Company Valuation Methods. the Most Common Errors in Valuations
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Modeling Dividends, Earnings, and Book Value Equity: an Empirical Investigation of the Ohlson Valuation Dynamics
Review of Accounting Studies, 1,207-224 (1996) @ 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Modeling Dividends, Earnings, and Book Value Equity: An Empirical Investigation of the Ohlson Valuation Dynamics SASSON BAR-YOSEF The Hebrew University of Jerusalem JEFFREY L.CALLEN Department of Accounting, Stem School of Business, New York University, New York, NY 10012 JOSHUA LIVNAT Department of Accounting, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, NY 10012 Abstract. This study empirically investigates the information dynamics of the Ohlson valuation framework. Single-period lagged linear autoregressive relationships among dividends, earnings, and book values of equity are estimated for a sample of stochastically stationary firms and are found not to support the valuation framework. This study further extends the empirical analysis to a multilagged vector autoregressive linear information system. Consistent with the Ohlson valuation framework, the past time series of all three variables are generally found to be relevant for firm valuation. This study brings into question empirical research utilizing the Ohlson framework that presupposes a single-period lagged information dynamic. The valuation models of Ohlson (1989, 1990, 1995) and Feltham and Ohlson (1994a, 1994b, 1995) representfirm value by reference to (discounted) accounting variables rather than cash flows. This is important for accounting researcherswho have a comparative advantage in understanding accounting variables but who are often forced by the extant cash-flow valuation models to unbundle the accounting numbersin order to obtain cash- flow figures. It is ironic. On the one hand, accounting practice and researchmaintain that accounting earningsand the accrual processgenerate numbers that are more relevant for firm valuation than cashflows, and yet, on the other hand, when studying the valuation process, accounting researchersoften find themselvesunbundling those same earnings numbers to apply valuation models representedby (discounted) cash-flow variables. -
3.5 FINANCIAL ASSETS and LIABILITIES Definitions 1. Financial Assets Include Cash, Equity Instruments of Other Entities
128 SU 3: Financial Accounting I 3.5 FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES Definitions 1. Financial assets include cash, equity instruments of other entities (e.g., preference shares), contract rights to receive cash or other financial assets from other entities (e.g., accounts receivable), etc. 2. Financial liabilities include obligations to deliver cash or another financial asset (e.g., bonds or accounts payable), obligations to exchange financial instruments under potentially unfavorable conditions (e.g., written options), etc. Initial Recognition 3. A financial asset or liability is initially recognized only when the entity is a party to the contract. Thus, contract rights and obligations under derivatives are recognized as assets and liabilities, respectively. a. A firm commitment to buy or sell goods or services ordinarily does not result in recognition until at least one party has performed. 1) However, certain contracts to buy or sell a nonfinancial item may result in recognition of an asset or liability. a) For example, a firm commitment to buy a commodity in the future that (1) can be settled in cash and (2) is not held for the purpose of receiving the commodity is treated as a financial instrument. Accordingly, its net fair value is recognized at the commitment date. b) If an unrecognized firm commitment is hedged in a fair value hedge,a change in its net fair value related to the hedged risk is recognized as an asset or liability. 4. An issuer of a financial guarantee initially recognizes a liability and measures it at fair value. Subsequent measurement is at the greater of (a) the amount based on accounting for provisions or (b) the amortized amount. -
Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill
Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill Impairments under IFRS Andrei Filip, ESSEC Business School [email protected] Gerald J. Lobo, University of Houston – Bauer College of Business [email protected] Luc Paugam,1 HEC Paris [email protected] Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Anastasios Elemes, Martin Glaum, Humayun Kabir (discussant), Alexander Müller, Katherine Schipper and of workshop participants at the following workshops: Concordia University, Bocconi University, WHU University, 2016 EUFIN conference (Fribourg, Switzerland), 2017 EAA meeting (Valencia, Spain), and International Accounting Section 2017 Midyear AAA meeting (Tampa, Florida). A previous version of the manuscript was circulated under the title “The Effect of Audit Quality and Enforcement of Accounting Standards on Goodwill Impairment Avoidance”. 1 Corresponding author 0 Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill Impairments under IFRS Abstract: Under IFRS, managers can use two approaches to increase the estimated recoverable value of a cash generating unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been allocated in order to justify not recognizing impairment: (1) make overly optimistic valuation assumptions (e.g., about discount rate, revenue growth, terminal growth rate), and (2) increase future cash flow estimates by increasing current cash flows. Because enforcement constrains the use of optimistic valuation assumptions we propose that the strength of enforcement influences the relative use of these two choices. Using an international sample of listed firms that report under IFRS, we document that the use of cash flow increasing management for firms that delay goodwill impairment is more positively associated with enforcement relative to a control sample that recognizes impairments. We also find that as enforcement increases, firms that delay goodwill impairment shorten the cash conversion cycle in the current year by delaying cash payments to suppliers, and that these transactions reverse in the next year. -
