THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF NEOLOGISM
IN THE STRAWBERRY SHORTCAKE BILINGUAL BOOKS
A Thesis Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One
By:
KURNIA HESTI
1111026000047
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017 ABSTRACT
Kurnia Hesti, The Translation Procedures of Neologism in the Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
This research was aimed to identify and analyze the types of neologisms in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures which were applied by the translators to translate the SL neologisms into the TL including analyze the translation procedures which are used to preserve the SL neologisms into the TL. By using qualitative analysis method, the writer described data analysis with related study of neologisms by Newmark’s theory. The data were collected by using content analysis technique which was only collecting the main data of neologisms and their translation procedures. The result showed that there were three types of neologisms which are occurred in these Bilingual Books such as new coinage, old word with new sense and transferred word. The Salon- O-Matic occurred in new coinage type, salon in old word with new sense type and smoothies, lemon bars, manicure, pedicure, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart occurred in transferred word type. Meanwhile, the translators translated these neologisms in those types of neologisms by applying four translation procedures; couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent), transference, naturalization and functional equivalent. Furthermore, from these four translation procedures, there were only three translation procedures which still preserved them as SL neologisms based on their originality in the TL such as couplet, transference and naturalization.
Keywords: Neologisms, Types of Neologisms, Translation Procedures
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare and that, to the best that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, July 2017
Kurnia Hesti
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises to be Allah SWT, the Lord of Universe, who amazingly guides the writer in the process of making this thesis. Peace and Salutation be upon the greatest Prophet Muhammad SAW, companions and adherents, who had change the world from the stupidity into the ingenuity.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to my beloved parents; Mrs. Sugiyem and Mr. Dugel Hariono who have been keeping, teaching, advising and supporting me in moral or financial even prayed for both my graduation and successful while reaching my dreams as a Translator.
Alhamdulillahhirabbil ‘alamin, it is all because of you Ma, Pak. No words can explain how grateful I am to have you in my life. Thank you so much Ma, Pak and I apologize for billion times because of the lateness of my graduation. The writer also wants to give her gratitude to Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd as the writer advisor for his time, guidance, kindness and contribution while correcting and helping her to finishing her thesis.
The writer would like to express her appreciation to the following people, namely:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of Faculty of Adab and
Humanities, States Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
v 2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
3. My thesis examiner Mr. Agus Suriyadi M.M and Mrs. Danti Pudjiati
M,Hum M.M. I thank to both of you for giving me much suggestion to
make a better thesis in my thesis examination.
4. All the Lecturers of English Letters Department and the administration
staff who have helped the process of making this thesis.
5. The writer’s beloved brother, Arif Ilham Rosidi. Just enjoy your study in
Akademi Pimpinan Perusahaan (APP) Jakarta this year bro. Hope you can
achieve what you want here. Never give up on your dreams and Don’t
forget to make our self and our parents proud! Love you bro!
6. Tri Hariyono, S.Psi. Thank you so much for being my senior in any
aspects. I also thank to you for always push me to finishing my thesis. I
apologize for always making you mad because of my procrastination.
However, I am truly hoped that you can enjoy your Magister study over
the next two years. Let’s get success and pour much sugar in a cup of our
life, Amin.
7. The writer’s beloved friends in Translation Satillah Fitriyanti and beloved
friends in Linguistic; Dewi Mustika Arifiani, Nurul Aini Saputri and Riska
Rahman. Thank you so much for every memory that we have been through
for the first time we met until now. Let’s get success guys!
vi 8. The entire writer’s friends in Translation; thank you so much for studying,
discussing, laughing and sing along at Huppy Puppy Bintaro in the last
seasons. It’s really fun guys!
9. The writer’s little friends, Zakira Izza Rafifa, Christopher Tyrell Narendra
and Ahmad Aditya Zajuli. Thank you very much for always making me
smile and laugh every time we studied together. Do not be lazy to study
and do not forget to be awesome my kids.
10. The writer’s friends in REMNI (Remaja Masjid Nurul Ikhsan) and
IRMAPA (Ikatan Remaja Masjid Se-Paninggilan). Thank you for always
remind me to finishing my thesis, although it takes a long time to write.
