Anatomy of Failure
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International Journal of Integrated Engineering: Special Issue 2018: Data Information Engineering, Vol. 10 No. 6 (2018) p. 183-192. © Penerbit UTHM DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.06.026 Analysis of Four Historical Ciphers Against Known Plaintext Frequency Statistical Attack Chuah Chai Wen1*, Vivegan A/L Samylingam2, Irfan Darmawan3, P.Siva Shamala A/P Palaniappan4, Cik Feresa Mohd. Foozy5, Sofia Najwa Ramli6, Janaka Alawatugoda7 1,2,4,5,6Information Security Interest Group (ISIG), Faculty Computer Science and Information Technology University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], {shamala, feresa, sofianajwa}@uthm.edu.my 3School of Industrial Engineering, Telkom University, 40257 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 7Department of Computer Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka E-mail: [email protected] Received 28 June 2018; accepted 5August 2018, available online 24 August 2018 Abstract: The need of keeping information securely began thousands of years. The practice to keep the information securely is by scrambling the message into unreadable form namely ciphertext. This process is called encryption. Decryption is the reverse process of encryption. For the past, historical ciphers are used to perform encryption and decryption process. For example, the common historical ciphers are Hill cipher, Playfair cipher, Random Substitution cipher and Vigenère cipher. This research is carried out to examine and to analyse the security level of these four historical ciphers by using known plaintext frequency statistical attack. The result had shown that Playfair cipher and Hill cipher have better security compare with Vigenère cipher and Random Substitution cipher. -
COS433/Math 473: Cryptography Mark Zhandry Princeton University Spring 2017 Cryptography Is Everywhere a Long & Rich History
COS433/Math 473: Cryptography Mark Zhandry Princeton University Spring 2017 Cryptography Is Everywhere A Long & Rich History Examples: • ~50 B.C. – Caesar Cipher • 1587 – Babington Plot • WWI – Zimmermann Telegram • WWII – Enigma • 1976/77 – Public Key Cryptography • 1990’s – Widespread adoption on the Internet Increasingly Important COS 433 Practice Theory Inherent to the study of crypto • Working knowledge of fundamentals is crucial • Cannot discern security by experimentation • Proofs, reductions, probability are necessary COS 433 What you should expect to learn: • Foundations and principles of modern cryptography • Core building blocks • Applications Bonus: • Debunking some Hollywood crypto • Better understanding of crypto news COS 433 What you will not learn: • Hacking • Crypto implementations • How to design secure systems • Viruses, worms, buffer overflows, etc Administrivia Course Information Instructor: Mark Zhandry (mzhandry@p) TA: Fermi Ma (fermima1@g) Lectures: MW 1:30-2:50pm Webpage: cs.princeton.edu/~mzhandry/2017-Spring-COS433/ Office Hours: please fill out Doodle poll Piazza piaZZa.com/princeton/spring2017/cos433mat473_s2017 Main channel of communication • Course announcements • Discuss homework problems with other students • Find study groups • Ask content questions to instructors, other students Prerequisites • Ability to read and write mathematical proofs • Familiarity with algorithms, analyZing running time, proving correctness, O notation • Basic probability (random variables, expectation) Helpful: • Familiarity with NP-Completeness, reductions • Basic number theory (modular arithmetic, etc) Reading No required text Computer Science/Mathematics Chapman & Hall/CRC If you want a text to follow along with: Second CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY Cryptography is ubiquitous and plays a key role in ensuring data secrecy and Edition integrity as well as in securing computer systems more broadly. -
"Cyber Security" Activity
Cyber Security Keeping your information safe Standards: (Core ideas related to the activity) NGSS: ETS1.B – A solution needs to be tested and them modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it MS-PS4.C – Digitized signals sent as wave pulses are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information CC Math: 5.OA-3 – Analyze patterns and relationships K12CS: 3-5 CS-Devices – Computing devices may be connected to other devices or components to extend their capabilities. Connections can take many forms such as physical or wireless. 3-5 N&I-Cybersecurity – Information can be protected using various security measures. These measures can be physical or digital 3-5 IoC-Culture – The development and modification of computing technology is driven by people’s needs and wants and can affect different groups differently 6-8 CS-Devices – The interaction between humans and computing devices presents advantages, disadvantages, and unintended consequences. The study of human-computer interaction can improve the design of devices and extend the abilities of humans. 6-8 N&I-Cybersecurity – The information sent and received across networks can be protected from unauthorized access and modification in a variety of ways, such as encryption to maintain its confidentiality and restricted access to maintain its integrity. Security measures to safeguard online information proactively address the threat of breaches to personal and private data 6-8 A&P-Algorithms – Algorithms affect how people interact with computers and the way computers respond. People design algorithms that are generalizable to many situations 6-8 IoC-Culture – Advancements in computing technology change people’s everyday activities. -
