DOCSLIB.ORG

Temporal Regulation of Distinct Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of the Dicistroviridae Cricket Paralysis Virus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Temporal Regulation of Distinct Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of the Dicistroviridae Cricket Paralysis Virus viruses Article Temporal Regulation of Distinct Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of the Dicistroviridae Cricket Paralysis Virus Anthony Khong 1, Jennifer M. Bonderoff 1, Ruth V. Spriggs 2, Erik Tammpere 1, Craig H. Kerr 1, Thomas J. Jackson 2, Anne E. Willis 2 and Eric Jan 1,* Received: 3 December 2015; Accepted: 11 January 2016; Published: 19 January 2016 Academic Editor: Craig McCormick 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (J.M.B.); [email protected] (E.T.); [email protected] (C.H.K.) 2 Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; [email protected] (R.V.S.); [email protected] (T.J.J.); [email protected] (A.E.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-604-827-4226 Abstract: Internal ribosome entry is a key mechanism for viral protein synthesis in a subset of RNA viruses. Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), a member of Dicistroviridae, has a positive-sense single strand RNA genome that contains two internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), a 51untranslated region (51UTR) and intergenic region (IGR) IRES, that direct translation of open reading frames (ORF) encoding the viral non-structural and structural proteins, respectively. The regulation of and the significance of the CrPV IRESs during infection are not fully understood. In this study, using a series of biochemical assays including radioactive-pulse labelling, reporter RNA assays and ribosome profiling, we demonstrate that while 51UTR IRES translational activity is constant throughout infection, IGR IRES translation is delayed and then stimulated two to three hours post infection. The delay in IGR IRES translation is not affected by inhibiting global translation prematurely via treatment with Pateamine A. Using a CrPV replicon that uncouples viral translation and replication, we show that the increase in IGR IRES translation is dependent on expression of non-structural proteins and is greatly stimulated when replication is active. Temporal regulation by distinct IRESs within the CrPV genome is an effective viral strategy to ensure optimal timing and expression of viral proteins to facilitate infection. Keywords: virus; translation; IRES; ribosome; dicistrovirus 1. Introduction Viral protein synthesis is an essential process in all viral life cycles. As such, viruses have adapted diverse strategies to recruit the host ribosome and the translational machinery. Numerous positive strand RNA viruses use a strategy whereby infection leads to an inhibition of host translation concomitant with an increase in viral protein synthesis [1]. One of the best-studied examples of this switch from host to viral protein synthesis is during poliovirus infection: the translation factors eIF4G and poly A binding protein are cleaved by virally-encoded proteases thereby shutting off cap-dependent translation [2–4]. By contrast, the poliovirus internal ribosome entry site, IRES, recruits the ribosome using a subset of translation factors and IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs) to direct cap-independent viral protein synthesis [5]. Therefore, the strategies that underlie the switch from host to viral protein synthesis such as the signalling pathways that target translation factors and the mechanisms that direct viral protein expression are fundamental to virus infection. Viruses 2016, 8, 25; doi:10.3390/v8010025 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Viruses 2016, 8, 25 2 of 20 Viruses 2016, 8, x 2 of 19 The Dicistroviridae family uses an interesting strategy for viral protein synthesis: the monopartite plus strandThe ~9Dicistroviridae kb RNA genome family containsuses an twointeresting IRESs, strate the 5gy1untranslated for viral protein region synthesis: (51UTR) andthe the intergenicmonopartite (IGR) plus IRES strand that ~9 direct kb RNA translation genome contains of two two open IRESs, reading the 5'untranslated frames (ORFs) region encoding (5'UTR) the non-structuraland the intergenic and structural (IGR) IRES proteins, that direct respectively translation (Figure of two 1openA) [ reading6]. Infection frames of (ORFs) Drosophila encoding S2 cells by thethe dicistrovirus non-structuralCricket and structural paralysis virusproteins,(CrPV) respecti resultsvely in(Figure the rapid 1A) [6]. shut Infection off of host of Drosophila protein synthesis S2 cells by the dicistrovirus Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) results in the rapid shut off of host protein concomitant with preferential viral protein synthesis involving supramolar expression of the structural synthesis concomitant with preferential viral protein