The Right Honourable Justin Trudeau, P.C., M.P. Prime Minister Office of the Prime Minister 80 Wellington Street Ottawa, ON K1A 0A2
Dear Prime Minister Trudeau,
Re: Canada’s Emissions Reduction Targets
The planet we call home is rapidly warming. Over the last 250 years, global temperatures rose to 1.0°C above pre-industrial levels. Today, the world warms at the alarming rate of 0.1-0.3°C per decade.i Disturbed by this acceleration, the international community came together in 2015 to form the Paris Agreement, pledging to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and pursue “efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.”ii We write to you today regarding this global goal.
Limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C will not fully prevent the negative impacts of climate change,iii but it will reduce the scope and severity of devastation worldwide. As the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”) warns, even a total warming of 2°C will expose hundreds of millions of additional people to water scarcity, heat waves, and lower crop yields, imposing additional burdens on governments to respond to these challenges and protect vulnerable populations.iv
As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Canada is obliged to prepare a Nationally Determined Contribution (“NDC”) declaring its emissions reduction target, and “pursue domestic mitigation measures” to work to achieve its NDC.v The Paris Agreement also calls for each state’s NDC to “reflect its highest possible ambition... [as well as] its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”.vi
This agreement is a noble appeal, but it lacks the authority to enforce its directions. States’ targets are not required to align with global pathways to limit warming to 1.5°C. Further, national targets do not need to represent a proportionate or fair share of the global reductions required under such pathways. In short, a country can set its target as it wishes, and there is no international legal obligation to achieve it.
Canada’s 2030 emissions reduction target, created by former Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s administration in 2015, calls for Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced to 30% below 2005 levels.vii As this target is not enshrined into any domestic legislation, it remains a non- binding commitment. Although Canada does not have a 2050 emissions reduction target, we applaud the federal party’s recent election promise to introduce a net-zero 2050 emissions reduction target and legally-binding five-year interim targets to work towards this goal.viii
We also appreciate the federal efforts taken to reduce emissions over the last four years, including the adoption of the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change and dedicated work to enact a price on carbon pollution across Canada,ix the commitment to phase-out coal-fired electricity,x and new regulations to reduce methane emissions.xi
1 Despite these undertakings, however, Canada is not on track to meet its 2030 target. Projecting two possible policy trajectories, Environment and Climate Change Canada predicts that Canada’s emissions in 2030 will exceed our emissions target by approximately 93 or 178 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.xii An additional 93 megatonnes, however, is more than all of Quebec’s emissions in 2017.xiii Canada, alongside South Korea and Australia, are the G20 members furthest from meeting their 2030 targets.xiv
As Canadians who study or teach law, we understand the role of legislation to inform and justify government action. For this reason, we call on Canada to legislate its emissions reduction targets and create binding domestic obligations to meet these targets. Further, we call for Canada to adopt 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets that comply with limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
Specifically, we urge the Canadian government to:
1) Strengthen Canada’s 2030 Target to Reduce Emissions By 55% Below 2005 levels
To limit warming to 1.5°C, the IPCC calls for global emissions to be reduced by 2030 to 45% below 2010 levels, and reach global net-zero emissions by mid-century.xv The IPCC foretells that merely seeking to increase the scale and ambition of global efforts after 2030, and carrying out existing national policies in the meantime, will ensure global warming of more than 1.5°C.xvi
Each state could simply call for a 45% reduction of emissions below 2010 levels. (In Canada, such a target would be equivalent to calling for a 48% reduction below 2005 levels—a marked increase from Canada’s present target.xvii) However, this approach would unduly burden many states, and ignore the fact that a handful of countries, including Canada, are both disproportionately responsible for the emissions in our atmosphere and more financially capable to undertake the efforts needed to reduce emissions.