The Mathemathics of Secrets.Pdf
THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS CRYPTOGRAPHY FROM CAESAR CIPHERS TO DIGITAL ENCRYPTION JOSHUA HOLDEN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright c 2017 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket image courtesy of Shutterstock; design by Lorraine Betz Doneker All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Holden, Joshua, 1970– author. Title: The mathematics of secrets : cryptography from Caesar ciphers to digital encryption / Joshua Holden. Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016014840 | ISBN 9780691141756 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cryptography—Mathematics. | Ciphers. | Computer security. Classification: LCC Z103 .H664 2017 | DDC 005.8/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016014840 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Linux Libertine Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 To Lana and Richard for their love and support CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction to Ciphers and Substitution 1 1.1 Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: Terminology and Caesar Cipher 1 1.2 The Key to the Matter: Generalizing the Caesar Cipher 4 1.3 Multiplicative Ciphers 6 -
The Solving of a Fleissner Grille During an Exercise by the Royal Netherlands Army in 1913
The Solving of a Fleissner Grille during an Exercise by the Royal Netherlands Army in 1913 Karl de Leeuw University of Amsterdam / Informatics Institute Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam [email protected] Abstract Initially the grille was intended for hiding that a secret message was being sent at all, rather than In 1885 the General Staff of the Royal as a means of encryption. This all changed dur- Netherlands Army had adopted a variant ing the course of the 18th century, when the grille of the turning grille devised by Edouard was increasingly used for jumbling the characters Fleissner von Wostrowitz as a means for in a message by rotating them, according to the encrypting messages, exchanged by tele- holes in the mask. The first description of such graph between the General Headquarters use we find by the German mathematician Carl and commanders in the field. Some staff Friedrich von Hindenburg (1796) who was aware members harbored serious doubts about that such use could only be made at the expense the security of this device, however, and of a loss in entropy and, therefore, cryptographic during a military exercise in 1913 it was strength. The perforation pattern in one quadrant solved with surprising ease by an army of the mask would automatically limit the possi- captain. The matter was investigated by bilities for perforation in all others, because two a committee of staff officers, concluding punch holes could not be allowed to cover the that the army lacked the expertise to judge same position after a rotation. -
Proceedings of the 5Th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities, Pages 1–9, Portland, OR, USA, 24 June 2011
ACL HLT 2011 Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities LaTeCH Proceedings of the Workshop 24 June, 2011 Portland, Oregon, USA Production and Manufacturing by Omnipress, Inc. 2600 Anderson Street Madison, WI 53704 USA c 2011 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN-13 9781937284046 ii Preface The LaTeCH (Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities) annual workshop series aims to provide a forum for researchers who are working on aspects of natural language and information technology applications that pertain to data from the humanities, social sciences, and cultural heritage. The LaTeCH workshops were initially motivated by the growing interest in language technology research and applications for the cultural heritage domain. The scope has soon nevertheless broadened to also include the humanities and the social sciences. Current developments in web and information access have triggered a series of digitisation efforts by museums, archives, libraries and other cultural heritage institutions. Similar developments in humanities and social sciences have resulted in large amounts of data becoming available in electronic format, either as digitised, or as born-digital data. The natural next step to digitisation is the intelligent processing of this data. To this end, the humanities, social sciences, and cultural heritage domains draw an increasing interest from researchers in NLP aiming at developing methods for semantic enrichment and information discovery and access. -
Substitution Ciphers