Fixed Asset Inventory System
PROCEDURES MANUAL FIXED ASSET INVENTORY SYSTEM FOR COUNTY BOARDS OF EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA Office of School Finance West Virginia Department of Education PROCEDURES MANUAL FIXED ASSET INVENTORY SYSTEM FOR COUNTY BOARDS OF EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA Revised July 16, 2001 Copies may be obtained from: West Virginia Department of Education Office of School Finance Building 6, Room 215 1900 Kanawha Boulevard E. Charleston, West Virginia 25305 FIXED ASSET INVENTORY SYSTEM PROCEDURES MANUAL FOREWORD Allocating, operating, and accounting for the physical assets of a school system are among the most important responsibilities of school administrators. Expenditures for fixed assets are generally the most visible costs a school district incurs. Yet, the accounting for such assets, once acquired, has generally received little attention. Implementation of a fixed asset inventory accounting system will enable local education agencies to maintain an inventory of all assets, including those purchased with federal funds. In addition, the system will assist all agencies in obtaining an unqualified opinion on their audited financial statements, and will assign responsibility and accountability for the security of fixed assets. The system can also be used for purposes of insurance and proof of loss. This manual has been developed by the West Virginia Department of Education in order to provide uniform standards throughout the State for all county boards of education, regional education service agencies, and multi-county vocational centers to use in developing a fixed asset inventory accounting system. The manual prescribes the minimum requirements that are to be encompassed in establishing such a system, and provides a list of the codes that are to be used in classifying fixed assets. -
Fundamental Analysis and Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation of Stocks at Macedonian Stock Exchange
Ivanovska, Nadica, Zoran Ivanovski, and Zoran Narasanov. 2014. Fundamental Analysis and Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation of Stocks at Macedonian Stock Exchange. UTMS Journal of Economics 5 (1): 11–24. Preliminary communication (accepted February 24, 2014) FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS AND DISCOUNTED FREE CASH FLOW VALUATION OF STOCKS AT MACEDONIAN STOCK EXCHANGE Nadica Ivanovska1 Zoran Ivanovski Zoran Narasanov Abstract: We examine the valuation performance of Discounted Free Cash Flow Model (DFCF) at the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) in order to determine if this model offer significant level of accuracy and relevancy for stock values determination. We find that stock values calculated with DCF model are very close to average market prices which suggests that market prices oscillate near their fundamental values. We can conclude that DFCF models are useful tools for the companies’ enterprise values calculation on long term. The analysis of our results derived from stock valuation with DFCF model as well as comparison with average market stock prices suggest that discounted cash flow model is relatively reliable valuation tool that have to be used for stocks analyses at MSE. Keywords: valuation, securities, free cash flow, equity, stock-exchange. Jel Classification: G1,G12 INTRODUCTION Valuation of an asset can be determined on three ways. First, as the intrinsic value of the asset, based on its capacity to generate cash flows in the future. Second, as a relative value, by examining how the market is pricing similar or comparable assets. Finally, we can value assets with cash flows that are contingent on the occurrence of a specific event as options (Damodaran 2006). -
Speech: What Is an Asset?, January 12, 1993
For Release January 8, 1993 Walter P. Schuetze Chief Accountant Securities and Exchange Commission American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Twentieth Annual National Conference on CUrrent SEC Developments , < i January 12, 1993 What is an Asset? The Securities and Exchange commission, as a matter of policy, disclaims responsibility for any publication or statement by its employees. The views expressed herein are those of Mr. Schuetze and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission or the other staff of the Commission. What is an Asset? I am pleased to make my second appearance on the program of this annual national conference on current SEC developments. The year gone by has been one where the staff has concentrated on promoting the Commission's drive for mark-to-market accounting for marketable debt and equity securities. That policy was set out in Congressional testimony in september 1990 by Chairman Breeden and in December 1990 by James Doty, the Commission's.former General Counsel. We have continued to encourage the Financial Accounting standards Board, and the financial community in general, to embrace the idea of mark-to-market for marketable securities. contrary to the perception by some, we have not been promoting mark-to-market for other assets, such as plant and equipment, pa tents and copyrights, or commercial loans held by banks. What the staff has done, however, is to suggest the idea that, when one is looking to identify impairment of the carrying amount of assets such as stocks, bonds, loans, plant, and patents, it is appropriate to look at the fair value of the asset and compare that fair value to the carrying amount of the asset. -