Canada is responsible for 1.7-1.8% of the cumulative emissions in our atmosphere,xviii and is the 10th highest-emitting state today.xix Its per capita emissions are more than 2.5 times the G20 average, and its GDP per capita is more than double the G20 average.xx Whether fairness is defined by assessing states’ historical responsibility, present emissions, or capability, Canada’s “fair share” of emissions reduction is certainly more than an equal state or per-capita allocation. Climate Action Tracker, who considers states’ fair emissions reduction targets using several equity lenses (including responsibility and capability), suggests that Canada’s fair emissions reduction target is 55% below 2005 levels by 2030.xxi
2) Introduce and Legislate a Net-Zero 2050 Emissions Reduction Target
A net-zero 2050 target would align Canada with the 65+ other countries who have already committed to net-zero emissions by the year 2050 (at the latest).xxii Several of these states have passed legislation to bind these targets, including the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, Sweden, Scotland, and most recently, New Zealand.xxiii
2 3) Put forward legally-binding five-year reduction targets to marshal a path towards a 2050 target
Short and medium-term milestone targets help guide mitigation efforts towards a long-term reduction target. While some countries have legislated interim emissions reduction targets, other jurisdictions have, alternatively or additionally, legislated carbon budgets.
For instance, the UK’s Climate Change Act requires mandatory economy-wide five-year carbon budgets.xxiv Denmark’s newly-elected Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen has also pledged to introduce legislation with binding sub-targets and long-term targets.xxv Scotland’s Climate Change Act sets annual carbon budgets and contains interim targets for the years 2020, 2030, and 2040,xxvi and Sweden has also adopted interim targets for the years 2020, 2030, and 2040.xxvii
We encourage Canada to learn from these efforts and develop and legislate interim reduction targets and/or carbon budgets.
Climate Emergency Warrants Heightened Climate Action
In June 2019 the federal government declared a climate emergency, and today more than 400 Canadian municipalities have similarly declared such emergencies.xxviii We also call attention to the federal government’s recent usage of the “national emergency” branch of the Peace, Order and Good Government (“POGG”) power to establish a federal carbon pricing system, which the David Suzuki Foundation considers to be a response to the “risk that Canada will miss the tight deadline to fulfill” its Paris Agreement commitments.xxix
Given that the G20 members are together responsible for 80 percent of global annual GHG emissions,xxx these states’ actions will dictate the success of the Paris Agreement. Yet the Climate Change Performance Index, which ranks the climate action of high-emitting countries, placed Canada 54th out of 60 in 2019.xxxi We know that Canada can and must do better.
In 2018, Canada noted its commitment to exploring “the possibilities for stepping up our ambition.”xxxii We urge Canada to step up its ambition and set out a more stringent 2030 emissions reduction target, establish a net-zero 2050 emissions target, and commit to legislating these targets in the upcoming Speech from the Throne.
As states are presently invited to update their NDCs prior to 2020,xxxiii we also suggest that Canada formalize its commitment to establish these targets by updating its NDC accordingly. This would demonstrate to the world that Canada understands both the urgency and scale of effort required to address this climate emergency, and is willing to do its part to limit further global warming.
Sincerely,
456 Law Student & Faculty Member Signatories from 18 Canadian law schools (Table 1)
3 Cc. The Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Minister of Environment & Climate Change Canada
Table 1- List of Law Student & Faculty Member Signatories
Year of Law School or Name Faculty Position Institution Christie McLeod 4L (joint degree) Osgoode Hall Law School Paul Guglielmo 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Annalise Beube 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Edith Barabash 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Hasan Mehedi LLM Osgoode Hall Law School Luther Kadima 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Nora Parker 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Lauren McClanaghan 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Samara Friszman 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Emma Hobbs 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Rebecca Gill 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Grace Hermansen 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Patrick McCaugherty 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Matthew Wray 3L of Law Jenny YC Lee 2L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Alexandra Chapman LLM Peter A. Allard School of Law Isabel Davila Pereira 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Abiramy Uthirakumaran 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Adam Lee 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Sally Hart 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Urooj Zaman 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Corey LeBlanc 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Emma Douglas 1L Schulich School of Law Cydney Kane 3L Schulich School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Cohen Hocking 3L of Law Clare Robinson 3L Schulich School of Law
4 Thompson Rivers University Faculty Sierra Hardy 3L of Law Maeve McCabe 1L Schulich School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Emma Bott 2L of Law Audrey Axten 1L Schulich School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Calen Janzen 3L of Law Michelle Berube 1L Schulich School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Alexandra Comber 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Aaron Walchuk 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Andrew Hefford 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Kyle Wallis 1L of Law Aaron Koch 1L Schulich School of Law Peter Hillson 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Jillana Schmidt 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Tiana Reid 3L of Law Jason Fitzpatrick 3L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Dan Lintaman 3L of Law Joey Levesque 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Derek Odgers 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Krystal-Anne Barber 3L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Logan Rogers 3L of Law Jina Jeong 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Genevieve Giesbrecht 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Samara Muise 2L Schulich School of Law Julia Roe 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Lucas Johnson 1L of Law Erika Hertz 1L Schulich School of Law
