N5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688221.1 5714259.2 2 J9 S5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688216.1 5714250.4 2 J9 E5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688222.8 5714251.3 2 J9 W5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688214.4 5714256.5 2 J9 1x1 1x1m test pit 688217.6 5714252.7 2 J9 N10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688222.2 5714264.2 2 I4 N5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688337.9 5714227.9 2 I4 W5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688330.3 5714223.9 2 I4 E5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688341.4 5714222.3 2 I4 S5 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688333.1 5714217.4 2 I4 1x1 1x1m test pit 688333.9 5714220.3 2 J9 N20 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688224.2 5714274.7 2 I4 S10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688330.1 5714214.3 2 I4 S15 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688328.8 5714210.5 2 I4 N10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688338.4 5714232.5 2 I4 W10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688325.4 5714226.9 2 J9 E10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688223.3 5714250.1 2 J9 W10 0.4x0.4m shovel test pit 688210.4 5714260.2 3 1x1D 1x1m test pit 688675.9 5714195.0 3 X2 0.5x0.5m test pit 688654.3 5714199.5 3 X3 0.5x0.5m test pit 688696.1 5714193.0 3 X4 0.5x0.5m test pit 688715.2 5714189.8 3 W2 0.5x0.5m test pit 688692.6 5714223.6 3 X1 0.5x0.5m test pit 688636.9 5714201.5 3 W1 0.5x0.5m test pit 688626.0 5714218.6 3 Y1 0.5x0.5m test pit 688612.6 5714181.8 3 Y2 0.5x0.5m test pit 688633.6 5714178.7 3 Y3 0.5x0.5m test pit 688651.0 5714175.4 3 Y4 0.5x0.5m test pit 688672.5 5714171.6 3 Y5 0.5x0.5m test pit 688689.8 5714167.4 3 Y6 0.5x0.5m test pit 688710.9 5714163.5 Table 13: Excavation co-ordinates (GDA 94, Zone 55)

6.8 RAP Information

Please note that no oral information was provided during the complex assessment.

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6.9 The Results of Testing

Excavations occurred across two phases of testing. Phase 1 testing consisted of three 1x1m test pits, nine 0.5x0.5m test pits and 67 STPs. Aboriginal cultural heritage material was identified at three locations. Stone

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 artefacts were encountered in M3 and J9 and shell midden material was identified at I4 and J9.

– Based on these results a second phase of testing occurred in the vicinity of the three cultural heritage material find spots. The second phase of testing consisted of additional detailed investigation (i.e. 1x1m or 0.5x0.5m test pits) and radial test pits to determine the site extent. In phase 2 a total of two 1x1m test pits, one 0.5x0.5m test pits and 20 STPs were excavated. The second phase of testing provided detailed nature and extent information of the Aboriginal cultural heritage that was identified in the activity area. A third phase of testing occurred in response to a minor change of the proposed development footprint. Phase 3 testing targeted the eastern part of the activity area in response to newly proposed impacts in this location.

Tourism FacilityA total of one 1x1 and twelve 0.5x0.5m test pits were excavated in phase 3. No additional Aboriginal cultural - heritage material was identified in the third phase of testing.

E c o Archaeological Deposits A total of 33 stone artefacts were identified in subsurface contexts (Table 14). Small concentration of shell was identified in ten test pits (two 1x1m test pits and eight STPs) Table 18). Based on these results, a total three Aboriginal cultural heritage places were registered: one low density artefact distribution (LDAD) (Old

Coach Road, Princetown LDAD – 7520-0184) and two multicomponent artefact scatter / shell midden sites

Integrated

– (Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 and 2 – 7520-0185 and 7520-0186). These places are discussed in detail in Section 7. These artefacts will be further described and analysed in Section 7. Phase Pit Name 1 J9 M3 2 0.5x0.5 A I4 1x1 I4 S10 I4 S15 I4 S5 I4 W5 J9 1x1 Old Coach Road, Princetown J9 N5 Table 14: Test pits containing stone artefacts, sorted by phase

VAHR Place name Depth range (mm) Total 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 100-200 5 200-300 11 400-500 2 300-400 1 800-900 3 7520-0185 Total Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 22 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 200-300 4 400-500 4 300-400 1 7520-0186 Total Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 9 7520-0184 Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD 300-400 1 500-600 1 7520-0184 Total Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD 2 Grand Total 33 Table 15: Stone artefacts sorted by depth range and place

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 VAHR Place name Test Pit Test Pit Flint Indeterminate Quartz Grand Type Name Total 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, 1x1 J9 1x1 5 1 9 15 Princetown 1 STP J9 2 4 6 J9 N5 1 1 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, 7 1 14 22 Total Princetown 1 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, 1x1 I4 2 2 Princetown 2 STP I4 S10 1 1 I4 S15 1 1 I4 S5 2 1 3 I4 W5 2 2 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, 7 2 9 Total Princetown 2 7520-0184 Old Coach Road, 0.5x0.5 0.5x0.5 A 1 1 Princetown LDAD STP M3 1 1 Old Coach Road, 2 2 Princetown LDAD Grand 14 1 18 33 Total Table 16: Stone artefacts sorted by test pit, raw material and place

VAHR Place name Test Pit Test Pit Angular Core Flake Tool Grand Type Name fragment Total 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, 1x1 J9 1x1 6 9 15 Princetown 1 STP J9 2 1 3 6 J9 N5 1 1 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, 8 1 13 22 Total Princetown 1 Total 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, 1x1 I4 1 1 2 Princetown 2 STP I4 S10 1 1 I4 S15 1 1 I4 S5 1 2 3 I4 W5 2 2 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, 2 1 6 9 Total Princetown 2 Total 7520-0184 Old Coach Road, 0.5x0.5 0.5x0.5 A 1 1 Princetown LDAD STP M3 1 1 Old Coach Road, 1 1 2 Princetown LDAD Total Grand Grand Total 11 2 19 1 33 Total Table 17: Stone artefacts sorted by test pit, technological class and place

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Phase Pit Name 1 I4 J9 2 I4 1x1

I4 E5 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

I4 N5 – I4 W5 J9 1x1 J9 E5 J9 N5 J9 W5 Table 18: Test pits containing concentration of shell, sorted by phase

Nature and Character of Soil Deposits Tourism Facility

- Soils to the centre and west of the activity area were generally sandy in nature. Soils towards the east and closer to the wetlands were typically clayey with a compact clay base generally encountered at E c o approximately 350-550mm. Several test pits encountered the water table at which point further excavation was not possible. Detailed descriptions of all test pits are presented in Section 13.

6.10 Conclusions

Integrated

–

A thorough sub-surface testing program was conducted across IA1 and IA2, including the hand excavation of six 1x1 m test pits, 22 0.5x0.5m test pits and 87 shovel test pits to a maximum depth of 1490 mm. Both investigation areas of the activity area (where impacts are proposed) were sampled and subsurface testing targeted the areas of proposed impacts from the activity. Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified in the central part of the activity area in a total of 15 test pits. Stone artefacts were identified in ten test pits and concentrations of shell were identified in ten test pits (five test pits contained both shell concentrations and stone artefacts). The majority of the identified subsurface stone artefacts are of quartz (n=18 or 54.5%) with flint (n=14 or 42.4%) and a single artefact of intermediate raw material also identified (Table 16). Flakes (whole and broken) are the most ubiquitous technological class (n=19, or 57.6%) with angular fragments (n=11 or 33.3%) and a single core and tool present (Table 17). The core is a bipolar unidirectiaonal core. The tool is

a quartz backed flake fragment with scalar retouch on the ventral surface. Old Coach Road, Princetown These artefacts along with identified concentrations of shell form three newly identified Aboriginal cultural heritage places (two artefact scatter / shell midden sites and one low density artefact distributions [LDADs]) which is discussed in detail in Section 7. The complex assessment results provided information about subsurface soil deposits within the activity area. Due to the thorough nature of the subsurface testing programme which targeted the areas of proposed ground disturbance from the activity (see Section 2), no further subsurface investigations were warranted as part of this CHMP in the activity area. The results of the evaluation have also demonstrated that outside of the location of the identified Aboriginal cultural heritage places, no dense deposits of stone artefacts or other materials of cultural origin representing Aboriginal heritage places of higher scientific significance are likely to occur within the activity area in the areas subject to proposed construction impacts. There are no mature native trees, notable rocks, caves or overhangs within the activity area, and so no possibility for scarred trees, rock art sites or quarries.

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Map 10: Results of the complex assessment – overview

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Map 11: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 1

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Map 12: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 2

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Integrated

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Map 13: Results of the complex assessment – detail map 3

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Figure 3: Profile drawing of 1x1A – East Elevation

Figure 4: Profile drawing of 1x1B – North Elevation

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Figure 5: Profile drawing of 1x1C – North Elevation

Tourism Facility

E c o

Integrated

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Figure 6: Profile drawing of J9 – North Elevation

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Figure 7: Profile drawing of M4 – North Elevation

Figure 8: Profile drawing of 0.5x0.5A – North Elevation

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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- E c o

Figure 9: Profile drawing of 1x1 I4 – South Elevation

Integrated

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Figure 10: Profile drawing of 1x1J9 – West Elevation

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Figure 11: Profile drawing of 1x1D – North Elevation

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7. ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

7.1 Introduction

This section presents an overview of Aboriginal heritage identified within the activity area during the assessment of this CHMP, considering evidence from each task undertaken as part of this evaluation, namely desktop and background studies, field survey and controlled subsurface testing. The section also documents the results of the stone artefact analysis and shell analysis and includes a detailed description of the assemblages identified from 7520-0184, 7520-0185 and 7520-0186

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Variable Specification Technological class Basic technological category (flake, core, tool, angular fragment or manuport) Industry Main method of production or modification (e.g. flaked, pecked, ground) Raw material E.g. quartz, silcrete, hornfels, fine-grained siliceous

Silcrete type In the case of silcrete artefacts, this category denotes the type of silcrete, C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

(cf. the classification scheme in Allen, J./G. Hewitt/J. de Lange 2008: 171) –

Cortex % The percentage of cortex. For flakes and tools this denotes the percentage of dorsal cortex Cortex type The type of cortex (e.g. chalky, pebble, unsilicified) Burn traces Traces of exposure to heat (e.g. potlid, crazing) Artefact type A finer classification of the type of artefact than allowed by the technological class category (e.g. bladelet, split flake, backed blade, rejuvenation flake, discoid core) Missing The part of the artefact that is not present, e.g. none (i.e. the artefact is complete),

distal, lateral, proximal+distal Tourism Facility

- Manufacture type The artefact manufacture type as per the Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AV) guidelines for completing artefact scatter component forms (e.g. flake, distal flake, longitudinally split

E c o flake) Bipolar Whether the artefact was produced with a bipolar technique. If clear traces of bipolar production are present: yes; if no clear traces are present: indet Termination Description of the termination in the case of flakes and tools where appropriate (e.g. feather, hinge, bipolar)

Platform Description of the platform in the case of flakes and tools where appropriate (e.g. flaked, Integrated

crushed, facetted) – Retouch type For tools: the type of retouch (e.g. stepped, scalar, scalar+stepped, denticulate, invasive) Retouch side For tools: the side from which the retouch was initiated (i.e. ventral retouch is initiated from the ventral side and is mainly visible on the dorsal side, and vice versa) Tool blank For tools: the type of blank on which the tool was made. E.g. flake, bladelet, core, pebble Scar direction For cores: a description of the suite of core scar directions (e.g. unidirectional, multidirectional, bidirectional) Scar type For cores: the shape of the scars (e.g. elongate, intermediate, expanding, multiple) N platforms For cores: the number of core platforms N Scars For cores: the number of core scars, excluding small scars related to platform preparation. Length For flakes: the longest length from the platform to the termination measured along the axis of percussion; for tools that cannot be orientated along the axis of percussion: the length of the long axis of the tool

Old Coach Road,Width Princetown For both flakes and tools: the widest width of the artefact perpendicular to the axis of length measurement Thickness For both flakes and tools: the thickest thickness of the artefact perpendicular to the axis of length measurement Max. dimension The maximum extent of the artefact, regardless of orientation Weathering The presence of rounded features, matt surfaces or patination indicating weathering (e.g. slightly rounded edges, very rounded edges and matt surfaces, white patination) Use wear The presence of (possible) use wear as visible at low magnification. E.g. possible, probable, yes. If (possible) use wear is present it is further described in the comments. Comments Any comments not covered by the above Table 19: Variables recorded in the technological and typological analysis of the stone artefacts identified as part of this CHMP.

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Variable Specification Species Sorted according to the presence of verifiable diagnostic elements of specimens that determination allowed the classification of class, genus, species Common name Determined according to species classification Habitat Environmental conditions in which the species is found, e.g. Among weed covered rocks in subtidal and intertidal zones Distribution General regional classification of where the species is found, e.g. All open coast / rocky shores within Victoria Diagnostic element Dependent on species, e.g. 50% Apex- Gastropod/Limpet, Operculum. Can be used to determine the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) Fragment Non-diagnostic elements that can still be classified into species but cannot be used to determine the MNI Weight burn The total weight of burnt specimens for a given species, measured in grams (g) to one decimal place, e.g. 0.1g Total weight The total weight of burnt and unburnt specimens for a given species, measured in grams (g) to one decimal place, e.g. 0.1g MNI Minimum Number of Individuals- determined by the amount of diagnostic elements that either separately or add up to constitute a whole individual of a given species. NISP Number of Identified Specimens- the total amount of fragments or individual diagnostic elements that have been assigned to a given species Charcoal The amount of charcoal within a particular test pit and spit, weighed and numbered according to size, e.g. n=5 >20mm Unidentified Any shell fragments that cannot be assigned a species, the total of which is weighed and counted to provide a NISP Comments Any comments not covered by the above Table 20: Variables recorded in the shell analysis conducted as part of this CHMP.

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Map 14: Aboriginal cultural heritage in the activity area

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7.2.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1

VAHR 7520-0185– Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 Extent information Map sheet: T7520-4-2-3 Grid reference: E688216.96 N5714251.69 (primary coordinates on VAHR) (MGA54) Cadastral details: 73\PP5654 (primary coordinates on VAHR) Site type: Artefact Scatter/Shell midden Area: 60.01 Significance Site contents 2 Site condition 2 Representativeness 1 Scientific significance Moderate (5) Aboriginal traditional significance High assessment (EMAC and KMAC) Table 21: Extent and significance of 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1

Map 15: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0185

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Tourism Facility

E c o

Integrated

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Map 16: Context plan of 7520-0185

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 7.2.1 Nature of 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 Shell Shell material was carefully collected with attention to provenance (test pit type and spit) and subsequently sorted and classified according to genus and species type when diagnostic elements of individual specimens could be adequately verified. Excavation of the shell deposits involved a methodology of subsurface testing that captured the situational (depth and location) provenance of specimens but also determined the extent and relative boundary of the midden in relation to surrounding landforms. To determine the extent and relative depth of shell deposits several test pits were excavated surrounding a 0.4 x 0.4m shovel test pit (STP J9) where a large concentration of shell material was originally identified during subsurface testing. To establish the stratigraphic nature of the deposits containing shell material a 1x1m test pit (1x1m J9) was excavated. To test the extent of shell deposits that constitute Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 several radial 0.4 x 0.4m shovel test pits were excavated at 5m intervals from the original shell-bearing STP J9. Of the excavated test pits the 1x1m and four STPs clearly demonstrated concentrations of shell, defining the horizontal and vertical extent of the midden deposit and uncovering a total of 572.6g of shell material (Figure 12). The results of subsurface testing illustrate a clear contextual relationship between a discernibly concentrated band of shell material and a particular depth range. The majority of shell material was uncovered at a depth of 200-400mm, with shell from this depth constituting 79.5% of individual specimens (NISP=1250) (Table 22, Figure 13) and 78.1% of the minimum number of individual animals (MNI=257) (Table 23, Figure 14) across all pits. The combined total weight of shell material from this depth range accounted for 85.3% (482.7g) of all material (Table 24, Figure 15). The concentration of shell at this depth forms a distinct layer or lens with a notable declivity of deposits within 100mm depth either side of this lens. The vast majority of shell material is accounted for at a depth of 100-500mm, with a NISP of 1545 (98.3% all shell material) and an MNI of 321 (97.5% of all individual animals). In deposits deeper than 500mm only isolated shell material was uncovered with most pits reaching a final excavated depth of 1m. Of the identified species within the shell midden there is a predominance of beaked mussel (Austromytilus rostratus) accounting for 56.5% of the weight (319.7g), 78.5% of the individual shell specimens (NISP = 1233), and 83.9% of individual animals (MNI=276) across all spits and in all test pits. These examples of Austromytilus rostratus were confidently identified due to distinct phenotypical characteristics absent in the common edible Australian Blue mussel (Mytilus edulus) shell. The presence of distinctive linear striations reaching from the umbo to the lip of each valve is a characteristic that is absent in common/blue mussels. The second most prolific species present was Ischnochitonidae sp., commonly known as chiton. Due to the prolific nature and genetic diversity of this genus, coupled with the relatively degraded condition of uncovered specimens, identification to species level was not feasible. It is surmised that due to the similar size range, diagnostic properties and defined geographic location of the uncovered chiton, that all specimens likely belong to the same species. Chiton accounted for 14.6% of the total weight of all shell (82.6g), 5% of individual animals (MNI=19) and 7% of all individual shell specimens (NISP=114) of the total assemblage. There are a total of seven identified species within the assemblage. Turbo (Subninella/lunella undulata) is the third most common species identified within deposits. It was identified to species level due to its endemic distribution throughout coastal Victoria, its relative size range, and the presence of longitudinal strigations broken into tessellations across its outer shell; which was observable in many of the samples. Subninella undulata accounts for the second heaviest component of the assemblage with 18.1% of the weight (61g), although it only accounts for 5% of the minimum number of individuals (MNI=16) and 4% of individual specimens (NISP=65). Other species of lesser quantity include Cellana sp. (limpet), Dicathais orbita (Dog winkle), Scutus antipodes (Black elephant slug) and Donax deltoides (pipi) (Figure 16). The species reflected in the shell sample are all likely to have been harvested as a food source. The only exception being that of Beaked mussel, only due to the relatively small size of these samples, many of which had valves measuring less than 3cm in length. A reasonable assumption can be made that there was a

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

method of bulk harvesting of this particular species, accounting for the high quantity of smaller, non-energy rich specimens within the shell sample. There is an absence of observable traits associated with burning, contrary to what should be expected of a culturally deposited shell midden. This may be due to taphonomic processes such as humic degradation

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 associated with soil acidity. Most shell specimens were matte greyish-brown in colour, therefore making an

– accurate determination of burning unfeasible. The only shell material that was not of this condition had

undergone bleaching; these consisted of Donax deltoides fragments found at 800-1000mm in depth, well below the well-defined lens of the shell midden. The presence of charcoal throughout the midden supports the theory that much of the sample was burnt, however making this distinction during analysis was conservatively not made due to the aforementioned reasons.

