En Forensic Architecture, Hacia Una Estética Investigativa

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En Forensic Architecture, Hacia Una Estética Investigativa cuando los -Araqib, 2016. FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE — FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE HACIA UNA ESTÉTICA INVESTIGATIVA El poblado y el cementerio de los al-Turi en al-Araqib: imagen captada con cometa sobreimpresa sobre una fotografía de la RAF (imágenes 5033 El poblado y el cementerio de los al-Turi y 5034) fechada en 1945. La imagen captada por la cometa consta de dos fotografías tomadas estaciones del año distintas, límites del desierto son o áridos verdes. Hagit Keysar/Public Lab, Ariel Caine, Zochrot, Forensic Architecture, poblado de al En muchos aspectos, Forensic Architecture es la reencarnación 055 actual de la factografía soviética, una iniciativa colectiva que, en los años veinte y treinta del siglo XX, fue concebida con el propósito de construir hechos, en lugar de limitarse a documentarlos. La diferencia entre ambos empeños —los dos de un atrevimiento similar a la hora de servirse de los últimos progresos tecnológicos y de los medios— es que los hechos que Forensic Architecture pretende (re)construir son, en su mayor parte, actos de violencia que el propio Estado que los ha cometido oculta de forma deliberada. Estos hechos se registran en edificios (o en lo que queda de ellos) que Weizman y su equipo identifican tanto con fotografías (sensores) como con herramientas para decodificar otros sensores (como las nubes que se ciernen sobre una ciudad bombardeada). Al analizar el enorme banco de imágenes que proporcionan las redes sociales en las zonas en conflicto mediante un cálculo de paralajes diferenciales, Forensic Architecture se está convirtiendo rápidamente en la máquina visual más efectiva contra la ocultación de pruebas que persiguen los autores de crímenes de lesa humanidad. La historia más reciente nos enseña que la práctica de la arquitectura forense será cada vez más necesaria. Yve-Alain Bois FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE — MACBA 27.04.2017–15.10.2017 www.macba.cat MUAC 09.09.2017–07.01.2018 Sala 9 muac.unam.mx FORENSIC MUAC ARCHITECTURE · — — MACBA HACIA UNA ESTÉTICA INVESTIGATIVA MACBA · MUAC 055 En muchos aspectos, Forensic Architecture es la reencarnación 055 actual de la factografía soviética, una iniciativa colectiva que, en los años veinte y treinta del siglo XX, fue concebida con el propósito de construir hechos, en lugar de limitarse a documentarlos. La diferencia entre ambos empeños —los dos de un atrevimiento similar a la hora de servirse de los últimos progresos tecnológicos y de los medios— es que los hechos que Forensic Architecture pretende (re)construir son, en su mayor parte, actos de violencia que el propio Estado que los ha cometido oculta de forma deliberada. Estos hechos se registran en edificios (o en lo que queda de ellos) que Weizman y su equipo identifican tanto con fotografías (sensores) como con herramientas para decodificar otros sensores (como las nubes que se ciernen sobre una ciudad bombardeada). Al analizar el enorme banco de imágenes que proporcionan las redes sociales en las zonas en conflicto mediante un cálculo de paralajes diferenciales, Forensic Architecture se está convirtiendo rápidamente en la máquina visual más efectiva contra la ocultación de pruebas que persiguen los autores de crímenes de lesa humanidad. La historia más reciente nos enseña que la práctica de la arquitectura forense será cada vez más necesaria. Yve-Alain Bois FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE — MACBA 27.04.2017–15.10.2017 www.macba.cat MUAC 09.09.2017–07.01.2018 Sala 9 muac.unam.mx FORENSIC MUAC ARCHITECTURE · — — MACBA HACIA UNA ESTÉTICA INVESTIGATIVA MACBA · MUAC 055 Publicado con motivo de la exposición Forensic Architecture: hacia una estética investigativa presentada en el MACBA Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona (27 de abril al 15 de octubre de 2017) y en el MUAC Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo. UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (9 de septiembre de 2017 al 7 de enero de 2018). Textos Ferran Barenblit, Yve-Alan Bois, Michel Feher, Hal Foster, Rosario Güiraldes, Adam Lehner, Cuauhtémoc Medina, Eyal Weizman Coordinación editorial Ekaterina Álvarez Romero ∙ MUAC Clara Plasencia ∙ MACBA Asistencia editorial Elena Coll Guzmán, Ana Xanic López ∙ MUAC Gemma Planell ∙ MACBA Traducción Juan de Sola Corrección Ana Jiménez Jorquera Diseño editorial Cristina Paoli ∙ Periferia Asistente de diseño editorial Krystal Mejía Primera edición 2017 D.R. © MUAC Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo, UNAM, Insurgentes Sur 3000, Centro Cultural Universitario, 04510, Ciudad de México, México D.R. © MACBA Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Plaça dels Àngels 1, 08001, Barcelona, España D.R. © de los textos, sus autores; del texto original “On Forensic Architecture: A Conversation with Eyal Weizman”, October, núm. 