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Toward Traditional Knowledge Transfer for Resilient Small Farming Systems in the Caribbean

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Toward Traditional Knowledge Transfer for Resilient Small Farming Systems in the Caribbean Toward Traditional Knowledge Transfer for Resilient Small Farming Systems in the Caribbean Toward Traditional Knowledge Transfer for Resilient Small Farming Systems in the Caribbean The presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute concerning the legal or development status of any country. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by CARDI. The views expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CARDI and IICA. E-ISBN (PDF) CARDI 2016 CARDI supports and encourages the use and dissemination of the information in this document. This information may be downloaded and printed for private use, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of CARDI as the source and copyright holder is given and that CARDI’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. Cover and book design by Kathryn Duncan This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Preface The purpose of the Publication is to contribute to an understanding of the determinants of good practices for resilience in small farming systems in the Caribbean. Climate change and the predictions on the impacts on the natural resources in agro-ecological systems have added another dimension to vulnerabilities and resilience in farming systems. Warming of temperatures and rainfall variability with predictions of longer droughts with drier months reported by Caribbean climate change scientists and described by small farmers as blurred rainfall have resulted in varied responses in traditional practices, including innovations. Even so for many farmers, farm data is showing lower yields in some crops, higher costs of production in small livestock systems and loss of profitability in small farm investments. Farmers are also reducing on the area under production in order to contain rising costs for agri-inputs to control pests and to stabilize soil functions. Failure to act in a time sensitive manner that ensures climate change adaptive capacities for resilience, through good practices in traditional farming systems could pose a threat to food security and sustainable livelihoods in farming communities with undesirable social consequences at the national level. The document captures and shares the experiences of small farmers in the diversity of farming systems across the sub- region. It also provides an understanding of why traditional knowledge application in farming practices is the most suited to building resilience with climate change. Furthermore it identifies broad thematic areas for consolidating adaptive capacities to reduce vulnerabilities linked to geography, topography and climate at the farm level. The document is targeted to small farmers and their production practices on the farm. However development partners, research and extension personnel and students with an interest in aspects of sustainable development will find the material useful or engaging. In this manner persons with an interest in sustainable food security and sustainable livelihoods based on traditional practices as defined in the SDGs (2015) will find food for thought in terms of setting priorities for good practices toward resilient small farming systems. Sensitivity to time is emphasized as an important parameter in building adaptive capacities for resilience in farming systems with vulnerabilities to climate shocks. Small farmers in the sub-region are vulnerable to economic shocks including the unpredictability in domestic agriculture markets with high levels of imports such as the Caribbean sub-region. Proof of compatibility of traditional farming productivity versus conventional farming, with agri-business investments including farm credit and agro-food markets could be an issue. Hence among the proposals for diffusion and integration of traditional knowledge in farming practices to the wider farming population is the design and undertaking of a study on the economics of traditional farming systems. Other proposals for a regional approach will also need to be discussed and prioritized. Acknowledgement of support and guidance in the undertaking of this work is due to Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI) and Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Headquarters in the Caribbean; CARDI Country Officers for providing clarification and additional information on practices in the respective countries, the Rural Agriculture Development Authority (RADA) in Jamaica for photographs and illustrations based on its rich history on traditional farming practices; the National Meteorological Offices in Jamaica and in Saint Lucia and the Water Resources Management Agency in