Tourism Facility

- WEIGHT OF SHELL PER PIT (g)

E c o

270.6

152.3

Integrated

–

73.6

37.2 33.4

1 X 1 J 9 J9 J 9 E 5 J 9 N 5 J 9 W 5

Figure 12: Weight of shell material uncovered per pit; Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Sum of NISP Spit Genus 2 3 4 5 9 10 Grand Total

Old Coach Road, Princetown Austromytilus 175 753 223 75 1226 Cellana 12 8 20 Dicathais 4 2 6 Donax 1 7 1 9 Ischnochitonidae 12 72 32 9 125 Scutus 1 1 Subninella 5 37 12 7 61 Unidentified 13 119 0 14 1 147 Grand Total 205 999 277 105 8 1 1595 Table 22: Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Percentage of NISP, Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 9% 4% 8%

77%

Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Donax Ischnochitonidae Scutus Subninella Unidentified

Figure 13: Percentage of total NISP represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Sum of MNI Spit Genus 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 Grand Total Austromytilus 33 141 76 23 2 1 276 Cellana 4 6 1 11 Dicathais 2 1 3 Donax 1 1 1 3 Ischnochitonidae 2 9 6 1 1 19 Scutus 1 1 Subninella 3 7 3 2 1 16 Grand Total 38 165 92 26 3 3 1 1 329 Table 23: Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Percentage of MNI, Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 6% 5% 3%

84%

Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Donax Ischnochitonidae Scutus Subninella Unidentified

Figure 14: Percentage of total MNI represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Sum of Total Weight (g) Spit Genus 2 3 4 5 9 10 Grand Total Austromytilus 33.3 163.9 102.5 20 319.7 Cellana 13.5 17.7 31.2 Dicathais 1.7 2.6 4.3

Donax 0.1 5.3 0.1 5.5 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Ischnochitonidae 6 47.3 22.8 6.5 82.6 – Scutus 1.6 1.6 Subninella 4 71.7 23.8 3 102.5 Unidentified 2.7 10.7 2.8 2 0.1 18.3 Grand Total 46 310.5 172.2 31.5 5.4 0.1 565.7 Table 24: Total weights (g) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 1

Tourism Facility - Percentage of total weight, Old Coach E c o Road, Princetown 1 3%

18%

Integrated

– 15% 56%

Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Donax Ischnochitonidae Scutus Subninella Unidentified

Figure 15: Percentage of total weight represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185) Old Coach Road, Princetown

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102.5 2 3

4 71.7 5

47.3 7

33.3 8

23.8

22.8 20

17.7 9

13.5

10.7

6.5

5.3

2.8

2.7

2.6 2.6

2 10

1.7

1.6

1.4

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.3

0.1 0.1 0.1

Figure 16: Weight per species and spit, Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)

Artefact scatter component The artefact scatter component of this Aboriginal cultural heritage place consists of 22 stone artefacts obtained from three locations: one 1x1 m test pit and two 40x40 cm shovel test pits (STP) (Table 25, Map 15). The majority of artefacts were located in the upper 100 to 300 mm of the soil profile, but three artefacts were located at a depth of between 800 and 900 mm. Quartz is the most common raw material, comprising 63.6% of the assemblage, with flint making up the bulk of the remainder. One artefact was recorded as being of indeterminate raw material, as it was burnt to the degree of being unidentifiable. One other flint flake had evidence of possible burning.

Test Pit Type Test Pit Name Depth (mm) Quartz Flint Indeterminate Total Ave MD (mm) 1x1 J9 1x1 100-200 1 1 2 22.0 200-300 4 4 8 11.9 300-400 1 1 22.0 400-500 1 1 8.4 800-900 3 3 10.3 STP J9 100-200 1 2 3 28.5 200-300 3 3 12.2 J9 N5 400-500 1 1 18.4 Total 14 7 1 22 15.5 Ave MD (mm) 13.2 20.8 10.2 15.5 Table 25. Distribution and average maximum dimension (MD) of artefacts by location and raw material (7520- 0185)

Pebble cortex is present on eight of the quartz artefacts (57.1%), suggesting that quartz pebbles were utilized as a source of stone. Cortex is also present on four of the flint artefacts (57.1%), two of which are chalky and two silicified. The assemblage is comprised of eight angular fragments (six of which are flake fragments), one bipolar core and 13 whole or broken flakes, including two bladelets and one core rejuvenation flake (Table 26). Along with the bipolar core, four of the seven quartz flakes are bipolar, indicating use of the bipolar flaking technique to reduce quartz. One of the flint flakes also exhibits features consistent with bipolar flaking. 77

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Seven of the quartz flakes and three of the flint flakes retain their proximal end. Of the quartz platforms, five are crushed and two are flaked. Two of the flint platforms are flaked, and the third is cortical. Nine flakes retain their distal ends. All of the flint flakes have feather terminations (n=4), while two quartz terminations are feathered and three are crushed. Crushed terminations are typical of bipolar flaking.

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Technological class Artefact type Quartz Flint Indeterminate Total Ave MD (mm)

– Angular fragment Angular fragment 1 1 2 9.3

Flake fragment 5 1 6 10.7 Core Bipolar core 1 1 21.3 Flake Bladelet 2 2 9.2 Core rejuvenation flake 1 1 31.7 Flake 7 3 10 18.7 Total 14 7 1 22 15.5 Table 26. Relative frequency and maximum dimension (MD) of artefact types by raw material (7520-0185)

Tourism Facility Raw material Use wear n Ave MD (mm) - Quartz Yes 1 10.8

No 6 15.2 E c o Flint Yes 1 11.2 No 5 24.7 Total 13 18.2 Table 27. Average maximum dimension (MD) of flakes/bladelets with and without use wear (7520-0185)

Although no artefacts are retouched, use wear and/or edge damage was identified on one quartz flake and

Integrated

– one flint flake. Both of these flakes are smaller, on average, than the remainder of either the quartz or the flint flake assemblage. Although the assemblage is small, the presence of a core, flakes and fragments suggests that knapping took place in the vicinity of this Aboriginal cultural heritage place. At least some of the raw material was obtained from a pebble source, and at least some of the material, both flint and quartz, was reduced using the bipolar flaking technique. The presence of use wear suggests expedient artefact use, probably associated with local procurement activities. Quite significant burning of at least one artefact is probably associated with discard activities or a natural fire regime, rather than deliberate raw material treatment.

Old Coach Road, Princetown

Plate 8: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefacts 11-14 from 1x1J9 Spit 3

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Plate 9: 7520-0185_15Mar16_EugeneShev_Artefacts 1, 2 and 3 from J9 Spit 2

Plate 10: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_J9 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Austromytilus rostratus (b) Ischnochitonidae sp

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

–

Tourism Facility

E c o

Integrated

–

Plate 11: 7520-0185_Old Coach Road, Princetown 1_J9 N5 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Cellana sp. (b) D. orbita (c) S. undulata (d) Ischinochitonidae sp. (e) A. rostratus (f) D

Old Coach Road, Princetown

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 7.3 7520-0186 - Old Coach Road, Princetown 2

7.3.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2

VAHR 7520-0186– Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 Extent information Map sheet: T7520-4-2-3 Grid reference: E688329.69 N5714224.42 (primary coordinates on VAHR) (MGA54) Cadastral details: 65\PP5654 (primary coordinates on VAHR) Site type: Artefact Scatter/Shell midden Area: 124.08m2 Significance Site contents 2 Site condition 2 Representativeness 1 Scientific significance Moderate (5) Aboriginal traditional significance High assessment (EMAC and KMAC) Table 28: Extent and significance of 7520-0186 - Old Coach Road, Princetown 2.

Map 17: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0186 81

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C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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Tourism Facility

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Integrated

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Old Coach Road, Princetown

Map 18: Context plan of 7520-0186

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 7.3.1 Nature of 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 Shell midden component To test the extent and relative depth of shell material subsurface testing involved the excavation of a 1x1m test pit (1x1m I4) and several radial 0.4 x 0.4m shovel test pits. The radials determined boundaries of the site as well as the spatial differentiation between what constituted the horizontal extent of artefact scatter component of this registered site and that of the concentrated shell deposit. The area covered by this shell midden was determined by situating radial STPs at 5m intervals from the concentration of shell identified within STP I4 during the original phase of excavation. A total of one 1x1m and eleven (including the original shell-bearing test pit) STPs were excavated. Of these excavated pits, the 1x1m and four shovel test pits were shown to contain a concentration of shell, allowing a determination of the vertical and horizontal extent of the shell midden. A total of 809.7g of shell material was uncovered in these pits (Figure 17). Subsurface testing determined a clear band or layer of concentrated shell material ranging in depth from 100-400mm. The majority of the shell material was identified at a depth of 200-300mm across all pits, with shell from this depth range accounting for 63.1% of all individual specimens (NISP = 412) (Table 29, Figure 18: Percentage of total NISP represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2) and 61.5% of the MNI (n=83) (Table 30, Figure 19). The combined weight of shell material recovered from a depth of 200- 300mm accounts for 615.5g, 76% of the total weight of shell within the entire midden (Table 31, Figure 20). Shell material encountered at 100-200mm and 300-400mm constitute the same band or layer within the shell midden, although a steep declination of material can be observed, with shell from 100-200mm accounting for 14.5% and specimens from 300-400mm containing 9.3% of the total shell weight. There is one outlying specimen present within a depth of 0-100m; a single small Turban shell fragment, with no shell material uncovered in deposits deeper than 400mm. A total of 4.7g of charcoal was identified at a depth of 200-400mm. Several species were identified within the shell deposits consisting of bivalves, gastropods, polyplacophora and ostraidae including beaked mussel (Austromytilus rostratus), unidentified mussel (Mytilus sp.) limpet (Cellana sp.), dog winkle (Dicathais orbita), turbo (Subninella undulata), abalone (Haliotis sp.), oyster (Ostrea sp.) and other unidentified specimens. The analysis has determined that there were favoured food sources reflected in the preponderant representation of certain species. The most prolific represented species within the shell assemblage in terms of total weight is that of Subninella undulata, weighing 420.5g (51.9% of total assemblage). However, in terms of MNI and NISP, turbo is the second most common component species of the shell assemblage. Turbo accounted for 18.6% of the total NISP (n=246), and only 19.2% (n=42) of the total assemblage across all test pits. The disparity between weight, NISP and MNI represented in the analysis of S. undulata is reflective of its relatively ample size and density comparative to the other generally smaller identified specimens. A smaller species, beaked mussel, is the most abundant constituent of the assemblage in terms of number of identifiable fragments (NISP=599) accounting for 45.3% of all collected shell fragments. A. rostratus also accounts for the largest MNI, with a minimum number of 103 individual mussels within the collected assemblage, accounting for 47% of individual animals across all pits. In order of percentage of total weight, the following species were represented as such; chiton at 12%, dog winkle at 7.3%, limpet at 3.3%, unidentified mussel at 1.7%, abalone at 1.5%, with oyster at <0.1% (Figure 21). Unidentified specimens were usually highly fragmented and lacked diagnostic features preventing the accurate identification of genus and species, these accounted for 4.2% of the total weight of the shell assemblage. Unidentified mussel was observed at a depth range of 240-400mm in STP I4. The lack of identifying features in these specimens, such as no umbo and the considerable weathering on the external surface of valves mired observation of linear striations or concentric patterning that would enable an accurate identification of species. Beaked mussel remains account for the vast majority of individual shell specimens and were likely harvested en masse due to their relatively small size compared to all other represented species, excluding limpet. Aside from this, the shell assemblage demonstrates a preference for higher-yielding species represented by large turbo (Subninella undulata) fragments, which accounts for the largest weight component and 83

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therefore energy yield of the entire assemblage. Chiton and dog winkle were also likely favoured food sources, with minor substitutions of abalone, limpet and oyster also evidenced.

WEIGHT OF SHELL PER PIT (g)

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

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336.2

281.8

Tourism Facility

E c o

70.2

62.4 59.1

1 X 1 I 4 I4 I 4 E 5 I 4 N 5 I 4 W 5

Integrated

Figure 17: Weight of shell material uncovered per pit; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) –

Sum of NISP Spit Genus 1 2 3 4 Grand Total Austromytilus 46 209 83 338 Cellana 3 15 4 22 Dicathais 4 9 4 17 Haliotis 6 6 Ischnochitonidae 20 71 21 112 Ostrea 1 1 Subninella 1 38 91 6 136 Unidentified 4 11 6 21 Grand Total 1 115 412 125 653 Table 29: Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road,

Princetown 2 (7520-0186) Old Coach Road, Princetown

Percentage of NISP, Old Coach Road, Princetown 2

8% 19% 45% 9% 13% 3%3% Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Haliotis Ischnochitonidae Mytilus Ostrea Subninella Unidentified

Figure 18: Percentage of total NISP represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Sum of MNI Spit Genus 1 2 3 4 Grand Total Austromytilus 11 50 11 72 Cellana 2 4 2 8 Dicathais 1 4 2 7 Haliotis 1 1 Ischnochitonidae 4 9 5 18 Ostrea 1 1 Subninella 1 9 15 3 28 Unidentified Charcoal fragment Grand Total 1 27 83 24 135 Table 30: Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)

Percentage of MNI, Old Coach Road, Princetown 2

19% 1% 8% 47% 11% 1% 6% 7%

Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Haliotis Ischnochitonidae Mytilus Ostrea Subninella Unidentified

Figure 19: Percentage of total MNI represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)

Sum of Total Weight (g) Depth Genus 1 2 3 4 Grand Total Austromytilus 9.5 80.6 23.9 114 Cellana 6.2 5 6 17.2 Dicathais 4.1 11.4 15.8 31.3 Haliotis 12.1 12.1 Ischnochitonidae 52.4 18.2 70.6 Ostrea 1.3 1.3 Subninella 1.9 95.4 171.4 7 275.7 Unidentified 2.2 0.8 2.7 5.7 Grand Total 1.9 117.4 333.7 74.9 527.9 Table 31: Total weights according to species and spit within all test pits; Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520- 0186)

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Percentage of total weight, Old Coach

Road, Princetown 2 C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

– 18%

3% 7% 52% 2% 12% 2%

Austromytilus Cellana Dicathais Tourism Facility

- Haliotis Ischnochitonidae Mytilus Ostrea Subninella Unidentified E c o Figure 20: Percentage of total weight represented by each species for Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)

Integrated

316.2

–

2 110.9

3 95.4

79 4

Old Coach Road, Princetown

39.4

29.1

23.9

18.2

15.8

15.4

13.4

12.1

9.5

6.2

4.1

2.7

2.2

1.9 1.3

Figure 21: Weight per species and spit, Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)

Artefact scatter component The artefact scatter component of this Aboriginal cultural heritage place consists of nine stone artefacts spread across five different locations: one 1x1 m test pit and four 40x40 cm shovel test pits (STP). The artefacts are comprised of flint and quartz and are distributed at depths of between 200 and 500 mm (Table

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 32). Five of the seven flint artefacts are fossiliferous, and two of the flint flakes exhibit evidence of burning in the form of discolouration, potlids and crazing.

Test Pit Type Test Pit Name Depth (mm) Flint Quartz Total Ave MD (mm) 1x1 I4 200-300 2 2 43.2 STP I4 S10 400-500 1 1 37.4 I4 S15 300-400 1 1 19.2 I4 S5 400-500 2 1 3 25.6 I4 W5 200-300 2 2 24.8 Total 7 2 9 29.9 Ave MD (mm) 30.3 28.7 29.9 Table 32. Distribution and average maximum dimension (MD) of artefacts by location and raw material

Technological class Artefact type Flint Quartz Total Ave MD (mm) Angular fragment Angular fragment 1 1 19.2 Flake fragment 1 1 30.8 Core Bipolar core 1 1 38.1 Flake Flake 6 6 30.2 Total 7 2 9 29.9 Table 33. Relative frequency and maximum dimension (MD) of artefact types by raw material

Pebble cortex is present on both of the quartz artefacts and one of the flint artefacts, suggesting that pebbles were utilized as a source of stone. Chalky cortex is also present on five of the remaining six flint artefacts. The assemblage is comprised of two angular fragments (one of which is a flake fragments), one bipolar core and six flakes (Table 33). Along with the bipolar core, two of the six flint flakes are possibly bipolar, indicating use of the bipolar flaking technique to reduce flint. All of the flint flakes retain their proximal end: three have flaked platforms and three are cortical. Five of the six flint flakes retain their distal ends. Feather terminations are present on two flakes, while axial, plunge and hinge terminations make up the three remaining distal types. Although no artefacts are retouched, use wear or possible use wear was identified on two flint flakes. The small size of the assemblage prevents detailed analysis, but, as with Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185), there is evidence for the use of pebbles as a raw material source, bipolar flaking, expedient artefact use and some artefact burning.

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Plate 12: VAHR 7520-0186_OldCoachRoad,Princetown2_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 24 from I4 W5 Spit 3.