5 Taylor Stone 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Barry Tanner 1L Schulich School of Law Kareem Ibrahim 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jacob Harrigan 2L of Law Professor; Canada Research Chair in Law, Society and Stepan Wood Sustainability Peter A. Allard School of Law Gus Van Harten Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Junhyung Lee 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Tegan Heywood 1L Schulich School of Law Helena Friesen 1L Schulich School of Law Meghan Hand 1L Schulich School of Law Mona Campbell 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jessica Cheng 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Richelle Martin 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Ben Coles 1L Schulich School of Law Marshall Mackoff 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Emily Prosser 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Julia Kalinina 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Grace Shin 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Leslie Anne St. Amour 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Claudia Wheler 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Joshua W. P. White 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Emily Rempel 2L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Jenna Jeffrey 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Alora Fortino 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Keith Murkin 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Amy Clark 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Marina Djurdjevic 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Jessica Bevilacqua 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Jordan Armstrong 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Ilona Larionova 3L Osgoode Hall Law School
6 Université de Montréal Faculty of Bradley Wiseman 4L (joint degree) Law Lauren Graham 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Andrew Luba 2L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Jocelyn Stacey Professor Peter A. Allard School of Law Eunize Lao 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Paige Marvel 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Cameron Pollock 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Emma Moore 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Cal Burkosky 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Alanna McInnes 3L of Law Estair Van Wagner Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Leah Kelley 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Adjunct Professor (International David Estrin Environmental Law) Osgoode Hall Law School Shin Imai Professor Emeritus Osgoode Hall Law School Laura Balagus 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Susan Drummond Professor Osgoode Hall Law School François Tanguay- Renaud Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Jean-Pierre D'Angelo 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Lavallee Forbes 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Madeleine Carswell 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Irmak Aydemir 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Sara Karma 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Adam LaRiviere 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Ryan Deshpande 2L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Professor; York Research Chair in Environmental Law & Justice in the Green Dayna Scott Economy Osgoode Hall Law School Eileen Church Carson 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law
7 Madeleine Andrew-Gee 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Adil Abdulla 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Nargis Fazli 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Willem Crispin-Frei 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Rory Smith 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Ilona Dragalin 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Lauren Wildgoose 3L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Paul Maharg Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Elizabeth Benoy 1L Queen's University Faculty of Law Olivia Whynot 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Michelle LaFortune 2L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Catherine Litinsky 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Eric Tucker Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Amy Chen 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Darby O'Hara 2L of Law Mitchell Dawson 1L Peter A. Allard School of Law Beth Burnstein 3L Queen's University Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Logan Salm 3L of Law Fay Faraday Professor Osgoode Hall Law School University of Saskatchewan College Courtenay Catlin 3L of Law Emily O’Keefe 2L Queen's University Faculty of Law Andrew Easto 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Jenine Urquhart 3L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Gillian Fortlage 1L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Tyler Joorisity 1L of Law Leandra Keren 2L Queen's University Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Allyse Cruise 3L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Spencer Bossaer 2L of Law
8 Madeline Stewart 2L University of Toronto Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Claire Stempien 3L of Law Sam Werger 2L Queen's University Faculty of Law Lucy Yao 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jeffrey Meyers Professor of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Andrew Pilliar Professor of Law Katie Lawless 1L University of Toronto Faculty of Law Krystal Bernhardt 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Emily Thorpe 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Alexa Adams 3L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Melissa Nelson 3L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Gillian Harrington 2L of Law PhD Law Student; Alexandre Lillo Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Amita Persad-Ford 3L Queen's University Faculty of Law Alexandra Machicado- McGee 3L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Professor; Jarislowsky Dimma Mooney Chair in Corporate Edward Waitzer Governance Osgoode Hall Law School Charlotte Hobson 1L Schulich School of Law Julia Witmer 1L Schulich School of Law Université de Montréal Faculty of Vincent J.Carbonneau 3L Law Anita Nowinka 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Université de Montréal Faculty of Victor Rousseau 1L Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Katherine McDonnell 3L of Law Vista Namdarian 2L University of Alberta Faculty of Law
