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Chlamydotis Macqueenii in Uzbekistan

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Chlamydotis Macqueenii in Uzbekistan xxx Habitat, abundance and productivity of the Asian Houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii in Uzbekistan Maxim A. Koshkin Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia February 2016 © This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. xxx Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1 – General Introduction ........................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 – Do sheep affect distribution and habitat of Asian houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii? ................................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3 – Effects of habitat and land use on breeding season density of male Asian houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii.................................................................................................. 52 Chapter 4 – Effects of habitat and livestock on nesting success of the declining Asian houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii.................................................................................................. 88 Chapter 5 – Breeding and post-breeding range use and movements of Asian houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii in Uzbekistan ...................................................................................... 128 Chapter 6 – Discussion ......................................................................................................... 168 Appendix 1 – Photos of the main shrub assemblages of the southern Kyzylkum ...... 181 Appendix 2 – Thesis abstract in Russian (Краткое содержание) ................................. 188 2 xxx Abstract For a species threatened with exploitation, before embarking on ex situ measures such as population reinforcement through captive breeding, it is important to explore potential in situ measures that could be used to mitigate species off-take by supporting breeding productivity of wild populations. Asian houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii is a globally threatened bird, with continuing declines across Central Asia, mainly due to unregulated hunting and trapping during migration and in winter. This research aims to improve understanding of the breeding season biology of the Asian houbara migratory populations in Central Asia to inform in-situ conservation of the species. Spring fieldwork during 2012–2015 involved distance sampling, nest monitoring and habitat sampling across 14,500 km2 of the Kyzylkum Desert in Uzbekistan. Contrary to expectations, there appeared to be no negative landscape-scale association between livestock density and the abundance of male houbara, and no grazing effect on desert shrub vegetation. Habitat characteristics selected by males at the landscape scale were more likely to maximise visibility of their displays, with higher male abundance in lower shrub vegetation, on gravelly substrate and flatter terrain. The first robust estimate of local male density stratified by different habitats and an estimate of regional numbers were obtained. Houbara nesting success was unaffected by variation in shrub species composition or livestock density, but nests placed within taller vegetation experienced greater success. Satellite-tracking revealed high site-fidelity of males to their display sites and intra-seasonal fidelity of females to breeding areas. During post-breeding dispersal adult birds were found to be using completely different, more productive in terms of vegetation, areas outside their breeding season range. In conclusion I discuss potential implications of key findings for the conservation and management of the Asian houbara population in the Kyzylkum, and their potential relevance to other houbara populations and study systems, and suggest priorities for further research. 3 xxx Acknowledgements During this research I received invaluable assistance and support from a number of people. First of all, I am most grateful to the members of my supervisory team, Paul Dolman, John Burnside and Nigel Collar, for their essential guidance throughout my research. My PhD would not be possible without supervision by Paul Dolman, with his expert advice, fantastic feedback and great support. I have been honoured to be co- supervised by Nigel Collar, who not only inspired me to do this study and passed on to me his special passion for birds and conservation, but also have been tremendously helpful throughout my PhD with his insightful comments and interesting ideas. I am especially thankful to John Burnside for his support throughout, for sharing his experience in the field and for guiding me through the dark corners of statistics. All three, being extremely busy people, were always able to find time when I needed their advice or feedback. Special thanks to Olivier Combreau and Jenny Gill for assessing my PhD during viva. Collection of the large amount of data across several seasons was only possible with the help of a number of hard-working field enthusiasts. My sincere thanks to the people who, to various extent, helped me during fieldwork and contributed to data collection: John Burnside, Dave Showler, João Guilherme, Charlotte Packman, Elizabeth Grayshon, Judit Mateos-Herrero, Vladimir Terentyev, David Hodkinson, Andrew Taylor, Ellen Walford and Sofie Forsstrom. The field teams would not be so effective without drivers and cooks and all were equally helpful; however Erasil Khaitov deserves special mention, not only as an excellent driver but also as a real ‘desert man’, who showed me the desert from a different perspective. This study would not be possible without funding by the Ahmed bin Zayed Charitable Foundation. The fieldwork conducted in Uzbekistan was generously supported by the Emirates Bird Breeding Center for Conservation (EBBCC) by providing logistic support to the field teams. I am also grateful to the State Committee for Nature Conservation of the Republic of Uzbekistan for permissions related to the fieldwork. I want to say a very special thank you to all my friends at UEA, as well as all around the world, for their continuous support, understanding and some social life. I 4 xxx am most grateful to John for his cheerful encouragement, moral support and, sometimes, entertainment. Lastly, I am very grateful to all my family in Kazakhstan for their patience during the last four years. I am also very much indebted to all my relatives in Austria for their hospitality and fantastic support during the course of my PhD. My wife, Edith, has been extremely supportive, reassuring, understanding and patient during this 4-year long journey, and there is no limit to my gratitude to her for this. 5 Chapter 1 – General Introduction Chapter 1 – General Introduction Evidence-based conservation and sustainable management of exploited species Unsustainable use, destruction of habitats and invasive species have caused rapid loss of biodiversity in the last few centuries, with over 600 vertebrates listed by IUCN as ‘extinct’ or ‘possibly extinct’ since 1500, of which the majority happened during the last 100 years (Ceballos et al. 2015). Human population growth and the rapid economic development of recent decades continue to put pressure on biodiversity at an ever- increasing rate, bringing more species to the verge of extinction (Butchart et al. 2010, Donald et al. 2013) and causing dramatic declines in formerly very abundant species (Milner-Gulland et al. 2001, Kamp et al. 2015). Although conservation efforts have developed in parallel with the increasing human threats to biodiversity and are often successful in addressing them (Butchart et al. 2006, Hoffmann et al. 2010), the quality and effectiveness of conservation actions is often inadequate. Conservation management activities are still frequently based on anecdotal information and personal experience rather than being informed by scientific evidence (Sutherland et al. 2004). For instance, until recently the majority of European management plans were either based on expert opinion or relied heavily on traditional management practices (Pullin et al. 2004). Although conservation management based on personal expertise or tradition can often achieve the right results using simpler and more cost-effective solutions, it also may lead to wrong decisions or can prevent managers from using more appropriate practices (Sutherland et al. 2004). This circumstance indicates the need for evidence-based conservation advocated in recent years (Pullin and Knight 2003, Pullin et al. 2004, Sutherland et al. 2004). Human beings have been exploiting wildlife since Homo sapiens evolved, and even in the distant past such exploitation sometimes led to species extinctions. Today; hunting and trapping for food and medicine is the second most severe worldwide threat to mammals after habitat loss and the fourth main threat to birds after agriculture, logging and invasive species (Vié et al. 2009). To protect a species from persecution, direct conservation measures can sometimes be successful, with legal protection as the most commonly
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