Old Coach Road, Princetown

Plate 13: VAHR 7520-0186_OldCoachRoad,Princetown2_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 31 from 1x1I4 Spit 3 Sieve 88

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Plate 14: OCRP_1x1 I4 Spit 3 Shell Sample (a) Haliotis sp. (b) Ischninochitonidae sp. (c) S. undulata (d) Cellana sp. (e) D. orbita (f) A. rostratus

Plate 15: OCRP_I4 240-400mm Shell Sample (a) A. rostratus (b) Cellana sp. (c) Ischnochitonidae sp. (d) D. orbita (e) S. undulata (f) Subninella (operculum)

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

7.4 7520-0184 - Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD

7.4.1 Extent and significance of 7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

– VAHR 7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD Extent information Map sheet: T7520-4-2-3 Grid reference: E688049.09 N571325.21 (primary coordinates on VAHR) (MGA54) Cadastral details: 73\PP5654 (primary coordinates on VAHR) Site type: Low density artefact distribution Area: n/a - LDAD Significance Site contents 1

Site condition 2 Tourism Facility - Representativeness 1 Scientific significance Low (4) E c o Aboriginal traditional significance High assessment (EMAC and KMAC) Table 34: Extent and significance of 7520-0184 - Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD

Integrated

–

Old Coach Road, Princetown

Map 19: Detailed extent plan of 7520-0184 90

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 7.4.1 Nature of 7520-0184 – Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD This low-density artefact distribution is comprised of two quartz artefacts located in one 50x50 cm shovel test pit and one 40x40 cm shovel test pit, at between 300 and 400 mm depth and 500 and 600 mm depth, respectively (Table 35). One of the quartz artefacts is an angular fragment with pebble cortex on less than one-third of its surface and a maximum dimension of 9.6 mm. The second artefact is a tool; a backed flake fragment with ventral scalar retouch on 33-66% of its margin and a maximum dimension of 8.2 mm. Test Pit Name Depth (mm) Artefact type Raw Cortex % of edge Use wear MD (mm) material type with retouch 0.5x0.5 A 300-400 Angular fragment Quartz Pebble 0 No 9.6

M3 500-600 Backed flake fragment Quartz 33-66% No 8.2 Average MD (mm) 8.9 Table 35. Select attributes of artefacts comprising Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD

The identification of a backed flake fragment may indicate the presence in the area of the Australian Small Tool Tradition, which characterises Holocene artefact assemblages in Victoria. However, backing as a retouch technique is not restricted only to the Holocene.

Plate 16: VAHR 750-0184_Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD_OCRP_09Jun16_Eugene Shev_Artefact 4 from test pit3

7.5 Stone Artefact Discussion

Although the stone artefact assemblages associated with these three Aboriginal cultural heritage places are small, together they contain all of the major components of a stone reduction sequence – cores, flakes (including rejuvenation flakes), tools and angular fragments – indicating that stone flaking activities were taking place in the vicinity. Quartz and flint are the raw materials being utilised, and are probably locally available – at least some of both materials is in the form of pebbles. The proportion of flint in the assemblages decreases from north-east to south-west, moving away from the wetland (Figure 22,Map 14); however, this may not be a significant pattern, due to the small assemblage sizes involved. Alternatively, it may reflect either the location of the flint source or spatial differentiation in the activities for which flint artefacts were being used.

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100% 90% 80%

70% C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Raw material

– 60% Quartz 50% Indeterminate 40% Flint 30% 20% 10%

Tourism Facility 0% - Old Coach Road, Old Coach Road, Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (n=9) Princetown 1 (n=22) Princetown LDAD (n=2) E c o Figure 22. Relative frequency of raw materials in each place

It is likely that stone working was taking place in this area in association with local resource procurement. Both quartz and flint were worked using the bipolar flaking technique, and flakes were utilised without

formal modification. In part, this may reflect a strategy of expedience – using whatever suitable materials Integrated

are at hand. It may also indicate that more formal tools were carried around the landscape and discarded – elsewhere. Alternatively, the low number of tools (and cores) may simply be a product of the small assemblage size and thus the low frequency of artefact types that are typically rarer. Larger assemblages would be needed to make more robust inferences about tool use and discard strategies and spatial patterning.

Old Coach Road, Princetown

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8. SECTION 61 MATTERS

8.1 Introduction

In accordance with s 61 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic), this section reviews particular matters to be considered in relation to the approval of a CHMP for the activity (Sections 8.2 to 8.4). Details of other specific and general cultural heritage management requirements are presented in Section 9. Please note: The Specific Cultural Heritage Management Requirements presented in Section 9 must be adhered to as a condition of approval of the CHMP.

8.2 Will the activity be conducted in a way that avoids harm to Aboriginal heritage?

The evaluation undertaken as part of this CHMP has determined that the activity cannot be undertaken without harm to the Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the activity area:  Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)  Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186)  Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD (7520-0184)

8.3 Will the activity be conducted in a way that minimises harm to Aboriginal heritage?

The evaluation undertaken as part of this CHMP has determined that the activity cannot be undertaken in a way that minimises harm to the low density artefact distribution that this present in the activity area:  Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD (7520-0184) Through a change to the construction footprint, the sponsor has modified the layout of the development to minimise impacts to the following Aboriginal cultural heritage places.  Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 (7520-0185)  Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 (7520-0186) Specifically, a proposed pathway originally located to the south of the proposed road that intersects with parts of 7520-0185 and 7520-0186 was relocated to the north of the road thereby minimising impacts. The proposed road was also realigned to further minimise impacts to 7520-0186.

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8.4 Specific Measures Required for the Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Likely to Be affected by the Activity, Before, During and After the

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Specific measures required for the management of the Aboriginal cultural heritage place within the activity – area, including the requirement for a salvage excavation and cultural heritage induction are outlined in Section 9. Contingency plans for the possible discovery of unexpected Aboriginal cultural heritage, as per Clause 13(1) Schedule 2 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 are to be adopted during the implementation of the activity (Section 10).

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PART 2 - CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS

These conditions become compliance requirements once the Cultural Heritage Management Plan is approved. Failure to comply with a condition is an offence under section 67A of the Aboriginal Heritage Act.

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9. RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Specific Recommendations and Requirements

This section outlines the specific cultural heritage management conditions to be considered in relation to the approval of this Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Table 36 below outlines place specific management requirements for the Aboriginal cultural heritage places located within the activity area (Map 20). These measures are detailed below, in accordance with Section 61(c) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.

Place Name VAHR Site Type Impact (none, Salvage Salvage Surface Repatriation (primary partial or Excavation Excavation Salvage of artefacts component) complete) Quota (m2) Collection Old Coach Road, 7520-0185 Artefact scatter / Partial (place Yes 2m2 (2x1) No Yes Princetown 1 shell midden extent is 60.01m2. Impact is 20.93m2) Old Coach Road, 7520-0186 Artefact scatter / Partial (Place Yes 2m2 (2x1) No Yes Princetown 2 shell midden extent is 124.08m2. Impact is 92.58m2) Old Coach Road, 7520-0184 LDAD Complete No n/a No Yes Princetown LDAD Table 36: Aboriginal cultural heritage places within the activity area and management requirements

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Map 20: Registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area

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Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, the part of 7520-0185 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 21 may be harmed by the activity: 9.2.1 Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required prior to the implementation of the activity in the vicinity of 7520-0185;  Prior to the commencement of the activity, temporary above ground protective fencing must be installed. The minimum extent of the fencing required is the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21. It is the responsibility of the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate to ensure adherence to the fencing requirements.  Prior to the commencement of the activity in this area, salvage excavation must occur. A 2x1m salvage pit must be excavated. The salvage pit must be located in the part of 7520-0185 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 21. o The HA will determine the precise location of the salvage pits. o The salvage excavation must be conducted in accordance with arrangements and methodology set out in Section 9.5.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage location. 9.2.2 Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  During the activity, there is to be no unauthorised access by personnel, vehicles or machinery to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21. Authorisation may only be granted by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate for emergency or CHMP compliance purposes.  No impacts by machinery to the surface of the land is permitted to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21.  Any planting that occurs within the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 21 must be done by hand.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. 9.2.3 Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  Temporary fencing may be demounted on completion of all ground disturbing works in the vicinity of 7520-0185.  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP and during the salvage excavation in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

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Map 21: 7520-0185 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 – Management map showing areas subject to harm avoidance and areas subject to salvage quota

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Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, the part of 7520-0186 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 22 may be harmed by the activity: 9.3.1 Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required prior to the implementation of the activity in the vicinity of 7520-0186;  Prior to the commencement of the activity, temporary above ground protective fencing must be installed. The minimum extent of the fencing required is the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22. It is the responsibility of the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate to ensure adherence to the fencing requirements.  Prior to the commencement of the activity in this area, salvage excavation must occur. A 2x1m salvage pit must be excavated. The salvage pit must be located in the part of 7520-0186 marked as ‘area subject to salvage quota’ on Map 22. o The HA will determine the precise location of the salvage pits. o The salvage excavation must be conducted in accordance with arrangements and methodology set out in Section 9.5.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage location. 9.3.2 Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  During the activity, there is to be no unauthorised access by personnel, vehicles or machinery to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22. Authorisation may only be granted by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate for emergency or CHMP compliance purposes.  No impacts by machinery to the surface of the land is permitted to the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22.  Any planting that occurs within the area marked ‘area of complete harm avoidance’ as depicted on Map 22 must be done by hand.  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. 9.3.3 Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  Temporary fencing may be demounted on completion of all ground disturbing works in the vicinity of 7520-0186.  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP and during the salvage excavation in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

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Map 22: 7520-0186 – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 – Management map showing areas subject to harm avoidance and areas subject to salvage quota

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Provided that the measures detailed below are undertaken, 7520-0184 may be harmed by the activity: 9.4.1 Management measures prior to the activity The following management measures are required before the implementation of the activity;  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. 9.4.2 Management measures during the activity The following management measures are required during the implementation of the activity;  A HA must arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before the activity. AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage locations. 9.4.3 Management measures after the activity The following management measures are required after the implementation of the activity;  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage collected during the preparation of this CHMP a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before a repatriation location is determined through discussion with the HA, relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) and the Sponsor, to the satisfaction of the Executive Director or Deputy Director, Aboriginal Victoria. The reasonable cost of the repatriation will be facilitated by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate.  The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by the HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection Forms and associated documentation in accordance with the relevant standards (e.g. Aboriginal Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC.

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9.5 Salvage Arrangements

9.5.1 Introduction

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at two Aboriginal cultural heritage places: 7520-0185 and 7520-0186 (Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 and – Old Coach Road, Princetown 2). Salvage should occur only in an area that is subject to impacts as part of the activity. The relevant salvage excavation and recording must be undertaken prior to the commencement of the activity at that specified Aboriginal cultural heritage place. The salvage excavation quota at 7520-0185 (Old Coach Road, Princetown 1) is 2m2 (2x1m salvage pit). The salvage excavation quota at 7520-0186 (Old Coach Road, Princetown 2) is 2m2

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Outputs E c o The salvage research will analyse the individual archaeological attributes of the Aboriginal cultural heritage place through an examination of horizontal and vertical patterning / structure of artefact deposits. Depending on the results of salvage excavations and surface collections, the following specific research

questions may be able to be answered: Integrated

 What technological classes and artefact types are represented at the Aboriginal cultural heritage – place? What formal tool types are represented?  What raw materials are represented and where might these have been sourced?  Did lithic reduction likely occur on site? If so, what is the understanding of reduction sequences that can be established from the available data?  Is there any discernible vertical/stratigraphic patterning in artefact types and/or raw materials? If so, what might explain this patterning?  Do any locations within the place stand out from the general patterns? If so, how are they different and how might these differences be explained?  What diagnostic elements of the Australian Small Tool Tradition (ASTT) are present and which are absent? How might this relate on-site and/or offsite economic activities?  What activities were likely practised at the Aboriginal cultural heritage place? What are the specific assemblage characteristics that suggest these activities took place?

Old Coach Road, Princetown How might these activities relate to activities that likely occurred at other Aboriginal cultural heritage places in the activity area? Where statistically valid, comparative analyses using GIS, radiometric dating and other forms of data will be undertaken in relation to existing known samples in the region and other similar databases from ongoing projects. A report must be prepared which presents the results of the salvage excavation. The report detailing the results of the salvage excavation must be submitted to AV within 12 months of the completion of the salvage excavations. 9.5.3 Salvage Procedure Configuration and location of salvage excavations  The minimum salvage quota and configuration is: o 7520-0185 (Old Coach Road, Princetown 1) . 2m2 (2x1m salvage pit) o 7520-0186 (Old Coach Road, Princetown 2) . 2m2 (2x1m salvage pit)  Depths of excavations:

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 o All salvage test pits must be excavated to a culturally sterile depth or a maximum depth of 1.2m beneath the current ground surface. The HA will determine the presence of a culturally sterile deposit.  Prior to salvage, an inspection of 7520-0185 and 7520-0186 must be undertaken by the HA and the relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s). o During this time the precise location of the salvage excavation pits will be determined by the HA and the pit marked.  The salvage excavation quota will only be considered to be fulfilled when: o The required quota (m2) of controlled hand-excavation has been completed, irrespective of the number of artefacts collected.

Controlled hand-excavation methodology  Salvage excavation must be undertaken prior to the commencement of the activity at the location of 7520-0185 and 7520-0186.  All salvage excavation must be conducted by hand.  Excavations will take place in accordance with Regulation 61(3) of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 and must be supervised by a person appropriately qualified in archaeology (hereafter, referred to the supervisor).  Salvage excavation must be undertaken through controlled hand-excavation on a pit by pit (e.g. 1x1m) and spit by spit (50mm or 100mm depth) basis according to the scientific significance of the deposit. o Spit depths should not exceed 100mm and where Aboriginal cultural heritage is present should not exceed 50mm. o Soil deposits must be recorded (including Munsell and pH) and photographed on a spit by spit and pit by pit basis. o Where the supervisor determines it is appropriate (or necessary) to address specific research questions, horizontal and vertical provenance (i.e. x,y,z coordinates) of in situ finds must be recorded to the millimetre along with artefact orientation and inclination information.  Salvage works will be guided by best professional practice (cf. Burke & Smith 2004).  All excavated material must be 100% sieved using a maximum 5mm mesh.  Radiocarbon dating samples must be collected and processed from any archaeological deposit where the contents and stratigraphic structure are suitable for dating analysis (e.g. in situ charcoal or other organic material, sediments with clear stratification and associated archaeological deposits) that will add significantly to an understanding of the cultural heritage.  Representatives of the relevant RAP Applicant group(s) / Traditional Owner Group(s) will be engaged by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate to participate in the controlled hand-excavation.  A full analysis of stone artefacts and other cultural materials will be undertaken according to best professional practice (c.f. Burke & Smith 2004) and the research rationale as outlined in Section 9.5.2.  Consistent with the detailed recording undertaken as part of the complex assessment (see Sections 6 and 7), the HA must catalogue, record and, analyse stone artefacts, ecofacts (e.g. shell, bone) and other culturally deposited materials.  Should salvage excavations identify any subsurface archaeological features that warrant further investigation and are not subject to contingency arrangements, the extent of salvage may be increased to follow the feature and determine the extent of the feature. The HA will determine the extent of any increased salvage.  The HA will arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation before, during and after the activity as follows: o Before: secured by the HA in a secure location

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o During: secured by the HA in a secure location. o After: secured by the HA in a secure location before a repatriation occurs. . The location of any area in which cultural heritage is relocated must be recorded by a HA using appropriate Heritage Record and Object Collection

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standards (e.g. Aboriginal Affairs Victoria’s Guide to Preparing a Cultural – Heritage Management Plan 2007 (Appendices 3 and 4)), and reported to the Secretary DPC. o AV will be notified of any changes to the agreed storage arrangements.

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Presently the agreed storage arrangements are: 54-58 Smith Street, Collingwood, VIC 3066

Additionally, all Aboriginal cultural heritage material collected during the complex assessment of this CHMP are currently stored at: 54-58 Smith Street, Collingwood, VIC 3066 AV must be notified of any changes to the agreed storage arrangements.

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9.7 Cultural Heritage Induction

A single cultural heritage induction must be provided by the HA and relevant RAP, if one exists at the time and chooses to participate, to the contractor (at a reasonable cost to the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate)

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 outlining all procedures defined in the CHMP. It will be expected that the contractor then inducts all relevant

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personnel involved in ground disturbing activities in the activity/activity area. 1. HA induct key personnel Prior to the activity commencing, all key personnel identified by the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate must be inducted with regard to the requirements and procedures defined in Sections 7-10 of this Cultural Heritage Management Plan. This induction must be conducted by a HA and the RAP, if one exists at the time and chooses to participate, at a reasonable cost to the sponsor or sponsor’s delegate.

Tourism Facility2. HA prepare CHMP induction manual - To facilitate the induction of all relevant staff and subcontractors (see Point 3), the HA must prepare a CHMP E c o induction manual outlining the following:  the existence of the CHMP;  the role of the CHMP;  the type and nature of Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be encountered;

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Integrated appropriate responses to Aboriginal cultural heritage encountered; and

–  the consequences of non-compliance with the CHMP.

3. Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate must ensure all relevant staff and subcontractors receive a CHMP induction. Key personal will present the CHMP induction to all relevant staff and subcontractors. Relevant staff and subcontractors will receive a summary of their obligations under the requirements of the CHMP as part of their overall project induction. Induction of construction staff must ensure all relevant staff and subcontractors involved in ground disturbing works, are aware of:  the existence of the CHMP;  the role of the CHMP;  the type and nature of Aboriginal cultural heritage likely to be encountered;  appropriate responses to Aboriginal cultural heritage encountered; and

 the consequences of non-compliance with the CHMP. Old Coach Road, Princetown During the activity a copy of the approved CHMP and the induction manual must be retained by the site manager, where they will be readily available to all construction staff.

9.7 Additional Comments

 Should a RAP(s) be appointed for the activity area of this CHMP they would assume the role of “relevant RAP Applicant(s) / Traditional Owner group(s)” used throughout Section 9 and 10 of this CHMP.

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10. CONTINGENCIES

10.1 Introduction

The following contingency plans are to be implemented during the activity.