11. To Google Books who was helping me to give the references for my data
analysis. Thank you so much Google Books, you helped me a lot!
12. To all people and friends that are not mentioned one by one, “Thank you
so much”
Hopefully, this thesis can be beneficial to all parties, especially for
the writer herself and the readers generally. May Allah SWT will always
bless and protect us anytime and anywhere we are, Amin.
Jakarta, July 2017
The writer
vii THE LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Neologisms and Their Translation Procedures in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books …………………….…………. 33
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...... i
APPROVEMENT ...... ii
LEGALIZATION ...... iii
DECLARATION ...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v
THE LIST OF TABLES...... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The study ...... 1
B. Focus of The study...... 4
C. Research Questions...... 5
D. Significance of The study...... 5
E. Research Methodology...... 5
1. The Objectives of Research...... 5
2. The Method of Research ...... 6
3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis.. 6
4. The Instrument of The Research...... 7
5. The Unit Analysis ...... 8
CHAPTER II THE THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research...... 9
B. Concept...... 12
ix C. Definition of Translation...... 12
D. The Translation Procedures...... 13
E. Neologisms...... 20
F. The Types of Neologisms ...... 22
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS/ FINDINGS
A. The Data Description ...... 32
B. The Data Analysis...... 34
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ...... 57
B. Suggestions...... 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 63
APPENDICES
x CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
In the children’s literature, the author tends to create many kinds of new words in order to present a fully magical world, because child image is a very complex issue; on the one hand, it is something unique, based on each individual’s personal history.
According to Riitta Oittinen whose the study focus on the translating for children, explains that children’s literature is a literature which is produced and intended for the children or as literature read by the children.1It has its own special future such as often illustrated and tend to be read aloud. The other characteristic of the children’s literature arethe two main characters; the good one and the bad one, simple languages, does not have any criminality aspect, a family, friendship, adventurous, hero theme, etc.
Later, the author’s deliberate choice of words in the children’s literature or other text leads to a concentration of certain features called as neologisms.2
Neologisms are new words, word-combinations or fixed phrases that appear in the
1Riitta Oittinen, Translating for children, (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 2000), p.61 2 Chapman, R, The Language of English Literature: An Introduction to literary stylistics, (London: Edward Arnold, 1982),p.51
1 2
language due to the development of social life, culture, social, science, engineering, etc.3
Nowadays, many kinds of book have been produced and marketed in
Indonesia whether it is written by the local author or foreign author. The books which are marketed often in Indonesia can be found as fiction, school books, reference, dictionary cooking, computer, internet, children’s literature etc.
According to statistic data from IKAPI (Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia), the books which are marketed often by the publisher is children’s book or children’s literature.4 The data shows the percentage of the children’s book or children’s literature which are marketed in Indonesia has increased in 2013 and 2014. The percentage of the children’s literature in 2013 shows 22,31% and it has increased into 22,64% in 2014. This statistic shows that the production and marketing of children’s literature has been giving a high contribution for the market share in
Indonesia.
On the other hand, the imported books have also dominated the market share of book in Indonesia. It can be seen that there are many kinds of imported books which have been translated in the bookstore. These imported books which have been translated can be found as novel, medical, computer, internet, children’s literature, etc. And, from all these imported books, children’s literatures have become one of the attractive literatures which are marketed and translated
3Forough Sayadi, The Translation of Neologisms volume 16, No.2 April 2011. Retrieved from http://www.translationjournal.net, accessed on March, 23rd 2015 4 IKAPI-Statistik, Buku Indonesia dalam Angka, retrieved from http://www.ikapi.org/statistik, accessed on July, 28th 2017 3
often by the publisher.5 It is because, the story of it is more imaginative and entertaining than the local story which the story is more educating the children.
And then, Newmark explains that neologisms are the biggest professional translator’s problem while doing the translation.6 It is because, the majority of them have a single meaning and it can be translated out of context, but many of them soon acquire new meaning in the Target Language (TL) and sometimes lose the old meaning. Neologisms can be found in many kinds of text such as economic, medical text, science, computer, industrial and even in the children’s literature. Through this explanation, it is a fact that translation becomes very important to solve this kind of problematic aspect both in the imported children’s literature and the other text.