Foundations of Computer Security Lecture 40: Substitution Ciphers Dr. Bill Young Department of Computer Sciences University of Texas at Austin Lecture 40: 1 Substitution Ciphers Substitution Ciphers A substitution cipher is one in which each symbol of the plaintext is exchanged for another symbol. If this is done uniformly this is called a monoalphabetic cipher or simple substitution cipher. If different substitutions are made depending on where in the plaintext the symbol occurs, this is called a polyalphabetic substitution. Lecture 40: 2 Substitution Ciphers Simple Substitution A simple substitution cipher is an injection (1-1 mapping) of the alphabet into itself or another alphabet. What is the key? A simple substitution is breakable; we could try all k! mappings from the plaintext to ciphertext alphabets. That’s usually not necessary. Redundancies in the plaintext (letter frequencies, digrams, etc.) are reflected in the ciphertext. Not all substitution ciphers are simple substitution ciphers. Lecture 40: 3 Substitution Ciphers Caesar Cipher The Caesar Cipher is a monoalphabetic cipher in which each letter is replaced in the encryption by another letter a fixed “distance” away in the alphabet. For example, A is replaced by C, B by D, ..., Y by A, Z by B, etc. What is the key? What is the size of the keyspace? Is the algorithm strong? Lecture 40: 4 Substitution Ciphers Vigen`ere Cipher The Vigen`ere Cipher is an example of a polyalphabetic cipher, sometimes called a running key cipher because the key is another text. Start with a key string: “monitors to go to the bathroom” and a plaintext to encrypt: “four score and seven years ago.” Align the two texts, possibly removing spaces: plaintext: fours corea ndsev enyea rsago key: monit orsto gotot hebat hroom ciphertext: rcizl qfkxo trlso lrzet yjoua Then use the letter pairs to look up an encryption in a table (called a Vigen`ere Tableau or tabula recta). -
What We Know About the Voynich Manuscript
What We Know About The Voynich Manuscript Sravana Reddy∗ Kevin Knight Department of Computer Science Information Sciences Institute The University of Chicago University of Southern California Chicago, IL 60637 Marina del Rey, CA 90292 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract 2 Background The Voynich Manuscript is an undeciphered 2.1 History document from medieval Europe. We present From the illustrations – hairstyles and features of the current knowledge about the manuscript’s text human figures – as well as the shapes of the glyphs, through a series of questions about its linguis- the manuscript is posited to have been created in Eu- tic properties. rope. Carbon-dating at the University of Arizona has found that the vellum was created in the 15th 1 Introduction century, and the McCrone Research Institute has as- serted that the ink was added shortly afterwards1. The Voynich manuscript, also referred to as the The exact history of the VMS is not established. VMS, is an illustrated medieval folio written in an According to Zandbergen (2010), the earliest owner undeciphered script. that it can be traced to is Jacobus de Tepenec in There are several reasons why the study of the Prague in the early 1600s. It is speculated that it was manuscript is of interest to the natural language pro- given to him by Emperor Rudolf II, but it is unclear cessing community, besides its appeal as a long- how and from where the manuscript entered Prague. enduring unsolved mystery. Since even the ba- The VMS appears to have circulated in Prague for sic structure of the text is unknown, it provides a some time, before being sent to Athanasius Kircher perfect opportunity for the application of unsuper- in Italy in 1665. -
The Reincarnation of Grille Cipher
The Reincarnation of Grille Cipher Jia Liu, Yan Ke, Yu Lei, Yaojie Wang, Yiliang Han Minqing Zhang, Xiaoyuan Yang Key Laboratory of Network and Information Security of PAP, Engineering University of PAP, Xi’an, 710086, China [email protected] Abstract: In order to keep the data secret, various techniques have been implemented to encrypt and decrypt the secret data. Cryptography is committed to the security of content, i.e. it cannot be restored with a given ciphertext. Steganography is to hide the existence of a communication channel in a stego. However, it has been difficult to construct a cipher (cypher) that simultaneously satisfy both channel and content security for secure communication. Inspired by the Cardan grille, this paper presents a new automated framework of grille cipher, this scheme can satisfy both content and channel security simultaneously. A simple practical cipher method called Digital Cardan Grille is proposed using semantic image inpainting. We also give the difference and connection between cryptography and steganography under this new grille cipher framework. Experimental results demonstrate the promising of the proposed method. 1 Introduction In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper or cardboard or similar) [1]. The earliest known description is due to the polymath Girolamo Cardano in 1550. His proposal was for a rectangular stencil allowing single letters, or words to be written, then later read, through its various apertures. The written fragments of the plaintext could be further disguised by filling the gaps between the fragments with anodyne words or letters, as shown in Fig.1 [2]. -