9 Université de Montréal Faculty of Samira Ait Kaci Ali 2L Law Janet Mosher Professor Osgoode Hall Law School University of Saskatchewan College Madeleine Chauvet 2L of Law Professor; York Research Chair in Pluralism and Public Benjamin Berger Law Osgoode Hall Law School Université de Montréal Faculty of Audrey-Anne Beaudry 2L Law Alandra Jessup 2L University of Alberta Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Glenn Wright 3L of Law David Pollock 1L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Jason Birring 2L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Laura Bullock 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Chris Wiebe 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Diana Borges 3L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Kent McNeil Professor Emeritus Osgoode Hall Law School Université de Montréal Faculty of Audréanne Poulin 3L Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Shaun Langlois 3L of Law Kyle Ramsey 1L University of Alberta Faculty of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Aadil Nathani 3L Law Sara Seck Professor Schulich School of Law Professor; Canada Research Chair in Aldo Chircop Maritime Law & Policy Schulich School of Law Katie Short 2L Schulich School of Law University of Saskatchewan College Simon Bossen 3L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Vanessa Roberts 1L of Law Margot Young Professor Peter A. Allard School of Law Jennifer Nadler Professor Osgoode Hall Law School
10 Damey Lee 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Gabrielle Pellerin 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Adjunct Professor Daniel Glover (Intellectual Property) Osgoode Hall Law School Ryan Chawner 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Annesta Duodu 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Karen Drake Professor Osgoode Hall Law School Christopher Watt 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Dana Poscente 2L University of Calgary Faculty of Law Omelia Tedesco-White 3L University of Calgary Faculty of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Anita Osmani 1L Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Jennifer Adam 3L of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Anneke Smit Professor Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Michael Damyanovich 1L of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Peter Dalglish 3L Law Lauren Kempers 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Mary Jane Mossman Professor Emerita Osgoode Hall Law School Sarah Cormack 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Mariette Brennan Professor Bora Laskin Faculty of Law Maria Patterson 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Natalive Potvin 2L University of Calgary Faculty of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Allison Bigg 1L of Law Bianca Salive 3L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Paige Mueller 2L of Law Aaron Moizis 1L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jasdeep Sidhu 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Zi Chang Song 2L of Law
11 Thompson Rivers University Faculty Caitlin Kessler 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Delani Buchan 2L of Law Xuanqi (Hedy) He 1L Osgoode Hall Law School University of New Brunswick Faculty Molly Murphy 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jason Wright 3L of Law Anne-Lise Bloch 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Melissa Perrier 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jamie Cooper 3L of Law Brett Benham 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Ritika Nanda 2L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Larissa Donovan 2L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Travis Smith 2L of Law Elek Reitsma 1L Queen's University Faculty of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Gemma Smyth Professor Law Rachel Poon 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Université de Montréal Faculty of Noemie Tremblay 2L Law Marie Turcott 2L Peter A. Allard School of Law Benjamin Richard 3L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Felice Yeung 2L Osgoode Hall Law School University of Windsor Faculty of Claudia Tsang 3L Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Marisa McGarry 2L of Law Simon Barry 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law University of Windsor Faculty of Ali Tejani 3L Law Sebastian di Domenico 2L Osgoode Hall Law School
12 Thompson Rivers University Faculty Arjun Hair 3L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Nicole O'Byrne Professor of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Kendra Murray 3L of Law Mary Hong 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Pierre Courteau Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law George Brown Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jasmine Gill 3L of Law Diane Hwang 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jessi McKenzie 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Lynda Collins Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Faheem Kamran 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Sana Fatima 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Erin Durant Part-Time Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Rita Yousif 1L of Law Chris Sherrin Professor Western Law Julianna Duholke 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Sébastien Jodoin Professor McGill University Faculty of Law Emily Knox 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Corrine Tansowny 1L McGill University Faculty of Law Amélie Laurin-Gravel 4L McGill University Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Baljinder Bains 1L of Law Alexander Overton 2L Western Law Fiona Burnett 2L Western Law Shannon Dawson 2L Western Law David How 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Mikaela Kyle 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Pierre-Gabriel Grégoire 4L McGill University Faculty of Law Diyana Noory 1L Western Law Siddhartha Beausoleil 4L McGill University Faculty of Law