synthesis involving supramolar expression of proteins compared to the non-structural proteins [7–9]. The significance and the regulation of the CrPV the structural proteins compared to the non-structural proteins [7–9]. The significance and the IRESregulation translation of duringthe CrPV infection IRES translation have not during been infection examined have in detail.not been examined in detail. Figure 1. Viral non-structural and structural protein expression in CrPV-infected S2 cells. (A) Figure 1. Viral non-structural and structural protein expression in CrPV-infected S2 cells. (A) Schematic Schematic of the genome arrangement of CrPV; (B) Autoradiography of pulse-labelled protein of thelysates genome from arrangement S2 cells either of mock- CrPV; or (CrPV-infecteB) Autoradiographyd (MOI 10) ofresolved pulse-labelled on a 12% proteinSDS-PAGE lysates gel. The from S2 cells eitherprotein mock- lysates or were CrPV-infected collected from (MOI S2 10)cells resolved at the indicated on a 12% times SDS-PAGE hours post-infection gel. The protein (h.p.i.) lysates and were collectedmetabolically from S2 labelled cells at with the indicated[35S]-Met/Cys times for hourstwenty post-infectionminutes at the end (h.p.i.) of each and time metabolically point (top). The labelled withidentities [35S]-Met/Cys of specific for CrPV twenty viral minutes proteins, at as the shown end ofon eachthe right time of pointthe gel, (top). were Thepreviously identities described of specific CrPV[7,8] viral and proteins, determined as shown by immunoblotting on the right of with the α gel,-RdRp were and previously α-VP2 peptide described antibodies [7,8] or and predicted determined by by immunoblottingmolecular weight with α(below);-RdRp and(C) αRaw-VP2 densitometric peptide antibodies quantitation or predicted of [35S]-Met/Cys by molecular pulse-labelled weight (below); (C) RawRdRp*, densitometric RdRp**, RdRp***, quantitation 2C, VP0, of and [35 S]-Met/CysVP1, 2, and 3 pulse-labelledduring CrPV infection RdRp*, from RdRp**, three RdRp***, independent 2C, VP0, and VP1,experiments 2, and 3(±s.d.). during RdRp*, CrPV infectionRdRp**, and from RdRp*** three independent denote polyproteins experiments containing (˘s.d.). RdRp RdRp*, at the RdRp**, approximate sizes of 120 kDa, 105 kDa, and 100 kDa respectively. and RdRp*** denote polyproteins containing RdRp at the approximate sizes of 120 kDa, 105 kDa, and 100 kDa respectively. The 5'UTR- and IGR IRES can support translation in a number of translation systems both in vitro and in vivo, including in yeast, insect and mammalian extracts and cells [10–13]. The IGR IRES Thehas been 51UTR- studied and extensively IGR IRES can [14–19]; support the IGR translation IRES directly in a number recruits the of translation ribosome without systems the both aid ofin vitro and intranslation vivo, including initiation in factors yeast, and insect initiates and mammaliantranslation from extracts a non-AUG and cells codon [10 [14].–13 ].Biochemical The IGR IRESand has beenstructural studied extensivelystudies have revealed [14–19]; that the the IGR IGR IRES IRES directly adopts distinct recruits structural the ribosome domains without that enable the the aid of translationIRES to initiationoccupy the factors intersubunit and initiatescore of the translation ribosome in from order a to non-AUG gain access codon to the [ribosomal14]. Biochemical A and P and sites [15,16,20–23]. Indeed, the CrPV pseudoknot I domain of the IGR IRES structurally mimics the structural studies have revealed that the IGR IRES adopts distinct structural domains that enable the anticodon of a tRNA[15,22,23]. Recent cryo-EM studies have demonstrated that the PKI domain first IRES to occupy the intersubunit core of the ribosome in order to gain access to the ribosomal A and P sites [15,16,20–23]. Indeed, the CrPV pseudoknot I domain of the IGR IRES structurally mimics the anticodon of a tRNA [15,22,23]. Recent cryo-EM studies have demonstrated that the PKI domain first Viruses 2016, 8, 25 3 of 20 occupies the A site followed by translocation to the P site and thereby leaving the A site unoccupied for delivery of the initial aminoacyl-tRNA [22,23]. By contrast, studies on the mechanism of the 51UTR IRES have been limited [13,24]; using a reconstitution approach, Terenin et al. (2005) showed that eIF1, eIF2, and eIF3 are required for 51UTR IRES dependent translation of a related dicistrovirus Rhapdopsilum padi virus (RhPV) [24]. Differences in the mechanism of the CrPV 51UTR and IGR IRESs likely contribute to distinct expression levels of non-structural and structural proteins. Supporting this, 51UTR IRES translation is weaker than IGR IRES translation [9] and that IGR IRES translation is stimulated during CrPV infection using transfection approaches of reporter RNAs [25]. However, the significance of this strategy by dicistroviruses is not well understood. Many RNA viruses control