156 © MIT 2016, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, pp. 116-140. D.R. © de la traducción, sus autores D.R. © de las imágenes, sus autores © 2017, Editorial RM, S.A. de C.V. Río Pánuco 141, colonia Cuauhtémoc, 06500, Ciudad de México © RM Verlag S.L.C/Loreto 13-15 Local B, 08029, Barcelona, España www.editorialrm.com # 318 ISBN RM Verlag 978-84-17047-15-3 ISBN MACBA 978-84-92505-87-6 ISBN UNAM 978-607-02-9154-8 Depósito legal: B 9499-2017 Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser fotocopiada ni reproducida total o parcialmente por ningún medio o método sin la autorización por escrito de los editores. Impreso en España FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE — HACIA UNA ESTÉTICA INVESTIGATIVA MACBA · Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona MUAC · Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo, UNAM Prólogo 6 — EYAL WEIZMAN Una estética libre de estética 16 — FERRAN BARENBLIT CUAUHTÉMOC MEDINA Sobre Forensic Architecture. 24 Conversación con Eyal Weizman — YVE-ALAN BOIS MICHEL FEHER HAL FOSTER EYAL WEIZMAN Selección de investigaciones 51 Bajo el velo de la resolución 52 Saydnaya: en el interior de una cárcel de torturas siria 60 Aníbal en Rafah 74 Verdad terreno 98 Guatemala: violencia medioambiental 120 ¿Son humanos? 132 — FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE Arte en la era de la posverdad: 150 Hacia una estética investigativa, de Forensic Architecture — ROSARIO GÜIRALDES Catálogo 155 Créditos 163 Página 1: Mapa que indica la posición de tres de las cuatro embarcaciones de inmigrantes que salieron al mismo tiempo de Garabullo el 8 de febrero de 2015, y los datos AIS (Sistema de Identificación Automática) que muestran la presencia de barcos en la zona. A causa del vacío dejado por el fin de la operación Mare Nostrum en términos de búsqueda y salvamento, se tardó varias horas en desplegar los medios de rescate: se estima que más de 300 personas perdieron la vida en estos sucesos. Forensic Oceanography, informe Muerte por salvamento. Análisis GIS (sistema de información geográfica): Rossana Padeletti. Diseño: Samaneh Moafi. Datos: MarineTraffic. Página 4: Imagen producida a partir de fotografías de Mengele y de imágenes de su cráneo en la prueba de superposición craneofacial realizada por Richard Helmer, Laboratorio del Instituto de Medicina Legal, São Paulo, Brasil, junio de 1985. Foto: cortesía de Maja Helmer. Prólogo — EYAL WEIZMAN Imagen de Rafah tomada por el satélite europeo Pléiades en la que Forensic Architecture ubicó los sucesos, las cámaras y los ángulos de visión. Forensic Architecture, 2015. Forensic Architecture [Arquitectura Forense] es una agencia de investigación fundada en 2010 por un grupo de arquitectos, artistas, cineastas, periodistas de investigación, científicos y abogados. Actuamos de forma independiente o a petición de juristas internacionales y ONG para investigar la violencia estatal y de las grandes empresas, en particular cuando afecta al entorno arquitectónico. Producimos archivos de pruebas que consisten en elaborar peritajes, maquetas, animaciones, análisis de vídeos y cartografías interactivas, y los presentamos en foros que van desde los medios generalistas hasta las cortes internacionales, comisiones de la verdad y tribunales civiles, pasando por informes sobre el medio ambiente y los derechos humanos. Al usar la palabra forense, tratamos de revertir la mirada forense e investigar los mismos organismos estatales —como la policía o el ejército— que suelen monopolizarla. Como tal, nuestra labor investigativa tiende a salirse de los límites y los requisitos de procedimiento de los foros judiciales en los que la presentamos. Nuestro propósito es situar los sucesos en su contexto histórico e ir sacando de los detalles microfísicos los hilos más largos —procesos políticos, acontecimientos y relaciones sociales, conjunciones de actores y de prácticas, estructuras y tecnologías— para conectarlos de nuevo con el mundo que los ha hecho posibles. Si el marco analítico de Forensic Architecture es fundamental es principalmente por dos motivos: porque la guerra ha devenido un fenómeno urbano —la mayor parte de los conflictos contemporáneos tienen lugar en ciudades—, y porque la violencia del Estado no solo apunta a las personas y a las cosas, sino también a las pruebas de que ha habido violación de derechos. En cuanto tienen ocasión, los ejércitos y los grupos armados niegan estas violaciones y siguen perpetrándolas. Cuando se los confronta con los crímenes que han cometido, suelen responder como lo haría un delincuente común: contestan con evasivas, fingen, mienten, niegan, dicen ignorar, usan subterfugios y califican las acusaciones de «propaganda» o «chismes». La negación no es meramente un recurso retórico —la difusión de contradiscursos o de información falsa, sembrar la duda con respecto a la posibilidad misma de los hechos—, sino también físico. Tanto los Estados como los ejércitos impiden de forma
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