13 Jenny Yu 3L Western Law Catherine Laperrière 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Diane Harbin 2L Western Law Ashley Maciuk 3L Western Law University of Windsor Faculty of Adrian Halpert 3L Law Gabriel D'Astous 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Cody Dumas 2L of Law Anna Gignac-Eddy 1L McGill University Faculty of Law Nemee Bedar 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Hilary Young Professor of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Kathleen Adams 3L of Law Zoe Christmas 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Julia Redmond 4L McGill University Faculty of Law Erin Sobat 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Maya Gunnarsson 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Leah Singer 3L Peter A. Allard School of Law Chris Liang 1L McGill University Faculty of Law Emilie Duchesne 4L McGill University Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Kaitlin Cook 1L of Law Adjunct Professor (Taxation of Business Geoffrey Turner Enterprises) Osgoode Hall Law School Perry Yung 3L Schulich School of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Sonya Vey 2L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Wayne Walton 2L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Rebecca Buxon 1L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Graeme Hiebert 1L of Law Aliosha Hurry 1L McGill University Faculty of Law
14 University of New Brunswick Faculty Veysi Inci 1L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Isaac McLellan 1L of Law Jocelyn Heaton 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Francois Crepeau Professor McGill University Faculty of Law Anah Mirza 2L Western Law Sheema Rezaei 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Ali Imrie 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Payden Shrubb 2L Western Law Genevieve Shemie 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Pri Sharma 1L Osgoode Hall Law School University of Windsor Faculty of Patricia Galvao Ferreira Professor Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Vishal Verma 1L of Law Anne Lewis 3L Osgoode Hall Law School University of Windsor Faculty of Jessica Jakubowski 3L Law Professor; Vice Dean Penelope Simons Research University of Ottawa Faculty of Law General Counsel of CIPPIC (Samuelson- Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and David Fewer Public Interest Clinic) University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jena McGill Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jennifer Del Riccio 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Charis Kamphuis Professor of Law Mohammad Fadel Professor University of Toronto Faculty of Law Michael Trebilcock Professor University of Toronto Faculty of Law William Kendon 3L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Alice Xiao 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Professor; University of Ottawa Research Chair Colleen Flood in Health Law & Policy. University of Ottawa Faculty of Law
15 University of Windsor Faculty of Noel Semple Professor Law Courtenay Jacklin 3L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Ferial Fekri 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Lauren Dewar 1L of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Sarah Dalton 1L of Law Anne Levesque Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Samuil Rosenov Stoychev 4L McGill University Faculty of Law Larissa Parker 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Kjell Anderson Professor Robson Hall Faculty of Law Kiana Saint-Macary 1L McGill University Faculty of Law Ryan Faulkner 1L McGill University Faculty of Law Zoe Stevens 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Martha Jackman Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jill Bender 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Ashley Laurino 1L of Law Caroline Rouleau 3L McGill University Faculty of Law Bonnie Hassanzadeh 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Alexand Potamianosra 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Emma De Paoli 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Erika Richards 2L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Emily Kot 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Phoebe Goldig 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Virginia Duarte Walsh 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Sunny Garcha 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Abir Shamim 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Jack Fallon 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Daniel Bleiwas 1L of Law Lindsay Correia 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Ryan Ng 2L Osgoode Hall Law School
16 Richard Du 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Patrick Cajvan 4L Osgoode Hall Law School Sama Omar 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Kent Wakely 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Emily Papsin 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Sebastian Romanutti 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Catherine Andrews 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Sarah Raja 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Quinn Rochon 3L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Sara Maya Bhandar 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Macinly Fram 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Aditi Iyer 2L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Hannah van Mook 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Uganec Zackary 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Aryan Pour-Bahreini 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Tomi Milos 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Kristen Steele 3L Osgoode Hall Law School University of New Brunswick Faculty Madison Pelham 1L of Law Sanya Tandon 2L Bora Laskin Faculty of Law Josiah Schaafsma 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Nicky Kim 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Michaela Aeberhardt 1L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Sebastian Becker 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Cate White 2L University of Victoria Faculty of Law Joanna Tatar 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Samhita Misra 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Shirley Yan 2L of Law Shanika Gordon 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Angel Liang 2L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law University of New Brunswick Faculty Erin MacDonald 1L of Law
