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Sepioteuthis Sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) ∗ 5 S.E

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Sepioteuthis Sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) ∗ 5 S.E +Model FISH 2256 1–6 ARTICLE IN PRESS Fisheries Research xxx (2006) xxx–xxx 3 A preliminary investigation of the use of subcutaneous tagging in Caribbean 4 reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) ∗ 5 S.E. Replinger, J.B. Wood 6 Bermuda Institute of Ocean Science, St. George’s GE 01, Bermuda Received 18 July 2006; received in revised form 2 November 2006; accepted 9 November 2006 7 8 Abstract 9 This paper describes a new method developed to directly measure size and temperature specific growth rates of individual wild squid. Our 10 tag and recapture method is complimentary to previously employed statolith aging methods but provides finer scale detail. Caribbean reef squid, 11 Sepioteuthis sepioidea, is an ideal model organism for field work on squid life-history as they live in shallow coastal areas and are accessible. 12 These squid were tagged and monitored for tag retention and growth rates over a period of 56 days in the laboratory and 27 days in the field. A total 13 of 103 squid were tagged, 10 in the laboratory and 93 in the field. Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) tags and Visible Implant Alphanumeric (VI 14 Alpha) tags were used during this experiment. None of the VI Alpha tags were retained in laboratory animals, but VIE tags remained visible for 15 the duration of the laboratory study and were used in all field studies. The 10 recaptured squid weighed from 19.1 to 122.9 g with an average and 16 standard deviation recapture weight of 56.9 ±35.5 g, compared to their original weights of 48.0 ±30.5 g. In the field, these squid had instantaneous ◦ 17 growth rates of 1.19–3.10 with an average growth rate of 1.93 ± 0.71 at temperatures ranging from 19.5 to 23.7 C. 18 © 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. 19 Keywords: Squid; Tag; Growth; Sepioteuthis; VIE; Cephalopoda 20 1 1. Introduction ious life cycles make rational fisheries management a challenge 19 (Rodhouse, 2001). 20 2 Fisheries around the world are shifting focus to species of Statolith aging methods have provided invaluable informa- 21 3 lower trophic levels, such as squid, as fish from the higher tion regarding the life-history strategies of squid. However, there 22 4 trophic levels become less abundant (Caddy and Rodhouse, are limitations with this technique: (1) statoliths give only an esti- 23 5 1998; Pauly et al., 1998; Piatkowski et al., 2001; Jereb and Roper, mate of the age of a squid, although these estimates have been 24 6 2005). Squid are popular food items in many areas of the world validated for many species such as Loligo plei (Jackson and 25 7 (Sugiuama et al., 1989; Okuzumi and Fujii, 2000; Rocha and Forsythe, 2002), Loligo vulgaris (Arkhipkin, 1995) and Sepi- 26 8 Vega, 2003), and humans currently harvest over 2.5 million tons oteuthis lessoniana (Jackson, 1990); (2) the initial hatchling 27 9 of cephalopods (including squid, octopus, and cuttlefish) each weight of squid is often estimated when using statoliths to deter- 28 10 year (World Fisheries, 2003; Jereb and Roper, 2005). As a result mine growth rates and this estimate may have a large impact on 29 11 of the increasing pressure on squid fisheries worldwide, a better squid growth models (Pecl et al., 2004) and (3) statolith work is 30 12 understanding of their life histories and growth rates is important usually done after several seasons of growth. The range of tem- 31 13 to properly manage the fishery (Jackson et al., 2000). To date, a peratures experienced is likely to vary considerably between 32 14 fine scale method that allows individual squid to be tracked so seasons, which can be problematic since squid are extremely 33 15 that their size specific growth rates in the wild can be obtained responsive to changes in temperature. While it is possible to 34 16 over short time periods has not been developed. Squid popu- consider the impact of temperature on the age and/or size spe- 35 17 lations are highly variable with recruitment being responsive to cific growth rates of squid using statolith studies (Arkhipkin and 36 18 environmental change. This variability and their short semelpar- Laptikhovsky, 1994; Ikeda et al., 2003), it can be difficult with 37 wild squid (e.g., Forsythe, 1993; Jackson et al., 1997; Forsythe 38 et al., 2001; Jackson and Moltschaniwskyj, 2002). 39 ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +441 297 1880. While statolith analysis provides an average growth rate for 40 E-mail address: [email protected](J.B. Wood). a populationPROOF of squid over a lifetime, tagging studies allow 41 1 0165-7836/$ – see front matter © 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. 