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Research Highlight Anoxygenic Photosynthesis —A Photochemical Reaction That Does Not Contribute to Oxygen Reproduction—

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Research Highlight Anoxygenic Photosynthesis —A Photochemical Reaction That Does Not Contribute to Oxygen Reproduction— Microbes Environ. Vol. 31, No. 1, 1-3, 2016 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jsme2 doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME3101rh Research Highlight Anoxygenic Photosynthesis —A Photochemical Reaction That Does Not Contribute to Oxygen Reproduction— SATOSHI HANADA1* 1Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1–1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0397 Japan Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis that a brackish lake was abundant in a number of green sulfur with the resultant production of oxygen, which supports all bacteria (12). In addition to these bacteria, there are two groups, organisms that consume it through their respiration. This i.e., thermophilic or mesophilic phototrophs showing filamentous type of photosynthesis is an indispensable part of the global morphologies, designated as filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs oxygen flux. However, another type of photochemical reac- belonging to the phylum Chloroflexi (4), and spore-forming tion, photosynthesis without oxygen production, exists, and anoxygenic phototrophs called heliobacteria are included in has been designated anoxygenic photosynthesis. A number of the phylum Firmicutes (3). Anoxygenic phototrophs have ecologists regard anoxygenic photosynthesis as a negligible recently been discovered in two phyla Acidobacteria and photochemical reaction because it contributes nothing to the Gemmatimonadetes, i.e., Chloracidobacterium thermophilum reproduction of oxygen. This type of photosynthesis does not isolated from a hot spring (23) and Gemmatimonas phototrophica appear to have any beneficial function. from a lake (28), respectively. Therefore, the phylogenetic extent The global impact of anoxygenic photosynthesis is consid- of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria is larger than expected. ered to be negligible. Nevertheless, organisms in the domain Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria vary broadly not only in Bacteria perform this type of photosynthesis, with some terms of their phylogenetic positions, but also in the compo- dilettantes referring to them as anoxygenic phototrophic sitions of their photosynthetic apparatuses. Organisms per- bacteria. Contrary to all expectations, studies on anoxygenic forming oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e., cyanobacteria, algae, phototrophic bacteria have a long history in microbiology. and plants, basically share a common mechanism for photo- Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria were discovered at the synthesis; it is performed in algae and plant chloroplasts, dawn of microbiology more than 100 years ago. The first which originated from an ancestor of cyanobacteria. They anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium was identified in 1901 and have chlorophyll a as the essential photo-pigment and two was subsequently described as Rhodospirillum species by the types of photochemical reaction centers called photosystems German botanist, Hans Molisch in 1907 (10). Rhodospirillum I and II. However, anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria possess species are purple bacteria that belong to the phylum bacteriochlorophyll(s) instead of chlorophyll and contain one Proteobacteria, and the term “purple bacteria”, which refers of two photosystems because anoxygenic photosynthesis to a major group among anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, only requires one type of photochemical reaction center. was also simultaneously proposed by Molisch. Another Phototrophs belonging to the phyla Chlorobi (green sulfur major anoxygenic phototrophic group, green sulfur bacteria, bacteria), Firmicutes (Heliobacterium spp.) and Acidobacteria which belong to the phylum Chlorobi, was described by the (C. thermophilum) contain photosystem I only (23). On the Russian biologist, Georgii A. Nadson in 1906 (13). Martinus other hand, those in the phyla Proteobacteria (purple phototro- W. Beijerinck, a famous microbiologist in the Netherlands, phic bacteria), Chloroflexi (filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic who was a contemporary of Molisch and Nadson, proposed a bacteria), and Gemmatimonadetes (G. phototrophica) have lactic acid bacterial group, the genus Lactobacillus, in 1901. photosystem II (28). None of the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have the In addition to photochemical reaction centers, clear ability to use water as an electron donor (or cannot oxidize differences have also been reported in the light-harvesting water), and, thus, perform photosynthesis using sulfide, systems that define the absorption band of light. Almost all hydrogen or organic substrates. Therefore, photosynthesis by phototrophic members in the phyla Chlorobi, Chloroflexi