17 Adjunct Faculty Rod Northey (Environmental Law) Osgoode Hall Law School University of Windsor Faculty of Maya Koparkar 1L Law Haritha Popuri 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Natasha Bakht Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Steve Coughlan Professor Schulich School of Law Adriana Cefis 3L McGill University Faculty of Law Nathalie Chalifour Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jake Bennett 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Jonathan Andrews 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Alexandre Dumais 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Jacqueline Pelland 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Darren Pawella 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Diana Stepner 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Lidia Hencic 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Heather McLeod- Kilmurray Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Melina Venuto 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Meghan Bjorklund 2L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Victoria Truong 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Leah Suderman 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Joanne Suderman Professor University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Matti Thurlin 2L Osgoode Hall Law School Shaden Abusaleh 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Carolyn Grandy 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Silas Koulack 2L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Leigh Clark 3L Western Law Luke Rowan 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Graham Reeder 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Thompson Rivers University Faculty Katherine Brydges 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Stuart Werner 1L of Law
18 Thompson Rivers University Faculty Tanner Gervin 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Aman Taggar 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Marina Landry 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Mira Dosanjh 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Will Fraser 2L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Nicholas Todd 1L of Law Shaylan Cottick 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Adjunct Professor Tony Duarte (Entertainment Law) Osgoode Hall Law School Casey Bee 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Lubna El Mugammar 1L of Law Trevor Sicotte 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Verity Thomson 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Rose Morgan 1L of Law Danielle Dekeyser 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Sejeong Park 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Alysha Li 3L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Kate Dueck 3L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jasmine Somal 2L of Law University of Saskatchewan College Allie Harrington 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Brett Book 1L of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Robin Hira 2L of Law Tiffany Barone 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Antonio Barraza-Luna 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Allison Kilgour 1L Robson Hall Faculty of Law
19 Thompson Rivers University Faculty Jason Ronsley 1L of Law Simone Marcoux 2L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Justin Leung 2L of Law Attou Mamat 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Camila Franco 1L McGill University Faculty of Law University of Saskatchewan College Tamara Ruzic 3L of Law David Wiebe 2L Robson Hall Faculty of Law Mahta Talani 1L Osgoode Hall Law School Kevin Berk LLM Osgoode Hall Law School Miscia Sullivan 3L Osgoode Hall Law School Candace Hilchuk 2L Bora Laskin Faculty of Law Noah Garver 1L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Corinna Steffen 2L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Tunahan Uygun 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Rebecca Ro 2L Western Law Hadrian Jiang 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Megan Ferguson 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Thompson Rivers University Faculty Samreet Gill 1L of Law Gurpreet Toor 2L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Kira Davidson 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Sharmeen Batra 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Alison Gondosch 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Julia Amelio 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Nicholas Petrozzi 1L Bora Laskin Faculty of Law Eva Monteiro 2L McGill University Faculty of Law Daniel Mulroy 1L Bora Laskin Faculty of Law Kanan Gandhi 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Jason Moore 1L University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Dylan Hanwell 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law Maddison Croden 3L University of Alberta Faculty of Law
20 Erin Dobbelsteyn LLM University of Ottawa Faculty of Law Matthew Rynen 2L Western Law
i IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers” in V Masson-Delmotte et al, eds, Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2018) [IPCC, Summary for Policymakers 2018] at 4, 6. ii United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Sess, FCCC/CP/2015/L9/Rev 1 (2015) [Adoption of Paris], art 2.1(a). iii IPCC, “Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities” in V Masson-Delmotte et al, eds, Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre- industrial Levels & Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, & Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2018) 445 at 447. iv Ibid at 453. This statistic is in comparison to the harms caused by allowing 1.5°C of global warming to occur. v Adoption of Paris, supra note ii, art 4(2). vi Ibid, art 4(3). vii Government of Canada, “Canada’s INDC Submission to the UNFCCC” (last visited 3 November 2019), online: UNFCCC
21 xix “Largest producers of territorial fossil fuel CO2 emissions worldwide in 2017, based on their share of global CO2 emissions” (2019), online: Statista
22