Saint Lucia for downscaled series rainfall data. TOWARD TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER FOR RESILIENT SMALL FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE CARIBBEAN i Contents Figures iv Tables viii Boxes ix Acronyms x Executive Summary xii Chapter 1 Overview of the Policy and Strategic Framework for Caribbean Action 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Current situation 2 1.3 Justification 2 1.4 Methodology 2 1.5 Limitations 3 Chapter 2. Perspectives on resilient farming systems 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Adaptive capacity of traditional farming systems 5 2.3 Climate change and resilience and traditional farming 5 2.4 Sustaining the biological components of the farming systems for resilience 6 2.5 Conclusions 6 Chapter 3. Traditional knowledge and sustainable farming 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Traditional knowledge transfer and systems approach 8 3.3 An approach to traditional knowledge transfer 10 3.4 Conclusions 11 Chapter 4 Farming systems in the Caribbean 12 4.1 Introduction 12 4.1.1 Types of farming systems 12 4.2 Classification used in farming systems in the Caribbean 13 4.3 Socio-economic characteristics 14 4.4 Youth in Caribbean small farming 17 4.5 Conclusions 19 Chapter 5 Climate Change and Farming Systems 20 5.1 Introduction 20 5.2 Global trends in climate change 20 5.3 Caribbean trends 21 5.4 Priorities to build adaptive capacities in farming systems 23 5.4.1 Selected specific country indicators of changes 23 5.4.2 Strategies for adaptation to climate 26 5.5 Rainfall unpredictability and variability in small farming 27 5.6 Conclusions 30 Chapter 6 Institutional framework for traditional knowledge transfer 31 6.1 Introduction 31 6.2 CARDI Research and Development on APP commodities 31 6.3 Conclusions 32 ii Chapter 7 Summary of findings on traditional farming 33 7.1 Introduction 33 7.2 Characteristics of APP farmers 33 7.3 State of traditional farming 36 7.3.1 Trinidad and Tobago 36 7.3.2 Antigua and Barbuda 41 7.3.3 Barbados 45 7.3.4 Belize 49 7.3.5 Dominica 51 7.3.6 Grenada 59 7.3.7 Guyana 62 7.3.8 Haiti 65 7.3.9 Jamaica 66 7.3.10 Saint Lucia 74 7.3.11 St. Kitts and Nevis 78 7.3.12 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 80 7.3.13 Suriname 82 7.3.14 The Bahamas 84 7.4 Main conclusions 85 7.4.1 Introduction 85 7.4.2 Farmers perceptions and actions 85 7.4.3 Institutional network for climate adaptation in farming systems 86 Chapter 8 Options for improvements in good practices 90 8.1 Introduction 90 8.2 Water management 90 8.2.1 Determinants of harvested water 91 8.2.2 Improving rainwater harvesting experiences in traditional farming 95 8.2.3 Storage in soil forintermittent dry days 104 8.2.4 Public infrastructure for rainwater harvesting for farming 105 8.2.5 Managing water use for efficiency 106 8.3 Soil Management 108 8.3.1 Mulch and compost 109 8.3.2 Compost 112 8.3.3 Vermicomposting 115 8.4 Pest Management 115 8.4.1 Cultural practices 115 8.4.2 Biological control measures 118 8.4.3 Physical measures of control 121 8.5 Managing plant varieties with resistance 122 8.5.1 Introduction 122 8.5.2 Parameter for resistance to drought 122 8.5.3 Regional approach and governance system for food and forage genetic material 123 with drought resistance Chapter 9 Systems approach for sustainable resilient farming 126 9.1 Introduction 126 9.2 Program approach for diffusion and integration 127 TOWARD TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER FOR RESILIENT SMALL FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE CARIBBEAN iii Figures Figure 1. Resilience and adaptive capacity 4 Figure 2. Schematic of farming systems 9 Figure 3. Dominance of small farming in the Caribbean 15 Figure 4. Typical hillside farmer terrain 15 Figure 5. Traditional knowledge in DRR on hillside farm 16 Figure 6. Hillside farmer planting on contours 16 Figure 7. Hillside farmer watering from stored water 17 Figure 8. Youth participation in farming (2007) 18 Figure 9. Youth participation in farming (2010) 18 Figure 10. Youth participation in APP population (2014) 19 Figure 11. Trends in global warming 20 Figure 12. Predictions on global warming and insect pests in agro-ecosystem 21 Figure 13. Rainfall trends in the Caribbean 23 Figure 14. Rainfall distribution map- Jamaica (1970-2000) 24 Figure 15. Rainfall variability in wet areas – drying in Jamaica (1992-2010) 24 Figure 16. Warming temperature with climate- Jamaica (1992-2008) 25 Figure 17. Rising temperature in Guyana (1961-2009) 25 Figure 18. Mean monthly rainfall for Saint Lucia (1970-2000) 27 Figure 19. Annual monthly rainfall variability in Saint Lucia (2000-2009) 27 Figure 20. Annual monthly rainfall variability in St Vincent and the Grenadines 28 (2000-2009) Figure 21. Annual monthly rainfall in Guyana (2000-2009) 29 Figure 22.
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