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History of the Philadelphia Zoo: Part I Events, Programs, Collections and Awards

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History of the Philadelphia Zoo: Part I Events, Programs, Collections and Awards 1/38 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA ZOO: PART I EVENTS, PROGRAMS, COLLECTIONS AND AWARDS While a current visitor is entertained by the Zoo’s activities, what had once been an amazed and curious early Zoo visitor has evolved today into one who inhabits a more enlightened world. Today’s visitors embrace the educational and scientific objectives of the Zoo’s charter: education, conservation, recreation and research. IN THE BEGINNING Origin. In 1859, Pennsylvanian James Buchanan was President of the United States, Charles Darwin published The Origin of the Species, Charles Dickens released A Tale of Two Cities and the Zoological Society of Philadelphia was chartered as America’s first Zoo on March 21 when its non-profit incorporation charter was approved by the Pennsylvania Commonwealth for the “purchase and collection of living wild and other animals, for the purpose of public exhibition”... and “for the instruction and recreation of the people.” This was the first society of its kind in the country and was initiated by William Camac, M.D. who became its first President. Dr. Camac had been involved in the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Franklin Institute and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, all of which reflected his varied scientific interests. Interim. The Society then “languished and lay dormant” until after the Civil War. Camac and the 27 remaining founders reconvened in 1872 and provided the initial money. In 1873, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park granted the Society a perpetual lease to a plot at the “southern end of the West Park,” which is where the Zoo stands today. The original Zoo was designed by Herman J. Schwarzmann, a German-born engineer employed by the Fairmount Park Commission, who was also the designer and builder of the nation’s Centennial Exposition in Fairmount Park. Schwarzmann, in turn, hired architects to design Zoo buildings: Frank Furness (Gate Houses), George Hewitt (Deer Winter House), Theophilus Chandler (Monkey House, Reptile House), Edward Collins and Charles M. Autenreith (Lion and Tiger House) and John Crump (Horse Sheds). In July 1873, while collecting animals in Australia, Mr. Frank J. Thompson received a letter from Dr. William Camac in which Dr. Camac offered Mr. Thompson a house to live in and a salary of $2,000 a year for the job of Zoo Superintendent. In that same letter Dr. Camac wrote that "a collection of Australian birds would be very desirable, and, of course some kangaroos." Mr. Thompson returned from Australia with swans, geese, cockatoos, History of the Philadelphia Zoo – Part 1 2/38 parakeets, wombats, dingoes, a Tasmanian devil, wallabies, and, of course, kangaroos. Thanks to Mr. Thompson, who became the first Director of the Zoo in 1874, opening day at the Zoo offered an extensive collection of Australian animals: 10 species of marsupials, numerous colorful and exotic birds and other Australian animals that he had collected. See Appendix A for PZ animal collection on opening day. Opening. When the Philadelphia Zoological Garden first opened its Victorian gates on July 1, 1874 to over 3,000 visitors, it was the only institution of its kind in the New World. It began as a full-fledged 10-acre to 11-acre zoo with fine and varied exhibits for marsupials, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. (See Appendix A). There were goat-cart rides. Reptiles and small mammals were housed in The Solitude. A Carriage House at the entrance was for the horses that had transported visitors to the Zoo. Landscaping and architecture created a Victorian garden atmosphere that still characterizes the grounds. The managers stressed the need for the very best facilities, affording optimum husbandry and in-depth scientific observations, including necropsies. By the time of its first birthday, the Zoo’s animal inventory was so large it would have rivaled even some of modern day best collections. Admission. When the Zoo opened in 1874, Society members were admitted free. Others paid $0.25 for adults and $0.10 for children, an admissions policy that remained in place for 50 years! In the first eight months, 227,557 visitors arrived by foot, horse carriage, passenger train and steamboat on the Schuylkill River. The Philadelphia Zoo’s admissions during its first eight months even exceeded the London Zoo's annual admissions, at that time the most successful foreign Garden, which proved just how great a public desire the Society had satisfied. GENERAL OVERVIEW The Zoo's longest reigning director. Arthur Edwin Brown, the Zoo's second and longest reigning director, served for 34 years, from April 1876 until his death on October 29, 1910. Prior to the Zoo, Mr. Brown served as the deputy superintendent of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. He became director of the Zoo during its second year