and these bacteria does not involve oxygen. In the domain Acidobacteria possess a special light-harvesting unit called a Bacteria, oxygenic photosynthesis is limited to only one chlorosome and mainly use infrared light at 740–750 nm. phylum, i.e., Cyanobacteria. On the other hand, anoxygenic Heliobacteria in the phylum Firmicutes absorb slightly longer photosynthesis is widely distributed over several bacterial wavelengths (at 786–792 nm) than those of the chlorosome- phyla. Purple bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria and equipped phototrophs. Purple phototrophic bacteria and G. green sulfur bacteria in the phylum Chlorobi described above phototrophica use the longest region of infrared light for inhabit various environments such as soil, ocean, lakes, and photosynthesis (at 800–1020 nm). Therefore, different types rivers. Some species have even been discovered in hot of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may co-exist in the same springs (7, 25), and a culture-independent survey revealed environment because they share light based on to their own absorption bands. The structural and pigmentary diversities * Senior Editor, Microbes and Environments. found among anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have been E-mail: [email protected] attributed to their long evolutionary history. Anoxygenic 2 HANADA et al. photosynthesis appeared prior to the emergence of oxygenic Bradyrhizobium have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen photosynthesis, and has evolved over an extremely long and supply plants with ammonium for their synthesis of amino period of time. acids. Furthermore, species in the genus Methylobacterium Some phototrophic organisms are considered to be more also make organic matter from simple compounds, e.g., useless than anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, and have methanol, by means of unique methylotrophic metabolic been designated as aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria pathways, and promote plant growth (9). (AAnP bacteria). AAnP bacteria possess a photosynthetic The fixation of nitrogen by anoxygenic phototrophic bacte- apparatus, but are unable to support their growth by photo- ria has been reported, and some species living in the soil have synthesis only. They are strictly aerobic heterotrophs that been shown to contribute to the growth of plants under low grow via respiration, notwithstanding their ability to photo- fertile conditions (26). In addition, a large number of anoxy- synthesize. The first AAnP bacterium, Erythrobacter longus, genic phototrophic bacteria have the ability to fix carbon was discovered by Shiba and Shimidu in 1982 (20). This dioxide and produce organic substrates. Anoxygenic photo- discovery was followed by the proposal of two species synthesis is an essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem and belonging to the same genus, i.e., Roseobacter litoralis and R. plays an important role in the global flux of carbon, nitrogen, denitrificans in 1991 (21). Although these three species were and possibly sulfur, but never produces oxygen. These bacte- detected in marine environments, related AAnP bacteria have ria absorb extraterrestrial light energy from the sun, convert it also been isolated from freshwater environments such as into biochemical energy, and adapt to the terrestrial ecosys- Porphyrobacter neustonensis (2) and Erythromicrobium tem. A large number of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria ramosum (27). (including AAnP bacteria) thrive in all environments world- These AAnP bacteria cannot produce oxygen, and are also wide; however, the reason why they are dominant in some unable to fix carbon dioxide. They make no contribution to oligotrophic environments remains unclear and their ecologi- oxygen recycling or carbon dioxide reduction, and appear to cal roles have not yet been determined. Moreover, the huge be negligible phototrophs in the global material and energy diversity that exists in the function and pigment of anoxy- flux. However, these phototrophs vigorously thrive in aquatic genic phototrophic bacteria represents an interesting research environments. Several reports based on culture-dependent target to provide an insight into the early evolution of photo- and -independent studies have suggested that a large number synthesis. Anoxygenic photosynthesis does not contribute to of AAnP bacteria inhabit oligotrophic marine (19) and fresh- global oxygen reproduction, but is still a biological compo- water (6) environments. Although the reasons why AAnP nent that is indispensable for the terrestrial ecosystem as well bacteria significantly dominate in these environments cur- as the recycling of essential substrates other than oxygen. rently remain unclear, a proteomic analysis of R. litralis sug- gested that it possesses the capacity to regulate its metabolism References in accordance with illumination (29), and the viability of an 1. Eaglesham, A., and A. Szalay. 1983. Aerial stem nodules on Aeschynomene AAnP bacterium in the light was reportedly higher than that spp. Plant Sci Lett.
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