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Data Mining Cdnas Reveals Three New Single Stranded RNA Viruses in Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
    Insect Molecular Biology Insect Molecular Biology (2010), 19 (Suppl. 1), 99–107 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00934.x Data mining cDNAs reveals three new single stranded RNA viruses in Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) D. C. S. G. Oliveira*, W. B. Hunter†, J. Ng*, Small viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded C. A. Desjardins*, P. M. Dang‡ and J. H. Werren* RNA (ssRNA) genome, and no DNA stage, are known as *Department of Biology, University of Rochester, picornaviruses (infecting vertebrates) or picorna-like Rochester, NY, USA; †United States Department of viruses (infecting non-vertebrates). Recently, the order Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Picornavirales was formally characterized to include most, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA; but not all, ssRNA viruses (Le Gall et al., 2008). Among and ‡United States Department of Agriculture, other typical characteristics – e.g. a small icosahedral Agricultural Research Service, NPRU, Dawson, GA, capsid with a pseudo-T = 3 symmetry and a 7–12 kb USA genome made of one or two RNA segments – the Picor- navirales genome encodes a polyprotein with a replication Abstractimb_934 99..108 module that includes a helicase, a protease, and an RNA- dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), in this order (see Le We report three novel small RNA viruses uncovered Gall et al., 2008 for details). Pathogenicity of the infections from cDNA libraries from parasitoid wasps in the can vary broadly from devastating epidemics to appar- genus Nasonia. The genome of this kind of virus ently persistent commensal infections. Several human Ј is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA with a 3 diseases, from hepatitis A to the common cold (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of Nora Virus at 2.7 Å Resolution and Implications for Receptor Binding, Capsid Stability and Taxonomy
    This document is downloaded from the VTT’s Research Information Portal https://cris.vtt.fi VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Structure of Nora virus at 2.7 Å resolution and implications for receptor binding, capsid stability and taxonomy Laurinmäki, Pasi; Shakeel, Shabih; Ekström, Jens Ola; Mohammadi, Pezhman; Hultmark, Dan; Butcher, Sarah J. Published in: Scientific Reports DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76613-1 Published: 01/12/2020 Document Version Publisher's final version License CC BY Link to publication Please cite the original version: Laurinmäki, P., Shakeel, S., Ekström, J. O., Mohammadi, P., Hultmark, D., & Butcher, S. J. (2020). Structure of Nora virus at 2.7 Å resolution and implications for receptor binding, capsid stability and taxonomy. Scientific Reports, 10(1), [19675]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76613-1 VTT By using VTT’s Research Information Portal you are bound by the http://www.vtt.fi following Terms & Conditions. P.O. box 1000FI-02044 VTT I have read and I understand the following statement: Finland This document is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of this document is not permitted, except duplication for research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered for sale. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structure of Nora virus at 2.7 Å resolution and implications for receptor binding, capsid stability and taxonomy Pasi Laurinmäki 1,2,7, Shabih Shakeel 1,2,5,7, Jens‑Ola Ekström3,4,7, Pezhman Mohammadi 1,6, Dan Hultmark 3,4 & Sarah J.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of White Spot Syndrome Virus in the Daggerblade Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes Pugio) and the Gulf Sand Fiddler Crab (Uca Panacea)
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-2016 Epidemiology of White Spot Syndrome Virus in the Daggerblade Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and the Gulf Sand Fiddler Crab (Uca panacea) Muhammad University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Animal Diseases Commons, Disease Modeling Commons, Epidemiology Commons, Virology Commons, and the Virus Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Muhammad, "Epidemiology of White Spot Syndrome Virus in the Daggerblade Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and the Gulf Sand Fiddler Crab (Uca panacea)" (2016). Dissertations. 895. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/895 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS IN THE DAGGERBLADE GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMONETES PUGIO) AND THE GULF SAND FIDDLER CRAB (UCA PANACEA) by Muhammad A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the School of Ocean Science and Technology at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey M. Lotz, Committee Chair Professor, Ocean Science and Technology ________________________________________________ Dr. Darrell J. Grimes, Committee Member Professor, Ocean Science and Technology ________________________________________________ Dr. Wei Wu, Committee Member Associate Professor, Ocean Science and Technology ________________________________________________ Dr. Reginald B. Blaylock, Committee Member Associate Research Professor, Ocean Science and Technology ________________________________________________ Dr. Karen S. Coats Dean of the Graduate School December 2016 COPYRIGHT BY Muhammad* 2016 Published by the Graduate School *U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris Spelaea)
    viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) Ian H Mendenhall 1,* , Dolyce Low Hong Wen 1,2, Jayanthi Jayakumar 1, Vithiagaran Gunalan 3, Linfa Wang 1 , Sebastian Mauer-Stroh 3,4 , Yvonne C.F. Su 1 and Gavin J.D. Smith 1,5,6 1 Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [email protected] (D.L.H.W.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.F.S.) [email protected] (G.J.D.S.) 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore 3 Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (S.M.-S.) 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore 6 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Cricket Paralysis Virus-Based System for Inducing RNA Interference-Mediated
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.15.383588; this version posted November 15, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Development of a cricket paralysis virus-based system for inducing RNA interference-mediated 2 gene silencing in Diaphorina citri 3 4 Emilyn E. Matsumura1,a, Jared C. Nigg2, Elizabeth M. Henry1, Bryce W. Falk1* 5 6 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 7 2 Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569, CNRS, Paris, France 8 a Present address: Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA 9 Wageningen, The Netherlands 10 * Corresponding author: Bryce W. Falk, [email protected] 11 12 Abstract 13 Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is the insect vector of the phloem-limited bacterium 14 ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, which causes the most devastating citrus disease worldwide: 15 Huanglongbing (HLB). An efficient cure for HLB is still not available and the management of the 16 disease is restricted to the use of pesticides, antibiotics and eradication of infected plants. Plant- 17 and insect-infecting viruses have attracted increasing attention for their potential to manipulate 18 traits in insects, especially insect vectors of plant pathogens. However, so far there are no insect 19 virus-based vectors available for use in D. citri. Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) is a well-studied 20 insect-infecting dicistrovirus with a wide host range and has been used as a model in previous 21 translational studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Metagenomic Assessment of Adventitious Viruses in Commercial Bovine Sera
    Biologicals 47 (2017) 64e68 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biologicals journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biologicals Metagenomic assessment of adventitious viruses in commercial bovine sera * Kathy Toohey-Kurth a, b, Samuel D. Sibley a, Tony L. Goldberg a, c, a University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA b Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI 53706, USA c University of Wisconsin-Madison Global Health Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA article info abstract Article history: Animal serum is an essential supplement for cell culture media. Contamination of animal serum with Received 22 September 2016 adventitious viruses has led to major regulatory action and product recalls. We used metagenomic Received in revised form methods to detect and characterize viral contaminants in 26 bovine serum samples from 12 manufac- 19 October 2016 turers. Across samples, we detected sequences with homology to 20 viruses at depths of up to 50,000 Accepted 20 October 2016 viral reads per million. The viruses detected represented nine viral families plus four taxonomically Available online 31 March 2017 unassigned viruses and had both RNA genomes and DNA genomes. Sequences ranged from 28% to 96% similar at the amino acid level to viruses in the GenBank database. The number of viruses varied from Keywords: Serum zero to 11 among samples and from one to 11 among suppliers, with only one product from one supplier “ ” Contamination being entirely clean. For one common adventitious virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), abun- Virus dance estimates calculated from metagenomic data (viral reads per million) closely corresponded to Ct Diagnostics values from quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtq-PCR), with Metagenomics metagenomics being approximately as sensitive as rtq-PCR.