10.2 Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Found During Works

If unexpected Aboriginal places or objects are found during construction works for the activity the following steps must be applied:  The person who identified the find will immediately notify the person in charge of the activity.  The person in charge of the activity must then suspend any relevant works at the location of the discovery and to a distance within 5m of the relevant site extent and isolate the find via the installation of safety webbing, or other suitable barrier and the material to remain in situ.  Works may continue outside of the established 5m barrier, however, if additional archaeological deposits are identified, then these works must also be suspended in accordance with the actions prescribed in the previous dot point.  The person in charge of works must notify the Heritage Advisor (HA) and the RAP, of the find within 24 hours of the discovery.  Within two (2) working days of notification, the HA is to attend the site and evaluate the find to determine if it is part of an already registered Aboriginal cultural heritage place or should be registered as a new place and to update and/or complete site records as appropriate and advise on possible management strategies. This must be done in consultation with the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate.  Within a period not exceeding three (3) working days of the discovery a decision/recommendation must be made by the HA in consultation with the Sponsor or Sponsor’s delegate (hereafter, referred to collectively as the Sponsor), and the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, as to the process to be followed to manage the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a culturally appropriate manner, and how to proceed with the works.  It is preferable to avoid impacts to all Aboriginal cultural heritage. Where this is not achievable attempts must be made to minimise impact to Aboriginal cultural heritage.  Following the inspection, if it is determined that the Aboriginal cultural heritage discovered comprises a low density artefact distribution (LDAD), this material is to be recorded in situ and then removed from the works area, transported and stored at the nominated location. All relevant Aboriginal cultural heritage records are to be updated and/or completed. In order to determine the nature and extent of the newly identified Aboriginal cultural heritage the following measures must be undertaken:

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o The HA must inspect the Aboriginal cultural heritage within two (2) business days of its discovery. o The Sponsor and the HA must discuss the possibility of avoiding and minimising harm to the

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o In the event that the place is determined to comprise an LDAD, no further management is – required, following the appropriate removal of the heritage from the works area. However, where avoidance is possible, this is preferable. o Any Aboriginal cultural heritage recovered under the contingency arrangements is to be secured by the HA, transported and stored at: 54-58 Smith Street, Collingwood, Victoria 3066. Should these details change, the new storage location must be communicated to the Secretary of the Department of Premier and Cabinet (DPC).

 Tourism Facility In the instance that the HA in consultation with the RAP and Sponsor determines that the Aboriginal - cultural heritage comprises an artefact scatter that does not meet the criteria for LDAD registration,

E c o or if there are any other Aboriginal site types found (with the exception of scarred trees), a salvage excavation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage must be undertaken in a manner considered appropriate by the HA. A salvage strategy may comprise the following: o The HA will facilitate the involvement of the RAP, where one exists and chooses to

participate, in the on-site investigation and assessment of the significance of the Aboriginal Integrated

cultural heritage. – o The Sponsor, the HA and the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, must discuss the possibility of avoiding and minimising harm to the Aboriginal cultural heritage, where possible. o Where harm cannot be avoided, the HA and the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, must salvage the cultural heritage with the initial aim of establishing the extent, nature and significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage. o Salvage excavations must include controlled excavation (as per r.61(7) and Guide to Preparing Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plans Appendix 12) o Subsequent aims of the salvage excavations could be to establish: . The relative and absolute (if possible) age of any identified Aboriginal cultural

heritage; Old Coach Road, Princetown . The character of the excavated artefact assemblage if extant; and . As far as possible, the nature of occupation of any identified Aboriginal cultural heritage. o In cases where cultural material is considered in-situ and where suitable material is available, appropriate age determinations (e.g. radiocarbon, TL, OSL) are to be made to establish the age of the cultural material. o Any artefacts recovered during excavations are to be secured by the HA until the salvage has been concluded. Artefacts must be held in a secure location (Andrew Long and Associates office) together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation during the activity. o Details regarding the methodology of any collection or salvage of Aboriginal cultural heritage located during the project must be determined by the CHA. Without limiting the options, the HA will: . Catalogue the Aboriginal cultural heritage; . Label and package the Aboriginal cultural heritage with reference to provenance;

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 . Ensure all excavated deposits are sieved, and the presence of any additional cultural heritage material recorded in detail; . With the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, arrange storage of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a secure location (Andrew Long and Associates office) together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation. o Any excavations must take place in accordance with Regulation 61(3-7) of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 and be supervised by a person appropriately qualified in archaeology. This person must also facilitate the involvement of the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, in these excavations and subsequent management discussions. o The suspended works may recommence at completion of the salvage excavation. o A report detailing the findings of any collection, salvage or analysis of material recovered as a result of contingency arrangements must be complete and lodged with the Heritage Registrar, AV as soon as possible and within a maximum of 12 months. This report must include plans and/or maps that accurately present the location and extent of any excavation, and the details of any exposed sediments and stratigraphy.  In the instance that the HA in consultation with the RAP and Sponsor determines that the Aboriginal cultural heritage comprises an obtrusive site type (e.g. scarred tree, quarry, etc.) an appropriate management response will be determined by HA in consultation with the RAP and Sponsor.  Failure of parties to reach an agreed course of action in this manner must be classed as a dispute under this agreement.  Work may recommence within the area of exclusion: o When the appropriate protective measures have been undertaken in accordance with the Heritage Advisor recommendations following consultation with the RAP and sponsor; o When the Heritage Advisor is satisfied that the necessary information has been collected to facilitate the completion/update of Aboriginal cultural heritage records; o Where all parties agree there is no other prudent or feasible course of action, or; o Where relevant, the Sponsor and the RAP, where one exists and chooses to participate, must ensure that the above steps are followed and that legal obligations and requirements are complied with at all times.

10.3 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Recovered

 Any Aboriginal Cultural Heritage recovered or salvaged from the Activity area remains the property of the RAP(s) (if present). In any such instance it will be the responsibility of the HA to: o Catalogue the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage. o Label and package the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage with reference to provenance; o With the RAP (if present), arrange storage of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in a secure location nominated by the HA together with copies of the catalogue and assessment documentation. o Facilitate the reburial of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in an appropriate location, preferably in close proximity to the original find spot, upon completion of the activity. o Aboriginal Cultural Heritage material is to be placed in a non-plastic, permeable container for reburial.

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o The location of the reburied material is to be recorded and clearly entered on the existing site card for the registered place.  The custody of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage recovered or salvaged from the Activity area should comply with the requirements established by the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, and be assigned

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– o Relevant RAP that is registered for the land from which the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage is salvaged; o Relevant Native Title holder; o Relevant Native Title party; o Relevant Aboriginal persons with traditional or familial links;

o Relevant Aboriginal organisations with historical or contemporary links;

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o Owner of the land; E c o o Museum Victoria.

10.4 The Management of the Discovery of Human Remains Integrated

The following steps must be taken if any suspected human remains are found in the activity area: – 1. Discovery:  If suspected human remains are discovered, all activity in the vicinity must cease immediately to ensure minimal damage is caused to the remains; and,  The remains must be left in place, and protected from harm or damage. 2. Notification:  Once suspected human skeletal remains have been found, the Coroner’s Office and the Victoria Police must be notified immediately;  If there is reasonable grounds to believe that the remains could be Aboriginal, the Coronial Admissions and Enquiry hotline must be immediately notified on 1300 888 544; and  All details of the location and nature of the human remains must be provided to the relevant Old Coach Road, Princetownauthorities.  If it is confirmed by these authorities that the discovered remains are Aboriginal skeletal remains, the person responsible for the activity must report the existence of the human remains to the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council in accordance with s.17 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. 3. Impact Mitigation or Salvage:  The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council, after taking reasonable steps to consult with any Aboriginal person or body with an interest in the Aboriginal human remains, will determine the appropriate course of action as required by s.18(2)(b) of the Act.  An appropriate impact mitigation or salvage strategy as determined by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council must be implemented (this will depend on the circumstances in which the remains were found, the number of burials found and the type of burials and the outcome of consultation with any Aboriginal person or body). 4. Curation and further analysis:  The treatment of salvaged Aboriginal human remains must be in accordance with the direction of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council.

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 5. Reburial:  Any reburial site(s) must be fully documented by an experienced and qualified archaeologist, clearly marked and all details provided to AV;  Appropriate management measures must be implemented to ensure that the remains are not disturbed in the future.

10.5 Reviewing Compliance with the Management Plan

In order to ensure that the Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) is adhered to and to prevent possible dispute, auditing or stop-works orders, it is imperative that all steps discussed above are followed. To ensure this the following procedure must be applied:  All parties must be familiar with the (CHMP).  All relevant personnel involved in the activity/Activity area must be inducted with regards to the procedures defined in the CHMP by a CHA.  A ‘Compliance Review Checklist’ (Appendix 5) should be completed by the Sponsor prior to the commencement of the activity, and at regular intervals during the course of the activity (fortnightly).  Communication between the parties must remain available and any changes to contact details be communicated to the other party immediately.  Any query should be handled immediately in order to prevent non-compliance with the CHMP.  In the event of non-compliance with the CHMP the authorised project delegates (see below, Section 10.6) will identify the cause of this non-compliance and undertake to remedy this within the terms of the present CHMP, the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007.

10.6 Dispute Resolution

No dispute resolution contingencies have been provided as no RAP existed at time of submission in relation to the Activity area. However, Part 8 (Division 1, Subdivision 2 (116)) of the Act outlines dispute resolution mechanisms in the absence of a RAP. The sponsor of a CHMP may apply to the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) for review of a decision of the Secretary under section 65 to refuse to approve the plan. An application for a review must be made within 28 days after the later of – a) the day on which the applicant is notified of the decision; b) if, under the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998, the applicant requests a statement of reasons for the decision, the day on which the statement for reasons is given to the applicant or the applicant is informed under section 46(5) of that Act that a statement of reasons will not be given.

10.7 Delays and Other Obstacles

If delays or other obstacles that may affect the conduct of the activity occur (i.e. a change of the development footprint), a process will be developed between the sponsor and the HA to resolve these issues. Advice will be sought from AV and the RAP(s) or other agreed Aboriginal stakeholder(s), as applicable.

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10.6 Authorised Project Delegates and the Handling of Sensitive Information

For the purpose of communication, the following persons will act as project delegates:

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Sponsor –

TBD

Heritage Advisor TBD Any change in personnel appointed as APDs in one party will be promptly notified to all other parties. The parties will agree upon what constitutes sensitive information and will maintain the confidentiality of all

communications regarding information agreed to be such. Tourism Facility - Note: These contingencies cannot prescribe the duties of future RAP(s). RAP(s) may take part in the

contingencies outlined in this CHMP, if they wish to do so. E c o

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Allen, J. 2006. Summary Discussion Paper. Bend Road 1 Excavations January 2006. Unpublished report to Thiess John Holland. Allen, J., Hewitt, G. & de Lange, J., with a contribution by Long, A. 2008. Report on Bend Road Archaeological Investigations: Bend Road 1 Phases 1 to 3. Unpublished Report to Thiess John Holland. Amorosi, L. & Murphy, A. 2002. City of Monash Desktop Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment. Unpublished report to City of Monash. Barker, Anita. 2011. Halladale & Black Watch Gas Field Development. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Origin Energy. Barker, Anita. 2011. Newfield wind farm. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (mandatory). Report to Acciona Energy. Barwick, D.E. 1984. ‘Mapping the Past: An Atlas of Victorian Clans, 1835-1904’, Aboriginal History 8(2), 100-130. Barwick, D. 1998 Rebellion at Coranderrk. Aboriginal History Monograph 5, Melbourne, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. Berndt, R. 1982. ‘Traditional Concepts of Aboriginal Land’, in Berndt, R. (ed.) Aboriginal Sites, Rights and Resource Development. Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, Fifth Academy Symposium, 11th November 1981, Proceedings. University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1–11. Bird, C.F. 1993. The coast of Victoria: shaping the scenery. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Burke, H. & Smith, C. 2004. The Archaeologists Field Handbook. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest. Bunce, D. 1856. Reminiscences of Twenty-three Years Wandering in the Australian Colonies. Journal of Australasia 1:16-21, 109-12. Cekalovic, Helen. 1999. Archaeological survey and subsurface testing of Twelve Apostles visitor amenities site for significant Aboriginal archaeological and cultural assets. Report to Contour Consultants. Cekalovic, Helen. 2000. An archaeological survey of proposed Vodafone site Sherbrook Hill, Princetown, Victoria. Report to Contour Consultants. Clark, I. 1990. Aboriginal Languages and Clans: an Historical Atlas of Western and Central Victoria, 1800–1900. Monash Publications in Geography, No. 37. Clark, I. 1995. Scars in the landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803-1859. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra. Coutts, P.J.F. 1977. Summer field programme of the Victorian Archaeological Survey 1976/77. Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey. No. 4: 1-16. Gilchrist, Alyssa. 2013. 29-31 Morris Street Port Campbell: proposed subdivision and car park. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Shire of Corangamite. Gilding, John. 2012. Report for Clifton Beach Road formalisation and quarry rehabilitation project. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to the Department of Sustainability and Environment. Gilding, John, De Maria, Nicole, Raveendrapillai, Rav, Miller-Armstrong, Tracey & Kerrie Murnane. 2011. Wannon Water: Port Campbell-Timboon Transfer Main. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Wannon Water. 115

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Hiscock, P. and Mitchell, S. 1990. Type Profiles: Stone Artefact Quarries, Stone Reduction Sites and Ochre Quarries. Unpublished report to the Australian Heritage Commission. Hyett, John. 2009. Grants Bridge culvert installation, Cowleys Creek. Cultural Heritage Management Plan

(voluntary). Report to Corangamite Shire Council. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Lane, Sharon, Gilchrist, Alyssa & Petra Schell. 2015. Halladale, Black Watch & Speculant Pipeline. Cultural – Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Origin Energy Resources Ltd. McConnell, A., Buckley, K. & S. Wickman. 2002. Aboriginal heritage management in Victorian forests: Aboriginal heritage sensitivity zoning, West Victoria region. Report to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment Victoria. McConnell, A., Buckley, K. & S. Wickman. 2002. Aboriginal heritage management in Victorian forests: Main report. Report to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment Victoria.

Tourism FacilityRhodes, David. 2005. Report on an archaeological survey of a proposed visitor centre site, Lochard Gorge. -

Report to Ecology Australia and Parks Victoria. E c o Richards, Thomas. 1998. A predictive model of Aboriginal archaeological site distribution in the Otway Range. Aboriginal Affairs Victoria Occasional Report. No. 49. Williamson, Christine. 2009. Great Ocean Walk track realignments, Great Otway National Park and Port Campbell National Park, Victoria. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (mandatory). Report to

Integrated Parks Victoria.

– Williamson, Christine. 2011. Great Ocean Road underpass and 12 Apostles viewing platform, Port Campbell National Park, Victoria. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Parks Victoria. Williamson, Christine. 2014. Great Ocean Walk: Johanna Lookout to Johanna Beach Gow Campsite- track realignment, Great Otway National Park, Victoria. Cultural Heritage Management Plan (Mandatory). Report to Parks Victoria.

Old Coach Road, Princetown LEGISLATION Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (Vic)

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12. SITE GAZETTEER

Place Name VAHR Place Type Easting Northing Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 7520-0185 Artefact scatter/Shell midden 688216.96 5714251.69 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 7520-0186 Artefact scatter/Shell midden 688329.69 5714224.42 Old Coach Road, Princetown LDAD 7520-0184 Low density artefact distribution 688049.09 571325.21

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13. TABLES

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Starting Base European Pit ID Spit Depth Colour Consistency Composition Comments Munsell pH Charcoal Ants Worms Depth(mm) Material (mm) 1 0 100 Dark greyish brown weak silty sand 10YR 3/2 8 N N N N 2 100 200 Dark greyish brown weak silty sand 10YR 3/2 8 N N N N 3 200 270 Dark greyish brown weak silty sand 10YR 3/2 8 N N N N 3 270 300 Light brown loose sand 10YR 6/2 8.5 N N Y N 4 300 400 Light brown loose sand 10YR 6/2 8.5 N N Y N 5 400 480 Light brown loose sand 10YR 6/2 8.5 N N Y N 1x1A 5 480 500 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 4/6 8 N N N N 6 500 600 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 4/6 8 N N N N 7 600 700 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 4/6 8 N N N N 8 700 800 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 4/6 8 N N N N 9 800 900 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 4/6 8 N N N N 10 900 1000 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 6/6 8.5 N N N N 11 1000 1100 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 6/6 8.5 N N N N 12 1100 1200 Yellowish brown loose sand 10YR 6/6 8.5 N N N N humic clayey Grass cover and 1 0 100 Black firm 10YR 2/2 6.5 N N N Y silt rootlets. humic clayey 2 100 200 Black firm Frequent rootlets. 10YR 2/2 6.5 N N N Y silt 1x1B 3 200 300 Black firm silty clay Moderate rootlets. 10YR 2/1 6.5 N N N N 4 300 400 Black firm silty clay Moderate rootlets. 10YR 2/1 6.5 N N N N Black staining. 5 400 500 Dark yellowish brown firm clay Continuing throughout 10YR 4/6 7 N N N N sondage. Very dark greyish 1 0 80 weak sandy silt 10YR 2/2 8 N N N Y brown 1 80 100 Dark grey weak silty sand 10YR 3/1 8 N N N N 1x1C 2 100 200 Dark grey weak silty sand 10YR 3/1 8 N N N N Pit waterlogged at base 3 (sondage) 200 300 Dark grey weak silty sand 10YR 3/1 8 N N N N and discontinued. 1 0 100 Dark brown firm humic sandy silt Rootlets. N N N N Occasional to moderate 2 100 200 Dark brown firm humic sandy silt N N N N shell inclusions. Midden, frequent shell 3 200 300 Dark brown firm sandy silt N N N N inclusions Decrease in shell J9 1x1 4 300 400 Dark brown weak sandy silt numbers, moderate N Y N N charcoal. 5 400 500 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt N N N N 6 500 600 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt N N N N 7 600 700 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt N N N N 8 700 800 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt N N N N

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Moderate shell 9 800 900 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt N N N N inclusions. 10 900 1000 Dark yellowish brown weak sandy silt Water table reached. N N N N Worms, rootlets, 1 0 100 Black weak sandy silt occasional shell N N N Y

inclusions. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Frequent shell – 2 100 200 Dark black firm clayey silt N N N Y inclusions. Frequent shell 3 200 300 Dark black firm clayey silt N N N N inclusions. Frequent shell inclusions 4 300 400 Black firm clayey silt and small to large N N N N I4 1x1 ironstone. Ochre? Frequent small to large 5 400 500 Black weak sandy silt ironstone, patches of N N N N

yellow sand. Tourism Facility

- 6 500 600 Dark orange weak silty sand Mottled black. N N N N Mottled black, moist, 7 600 700 Dark orange weak silty sand N N N N E c o some clay. 8 700 800 Dark orange weak silty sand Mottled black, moist. N N N N Frequent charcoal, 9 800 900 Light brown firm clayey sand N Y N N mottled orange. 1 0 100 black friable silty clay frequent rootlets 10YR 2/2 7 N N N Y

2 100 200 black friable silty clay frequent rootlets 10YR 2/2 7 N N N Y Integrated