and just before the nearby Fairmount Park Centennial Exposition opening ceremony which attracted huge crowds and record attendance at the Zoo. During the early portion of his management of the Zoo, Mr. Brown lived on Zoo grounds in The Solitude, John Penn's mansion built in 1784. Described as an astute naturalist who achieved considerable renown as a herpetologist, he wrote over 20 articles chiefly in herpetology, but also on bears and primates, and discovered 4 types of North American snakes that previously had been unknown to science. Attendance. The 1876 Centennial Exhibition was held in Fairmount Park from May 10- November 10, a few blocks from the, by then, 33-acre Zoo. The U. S. President, Ulysses S. Grant, officiated at the Exhibition and visited the Zoo on April 23. Zoo attendance that year increased as a result of the Centennial Exhibition: the nearly 680,000 attendance, a 36% increase over the preceding year, set a record that would remain unmatched until 75 years later, when the 1951 attendance attracted 857,901 visitors for the opening of the new Carnivora House. The 1951 record fell in 1957 when attendance reached 874,351 for the opening of the Daniel W. Dietrich Memorial Children’s Zoo. At the Zoo’s charter Centennial in 1959, 29 million visitors had visited the Zoo since its opening in 1874. By 1959, the Zoo was attracting more visitors than any other cultural institution in Philadelphia; only the Phillies baseball team bettered the Zoo in attendance. On November 1, 1966, the Zoo welcomed its one millionth visitor (11-year old Margaret Serino from Prospect Park, NJ). During 1991, the Zoo’s attendance reached 1.3 million, an attendance surpassed only by the Liberty Bell, which offers free admission. In 2006, the Zoo attendance surpassed the 1.2 million visitor mark for first time since 1996. In 2009, the History of the Philadelphia Zoo – Part 1 3/38 attendance was 1, 265,335. Finances. From the start, America’s first zoo was a private venture, a municipally funded enterprise: the Zoo’s operating budget continues to be funded privately through gate receipts rather than government subsidies. Toward the end of the second decade of the Zoo’s operation, after numerous financial struggles, the City of Philadelphia, through the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, began its annual grant toward maintenance of the Zoological Garden. Beginning in 1891, the City appropriated $2,000 from the Fairmount Park budget to build a series of pheasant enclosures. In appreciation, the Zoo set aside 10,000 free admissions for school students, setting up a close relationship with the City’s Board of Education and school district. Electricity . In 1928, the Zoo marked another milestone with the installation of electricity after functioning “in the dark” for 54 years. On July 27, a switch was thrown “and all buildings were flooded with light for the first time in the history of the garden.” Buildings were lighted by electricity and dim bulbs were installed to aid in checking on the animals at night. The electricity was also put to use for X-rays, refrigeration systems, fans, phonographs and food grinders. Great Depression. During the Great Depression which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 and lasted until the start of World War II, the Zoo passed through its most critical period. Along with fiscal woes, its exhibition buildings, work buildings, pens and paddocks were old and in need of repair or replacement. The Pennsylvania Railroad helped to underwrite the development of the southern end of the PZ property in exchange for a small piece of property, also at the southern end. The Zoo hired 160 unemployed men at city expense for 3 days a week, but only as a stopgap measure. There were thoughts of closing the Garden and selling off the animals. In 1932, the children of Philadelphia responded immediately by emptying their piggy banks and sending money to the Zoo, writing and staging plays, putting on circuses and creating many lemonade and candy stands on Philadelphia streets. All over the city and in the suburbs, children, either individually or in groups, began sending gifts to the Zoo's director. Garden parties were held by children in Germantown and Frankford, a lemonade business was opened for a week in Upper Darby, and, in other areas, entertainment shows and circuses were held to raise funds for feeding the Zoo animals. Contributions then poured in from schools and clubs, and the Junior Cinema Guild pledged the proceeds of its 2nd season’s 1st performance to the Food Fund to save the rare collection of animals from eviction. Support was received from many others including the Bryn Mawr Kennel Club which turned over the proceeds from its Dog Show and from the Board of Education since the Zoo is "maintained as an educational feature of our city and is primarily devoted to the interest of the school children." Also, under the New Deal, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA) and other organizations contributed more than $250,000 worth of labor to repair facilities and construct new walks.
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