While doing the translation, the translator gives their knowledge and ability to produce a high quality translation by applying some procedures, method, techniques, strategies and etc.7 The application of the procedures, method, technique and strategies in translating a text is not only helping the target readers while reading and understanding the translation text but also helping the translators in translating the whole text and the smaller unit of the text such as word, phrase, clause, sentence, cultural aspect or even neologisms in the children’s literature or the children book especially the picture story book.
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book which consisting of neologisms. Strawberry Shortcake story has been popular
5Andy Bayu Nugroho, Punslation dalam Karya Sastra Anak, Journal, p.1 Retrieved from http://digilib.uny.ac.id accessed on July 28th 2017 6 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),p.140 7FransSayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan, (Tangerang Selatan: Transpustaka, 2014), p.18 4
since 1980. The story and the characters has also been relaunched and redesigned four times in 1980, 2003, 2007 and 2009. The story appears as many kinds of product such as TV series, movies, picture story books and bilingual books.
The writer takes four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books to analyze the neologisms in this research. In four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, there are several neologisms which are classified into the types of neologisms. The example of neologisms in the story which is classified into one of the types of neologisms known as new coinage is Salon-O-Matic. It is classified into new coinage type, because it is a derived word which is formed by attaching the suffix
O-Matic after the base salon. Then, the translators are translated it by applying couplet procedure which is transferring and describing it in the story. Since it does not exist in Bahasa, this translation procedure can preserve it based on its Source
Language (SL) originality in the TL.
Based on this explanation, the writer is interesting to choose the topic about the translation of neologisms in order to analyze the types of neologisms which are found in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books including their translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the SL neologisms into the TL. Moreover, the writer is also interesting to analyze the translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms into the
TL.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background explains above, this research will be focused on the analysis of the types of neologisms which are found in the four Strawberry
Shortcake Bilingual Books, the translation procedures which are applied by the 5
translators to translate those SL neologisms into the TL based on Newmark’s theory including the analysis of translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms based on their originality in theTL.
C. Research Question
In this research, the writer will focus on the three research questions:
1. What kinds of types of neologisms are foundin the four Strawberry
Shortcake Bilingual Books?
2. How are those SL neologisms translated into the TL by the translators?
3. What are the translation procedures used to preserve those SL
neologisms based on their originality in the TL?
D. Significance of the Study
The writer hopes that this research will enlarge and gives significant impact to the study of the translation of neologisms especially in the children’s literature and other literatures commonly. Besides, the writer also hopes that this research will give educative information, enlarge the knowledge and become one of the references research not only for the writers but also for the student in
English Letters Department while conducting the research about the neologisms, types of neologisms and their translation procedures in the near future.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of Research
Based on the research questions above, the objective of this research can be stated to identify and analyze the types of neologisms which are found in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate those SL neologisms including to analyze 6
the translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms based on their originality into the TL.
2. The Method of Research
The writer uses qualitative method to analyze the neologisms in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, their translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate those SL neologisms into the TL including to analyze the translation procedures which are used to preserve those SL neologisms into the TL. Through this method, the data that will be collected and analyzed are words not numbers.8 Thus, the writer chooses this method to conduct this research.
3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis
Based on the method of this research, the writer uses content analysis technique to collecting the data. By doing a content analysis, the writer will collect the main neologisms data and their translation procedures in the four
Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. As the first step, the writer reads and signs the neologisms in the Bilingual Books. This technique is applied to help the writer while identifying the neologisms in the story. In the following step, the writer decides the translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate these neologisms. This technique held to help the writer while identifying the translation procedures which are applied by the translator to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms. As the last step, the writer analyzes the typesof neologisms and their translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms into a table.
8 Prof. Dr. Afrizal, M.A. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2015), P.13 7
This technique is applied to help the writer while analyzing the types of neologisms which are found and their translation procedure which are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms.