3 200 250 black friable silty clay frequent rootlets 10YR 2/2 7 N N N Y –

very dark greyish frequent fine grained 3 250 300 firm clay 10YR 3/2 7 N N N N brown sand inclusions very dark greyish frequent fine grained 4 300 350 firm clay 10YR 3/2 7 N N N N brown sand inclusions frequent fine grained 4 350 400 dark greyish brown firm clayey silt 10YR 4/2 7 N N N N 1x1D sand inclusions frequent fine grained 5 400 500 dark greyish brown firm clayey silt 10YR 4/2 7 N N N N sand inclusions frequent fine grained 6 500 600 dark greyish brown firm clayey silt 10YR 4/2 7 N N N N sand inclusions 7 600 760 dark greyish brown firm silty clay yellow silt inclusions 10YR 4/2 7 N Y N N 8 760 1000 dark greyish brown firm silty clay yellow silt inclusions 10YR 4/2 7 N Y N N 9 1000 1100 dark greyish brown firm silty clay yellow silt inclusions 10YR 4/2 7 N Y N N

10 1100 1250 dark greyish brown firm silty clay yellow silt inclusions 10YR 4/2 7 N Y N N Old Coach Road, Princetown 122

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 yellow silt inclusions and very dark geryish 11 1250 1400 firm clay semi degraded roots and 10YR 4/1 7.5 N N N N brown rootlets Table: 1x1m Excavation data

Raw Values (base of Spit) Corrected values (base of spit) 1x1 Spit A (NW) B (NE) C (SE) D (SW) Date A (NW) B (NE) C (SE) D (SW)

A Start levels 1193 1230 1194 1156 7/03/16 -37 -74 -38 0

A Base of 1 1288 1308 1270 1250 7/03/16 -132 -152 -114 -94

A 2 1340 1356 1356 1342 7/03/16 -184 -200 -200 -186

A 3 1459 1452 1460 1458 7/03/16 -303 -296 -304 -302

A 4 1587 1592 1571 1585 7/03/16 -431 -436 -415 -429

A 5 1692 1710 1690 1677 7/03/16 -536 -554 -534 -521

A 6 1745 1772 1772 1733 7/03/16 -589 -616 -616 -577

A 7 1838 1876 1866 1812 7/03/16 -682 -720 -710 -656

A 8 1952 1972 1966 1950 7/03/16 -796 -816 -810 -794

A 9 2082 2087 2072 2075 7/03/16 -926 -931 -916 -919

A 10 2110 2134 2118 2103 7/03/16 -954 -978 -962 -947

A 11 2256 2234 2256 2234 7/03/16 -1100 -1078 -1100 -1078

A 12 2356 2356 2356 2356 7/03/16 -1200 -1200 -1200 -1200

B Start levels 1367 1395 1375 1345 8/03/16 -22 -50 -30 0

B Base of 1 1445 1450 1443 1440 8/03/16 -100 -105 -98 -95

B 2 1530 1545 1541 1545 8/03/16 -185 -200 -196 -200

B 3 1640 1640 1640 1640 8/03/16 -295 -295 -295 -295

B 4 1740 1740 1740 1740 8/03/16 -395 -395 -395 -395

B 5 (sondage) 1890 8/03/16 -545

C Start levels 1544 1555 1536 1552 10/03/16 -8 -19 0 -16

C Base of 1 1634 1642 1620 1638 10/03/16 -98 -106 -84 -102

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C 2 1705 1712 1720 1742 10/03/16 -169 -176 -184 -206

C 3 (sondage) 1922 10/03/16 -386 I4 Start levels 1575 1580 1445 1470 1445 16/05/16 -130 -135 0 I4 Base of 1 1655 1655 1535 1550 1445 16/05/16 -210 -210 -90

I4 2 1760 1765 1620 1650 1445 16/05/16 -315 -320 -175

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

– I4 3 1890 1850 1720 1755 1445 16/05/16 -445 -405 -275

I4 4 1955 1930 1830 1855 1445 16/05/16 -510 -485 -385 I4 5 2050 2075 1950 1950 1445 16/05/16 -605 -630 -505 I4 6 2165 2160 2040 2060 1445 16/05/16 -720 -715 -595 I4 7 2280 2265 2150 2180 1445 16/05/16 -835 -820 -705 I4 8 2360 2360 2290 2260 1445 16/05/16 -915 -915 -845 I4 9 2435 2460 2375 2375 1445 16/05/16 -990 -1015 -930

I4 10 2555 2545 2480 2475 1445 16/05/16 -1110 -1100 -1035 Tourism Facility

J9 Start levels 1640 1630 1640 1640 1630 16/05/16 -10 0 -10 E c o J9 Base of 1 1740 1740 1745 1750 1630 16/05/16 -110 -110 -115 J9 2 1890 1870 1855 1860 1630 16/05/16 -260 -240 -225 J9 3 1930 1920 1935 1940 1630 16/05/16 -300 -290 -305 J9 4 2050 2045 2070 2055 1630 16/05/16 -420 -415 -440

J9 5 2160 2160 2160 2160 1630 16/05/16 -530 -530 -530

Integrated

– J9 6 2240 2250 2265 2240 1630 16/05/16 -610 -620 -635

J9 7 2355 2350 2330 2340 1630 16/05/16 -725 -720 -700 J9 8 2450 2435 2440 2440 1630 16/05/16 -820 -805 -810 J9 9 2575 2590 2560 2540 1630 16/05/16 -945 -960 -930 J9 10 2660 2650 2660 2660 1630 16/05/16 -1030 -1020 -1030 Table: 1x1m Spit depths and reduced levels (mm)

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Maximum Starting Base Pit Length Width Depth Landform Context Depth Depth Colour Consistency Composition Comments Munsell pH ID (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Flat crest of Mid brownish A1 500 500 770 1 0 240 friable fine-medium sand 10YR 3/2 7.5 small rise grey Loose when dry. Becoming increasingly moist at 650mm. 10YR 4/4 Mid orangish 2 240 770 weak fine-medium sand Orange colour increasing with to 7.5YR 8.5 brown depth. Water encountered at 4/4 770mm. Gentle slope Grass cover, some rootlets and A2 500 500 560 between sandy 1 0 360 Dark brown friable humic silt and sand 10YR 2/1 7.5 some silty sand content. rises 10YR 4/4 Dark orangish 2 360 560 friable fine-medium sand Moist loose/weak when dry. to 7.5YR 8.5 brown 4/4 Grass cover, frequent fine Mid rise on Mid brownish humic and fine- A3 500 500 870 1 0 270 weak rootlets. Humic with some sand 10YR 3/2 7 gentle slope grey medium sand content Mid orangish 2 270 400 loose fine-medium sand Dry 10YR 4/3 8.5 brown Light orangish 3 400 870 friable fine-medium sand Water table reached at 870mm. 10YR 5/8 8.5 brown humic medium Grass cover, mainly sandy A4 500 500 1040 Mid slope 1 0 220 Light-Mid brown weak sand deposits. Grass cover, frequent fine Mid brownish humic and fine- 2 220 460 weak rootlets. Humic with some sand grey medium sand content Mid orangish 3 460 800 loose fine-medium sand Dry. brown Light orangish 4 800 1040 friable fine-medium sand Dry. brown Undulating Mid yellowish B1 400 400 1100 1 0 100 weak silty sand Frequent rootlets. sand dunes grey 2 100 400 Mid grey weak silty sand Occasional rootlets. 3 400 1000 Mid greyish white weak fine sand Frequent rootlets. Occasional rootlets. STP 4 1000 1100 Mid greyish white weak fine sand terminated due to depth. Undulating B2 400 400 900 1 0 210 Dark grey weak silty sand Grass and roots. sandy plain Light greyish 2 210 520 loose medium sand brown 3 520 930 Light brown loose medium sand Very loose soil. Undulating B3 400 400 900 1 0 200 Dark grey weak silty sand Grass and roots. sandy plain Light greyish 2 200 500 loose medium sand brown 125

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3 500 900 Light brown loose medium sand Very loose soil. Undulating Mid yellowish B4 400 400 1000 1 0 100 loose silty sand Frequent rootlets. sand dunes grey 2 100 300 Mid grey weak silty sand Moderate rootlets. Very occasional rootlets. Plastic 3 300 800 Mid greyish white weak fine sand European inclusions at 700mm.

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Mid brownish Very occasional rootlets. STP

4 800 1000 weak fine sand

yellow terminated due to depth. –

Undulating Dark greyish C1 400 400 1100 1 0 270 loose silty sand Grass and roots. 10YR 3/2 8 sandy plain brown 2 270 500 Light brown weak silty sand 10YR 6/2 8.5 Mid yellowish 3 500 860 weak fine sand 10YR 4/6 8 brown 4 860 1100 Dark grey weak fine sand 10YR 2/2 8.5 Undulating Dark greyish C2 400 400 1000 1 0 310 weak silty sand 10YR 3/2 8 sandy plain brown 2 310 670 Light brown loose medium sand 10YR 6/2 8.5 Mid yellowish

Tourism Facility 3 670 1000 loose medium sand 10YR 4/6 8

- brown Mid slope of Grass cover, frequent roots to Mid greyish

E c o C3 400 400 1010 undulating 1 0 640 weak silty sand 200mm. Occasional roots to brown dunes 400mm. Mid orangish 2 640 1010 loose fine-medium sand brown Undulating C4 400 400 900 1 0 260 Dark grey weak silty sand Grass and roots. sandy plain Light greyish 2 260 530 loose medium sand

Integrated brown

3 530 900 Light brown loose medium sand Very loose soil. – Edge of Swamp grasses on surface, D1 400 400 600 floodplain / 1 0 100 Dark grey weak silty sand 10YR 3/1 5 worms. swamp 2 100 490 Black friable silty sand 10YR 2/1 5.5 Dark greyish 3 490 600 firm silty clay 10YR 4/2 6 brown Flat on floodplain, 50m D2 400 400 800 1 0 200 Black firm clayey silt Moderate rootlets. 10YR 2/1 6 from severe dune rise. Dark yellowish Brownish yellow/yellowish brown 2 200 500 firm clayey silt 10YR 4/6 1 brown mottling (10YR 6/8). Light brownish 3 500 750 firm silt 10YR 6/2 7 grey Dark yellowish Brown/yellowish brown mottling 4 750 800 firm clayey silt 10YR 4/6 7

brown (10YR 3/3). Old Coach Road, Princetown 126

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Edge of Swamp grasses on surface, D3 400 400 400 floodplain / 1 0 150 Dark grey weak silt 10YR 3/1 5 worms. swamp 2 150 350 Black friable silt 10YR 2/1 5.5 Dark greyish 3 350 400 firm silty clay 10YR 4/2 6 brown Flat on Moderate rootlets, clay content D4 400 400 350 1 0 150 Black friable clayey silt floodplain increasing with depth. Very occasional rootlets. Water 2 150 350 Black friable sandy clay table at 300mm, STP terminated. Edge of E1 400 400 380 floodplain / 1 0 90 Dark grey weak silt Swamp grasses on surface. 10YR 3/1 5 swamp 2 90 370 Black friable silt Waterlogged soil. 10YR 2/1 5.5 Dark greyish 3 370 380 firm silty clay 10YR 4/2 6 brown Edge of E2 400 400 380 floodplain / 1 0 70 Dark grey weak silt Swamp grasses on surface. swamp Waterlogged at base, on top of 2 70 250 Black friable silt clay. Dark greyish 3 250 260 firm silty clay brown Flat on floodplain, Mid yellowish E3 400 400 400 edge of 1 0 170 firm clayey silt Moderate rootlets. brown wetlands / marsh. Very occasional rootlets, occasional small compact 2 170 400 Black firm silty clay yellowish red silt nodules (5YR 5/8). Water table at depth, STP terminated. Occasional rootlets, very Flat on occasional fine sand throughout. E4 400 400 1000 floodplain, 10m 1 0 260 Black friable clayey silt Small compact yellowish red silt from wetlands. nodules (5YR 5/8). Occasional small charcoal 2 260 460 Mid grey firm clayey silt inclusions. Dark brownish STP terminated at 1000mm due 3 460 1000 firm silty clay grey to depth. Edge of Swamp grasses on surface. Shell F1 400 400 400 floodplain / 1 0 110 Dark grey weak silt inclusions. swamp 2 110 370 Black friable silt Dry soil. Dark greyish 3 370 400 firm silty clay brown 127

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Edge of Swamp grasses on surface, F2 400 400 360 floodplain / 1 0 100 Dark grey weak silt 5 worms. swamp 2 100 340 Black 5.5 Mid yellowish 3 340 360 silty clay Orange mottling. 10YR 4/6 5.5 brown

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Edge of Mid greyish

F3 400 400 260 1 0 260 weak humic silt

floodplain brown –

Edge of F4 400 400 300 floodplain / 1 0 100 Dark grey weak silt swamp 2 100 260 Black Mid yellowish 3 260 300 silty clay brown Edge of Dark greyish G1 500 500 580 floodplain / 1 0 100 friable silt brown swamp 2 100 330 Black friable silt

Tourism Facility Dark yellowish - 3 330 580 friable silty clay brown Edge of E c o Mid greyish G2 500 500 360 floodplain / 1 0 130 weak humic silt Grass roots. 10YR 3/2 6 brown swamp 2 130 240 Mid brown friable humic silt 10YR 2/1 6.5 Mid orangish- Yellowish orange mottling. Clay 3 240 360 friable silty clay 10YR 3/3 6.5 greyish brown content increasing with depth. Edge of Dark greyish G3 500 500 350 1 0 100 friable silt Swampy grasses on surface.

floodplain brown Integrated

2 100 330 Black friable silt –

Mid yellowish 3 330 350 firm silty clay brown Edge of Dark greyish G4 500 500 380 1 0 80 friable silt Swampy grasses on surface. floodplain brown 2 80 190 Black friable silt Mid yellowish 3 190 350 firm silty clay brown Edge of Dark greyish Grass roots and rootlets. Moist 7.5YR H1 400 400 320 floodplain / 1 0 80 weak humic silt 6 brown soil. 2.5/1 swamp Moisture content increasing with 7.5YR 2 80 300 Dark brown weak silt 6 depth. 2.5/1 Dark orangish Yellowish green mottling. Clay 3 300 320 wweak silty clay 10YR 4/3 7 brown content increasing with depth. Edge of Dark greyish Grass roots and rootlets. Moist H2 400 400 290 floodplain / 1 0 110 weak humic silt brown soil.

swamp Old Coach Road, Princetown 128

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Moisture content increasing with 2 110 220 Dark brown weak silt depth. Dark orangish Yellowish green mottling. Clay 3 220 290 wweak silty clay brown content increasing with depth. Edge of Dark greyish Grass roots and rootlets. Water H3 400 400 120 floodplain / 1 0 120 weak humic silt brown table reached, pit flooded. swamp Undulating floodplain, Mid brownish Grass roots, rootlets and bone I1 400 400 100 between 1 0 100 weak humic sandy silt 10YR 3/2 7.5 grey inclusions. swamp and dune rise Mid brownish Occasional rootlets and 2 100 380 loose sandy silt 10YR 2/2 8 grey occasional shell inclusions. Mid greyish 3 380 610 loose sandy silt. 10YR 2/2 8.5 brown Mid yellowish- Yellowish-orange mottling. Sand 4 610 1000 loose medium sand 10YR 3/4 9 greyish brown content increasing with depth. Edge of I2 400 400 1000 1 0 90 Dark grey weak humic sandy silt Swampy grasses. 10YR 3/1 8 floodplain Dark greyish 2 90 420 weak sandy silt 10YR 3/2 7 brown Dark greyish 3 420 820 weak sandy silt. brown Mid greenish 4 820 1000 weak medium sand Heavily waterlogged soil. 2.5YR 4/4 8 brown Edge of I3 400 400 1000 1 0 100 Dark grey weak humic sandy silt Swampy grasses. floodplain Dark greyish European inclusions, rusty 2 100 550 weak sandy silt brown industrial metal at 500mm. Dark greyish 3 550 1000 weak sandy silt. brown Moderate rise (sand dune), I4 400 400 900 1 0 200 Dark black firm sandy silt Occasional rootlets. 10YR 2/1 7 adjacent to wetlands. Very occasional rootlets. Dense 2 200 400 Mid weak sandy silt 10YR 2/1 8.5 shell lens at 240-400mm. 3 400 600 Dark brown weak sandy silt Occasional small shell inclusions. 10YR 2/2 8 Very occasional rootlets, Dark yellowish occasional small clay nodules, 4 600 700 weak clayey sand 10YR 3/6 9 brown moderate small coffee rock and calcified sand inclusions. Mottled clayey sand/sand. Water 5 700 900 Light brown weak medium sand 10YR 6/3 7.5 table at depth, STP terminated.