Unconventional Methods in Voynich Manuscript Analysis
ISSN: 1803-3814 (Printed), 2571-3701 (Online) https://doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2019.1.001 UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS IN VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT ANALYSIS Ivan Zelinka1, , Oldrich Zmeskal2, Leah Windsor3, Zhiqiang Cai3 1Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB-TU,ˇ Czech Republic 2Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic 3Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis, USA [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper discusses the possible use of unconventional algorithms on analysis and categorization of the unknown text, including documents written in unknown lan- guages. Scholars have identified about ten famous manuscripts, mostly encrypted or written in the unknown language. The most famous is the Voynich manuscript, an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown language or writing system. Using carbon-dating methods, the researchers determined its age as the early 15th cen- tury (between 1404-1438). Many professional and amateur cryptographers have studied the Voynich manuscript, and none has deciphered its meaning as yet, in- cluding American and British code-breakers and cryptologists. While there exist many hypotheses about the meaning and structure of the document, they have yet to be confirmed empirically. In this paper, we discuss two different kinds of unconventional approaches for how to handle manuscripts with unidentified writ- ing systems and determine whether its properties are characterized by a natural language, or is only historical fake text. Received: 10 May 2019 Keywords: analysis, complex network, fractal geometry, text, Voynich Accepted: 1 June 2019 manuscript. -
Transposition Cipher in Cryptography, a Transposition Cipher Is a Method of Encryption by Which the Positions Held by Units of P
Transposition cipher In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext (which are commonly characters or groups of characters) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext. That is, the order of the units is changed. Mathematically a bijective function is used on the characters' positions to encrypt and an inverse function to decrypt. Following are some implementations. Contents • 1 Rail Fence cipher • 2 Route cipher • 3 Columnar transposition • 4 Double transposition • 5 Myszkowski transposition • 6 Disrupted transposition • 7 Grilles • 8 Detection and cryptanalysis • 9 Combinations • 10 Fractionation Rail Fence cipher The Rail Fence cipher is a form of transposition cipher that gets its name from the way in which it is encoded. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards on successive "rails" of an imaginary fence, then moving up when we get to the bottom. The message is then read off in rows. For example, using three "rails" and a message of 'WE ARE DISCOVERED. FLEE AT ONCE', the cipherer writes out: W . E . C . R . L . T . E . E . R . D . S . O . E . E . F . E . A . O . C . A . I . V . D . E . N . Then reads off: WECRL TEERD SOEEF EAOCA IVDEN (The cipherer has broken this ciphertext up into blocks of five to help avoid errors.) Route cipher In a route cipher, the plaintext is first written out in a grid of given dimensions, then read off in a pattern given in the key. -
Cryptography Lecture 1 Principles and History Course Book, Examination
Cryptography Lecture 1 Principles and history Course book, examination • 12 lectures • 4 lab sessions • Written exam • The first and third labs are online, supervision will be over Zoom • The second and fourth are on campus • Keep an eye out for instructions in lisam “Cryptography” is a Greek word that means “hidden writing” Used to hide message from someone, and sometimes prevent them from creating a new message Key Key Alice Encrypt Decrypt Bob Eve “Cryptography” is a Greek word that means “hidden writing” Used to hide message from someone, and sometimes prevent them from creating a new message Key Key Alice Encrypt Decrypt Bob Eve “Cryptography” is a Greek word that means “hidden writing” Used to hide message from someone, and sometimes prevent them from creating a new message Key Key Alice Sign Verify Bob Eve The message is written using an alphabet in some language • Egyptian hieroglyphs were unreadable until the Rosetta stone was found. This contained the same text in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, in Demotic script, and in ancient Greek. • For example, “Nefer” meaning “good”, “beautiful” could be written or or or in a lot of other ways, like a picture of a horse • Non-standard = Encrypted? Not really. Terminology • The plaintext is the information in its normal form • The ciphertext or cryptogram is the transformed plaintext • The secret parameter for the encryption (known only to the sender and intended recipients) is called the key • The key decides how the transformation is done Kerckhoff’s principle • A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.