2 doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2006.11.028 Please cite this article in press as: Replinger, S.E., Wood, J.B., A preliminary investigation of the use of subcutaneous tagging in Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), Fish. Res. (2006), doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2006.11.028 +Model FISH 2256 1–6 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 S.E. Replinger, J.B. Wood / Fisheries Research xxx (2006) xxx–xxx 42 growth rates of individual squid to be studied over shorter 43 time periods. This will allow for a better understanding of 44 how other factors such as temperature (Forsythe, 1993; Jackson 45 et al., 1997; Forsythe et al., 2001; Wood and O’Dor, 2000; 46 Jackson and Moltschaniwskyj, 2002), food rations (Jackson and 47 Moltschaniwskyj, 2001), and age (Forsythe, 1993; Forsythe et 48 al., 2001; Pecl et al., 2004) can affect the growth rates of squid. 49 Although there has been a considerable amount of cephalo- 50 pod growth data from captive rearing studies, fisheries scientists 51 remain reluctant to use this laboratory generated data. Captive Fig. 1. Double-tagging of squid using VIE tags. The ventral side of the squid 52 squid do not grow in a manner identical to wild squid, so culture is shown (a) in the diagram with lines indicating the locations of the VIE tags. 53 studies may not accurately reflect wild populations (Pecl and Tagging of the squid (b) required the squid to be out of the water for a short time 54 Moltschaniwskyj, 1999). An alternative method to determine while the tag was inserted. 55 growth rates of wild squid populations is to periodically capture 56 schools of squid in the same area. However, this has proven to of tag tested in this study were the VI Alpha tags, which are 99 57 be an unsuccessful technique due to the migration of microco- small pieces of plastic with a unique three-digit alphanumeric 100 58 horts of squid through time and space (O’Dor, 1998). The squid code that are also inserted under the skin of the animal. While 101 59 captured in the same area were not representative of the squid a pattern of lines must be used to identify individuals with the 102 60 that had been previously caught at a particular location. VIE tags, VI Alpha tags can provide a more definitive identifi- 103 61 We developed a method to tag individual Caribbean reef cation of individuals. Six families of amphibians, 3 families of 104 62 squid, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, in order to better understand the crustaceans, 24 families of fish and 1 reptilian family have been 105 63 size specific growth of wild squid. Tagging and recapturing tagged with VI Alpha tags (NMT, 2006). 106 64 individual squid in the wild allows growth rates to be directly S. sepioidea were chosen for this experiment because they 107 65 measured over shorter time periods, which is important because live in shallow coastal waters (Boycott, 1965) and therefore are 108 ◦ 66 even a small increase in temperature, such as a change of 1 C, accessible. Individual adult squid often remain in the same loca- 109 67 will greatly impact the growth rates of fast growing ectotherms tion on successive days, which enhances the ability to recapture 110 68 such as hatchling and juvenile squid (Fulton, 1904; Rodhouse individuals, and thus monitor growth rates and tag retention 111 69 and Hatfield, 1990; Forsythe, 1993, 2004). The ability to follow (Moynihan and Rodaniche, 1982; Mather and Wood personal 112 70 individuals in the wild and study how growth rates change during observations). The ability to successfully raise and keep S. sepi- 113 71 seasonal water temperature variations will enhance our under- oidea in captivity (La Roe, 1971) is also important because it 114 72 standing of this principle. Additionally, variability in hatchling suggests that this species may be relatively hardy and better able 115 73 size (Steer et al., 2003; Pecl et al., 2004) and size specific sur- to survive the stresses associated with tagging. Keeping squid 116 74 vivorship (Steer et al., 2003) could overestimate squid growth in captivity was important for this study because it allowed us 117 75 rates as current models often assume an average hatchling size to develop a tagging method in the laboratory as well as obtain 118 76 and ignore the effect of hatchling size on survivorship. Directly an estimate of wet weight error data. 119 77 measuring growth in individual squid provides data that is not 78 subject to assumptions of hatchling size and survivorship. 2. Materials and methods 120 79 In this study, we tested both VIE tags and VI Alpha tags, both 80 of which are small and inserted subcutaneously which leaves We investigated the tag retention rate for Visible Implant 121 81 nothing hanging outside of the cephalopods body, this reduces Elastomer (VIE) tags and Visible Implant Alphanumeric (VI 122 82 the chance of infection.
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