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Flat on humic sandy clayey I4 N5 400 400 450 swampy 1 0 120 Dark brown friable Grasss roots and rootlets silt marshland Occasional small red clay nodules. Dark brownish Water coming through at base. 2 120 450 firm silty clay black Terminated due to ironstone

boulders at base. C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Grass roots and rootlets, – I4 Flat on swampy Dark greyish 400 400 440 1 0 120 friable sandy clayey silt occasional medium sandy N10 marshland brown concretions. Clay increasing with depth, small Dark greyish 2 120 320 firm silty clay shell at ~150mm. Occasional brown small red clay nodules. Dark greyish Occasional yellowish brown 3 320 440 compact clay brown mottling. Water table reached Slight rise, I4 E5 400 400 420 adjacent to 1 0 130 Dark brown friable humic sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. swampy marsh

Tourism Facility Shell at ~250mm, clay increasing - Dark brownish 2 130 420 firm clayey silt with depth. Clay base reached. black Yellowish brown mottling. E c o Grass roots and rootlets, with I4 S5 400 400 750 Edge of hill 1 0 190 Dark brown friable humic sandy silt ironstone inclusions Occasional small red clay nodules. Dark brownish 2 190 460 friable clayey silt Occasional small ironstone black inclusions. Dark brownish STP terminated due to frequent 3 460 750 friable clayey silt

black medium to large ironstone. Integrated

Rise adjacent to

– I4

400 400 550 swampy 1 0 190 Dark brown friable humic sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. S10 marshland Occasional small red clay nodules. Dark brownish 2 190 550 friable clayey silt STP terminated due to ironstone black boulders at base. Sloping hill Grass rootlets and small tree I4 Mid greyish 400 400 1000 above swampy 1 0 280 friable sandy silt roots, occasional small ironstone S20 brown marsh inclusions. Occasional small tree roots. Mid brownish 2 280 550 firm sandy silt Moderate small ironstone grey inclusions. Light brownish Frequent large ironstone 3 550 780 compact fine sand grey inclusions and sandy concretions. Frequent small inronstone Light brownish 4 780 1000 cemented fine sand inclusions, very cemented grey

deposit. Old Coach Road, Princetown 130

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Slight rise on I4 400 400 390 swampy 1 0 120 Dark brown friable sandy clayey silt Grass roots and rootlets. W5 marshland Shell at ~250mm, clay increasing with depth. Occasional small grey Dark brownish clay nodules, large ironstone in 2 120 390 firm clayey silt black north wall. Clay base reached at 390mm. Yellowish brown mottling. Slight rise on I4 400 400 850 swampy 1 0 450 Dark brown weak sandy silt Grass rootlets in top 100mm. W10 marshland Olive-coloured sandy deposit, clay Mid greenish 2 450 850 weak sandy clay increasing with depth. Excavated brown to water table, STP flooded. Swampy floodplain Dark greyish Grass roots and rootlets. Moist I5 400 400 420 1 0 150 weak humic silt adjacent to brown soil. wetlands Moisture content increasing with 2 150 420 Dark brown weak silt depth. Water table reached, pit flooded. Undulating sand dunes Dark greyish J1 400 400 1200 1 0 100 weak medium sand adjacent to brown wetlands Light greyish 2 100 500 loose medium sand brown Light yellowish 3 500 1000 loose medium sand brown Rise on Grass roots and rootlets. Mid brownish J2 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 180 weak sandy silt Occasional ceramic, glass and grey floodplain plastic inclusions. Mid greyish 2 180 700 weak silty sand Occasional European inclusions. brown Loose sand continuing to Light yellowish 3 700 1000 loose fine sand 1000mm. Occasional dark greyish brown brown streaking. Rise on Mid brownish J3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 150 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 150 580 weak silty sand brown Loose sand continuing to Light yellowish 3 580 1000 loose fine sand 1000mm. Occasional dark greyish brown brown streaking.

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Rise on Mid brownish J4 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 150 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 150 600 weak silty sand brown Loose sand continuing to Light yellowish 3 600 1000 loose fine sand 1000mm. Occasional dark greyish C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 brown

brown streaking. –

Rise on Mid brownish J5 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 100 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/1 7 grey floodplain 2 100 130 Mid orangish grey weak silty sand 10YR 3/3 7 Mid greyish 3 130 490 weak silty sand 10YR 2/1 7 brown Loose sand continuing to Light yellowish 4 490 1000 loose fine sand 1000mm. Occasional dark greyish 10YR 4/4 8 brown brown streaking. Undulating Dark greyish J6 400 400 610 1 0 80 friable humic silty sand Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/1 7

Tourism Facility floodplain brown - 2 80 310 Dark brown weak silty sand 10YR 2/1 7 Mid orangish medium grained Clay content increasing with E c o 3 310 600 weak 10YR 3/3 8 brown-grey clayey sand depth. Mid brownish medium grained 4 600 610 weak Water table reached, flooded pit. 10YR 4/4 8 orange clayey sand Undulating J7 400 400 700 1 0 540 Black weak silty sand Very occasional rootlets. sandy rise Dark yellowish Water table at 700mm, STP 2 540 700 weak clayey sand

brown abandoned. Integrated

Undulating –

J8 400 400 750 sand dunes 1 0 500 Black weak silty sand Moderate rootlets 0-300mm. near wetlands Dark yellowish Water table at 700mm, STP 2 500 750 weak clayey sand brown abandoned. Undulating Dark greyish J9 400 400 1500 1 0 110 weak medium sand Light grass on surface. 10YR 4/2 8 sandy plain brown 2 110 460 Dark brown weak medium sand 10YR 3/3 9 Mid yellowish 3 460 1500 weak medium sand Waterlogged at 1400-1500mm. 10YR 5/8 8.5 brown Slight rise on J9 Mid greyish 400 400 900 undulating 1 0 180 weak silty sand Grass, rootlets. N5 brown floodplain Dark greyish Frequent shell inclusions, sand 2 180 520 friable silty sand brown content increasing with depth. Occasional shell fragment Mid orangish 3 520 900 weak medium sand inclusions. Water table at brown

900mm, STP flooded. Old Coach Road, Princetown 132

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 J9 Slight rise near Dark greyish Grass roots and rootlets. 400 400 720 1 0 220 friable humic sandy silt N10 swamp brown Occasional small shell fragment. Mid greyish Moisture content increasing with 2 220 720 weak sandy silt yellow-brown depth. Water table at 720mm J9 Undulating Occasional rootlets. Moisture 400 400 580 1 0 300 Dark black weak silty sand N20 floodplain content increasing with depth Orange colour increasing with 2 300 580 Dark black weak silty sand depth. Terminated due to water. Moderate grass rootlets, Undulating J9 E5 400 400 1000 1 0 200 Mid brown weak sandy silt occasional small to medium shell floodplain inclusions. Sand and moisture increasing 2 200 400 Mid brown weak silty sand with depth, occasional medium to small shell decreasing with depth. Mid orangish 3 400 1000 weak medium sand Waterlogged at base. brown J9 Edge of small 400 400 950 1 0 810 Dark brown weak humic sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets E10 rise in swamp Mid orangish Water table reached, STP 2 810 950 friable silty sand brown terminated. Undulating J9 S5 400 400 1000 1 0 200 Mid brown weak sandy silt Moderate grass and rootlets. floodplain Mid greyish Moisture and sand increasing 2 200 630 weak silty sand brown with depth. Mid orangish 3 630 1000 weak medium sand Waterlogged at base brown J9 Undulating 400 400 1000 1 0 200 Mid brown weak sandy silt Moderate grass and rootlets. W5 floodplain Sand and moisture increasing 2 200 400 Mid brown weak silty sand with depth, moderate small to medium shells. Mid orangish 3 400 1000 weak medium sand Waterlogged at base. brown J9 Flat on swampy 400 400 880 1 0 380 Dark brown friable sandy silt W10 marshland 2 380 880 Mid brown friable clayey fine sand Undulating sand dunes Moderate rootlets 0-50mm, J10 400 400 1000 1 0 50 Black weak silty sand adjacent to occasional shell inclusions. wetlands Mid yellowish Water table at 1000mm, STP 2 50 1000 weak medium sand brown terminated. Small sandy rise Dark greyish medium grained K1 400 400 350 1 0 60 weak Grass on surface. on edge of river brown silty sand medium grained Heavily waterlogged soil at base 2 60 350 Mid brown weak silty sand impeding further excavation.

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Small sandy rise Dark greyish medium grained K2 400 400 400 1 0 60 weak Grass on surface. on edge of river brown silty sand medium grained 2 60 400 Mid brown weak Waterlogged at base. silty sand Undulating Occasional rootlets, occasional sand dunes / Mid greyish medium grained L1 400 400 1000 1 0 200 weak European glass and metal grazing brown silty sand C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 inclusions.

paddock –

Mid yellowish 2 200 1000 weak medium sand Water table reached at 900mm. brown Swampy floodplain L2 400 400 500 1 0 300 Dark brown friable humic silt Grass roots and rootlets. adjacent to river Mid orangish 2 300 500 weak sandy silt Water table reached, flooded pit. brown Depression in Grass roots and rootlets. Mid brownish M1 400 400 1350 undulating 1 0 120 weak sandy silt Moderate small rounded quartz grey

Tourism Facility floodplain pebble inclusions. - Sand content increasing with Mid greyish depth. Occasional small rounded E c o 2 120 590 weak silty sand brown quartz pebble inclusions. Rusted nail. Light orangish 3 590 1350 loose fine sand brown Undulating Frequent rootlets. Frequent sand dunes, Mid greyish medium grained M2 400 400 1000 1 0 100 weak humic and crushed shell 100m from brown silty sand Integrated elements.

wetlands. –

Mid brownish medium grained 2 100 300 weak Occasional rootlets. grey silty sand Mid brownish Very occasional rootlets and 3 300 1000 weak medium sand yellow occasional small shell inclusions. Depression in Mid brownish M3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 120 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish Sand content increasing with 2 120 430 weak silty sand brown depth. Light orangish 3 430 1000 loose fine sand Occasional small shell fragments. brown Edge of rise, M3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 180 Mid brown weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets N5 floodplain Mid greyish 2 180 620 weak silty sand brown Mid orangish 3 620 1000 weak medium sand

Old Coach Road, Princetown brown 134

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Depression in M3 400 400 1080 undulating 1 0 250 Mid brown weak sandy silt Moderate grass and rootlets. E5 floodplain Mid greyish 2 250 600 weak silty sand Sand increasing with depth. brown Mid orangish 3 600 1080 friable medium sand brown Depression in Grass roots and rootlets, M3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 180 Mid brown weak humic sandy silt occasional small sandy S5 floodplain concretions. Mid greyish 2 180 760 weak silty sand Sand increasing with depth. brown Mid orangish 3 760 1000 loose medium sand brown Depression in M3 400 400 1100 undulating 1 0 270 Mid brown weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets W5 floodplain Mid greyish 2 270 590 weak silty sand Sand increasing with depth. brown Mid orangish Moisture increasing with depth. 3 590 1100 friable medium sand brown Water table reached at 1100mm. Edge of rise in Mid brownish M4 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 160 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/2 8 grey floodplain Mid greyish Sand content increasing with 2 160 690 weak silty sand 10YR 2/2 8 brown depth. Light orangish 3 690 1000 loose fine sand 10YR 3/4 8 brown Rise in Mid brownish N1 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 180 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/2 8 grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 180 630 weak sandy silt 10YR 2/2 8 brown Mid brownish Brownish black streaking 3 630 1000 loose fine sand 10YR 3/4 8.5 orange throughout. Depression in Mid brownish N2 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 230 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 230 680 weak sandy silt brown Mid brownish Brownish black streaking 3 680 1000 loose fine sand orange throughout. Depression in Mid brownish N3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 100 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 100 550 weak sandy silt brown 135

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Mid brownish Brownish black streaking 3 550 1000 loose fine sand orange throughout. Rise in Mid brownish N4 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 90 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 90 320 weak sandy silt

brown C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Brownish black streaking – Mid brownish 3 320 1000 loose fine sand throughout. Occasional medium orange sandy concretions. Undulating Mid brownish Moderate rootlets, crushed shell O1 500 500 1000 1 0 300 weak silty sand sand dunes grey fleck inclusions at 0-200mm. Mid yellowish Glass fragment (50m long) at 2 300 1000 weak medium sand brown 600mm. Occasional rootlets. Undulating Mid brownish P1 400 400 1000 1 0 120 weak silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/2 8 floodplain grey Mid brownish Rootlets, sand content increasing 2 120 360 weak sandy silt. 10YR 3/2 8 grey with depth.

Tourism Facility Occasional small shell fragment - Light orangish 3 360 1000 loose fine sand inclusions and occasional small 10YR 4/3 8 brown

sandy concretions. E c o Rise in Mid brownish P2 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 140 friable silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/2 7.5 grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 140 380 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/3 8 brown 3 380 880 Light brown loose fine sand Rootlets. 10YR 5/4 8.5 Mid greyish Rootlets. Increasingly compact Integrated 4 880 1000 compact silt 10YR 4/2 8.5

brown sediments with depth. –

Undulating sand dunes / Dark brownish P3 400 400 1000 1 0 300 weak silty sand Moderate rootlets. grazing grey paddock Mid brownish 2 300 1000 weak medium sand Very occasional rootlets. yellow Rise in Mid brownish P4 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 130 friable silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 130 330 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. brown 3 330 690 Light brown loose fine sand Rootlets. Mid greyish Rootlets. Increasingly compact 4 690 1000 compact silt brown sediments with depth. Depression in Mid brownish Q1 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 130 friable sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. 10YR 3/2 7.5 grey

floodplain Old Coach Road, Princetown 136

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Mid greyish Moisture content increasing with 2 130 420 weak silty sand 10YR 3/2 8 brown depth. Moisture content increasing with Mid orangish 3 420 1000 loose fine sand depth. Occasional small shell 10YR 4/4 8 brown fragment inclusions. Undulating sand dunes / Dark yellowish Q2 400 400 1100 1 0 350 weak silty sand Moderate rootlets grazing grey paddock Mid brownish Increasing moisture content with 2 350 1100 weak medium sand yellow depth. Depression in Grass roots and rootlets. Moist Q3 400 400 520 undulating 1 0 210 Dark brown weak sandy silt soil. floodplain Moisture content increasing with Dark orangish 2 210 520 loose sandy silt depth. Water table reached, pit brown flooded. Undulating sand dunes / Dark greyish Q4 400 400 800 1 0 200 weak silty sand Moderate rootlets. grazing brown paddock medium grained 2 200 400 Dark black weak Occasional small shell inclusions. silty sand Calficied sandy nodules from Mid brownish 3 400 800 weak medium sand 600mm. Water table reached at yellow depth. Moderate rootlets at 0-200mm, Undulating Dark yellowish medium grained R1 400 400 1000 1 0 250 weak moderate small animal bone sand dunes brown silty sand inclusions. Dark greyish Very occasional small shell and 2 250 400 weak silty sand brown very occasional bone inclusions. Mid brownish 3 400 1000 weak medium sand yellow Undulating Mid brownish medium grained R2 400 400 1000 1 0 200 weak Moderate rootlets sand dunes grey silty sand medium grained 2 200 300 Mid greyish white weak Very occasional rootlets. silty sand Mid brownish 3 300 1000 weak medium sand yellow Flat in Mid brownish R3 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 140 weak silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 140 300 weak sandy silt Rootlets. brown 3 300 1000 Light brown loose fine sand Occasional dark brown streaking.

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Edge of rise in Mid brownish R4 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 80 weak silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 80 350 weak sandy silt Rootlets. brown 3 350 1000 Light brown loose fine sand Occasional dark brown streaking.

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Edge of rise in

Mid brownish S1 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 120 weak silt Grass roots and rootlets. – grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 120 330 weak sandy silt Rootlets. brown Occasional dark brown streaking. 3 330 1000 Light brown loose fine sand Occasional small shell fragment inclusions. Rise in Mid brownish S2 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 70 weak silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 70 340 weak sandy silt Rootlets.

Tourism Facility brown - 3 340 1000 Light brown loose fine sand Occasional dark brown streaking. Undulating Mid brownish Occasional rootlets. Humic soil at E c o S3 400 400 1100 1 0 300 weak silty sand sand dunes grey 0-150mm. 2 300 400 Mid greyish white weak silty sand Occasional rootlets. Mid brownish 3 400 1100 weak medium sand Very occasional rootlets. yellow Undulating Mid brownish Moderate rootlets and humic S4 400 400 1000 1 0 100 weak silty sand sand dunes grey content.

2 100 300 Mid greyish white weak silty sand Occasional rootlets. Integrated Mid brownish – 3 300 1000 weak medium sand yellow Flat in Mid brownish T1 400 400 1000 undulating 1 0 100 weak sandy silt Grass roots and rootlets. grey floodplain Mid greyish 2 100 310 weak silty sand Rootlets. brown Occasional black streaking 3 310 1000 Light brown loose fine sand throughout. Undulating Mid brownish T2 400 400 1000 1 0 100 weak silty sand Moderate rootlets. sand dunes grey 2 100 250 Mid greyish white weak silty sand Occasional worms and grubs. Mid brownish 3 250 1000 weak medium sand yellow Sand dunes / grazing Mid brownish medium grained T3 400 400 740 1 0 100 weak Moderate rootlets. paddock, 30m grey silty sand

from wetlands Old Coach Road, Princetown 138

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 medium grained 2 100 350 Mid greyish black weak silty sand Mid brownish 3 350 740 weak medium sand Water table reached at depth. yellow Swampy floodplain Rootlets. Moisture content U1 400 400 510 1 0 350 Dark brown weak humic silt adjacent to increasing with depth. wetlands Mid orangish 2 350 510 loose fine sand Water table reached, flooded pit. brown Swampy floodplain V1 400 400 330 1 0 120 Dark brown firm humic sandy silt Rootlets. adjacent to wetlands Dark brownish Clay content increasing with 2 120 310 compact sandy clay black depth. Dark brownish 3 310 330 cemented clay Moist hard clay. black Table 37: STP and 0.5x0.5 Database – Phase 1 and 2

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Starting Base European Pit ID Spit Depth Colour Consistency Composition Comments Munsell pH Charcoal Ants Worms Depth(mm) Material (mm) humic sandy 0.5x0.5A 1 0 100 Dark greyish brown firm Rootlets 10YR 2/2 10.5 N N N Y silt humic sandy C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 2 100 200 Dark greyish brown firm Rootlets 10YR 2/2 9 N N N N

silt –

humic sandy 3 200 300 Dark greyish brown firm Rootlets 10YR 2/2 9 N N N N silt 4 300 400 Dark brown weak silty sand 10YR 2/2 9 N N N N Lightening in colour, sand 5 400 500 Dark brown weak silty sand 10YR 2/2 9 N N N N increasing with depth. 6 500 600 Dark yellowish brown weak silty sand 10YR 2/2 9 N N N N 7 600 700 Mid yellowish brown weak silty sand 10YR 4/6 8.5 N N N N 8 700 800 Mid yellowish brown weak silty sand 10YR 4/6 8.5 N N N N

9 800 900 Mid yellowish brown weak silty sand 10YR 4/6 8.5 N N N N Tourism Facility

- 10 900 1000 Mid yellowish brown weak silty sand 10YR 4/6 8.5 N N N N Table 38: 0.5x0.5A Database E c o