    [Show full text]
  • ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Dicistroviridae
    ICTV VIRUS TAXONOMY PROFILES Valles et al., Journal of General Virology 2017;98:355–356 DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.000756 ICTV ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Dicistroviridae S. M. Valles,1,* Y. Chen,2 A. E. Firth,3 D. M. A. Guerin, 4 Y. Hashimoto,5 S. Herrero,6 J. R. de Miranda,7 E. Ryabov2 and ICTV Report Consortium Abstract Dicistroviridae is a family of small non-enveloped viruses with monopartite, linear, positive-sense RNA genomes of approximately 8–10 kb. Viruses of all classified species infect arthropod hosts, with some having devastating economic consequences, such as acute bee paralysis virus in domesticated honeybees and taura syndrome virus in shrimp farming. Conversely, the host specificity and other desirable traits exhibited by several members of this group make them potential natural enemies for intentional use against arthropod pests, such as triatoma virus against triatomine bugs that vector Chagas disease. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Dicistroviridae which is available at www.ictv.global/report/dicistroviridae. Table 1. Characteristics of the family Dicistroviridae Typical member: cricket paralysis virus (AF218039), species Cricket paralysis virus, genus Cripavirus Virion Non-enveloped, 30 nm-diameter virions Genome 8–10 kb of positive-sense, non-segmented RNA Replication Cytoplasmic within viral replication complexes formed from a variety of host cellular membranes Translation Directly from genomic RNA, initiated at IRES elements in the 5¢ UTR and IGR Host range Arthropoda Taxonomy Member of the order Picornavirales. Includes the genera Aparavirus, Cripavirus and Triatovirus, each containing several species VIRION RNA polymerase, cysteine protease, RNA helicase and one Virions are roughly spherical, with a particle diameter of or more copies of a VPg protein.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N
    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Cripavirus of an Ectoparasitoid Wasp Increases Pupal Duration and Fecundity of the Wasp’S Drosophila Melanogaster Host
    The ISME Journal https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01005-w ARTICLE A novel cripavirus of an ectoparasitoid wasp increases pupal duration and fecundity of the wasp’s Drosophila melanogaster host 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 Jiao Zhang ● Fei Wang ● Bo Yuan ● Lei Yang ● Yi Yang ● Qi Fang ● Jens H. Kuhn ● Qisheng Song ● Gongyin Ye 1 Received: 14 October 2020 / Revised: 21 April 2021 / Accepted: 30 April 2021 © The Author(s) 2021. This article is published with open access Abstract We identified a 9332-nucleotide-long novel picornaviral genome sequence in the transcriptome of an agriculturally important parasitoid wasp (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875)). The genome of the novel virus, Rondani’swaspvirus1(RoWV- 1), contains two long open reading frames encoding a nonstructural and a structural protein, respectively, and is 3’-polyadenylated. Phylogenetic analyses firmly place RoWV-1 into the dicistrovirid genus Cripavirus. We detected RoWV-1 in various tissues and life stages of the parasitoid wasp, with the highest virus load measured in the larval digestive tract. We demonstrate that RoWV-1 is transmitted horizontally from infected to uninfected wasps but not vertically to wasp offspring. Comparison of several important 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: biological parameters between the infected and uninfected wasps indicates that RoWV-1 does not have obvious detrimental effects on wasps. We further demonstrate that RoWV-1 also infects Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), the hosts of the pupal ectoparasitoid wasps, and thereby increases its pupal developmental duration and fecundity, but decreases the eclosion rate. Together, these results suggest that RoWV-1 may have a potential benefit to the wasp by increasing not only the number of potential wasp hosts but also the developmental time of the hosts to ensure proper development of wasp offspring.