Furthermore, the writer takes some steps to analyze the data based on Newmark’s theory:
1. Reading the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books
2. Identifying and signing the neologisms
3. Identifying the translation procedure which are applied by the translator to
translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms
4. Classifying the types of neologisms including their translation procedures
into a table
5. Analyzing the types of neologisms
6. Analyzing the translation procedures which are applied by the translators
to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms
7. Analyzing the translation procedures which are used to preserve the SL
neologisms into the TL
8. Concluding the entire data analysis
4. The Instrument of the Research
The writer herself becomes the instrument to analyze the data. She reads some books, e-book, dictionary, article, learns the translation of neologisms’ theory and the translation procedure’s theory to analyze the data finding in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. 8
5. The Unit of Analysis
The units of analysis of this research are four Strawberry Shortcake
Bilingual Books which are targeted for the children age 6+ entitle Makeover
Madness (Dandanan Kacau), My First Sleepover (Pesta Piyama), Ballet School
(Sekolah Balet) translated by Windrati Hapsari and Berry Bitty Bakers (Pembuat
Kue di Kota Berry Bitty) translated by Widya Ayu Ningrum. These books are published by Erlangga from division of Erlangga for Kids, on August 2011. CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
The research about neologisms has been done by some scholars in many kinds of subject. The writer finds three previous researches about translation of neologism as the reference for her research.
The first research is about “Correspondence in Translating English
Neologisms into Persian: an Example from Children’s Fiction” written in 2013 by Maryam Panahi, Ne’matullah Somoossi, Mohsen Samadi and Seyyed Amir
Reza Mohamadian. In this research, the writers try to examine the correspondence between English neologisms and the Persian equivalents in the children literature entitle Harry Potter and The Order of the Phoenix. The writers use the DTS
(Descriptive Translation Strategies) to analyze the possible correspondences between the types of English Neologisms and Persian Neologisms. There are seven types of neologisms in this research; new collocation, new coinages, old words with new sense, blends, derivation, acronym and eponym. Finally, the writers find that new collocation type appears often and it is equivalent both in SL and TL. Nevertheless, the translator fails to give a direct correspondence for the type of neologisms such as new coinages, blends and derivation in translating
9 10
English neologisms into Persian. It is because, Persian language does not have any neologistic feature for this type of neologisms.1
The second research is about “A Model for Cognitive Process of
Neologisms Translation” held on January-March 2014 by Seyyed Mohammad
Moghadas and Masoud Sharififar. This research focuses on the cognitive process of professional translators; called as problem solving, in translating neologisms from English source text into Persian using TAPs (Think- aloud Protocols)
Method. They used a video recording to know the behavior of some translators
(participants) during the problem solving. After that, the video is analyzed based on the coding scheme of Krings (1986) and Gerloff (1986) for translation strategies in problem solving and problem indicators. Moreover, the writers use the model of information processing to explain the verbalization of participants concerning the problem solving (Ericsson & Simon, 1984, 1993). Finally, the result shows that the professional translator used some cognitive strategies to performing their translation task and the complexity in translating neologisms depends on their own competence. Those cognitive strategies are recognition
(identification of the problem), linguistic analysis (phonology, morphology, semantic, pragmatic and syntax), inference (intended meaning before comprehension), comprehension (using translation aids), decision making
1Mariam Panahi, Ne’matullah Somoossi, Mohsen Samadi and Seyyed Amir Reza Mohamadian. (2013). Correspondence in Translating English Neologisms into Persian: an Example from Children’s Fiction. Life Science Site Journal Vol.10 (9s):352-360 (ISSN:1097-8135). Retrieved from http://lifesciencesite.com, accessed on May, 8th 2015 11
(choosing between two or more option), revision (editing the solution) and monitoring (comparing source text and target text). 2
The third research is about “The Translation of Neologisms: Challenges for the Creation of New Terms in Indonesian Using a Corpus-based Approach” held on May 2012 by Dr. Karnedi MA. This research focuses on the analysis of some professional translation activities in translating English neologisms into
Indonesian in a number of economic texts. The writer lists some words as the keywords such as price, demand, supply, income and labor involving the British
National Corpus to provide the elicitation of neologisms in the ST. The data is processed by using a computer program that has been widely used in Corpus
Linguistic research called Word Smith Tool version 5.0. The writer also does a literature review based on the Newmark’s theory of translation of neologisms.