Integrated

–

Old Coach Road, Princetown 140

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Maximum Starting Base Pit Length Width Depth Landform Context Depth Depth Colour Consistency Composition Comments Munsell pH ID (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) lowlying W1 500 500 850 1 0 220 very brown friable humic silt 10YR 2/1 6 floodplain very boggy, moist 2 220 850 dark greyish brown friable clayey silt 10YR 4/2 8 soil undulating, W2 500 500 1360 1 0 380 very brown weak medium sand 10YR 2/2 8.5 low, sand dune 2 380 910 dark yellowish brown weak coarse sand 10YR 4/6 8.5 3 910 1360 mid yellowish brown weak coarse sand 10YR 5/8 8 undulating grass roots and X1 500 500 300 1 0 280 very brown friable humic silt 10YR 2/2 6 floodplain worms 2 280 300 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay mottled orange 10YR 4/6 8 undulating grass roots and X2 500 500 280 1 0 260 very brown friable humic silt 10YR 2/2 6 floodplain worms 2 260 280 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay mottled orange 10YR 4/6 8 lowlying sand X3 500 500 1300 1 0 220 very brown friable humic silt grass roots 10YR 2/2 8.5 dune 2 220 420 dark yellowish brown friable sand 10YR 4/3 9 3 420 920 mid yellowish brown friable medium sand 10YR 4/4 8.5 4 920 1300 mid yellowish brown friable medium sand 10YR 5/6 9 lowlying sand X4 500 500 1000 1 0 270 very brown friable medium sand 10YR 2/2 8.5 dune 2 270 550 dark yellowish brown friable medium sand 10YR 4/4 8.5 3 550 1000 mid yellowish brown friable medium sand 10YR 5/6 9 undulating Y1 500 500 520 raised 1 0 380 very brown friable humic silt grass roots 10YR 2/2 8.5 floodplain orange mottled 2 380 520 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay 10YR 4/6 8 colour undulating Y2 500 500 440 raised 1 0 380 very brown friable humic silt grass roots 10YR 2/2 8.5 floodplain orange mottled 2 380 440 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay 10YR 4/6 8 colour undulating Y3 500 500 1400 modified sand 1 0 480 very brown weak silty sand grass roots, worms 10YR 2/2 8.5 dune 2 480 1400 mid yellowish brown weak medium sand 10YR 4/6 8

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undulating Y4 500 500 700 modified 1 0 250 very brown friable silt grass roots 10YR 2/2 8.5 floodplain 2 250 700 mid yellowish brown firm silty clay mottled orange 10YR 4/6 8 undulating Y5 500 500 460 1 0 370 very brown friable humic silt grass roots, worms 10YR 2/2 6

floodplain C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

2 370 460 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay mottled orange 10YR 4/6 8 –

undulating Y6 500 500 410 1 0 310 very brown friable humic silt grass roots, worms 10YR 2/2 6 floodplain 2 310 410 dark yellowish brown firm silty clay mottled orange 10YR 4/6 8 Table 39: Phase 3 0.5x0.5m Database

Tourism Facility

E c o

Integrated

–

Old Coach Road, Princetown 142

Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017

Site Name VAHR 1x1 0.5x0.5 STP Spit Depth Context Class Genus Species Common Type Habitat Distribution * (As Complete >50% >50% >50-99% >50% Rear Left Right Operculum Fragment Weight Total MNI NISP European Charcoal Range Name according to Apex – Rim - Spiral - Body/head valve - Umbo Umbo Burnt Weight (mm) Coastal Gastropod Limpets Gastropod valve - Chiton (1) (g) Invertebrates of / Limpet Chiton Victoria) Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 60 53 227 0 64.0 60 340 Princetown 1 0185 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 5 0 2.6 1 5 Princetown 1 0185 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Scutus antipodes Black Rocky shore All open coast / 1 1.6 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 300 elephant rocky shores slug, within Victoria Elephant fish Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 2 8 2.9 2 10 Princetown 1 0185 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 12 2.5 12 Princetown 1 0185 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Small aquatic 0.2 0 Princetown 1 0185 300 snail Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 12.3 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 10 14 56 19.3 14 80 Princetown 1 0185 200 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 1 5 3.3 1 6 Princetown 1 0185 200 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 2 3 4.0 3 5 Princetown 1 0185 200 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Unidentified Unidentified 13 2.7 13 Princetown 1 0185 200 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Charcoal Charcoal 2.0 0 Princetown 1 0185 200 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 30 50 124 52.1 50 204 Princetown 1 0185 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 10 2 11.1 2 12 Princetown 1 0185 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 2 2 6 51.5 2 10 Princetown 1 0185 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 20 3.8 20 Princetown 1 0185 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 14.4 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 2 2 11 1.3 3 15 Princetown 1 0185 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 1 1.8 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 400 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 1 0.1 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Unidentified Unidentified 0.9 0 Princetown 1 0185 400 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Charcoal Charcoal 4.7 0 Princetown 1 0185 400 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 1 0.1 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 500 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 1 2 0.2 1 3 Princetown 1 0185 500 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Unidentified Unidentified 2 0.1 2 Princetown 1 0185 500 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 9 800- Bivalvia Donax deltoides Pipi Surf zone of ocean All open coast / 1 6 5.3 1 7 Princetown 1 0185 900 beaches just below rocky shores sand surface. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 9 800- Unidentified Unidentified 1 0.1 1 Princetown 1 0185 900 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 10 900- Bivalvia Donax deltoides Pipi Surf zone of ocean All open coast / 1 0.1 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 1000 beaches just below rocky shores sand surface. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 15 19 2 16.3 19 36 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 3 14 17.3 3 17 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 3 1.1 1 3 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria

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rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 20 8 20.7 4 28 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 2 1 7 9.6 3 11 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 shores. rocky shores

within Victoria C H M P 1 4 0 0 8

Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Donax deltoides Pipi Surf zone of ocean All open coast / 1 0.1 1 1

– Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 beaches just below rocky shores sand surface. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 0 Princetown 1 0185 N5 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 72 65 65 100.6 72 202 Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 1 2 8 22 2 11 Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 2 2.6 1 2 Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 winkle / shores. rocky shores

Tourism Facility White within Victoria - rock shell

Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 27 1 3 22.7 5 31 E c o Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 5 1 2 17.7 6 8 Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Charcoal Charcoal 2.4 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 N5 400 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Unidentified Unidentified 1.9 0 Integrated Princetown 1 0185 N5 400

– Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Charcoal Charcoal 1.2 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 E5 200 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 16 19 60 14 19 95 Princetown 1 0185 E5 200 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 2 100- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 3 3 2.7 1 6 Princetown 1 0185 E5 200 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 1.9 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 E5 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 10 0.4 10 Princetown 1 0185 E5 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 2 11 4.7 13 Princetown 1 0185 E5 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 10 12 40 11.6 12 62 Princetown 1 0185 E5 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 2.3 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 77 4 77 Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 Old Coach Road,Old PrincetownCoach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 5 1 8 8.2 2 14 Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 14 21 76 19.9 111 Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 3.9 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 3 200- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 0.6 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 W5 300 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 4 300- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 1 5 0.6 1 6 Princetown 1 0185 W5 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Charcoal Charcoal 1.3 0 Y Princetown 1 0185 N5 500 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Unidentified Unidentified 12 1.9 12 Princetown 1 0185 N5 500 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 7 2 6.5 1 9 Princetown 1 0185 N5 500 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 4 2.8 1 4 Princetown 1 0185 N5 500 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 5 400- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 16 22 36 19.9 22 74 Princetown 1 0185 N5 500 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria

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Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 7 600- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 1 1 2.6 1 3 Princetown 1 0185 N5 700 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 7 600- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 2 1 0.7 2 3 Princetown 1 0185 N5 700 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 8 700- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 4 1.1 1 4 Princetown 1 0185 N5 800 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 8 700- Unidentified Unidentified 3 0.3 3 Princetown 1 0185 N5 800 Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 8 700- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 1 1.4 1 1 Princetown 1 0185 N5 800 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- J9 8 700- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 1 1 1 0.8 1 3 Princetown 1 0185 N5 800 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 31 26 109 30.3 31 166 Princetown 2 0186 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Bivalvia Mytilus sp. Common Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 14 18 84 13.4 18 116 Princetown 2 0186 400 / Beaked and shallow subtidal rocky shores Mussel zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 49 4 5 26.6 7 58 Princetown 2 0186 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 8 8 10.4 8 16 Princetown 2 0186 400 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 6 12 28 6 18 Princetown 2 0186 400 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 14 12 84 144.8 14 110 Princetown 2 0186 400 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Unidentified Unidentified 85 28.3 85 Princetown 2 0186 400 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 240- Charcoal Charcoal 0 Y Princetown 2 0186 400 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 9 10 25 9.4 10 44 Princetown 2 0186 200 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 2 2 6 17 42.9 6 27 Princetown 2 0186 200 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 4 4.1 1 4 Princetown 2 0186 200 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 19 1 4 20 Princetown 2 0186 200 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 2 1 6.2 2 3 Princetown 2 0186 200 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Unidentified Unidentified 6 2 6 Princetown 2 0186 200 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 50 39 120 63.1 50 209 Princetown 2 0186 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 4 3 2 28 81.1 7 37 Princetown 2 0186 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 3 3.1 1 4 Princetown 2 0186 300 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 46 8 10 48.1 8 64 Princetown 2 0186 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 1 0.5 1 2 Princetown 2 0186 300 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Haliotis sp. Abalone Intertidal zone and reef All open coast / 6 12.1 1 6 Princetown 2 0186 300 dwelling. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 1.8 0 Y Princetown 2 0186 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 0 Princetown 2 0186 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 8 8 58 22.2 9 74 Princetown 2 0186 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 2 3 5.5 2 5 Princetown 2 0186 400 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria

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Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 1 2 15.8 2 4 Princetown 2 0186 400 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 17 1 15.1 3 18 Princetown 2 0186 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts.

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 1 1 3.2 1 3

– Princetown 2 0186 400 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Charcoal Charcoal 2.6 0 Y Princetown 2 0186 400 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Unidentified Unidentified 1.8 0 Princetown 2 0186 400 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 1 0-100 Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 1 1.9 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 W5 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 1 1 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 N5 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Unidentified Unidentified 1 0.3 1

Tourism FacilityPrincetown 2 0186 N5 400 - Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 5 1.8 1 5 Princetown 2 0186 N5 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria

E c o Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 1 7 3.2 1 9 Princetown 2 0186 N5 300 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Ostraidae Ostrea Oyster Muddy flats and hard Occurs at high- to 1 1.3 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 E5 400 substrate in shallow mid-tide level, on subtidal zone shores which are subjected to the influence of fresh water. On the

Integrated coast it is often

found at the base –

of a cliff, where a small freshwater soak dampens the rock. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Unidentified Unidentified 2 0.6 2 Princetown 2 0186 E5 400 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 2 1 7 1.7 2 10 Princetown 2 0186 W5 400 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 1 1.5 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 W5 400 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 1 1 2.1 1 2 Princetown 2 0186 W5 400 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 4 300- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 2.8 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 W5 400 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 4 1 6 52.5 3 11 Princetown 2 0186 N5 200 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Unidentified Unidentified 4 0.2 4 Old Coach Road,Princetown Princetown 2 0186 N5 200 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 2 100- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 2 0.1 1 2 Princetown 2 0186 N5 200 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae sp. Chiton Under stones in Recorded from 5 2 4.3 1 7 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 intertidal rock pools in central, western open and protected and far east areas. Gippsland coasts. Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 0.3 1 1 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Bivalvia Austromytilus rostratus Beaked Rocks in lower intertidal All open coast / 18 21 55 17.5 94 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 mussel and shallow subtidal rocky shores zones within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Charcoal Charcoal 3 0.3 3 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 fragment fragment Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 4 33 23.8 4 37 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Unidentified Unidentified 11 0.8 11 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Dicathais orbita Dog Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 2 1 5.7 2 2 Princetown 2 0186 W5 300 winkle / shores. rocky shores White within Victoria rock shell Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Subninella undulata Turban Among weed covered All open coast / 3 2 7 64.7 3 12 Princetown 2 0186 E5 300 rocks in subtidal and rocky shores intertidal zones. within Victoria Old Coach Road, 7520- I4 3 200- Gastropod Cellana sp. Limpet Intertidal zone on rocky All open coast / 1 2 1 1 3 Princetown 2 0186 E5 300 shores. rocky shores within Victoria Table 40: Shell Data 146

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Dorsal

number

Artefact Artefact

cortex cortex

DataID Project Code VAHR namePlace Surface/sub surface Pit Test Name Pit Test Type spit 1x1 spit 0.5x0.5 STPspit X(mm) (mm) Y corrected Z (mm) depth Miscellaneo us Technologic class al Raw material type Silcrete PossOrthoq uartzite? type Cortex Weathering Burntraces Secondary Modificatio n Formal Tool/Core Type Artefact type

1 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 2 100-200 1 Flake Flint 1-32% Silicified Core rejuvenation flake 2 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 2 100-200 2 Core Quartz 33-66% Pebble Bipolar core 3 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 2 100-200 3 Flake Flint 1-32% Silicified Flake 5 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 3 200-300 1 from shell sample Flake Quartz 67-99% Pebble Flake 6 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 3 200-300 2 from shell sample Angular fragment Quartz 33-66% Pebble xFlake fragment 7 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 STP 3 200-300 3 from shell sample Angular fragment Quartz 0% xFlake fragment 8 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 5 400-500 1 Angular fragment Quartz 0% Angular fragment 9 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 2 100-200 1 Flake Flint 33-66% Chalky Flake 10 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 1 Flake Flint Indet Bladelet 11 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 2 Flake Quartz 0% Flake 12 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 3 Angular fragment Flint Indet xFlake fragment 13 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 4 Angular fragment Quartz 1-32% Pebble xFlake fragment 14 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 5 Flake Quartz 67-99% Pebble Flake 15 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 6 Flake Flint 1-32% Chalky Flake 16 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 7 Flake Quartz 0% Flake 17 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 3 200-300 8 Flake Flint 0% Bladelet 18 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 4 300-400 1 Flake Quartz 33-66% Pebble Flake 19 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 9 800-900 1 Angular fragment Quartz 0% xFlake fragment 20 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 9 800-900 2 Flake Quartz 0% Flake 21 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 9 800-900 3 Angular fragment Quartz 67-99% Pebble xFlake fragment 22 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 N5 STP 5 400-500 1 Flake Quartz 1-32% Pebble Flake 32 OCRP 7520-0185 Old Coach Road, Princetown 1 subsurface J9 1x1 1x1 2 100-200 2 Angular fragment Indet 0% Cracking, crazing, discolouration Angular fragment Potlids, crazing, irregular 24 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 W5 STP 3 200-300 1 Flake Flint 0% breakage, discolouration Flake 25 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 S15 STP 4 300-400 1 Angular fragment Quartz 100% Pebble Angular fragment 26 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 S10 STP 5 400-500 1 Flake Flint 67-99% Pebble Flake 27 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 S5 STP 5 400-500 1 Flake Flint 67-99% Chalky Flake 28 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 S5 STP 5 400-500 2 Flake Flint 1-32% Chalky Flake Bipolar 29 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 S5 STP 5 400-500 3 Core Quartz 33-66% Pebble core Core 30 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 1x1 3 200-300 1 Flake Flint 67-99% Chalky Flake 31 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 1x1 3 200-300 2 Angular fragment Flint 1-32% Chalky Dehydration, discolouration xFlake fragment 33 OCRP 7520-0186 Old Coach Road, Princetown 2 subsurface I4 W5 STP 3 200-300 1 Flake Flint 33-66% Chalky Flake Old Coach Road, Princetown 4 OCRP 7520-0184 LDAD subsurface M3 STP 6 500-600 1 Tool Quartz 0% Backed flake fragment Old Coach Road, Princetown 0.5x0.5 23 OCRP 7520-0184 LDAD subsurface A 0.5x0.5 4 300-400 1 Angular fragment Quartz 1-32% Pebble Angular fragment Table 41: Stone Artefact Data (1 of 2)

Data Missing Manufacture type FormPrimary Bipolar Termination Platform type Retouch side Retouch edge of % retouch/ with usewear wear Use blank Tool Scardirection Scartype platforms N scars N scar Longest MD L_AV L_ALA W_AV W_ALA TH_AV TH_ALA

1 None Core rejuvenation flake Flake - Complete Feather Flaked 0% 31.67 29.3 29.6 20.65 23.93 4.97 6.14 2 Bipolar core Core - Bipolar Y 0% Unidirectional Intermediate 1 1 12.93 21.26 21.26 14.59 7.23 3 None Flake Flake - Complete Feather Flaked 0% 32.5 25.15 29.04 18.44 20.04 5.7 10.65 5 Distal Proximal flake Flake - Proximal Crushed 0% 15.3 13.38 13.33 14.29 4.69 5.04 6 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 9.28 9.28 8.69 3.75 7 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 12.12 12.12 6.77 2.04 8 Angular fragment Angular Fragment 0% 8.4 8.4 7.9 5.55 9 Indet Distal flake Flake - Distal Y Feather 0% 33.7 29.38 32.63 32.83 18.82 18.82 10 Prox+dist Medial bladelet Blade - Medial 0% Possible 11.23 10.47 6.18 6.18 1.49 1.49 11 None Flake Flake - Complete Feather Flaked 0% 11.16 8.68 8.68 6.75 8.99 2.04 2.68 12 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 10.54 10.54 7.27 1.96 13 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 11.95 11.95 8.01 3.02 14 None Flake Flake - Complete Y Crushed Crushed 0% 14.02 14.01 14.01 7.54 7.54 3.67 3.67 15 Distal Proximal flake Flake - Proximal Cortical 0% 18.75 17.4 14.76 14.76 5.45 5.45 16 None Flake Flake - Complete Y Feather Crushed 0% 10.05 9.61 9.61 7.48 7.48 2.63 2.63 17 Proximal Distal bladelet Blade - Distal Feather 0% 7.1 5.57 6.24 6.24 1.44 1.44 18 None Flake Flake - Complete Y Crushed Flaked 0% 21.96 18.34 18.34 14.5 16.99 7.13 9.07 19 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 10.62 10.62 5.17 2.11 33- 20 Distal Proximal flake Flake - Proximal Crushed 66% Yes 10.77 10.37 8.47 9.05 2.28 2.28 21 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 9.51 9.51 6.2 1.34 22 None Flake Flake - Complete Y Crushed Crushed 0% 18.44 17.48 17.48 13.64 13.84 4.13 6.53 32 Angular fragment Angular Fragment 0% 10.2 10.2 8.03 4.67 24 Distal Proximal flake Flake - Proximal Flaked 0% 31.08 29.94 25.02 25.02 12.59 12.59 25 Angular fragment Angular Fragment 0% 19.22 19.22 14.83 3.74 26 None Flake Flake - Complete Feather Cortical 0% 37.4 35.46 35.46 31.58 31.58 10.43 10.43 27 None Flake Flake - Complete Hinge Flaked 0% 20.72 19.05 19.05 17.68 17.68 5.67 5.67 28 None Flake Flake - Complete Feather Cortical 0% Possible 17.92 16.83 16.83 13.03 13.03 2.73 2.73 29 None Bipolar core Core - Bipolar Y 0% Bipolar Indeterminate 2 >1 18.89 38.08 36.33 23.8 10.54 1- 30 None Utilized flake Flake - Complete Poss Axial Cortical 32% Yes 55.58 39.95 39.95 52.65 52.65 16.58 16.58 31 Flake fragment Angular Fragment 0% 30.82 30.82 18.76 8.83 33 None Flake Flake - Complete Poss Plunge Flaked 0% 18.57 14.29 14.29 12.45 16.87 3.46 4.88 33- 4 Flake fragment Angular Fragment Scalar Ventral 66% Fragment 8.24 8.24 8.15 7.22 6.08 2.53 2.58 23 Angular fragment Angular Fragment 0% 9.57 9.57 7.16 3.64 Table 42: Stone Artefact Data (2 of 2)

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The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006

This act provides blanket protection for all Aboriginal heritage sites, places or

items in Victoria.