Real Options Valuation As a Way to More Accurately Estimate the Required Inputs to DCF
Northwestern University Kellogg Graduate School of Management Finance 924-A Professor Petersen Real Options Spring 2001 Valuation is at the foundation of almost all finance courses and the intellectual foundation of most valuation methods which we will examine is discounted cashflow. In Finance I you used DCF to value securities and in Finance II you used DCF to value projects. The valuation approach in Futures and Options appeared to be different, but was conceptually very similar. This course is meant to expand your knowledge of valuation – both the intuition of how it should be done as well as the practice of how it is done. Understanding when the two are the same and when they are not can be very valuable. Prerequisites: The prerequisite for this course is Finance II (441)/Turbo (440) and Futures and Options (465). Given the structure of the course, no auditors will be allowed. Course Readings: Course Packet for Finance 924 - Petersen Warning: This is a relatively new course. Thus you should expect that the content and organization of the course will be fluid and may change in real time. I reserve the right to add and alter the course materials during the term. I understand that this makes organization challenging. You need to keep on top of where we are and what requirements are coming. If you are ever unsure, ASK. I will keep you informed of the schedule via the course web page. You should check it each week to see what we will cover the next week and what assignments are due. -
When an Asset Has Been Sold, Demolished, Is No Longer in Service
Policy Title: Facilities and HARVARD UNIVERSITY FINANCIAL POLICY Equipment Responsible Office: University Accounting Services Effective Date: February 15, 2007 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT – Revision Date: DISPOSALS AND IMPAIRMENTS PROCEDURES Policy Number: FA4 PROCEDURES • Basic rules: When an asset has been sold, demolished, is no longer in service or its value has been permanently impaired, any remaining value of the asset, net of accumulated depreciation, less any salvage value, must be written off or written down to its net realizable value. This involves removing both the asset and the accumulated depreciation from the general ledger, and recognizing a gain or loss for the difference. Additionally, any remaining plant equity is transferred to operating net assets. Any outstanding loans on debt-financed assets that are being written off must be settled. • Types of disposals: Sales of assets External – Sales of assets to third parties will result in either a gain or loss on sale. Where proceeds are greater than the net book value of the asset (historical cost less accumulated depreciation), a gain is credited to object code 5772, “Gain on sale, capital asset^miscellaneous income, External.” Conversely, where proceeds are less than the net book value of the asset, a loss is debited to object code 8722, “Loss on sale of capital asset.” In either case, the asset is written off by debiting accumulated depreciation and crediting the asset, and recognizing a gain or loss for the difference. If the asset is not yet fully depreciated, any remaining plant equity is transferred to operating net assets. This transfer would be recorded using the 9300 range of object codes, as a below-the-line internal transfer (non- operating activity). -
Uva-F-1274 Methods of Valuation for Mergers And
Graduate School of Business Administration UVA-F-1274 University of Virginia METHODS OF VALUATION FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS This note addresses the methods used to value companies in a merger and acquisitions (M&A) setting. It provides a detailed description of the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach and reviews other methods of valuation, such as book value, liquidation value, replacement cost, market value, trading multiples of peer firms, and comparable transaction multiples. Discounted Cash Flow Method Overview The discounted cash flow approach in an M&A setting attempts to determine the value of the company (or ‘enterprise’) by computing the present value of cash flows over the life of the company.1 Since a corporation is assumed to have infinite life, the analysis is broken into two parts: a forecast period and a terminal value. In the forecast period, explicit forecasts of free cash flow must be developed that incorporate the economic benefits and costs of the transaction. Ideally, the forecast period should equate with the interval in which the firm enjoys a competitive advantage (i.e., the circumstances where expected returns exceed required returns.) For most circumstances a forecast period of five or ten years is used. The value of the company derived from free cash flows arising after the forecast period is captured by a terminal value. Terminal value is estimated in the last year of the forecast period and capitalizes the present value of all future cash flows beyond the forecast period. The terminal region cash flows are projected under a steady state assumption that the firm enjoys no opportunities for abnormal growth or that expected returns equal required returns in this interval. -