    [Show full text]
  • Reovirus and the Host Integrated Stress Response: on the Frontlines of the Battle to Survive
    viruses Review Reovirus and the Host Integrated Stress Response: On the Frontlines of the Battle to Survive Luke D. Bussiere and Cathy L. Miller * Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-515-294-4797 Abstract: Cells are continually exposed to stressful events, which are overcome by the activation of a number of genetic pathways. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a large component of the overall cellular response to stress, which ultimately functions through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α) to inhibit the energy-taxing process of translation. This response is instrumental in the inhibition of viral infection and contributes to evolution in viruses. Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), an oncolytic virus that has shown promise in over 30 phase I–III clinical trials, has been shown to induce multiple arms within the ISR pathway, but it successfully evades, modulates, or subverts each cellular attempt to inhibit viral translation. MRV has not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for general use in the clinic; therefore, researchers continue to study virus interactions with host cells to identify circumstances where MRV effectiveness in tumor killing can be improved. In this review, we will discuss the ISR, MRV modulation of the ISR, and discuss ways in which MRV interaction with the ISR may increase the effectiveness of cancer therapeutics whose modes of action are altered by the ISR. Keywords: mammalian orthoreovirus; integrated stress response; eIF2α; translation initiation; Citation: Bussiere, L.D.; Miller, C.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Duck Gut Viral Metagenome Analysis Captures Snapshot of Viral Diversity Mohammed Fawaz1†, Periyasamy Vijayakumar1†, Anamika Mishra1†, Pradeep N
    Fawaz et al. Gut Pathog (2016) 8:30 DOI 10.1186/s13099-016-0113-5 Gut Pathogens RESEARCH Open Access Duck gut viral metagenome analysis captures snapshot of viral diversity Mohammed Fawaz1†, Periyasamy Vijayakumar1†, Anamika Mishra1†, Pradeep N. Gandhale1, Rupam Dutta1, Nitin M. Kamble1, Shashi B. Sudhakar1, Parimal Roychoudhary2, Himanshu Kumar3, Diwakar D. Kulkarni1 and Ashwin Ashok Raut1* Abstract Background: Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) an economically important waterfowl for meat, eggs and feathers; is also a natural reservoir for influenza A viruses. The emergence of novel viruses is attributed to the status of co-existence of multiple types and subtypes of viruses in the reservoir hosts. For effective prediction of future viral epidemic or pan- demic an in-depth understanding of the virome status in the key reservoir species is highly essential. Methods: To obtain an unbiased measure of viral diversity in the enteric tract of ducks by viral metagenomic approach, we deep sequenced the viral nucleic acid extracted from cloacal swabs collected from the flock of 23 ducks which shared the water bodies with wild migratory birds. Result: In total 7,455,180 reads with average length of 146 bases were generated of which 7,354,300 reads were de novo assembled into 24,945 contigs with an average length of 220 bases and the remaining 100,880 reads were singletons. The duck virome were identified by sequence similarity comparisons of contigs and singletons (BLASTx 3 E score, <10− ) against viral reference database. Numerous duck virome sequences were homologous to the animal virus of the Papillomaviridae family; and phages of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, Tectiviridae, Microviridae families and unclassified phages.
    [Show full text]
  • Drosophila Responses in Immunity and Virus-Specific Inducible
    The Journal of Immunology Broad RNA Interference–Mediated Antiviral Immunity and Virus-Specific Inducible Responses in Drosophila Cordula Kemp,*,1 Stefanie Mueller,*,1,2 Akira Goto,* Vincent Barbier,* Simona Paro,* Franc¸ois Bonnay,* Catherine Dostert,* Laurent Troxler,* Charles Hetru,* Carine Meignin,* Se´bastien Pfeffer,† Jules A. Hoffmann,* and Jean-Luc Imler*,‡ The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a good model to unravel the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity and has led to some important discoveries about the sensing and signaling of microbial infections. The response of Drosophila to virus infections remains poorly characterized and appears to involve two facets. On the one hand, RNA interference involves the recognition and processing of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs by the host RNase Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), whereas, on the other hand, an inducible response controlled by the evolutionarily conserved JAK-STAT pathway contributes to the antiviral host defense. To clarify the contribution of the small interfering RNA and JAK-STAT pathways to the control of viral infections, we have compared the resistance of flies wild-type and mutant for Dcr-2 or the JAK kinase Hopscotch to infections by seven RNA or DNA viruses belonging to different families. Our results reveal a unique susceptibility of hop mutant flies to infection by Drosophila C virus and cricket paralysis virus, two members of the Dicistroviridae family, which contrasts with the susceptibility of Dcr-2 mutant flies to many viruses, including the DNA virus invertebrate iridescent virus 6. Genome-wide microarray analysis confirmed that different sets of genes were induced following infection by Drosophila C virus or by two unrelated RNA viruses, Flock House virus and Sindbis virus.
    [Show full text]