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The main aspects of the Act in relation to the development process are as follows:

 An Aboriginal Heritage Council (AHC) has been appointed by the Minister, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, made up of 11 Victorian Aboriginal people.  Aboriginal community groups with traditional interests in cultural heritage are to apply to the AHC for registration as a Registered Aboriginal Party

(RAP). RAPs will have the role of endorsing Cultural Heritage Management

Plans (CHMP) within a given area of interest. There may be two or more Tourism Facility

- RAPs for an area, provided it does not hinder the operation of the

E c o legislation.  Under Section 48, a developer (‘sponsor’) may be required to submit a CHMP before the issue of a statutory authority by local government or other agency (‘decision maker’). A CHMP must be registered with the

Secretary, Planning and Community Development (AV), and all relevant Integrated

RAPs notified in writing. If an RAP does not respond, AV will act in lieu. A

–

CHMP will contain details of research, field evaluation, consultation and management provisions in regard to the Aboriginal heritage of an area at

risk from a development. A Heritage Advisor must be appointed to assist in the preparation of a CHMP. It is the role of an RAP to approve a CHMP if it meets prescribed standards.  A CHMP will not be considered approved unless it has been approved by all relevant RAPs.

The regulations accompanying the Act specify when a CHMP will be required by law, and prescribe minimum standards for the preparation of a CHMP (Section 53). The approved form for CHMPs specifies the format in which a CHMP should

be prepared by a sponsor in order to comply with the Act and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007, and is an approved form under section 190 of the Act. Old Coach Road, Princetown Other provisions of the Act include Cultural Heritage Permits (Section 36), as

required for other works affecting Aboriginal heritage sites, Cultural Heritage Agreements (Section 68), in respect to land containing an Aboriginal heritage site, Authorised Officers’ (Part 11) appointed to enforce the Act, Cultural Heritage Audits (Section 80) to be ordered by the Secretary in relation to compliance with a CHMP and a VCAT appeals procedure.

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Appendix 3: Heritage Significance Assessment

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ABORIGINAL SITES – ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The assessment of cultural heritage value or ‘significance’ is a fundamental component of the heritage management process, in that it assists in determining which sites, places, landscapes, environments

and items are of sufficient importance that they require preservation.

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As such, the significance assessment process underpins the legislative framework for heritage site protection by establishing a framework within which various types (assessment criteria) and levels (significance ratings) of heritage value can be defined. The effective assessment of these values will in turn facilitate the formulation of appropriate management decisions for a specific heritage item, whether a building, archaeological site, place or landscape.

Section 4 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic) defines ‘cultural heritage significance’ as including:

Tourism Facility  archaeological, anthropological, contemporary, historical, scientific, social or spiritual - significance; and

E c o  significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition. Note that Aboriginal tradition is not static and unchanging from a distant ‘authentic past’. ‘Tradition’ is the handing down of beliefs from one generation to the next, but that does not mean that significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition’ requires an immutable value from ‘time

immemorial’. A scatter of discarded waste flakes from a one-off utilitarian task may acquire Integrated

‘significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition’ with the passage of time and cultural change.

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A statement of the significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage found, discovered and/or subject to investigation in terms of this definition of ‘cultural heritage significance’ is an essential step in the process of developing cultural heritage management recommendations. All Aboriginal cultural heritage may have ‘cultural heritage significance’, but the preservation of all Aboriginal cultural heritage is not possible. Therefore, a process of assessing significance is necessary to determine which elements of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in an Activity Area require management. In this context, ‘management’ is not synonymous with ‘preservation’, but may involve salvage or controlled excavation.9

A process for establishing cultural significance is outlined in the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, otherwise known as ‘The Burra Charter’ (Marquis-Kyle and Walker 1992). The Burra Charter is, in turn, based on preceding international charters formulated

Old Coach Road,by Princetown ICOMOS (the International Council on Monuments and Sites).

The revised Burra Charter defines cultural heritage significance as the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations.

The Burra Charter and its associated documents define the basics principles, processes and practices upon which statutory assessments of heritage significance are based. In most cases the wording of the various sets of criteria will differ slightly: for example, the criteria used by the Victorian Heritage Council are worded differently to those used by the Australian Heritage Commission. All, however, are based on the same principles and incorporate general criteria such as the following:

 Association with special events, developments or phases.  Rarity due to its association with a distinctive way of life, custom, process, land use, function or design no longer practised.

9 Source: Guide to preparing Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plans (AV May 2007)

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017  Importance for demonstrating principal characteristics of a particular type or class of human activities (for example stating a stone quarry is a classic example of its type as it has all the features typically associated with utilised stone sources in good condition).  Aesthetic value to the local community (for example as a landmark).  Value for demonstrating a particular technical or creative process.  Strong or special association with a particular community or ethnic group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.  Special association with a famous person or group of people. Generally, these criteria can be grouped into three main categories: social (I), scientific (II) and historical (III), depending on the nature of a given place or item.

It should be noted that the approach advocated here is specifically designed for the assessment of archaeological sites, and may not necessarily apply to the assessment of other types of cultural heritage.

Cultural Heritage Significance Assessment

As required in the project brief, an assessment of the significance of the cultural heritage associations recorded during this project, and relocated previously recorded sites (if present) has been made. Assessment of archaeological site significance can be complex and encompass a range of heritage values. The heritage values of a site or place are broadly defined as the “aesthetic, historic, scientific or social values for past, present or future generations” (Marquis-Kyle & Walker 1992, 69).

The assessment of the significance of Aboriginal sites is a complex process, and involves the consideration of both scientific value and cultural value to the local Aboriginal community.

It should be noted that Aboriginal cultural significance may reflect Aboriginal community values not only in regard to individual sites and groups of sites but also in terms of the general landscape. Aboriginal values do not necessarily correspond to the scientific values placed on individual sites, but will reflect the social, educational and aesthetic values of such locations. These values may include ancestral or traditional associations, concern over environmental issues, possible uses of sites for interpretation and education and the importance of highly visible sites as tangible markers of Aboriginal occupation in a region.

Criteria for Assessing Scientific Significance

The following evaluation is used to assess the scientific significance of the archaeological sites recorded. Scientific significance is assessed by examining the research potential and representativeness of the archaeological sites recorded.

Research potential is in turn assessed by examining site contents and site condition. Site contents refer to all cultural materials and organic remains associated with human activity at a site. Site contents also refer to the site structure - the size of the site, the patterning of cultural materials within the site and the presence of any stratified deposits. Site condition refers to the degree of disturbance to the contents of a site at the time it was recorded. Ratings for site contents and condition are given below.

The site contents ratings used for Aboriginal archaeological sites are:

0 No cultural materials remaining. 1 Site contains a small number (e.g. 0-10 artefacts) or limited range of cultural materials with no evident stratification. 2 Site contains: a) a larger number, but limited range of cultural materials: and/or

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b) some intact stratified deposit remains. 3 Site contains: a) a large number and diverse range of cultural materials; and/or b) largely intact stratified deposit; and/or c) surface spatial patterning of cultural materials that still reflect the way

in which the cultural materials were laid down.

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0 Site destroyed. 1 Site in a deteriorated condition with a high degree of disturbance; some cultural materials remaining. 2 Site in a fair to good condition, but with some disturbance. 3 Site in an excellent condition with little or no disturbance. For surface artefact scatters this may mean that the spatial patterning of cultural materials still reflects the way in

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Representativeness refers to the regional distribution of a particular site type. It is assessed on E c o whether the site is common, occasional or rare in a given region. Assessments of representativeness are subjectively biased by current knowledge of the distribution and numbers of archaeological sites in a region. This varies from place to place depending on the extent of previous archaeological research. Consequently, a site which is assigned low significance values for contents and condition,

but a high significance value for representativeness, can only be regarded as significant in terms of Integrated

current knowledge of the regional archaeology. Any such site should be subject to further re- – assessment as additional archaeological research is carried out.

Assessment of representativeness also takes into account the contents and condition of a particular site. For example, in any region there may only be a limited number of sites of any type which have suffered minimal disturbance. Such sites would therefore be given a high significance rating for representativeness, although they may occur commonly within the region.

The representativeness ratings used for Aboriginal archaeological sites are:

1 Common occurrence 2 Occasional occurrence 3 Rare occurrence Overall scientific significance ratings for sites, based on a cumulative score for site contents, site

Old Coach Road,integrity Princetown and representativeness are given as follows:

1-4 Low scientific significance 5-7 Moderate scientific significance 8-9 High scientific significance Scientific Significance Assessment

These significance determinations may change on the basis of future examination, research and analysis.

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Date:

Name of recorder:

Position of recorder:

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YES NO COMMENT Have key personnel been inducted as to: existence of CHMP? role of CHMP? appropriate responses to cultural heritage? implications of 'exclusion zones'?

results of non-compliance with Tourism Facility

- the CHMP?

E c o Has any cultural heritage been discovered? (since the previous checklist submission)

If yes: was the person in charge of the activity notified of the discovery?

were all relevant works at the location of the discovery Integrated

immediately ceased?

– was an 'activity exclusion zone' established within a 5m

radius of the discovery? if yes, how was this exclusion zone established? were all personnel made aware of the exclusion zone? was a Heritage Advisor notified of the find within 3 working days of discovery? was the RAP (if present) notified of the find within 3 working days of the discovery? was the RAP (if present) invited to inspect the discovery? did a Heritage Advisor attend the site? what process was determined to be appropriate by the RAP (if present)? was this process followed?

If agreement has not been reached regarding an appropriate course of action, refer to Dispute Resolution section of CHMP.

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Additional comments:

Signatures:

Person in Charge:

A completed copy of this checklist must be submitted to the RAP (if present) every fortnight via their Authorised Project Delegate.

RAP Use ONLY:

Date checklist received:

Comments:

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Terminology Used in this Report for Heritage Places

General Terms

Activity Area: The area or areas to be used or developed for an activity.

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– Registered Cultural Heritage Place: An Aboriginal place recorded in the Register.

Types of Aboriginal Prehistoric Archaeological Sites Artefact Scatter: A scatter of stone artefacts which is defined as being the occurrence of one (1) or more items of cultural material within 100 linear metres, with a distance of no greater than 20m between each item. Artefact scatters are often the only physical remains of places where Aborigines have camped, prepared and eaten meals and worked stone material.

Burial: A burial site is usually a sub-surface pit containing human remains and sometimes associated Tourism Facility

- artefacts.

E c o Quarry:(stone/ochre source): An Aboriginal quarry site occurs where stone or ochre is exposed and has been extracted by Aboriginal people in the past. The rock types most commonly quarried for artefact manufacture in Victoria include silcrete, quartz, quartzite, chert and fine-grained volcanics such as greenstone.

Scarred Tree: Scars on trees may be the result of removal of strips of bark by Aborigines for the Integrated

manufacture of utensils, canoes or for shelter; or resulting from small notches chopped into the bark –

to provide hand and toe holds for climbers after possums, koalas and/or views of the surrounding area. Shell Midden: A scatter and/or deposit comprised predominantly of shell, sometimes containing stone artefacts, charcoal, bone and manuports. These site types are normally found in association with coastlines, rivers, creeks and swamps - wherever coastal, riverine or estuarine shellfish resources were accessed and exploited. Aboriginal Artefact Types Backing: Steep retouch on an artefact (e.g. backed blade). Blade: A flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide. Block Fracturing Techniques: These consist of bipolar flaking, bending and flaw propagation. These

techniques do not result in concoidal flakes and can be difficult to identify. Old Coach Road, Princetown Blocky Piece: A piece of stone showing no diagnostic evidence for concoidal or block fracturing techniques (e.g. flake scars, crushing). Typically these items are foreign to the area and occur in association with diagnostic flaked artefacts of the same material (see also Manuport). Concoidal flake: A flake possessing a positive bulb of percussion which can be found on the ventral surface of the flake close to where it was struck from the core. Concoidal fracturing can also be produced by natural processes. Core: An artefact from which flakes have been detached using a hammerstone. Core types include single platform, multi-platform and bipolar forms. Cortex: Original or natural (unflaked) surface of a stone. Debitage: Small unmodified flakes, flaked pieces and blocky pieces produced as part of the flaking process, but discarded unused. Flake: A stone piece removed from a core by percussion (striking it) or by pressure. It is identified by the presence of a striking platform and bulb of percussion, not usually found on a naturally shattered stone.

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Document Set ID: 1753519 Version: 1, Version Date: 23/03/2017 Flake Scar: A negative impression on a piece of stone or rock surface from which a flake has been removed. Generally a flake scar will show the characteristics of a flake in reverse (i.e. negative bulb of percussion). Flaked Piece: A piece of stone with definite flake surfaces which cannot be classified as a flake or core. Formal Tool: An artefact which has been shaped by flaking, including retouch, or grinding to a predetermined form for use as a tool. Formal tools include scrapers, backed pieces and axes. Geometric Microlith: A blade that has been trimmed on one or two margins to produce a symmetrical backed piece which is roughly triangular in plan. Hammerstone: A piece of stone, often a creek/river pebble/cobble, which has been used to detach flakes from a core by percussion. During flaking, the edges of the hammerstone become 'bruised' or crushed by impact with the core. Implement: An artefact that has been designed, but not necessarily utilised (Hiscock and Mitchell 1990, 26). Manuport: Foreign fragment, chunk or lump of stone which shows no clear signs of flaking but is out of geological context and must have been transported to the site by people. Microlith: A flake or blade that has been abruptly retouched along one or more margins opposite an acute (sharp) edge. Backed pieces include backed blades and geometric microliths. They are thought to have been hafted onto wooden handles to produce composite cutting tools. Backed pieces are a feature of the ‘Australian small tool tradition’, dating from between 5,000 and 1,000 years ago in southern Australia (Mulvaney&Kamminga 1999: 234-236). Percussion: The act of hitting a core with a hammerstone to strike off flakes. Retouch: A flake, flaked piece or core with intentional secondary flaking along one or more edges. Tool: An artefact that shows evidence that it has actually been used (e.g. edge damage) (Hiscock and Mitchell 1990, 26). Thumbnail Scraper: A thumbnail scraper is defined as a microlithic flake with regular unifacial retouch. UtilisedArtefact: A flake, flaked piece or core which has irregular small flake scarring along one or more margins that does not represent platform preparation. Stone Artefact Raw Material Type Basalt: A coarse grained basic volcanic material formed by the cooling of mafic lava at the earth’s surface. Basalt generally does not generally fracture concoidally and is therefore rarely used for the manufacture of flaked stone artefacts. Basalt is more commonly used for the manufacture of ground edge axes. Chert: A sedimentary rock type composed of amorphous silica which is extremely dense, compact, dull to semi-vitreous and cryptocrystalline. It is formed by silica crystallising from out of solution in ground water. Used for flaked stone artefacts. Flint: A variety of chert which forms in limestone, characterised by a micro-crystalline texture (no grains visible), dull surface lustre and translucent appearance. Highly suitable for concoidal fracturing and the manufacture of flaked artefacts. Greenstone: A rock type formed by the high grade action regional metamorphism of many different types of rocks, commonly mafic to intermediate volcanics and cherts. Greenstone is commonly used for ground edge axes.

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Hornfels: A rock formed from the contact metamorphism of fine grained sediments, which are usually rich in silica. In appearance this rock type is dark grey to black, and can resemble basalt. Used for flaked stone artefacts. Quartz: A mineral composed of silica with an irregular fracture pattern. Quartz used in artefact

C H M P 1 4 0 0 8 manufacture is generally semi-translucent, although it varies from milky white to glassy. Glassy quartz

– can be used for concoidal flaking, but poorer quality material is more commonly used for block

fracturing techniques. Quartz can be derived from waterworn pebble, crystalline or vein (terrestrial) sources. Quartzite: A very hard, sometimes almost glassy metamorphic rock formed from compression of sands or sandstones which consist entirely of quartz sand grains. It has a similar appearance to sandstone but can be distinguished by its crystalline structure as opposed to the granular structure of

sandstone. It is generally coarse grained in texture. Used for flaked stone artefacts. Tourism Facility

- Silcrete: Soil, clay or sand sediments that have silicified under basalt through groundwater percolation. It ranges in texture from very fine grained to coarse grained (Sullivan and Simmons 1979, E c o 56). At one extreme it is cryptocrystalline with very few clasts. It generally has characteristic yellow streaks of titanium oxide that occur within a grey and less commonly reddish background. Used for flaked stone artefacts. Glossary bibliography

Integrated Hiscock, P. and S. Mitchell. 1990. Type Profiles: Stone Artefact Quarries, Stone Reduction Sites and

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Ochre Quarries. Unpublished report to the Australian Heritage Commission. Mulvaney, D. and J. Kamminga. 1999. Prehistory of Australia. Allen &Unwin Pty Ltd., St Leonards. Sullivan, M. and S. Simmons. 1979. ‘Silcrete: a Classification for Flaked Stone Assemblages’, TheArtefact 4: 51-60.

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