Glossary of Terms for Budget Publications
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ADOPTED EXPENSE AND REVENUE BUDGET: A BUDGET CODE: A 4-character code assigned to a financial plan for the City and its agencies for a fiscal schedule within an agency which identifies the year, setting forth operating expenditures and allocation made in such schedule in terms of its anticipated revenues, following due authorization accounting fund class, unit of appropriation, through the charter-mandated process. responsibility center, control category, local service district and program. ALLOCATION: A sum of money set aside for a specific purpose. BUDGET GAP: The difference between estimated expenditures and revenues for a future fiscal year. ANNUALIZATION: The impact of a new appropriation or expenditure reduction on the basis of a full year. For BUDGET LINE: An identified amount allocated for a instance, if an employee is terminated halfway through specific purpose in the expense budget supporting the fiscal year, the budget reduction in that year will schedules for each budget code within a unit of equal half the employee’s annual salary. The appropriation. Budget lines are used to provide “annualized” reduction is the full amount of the detailed information on the number of positions, titles, employee’s salary. salaries and other expenses in a budget code. ANNUAL RATE: Sum of the salaries paid to the full- BUDGET MODIFICATION: A change in an amount in time active employees in a title description. any budget line during the fiscal year. APPROPRIATION: A general term used to denote the BUDGET STABILIZATION ACCOUNT: An amount authorized in the budget for expenditure by an appropriation which applies excess revenues to prepay agency. -
CHAPTER 16 ESTIMATING EQUITY VALUE PER SHARE in Chapter 15, We Considered How Best to Estimate the Value of the Operating Assets of the Firm
1 CHAPTER 16 ESTIMATING EQUITY VALUE PER SHARE In Chapter 15, we considered how best to estimate the value of the operating assets of the firm. To get from that value to the firm value, you have to consider cash, marketable securities and other non-operating assets held by a firm. In particular, you have to value holdings in other firms and deal with a variety of accounting techniques used to record such holdings. To get from firm value to equity value, you have to determine what should be subtracted out from firm value – i.e, the value of the non-equity claims in the firm. Once you have valued the equity in a firm, it may appear to be a relatively simple exercise to estimate the value per share. All it seems you need to do is divide the value of the equity by the number of shares outstanding. But, in the case of some firms, even this simple exercise can become complicated by the presence of management and employee options. In this chapter, we will measure the magnitude of this option overhang on valuation and then consider ways of incorporating the effect into the value per share. The Value of Non-operating Assets Firms have a number of assets on their books that can be categorized as non- operating assets. The first and obvious one is cash and near-cash investments – investments in riskless or very low-risk investments that most companies with large cash balances make. The second is investments in equities and bonds of other firms, sometimes for investment reasons and sometimes for strategic ones. -
An Introduction to Basic Farm Financial Statements: Balance Sheet
W 884 An Introduction to Basic Farm Financial Statements: Balance Sheet Victoria Campbell, Extension Intern S. Aaron Smith, Associate Professor Christopher N. Boyer, Associate Professor Andrew P. Griffith, Associate Professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file. Introduction Basic Accounting Overview To begin constructing a balance sheet, we Tennessee agriculture includes a diverse list need to first start with the standard of livestock, poultry, fruits and vegetables, accounting equation: row crop, nursery, forestry, ornamental, agri- Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Owner’s tourism, value added and other Equity nontraditional enterprises. These farms vary in size from less than a quarter of an acre to The balance sheet is designed with assets on thousands of acres, and the specific goal for the left-hand side and liabilities plus owner’s each farm can vary. For example, producers’ equity on the right-hand side. This format goals might include maximizing profits, allows both sides of the balance sheet to maintaining a way of life, enjoyment, equal each other. After all, a balance sheet transitioning the operation to the next must balance. generation, etc. Regardless of the farm size, enterprises and objectives, it is important to keep proper farm financial records to improve the long- term viability of the farm. Accurate recordkeeping and organized financial statements allow producers to measure key financial components of their business such A change in liquidity, solvency and equity can as profitability, liquidity and solvency. These be found by comparing balance sheets from measurements are vital to making two different time periods.