Then, he finds that collocation and acronym are the dominant type of neologisms.
Finally, the result shows that every translator has different creation in translating
English neologisms into Indonesian in economic text. The creation of new terms in the economic text from different professional translator can enrich the Glossary of English-Indonesian Technical Terms (GOEIT) or Glossarium Istilah Asing-
Indonesia for example Equilibrium price (Harga ekuilibrium; harga keseimbangan), Commodity price (Harga komoditi; harga komoditas) etc.3
2Seyed Mohammad Moghadas & Masoud Sharififar. (2014). A Model for Cognitive Process of Neologisms Translation. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies Vol-2, Issue-1, 04-19. Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org, accessed on May, 10th 2015 3Dr. Kardimin, MA. (2013). The Translation of Neologisms: Challenges for the Creation of New Term in Indonesian using Corpus Based Approach. International Journal of 12
Based on the three previous researches above, the writer is also interested in conducting a different research about neologisms. In this research, the writer uses children’s literature Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books as the unit analysis to analyze the criteria that makes the words in the Bilingual Books can be classified as neologisms and the translation procedure which is applied to translate each neologism from SL to TL.
B. CONCEPT
A. Definition of Translation
Definition of translation comes in various ideas among the theorists.
According to Nida, there are three basic factors in dealing with the differences in translation; the nature of the message, the purpose or the purposes of the author or by the proxy of the translator, and the type of the audience.4 Based on these factors the theorists from different era have their own idea about translation. In the
1940s, Jakobson explains that translation is such a reported speech.5 It means when the translator receives a message from a source of language, she or he recode and transmits it into another language.
Then, in the 1960s, Nida whose the study concerned on the Bible translation explains that translation reproduces the message in the SL to TL both in meaning and style.6 Then, he emphasizes that the aim of translation is not only
Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 5, May-2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518. Retrieved from www.ijser.org/researchpaper, accessed on May, 12th 2015 4Eugene A.Nida, Toward a Science of Translating, (Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964), p.156 5Roman Jakobson, On Linguistic Aspect of Translation, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p:144 6Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber, The theory and practice of translation, (Leiden: The Netherlands,1969), p.12 13
reproducing the message with a good meaning in the TL, but also reproducing it with a good grammatical and lexical adjustment. In the same era, Catford also gives explanation about translation. He defined translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).7 It means that not all the material from SL is translated but it is replaced by TL equivalent, for example the textual material is grammar or lexical.
Thus, while doing a translation process the translator must replace the grammar in
SL with the equivalent grammar in TL.
Meanwhile, in the 1980s, Newmark whose the study is also discussing about translation of neologisms explained that “translation is rendering a meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.8 It means that translating is not only changing a language from Source
Language (SL) into Target Language (TL) but also conveying the meaning of the text in order to make the target reader understanding the message easily. In the following years; 1984, Larson whose the study focuses on the meaning states that
“translation consists of transferring the meaning of source language into the receptor language”.9 He explained that the form of language can be changed but the meaning of it must be held constant.
B. The Translation Procedures
Some of theorist uses different terms to mention translation procedure.
According to Newmark, procedures are used to translate the sentences and the
7J.C Catford, A Linguistic theory of translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistic, (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.20 8 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p.82 9 Mildred Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: Second Edition, (Maryland: University Press of America, Inc 1998), p.3 14
smaller units of language.10 It used to overcome the problem of translation at the level of word, phrase and sentence. Meanwhile, Molina and Amparo Hurtado
Albir use the term ‘technique’ as the way to translate the micro unit of a text.11
The translation technique describes and affect to the smaller sections of the translation. Based on Newmark, there are eighteen procedures to translate the sentence and the smaller unit of the language including the neologisms. Those translation procedures can be seen as follow:12
1. Transference
This type is transferring word from SL to TL text. It is known as loan word or transcription. There are some words that commonly transferred; names of all living things and dead people, geographical and topographical names (including newly independent countries), name of periodical and newspaper, title of literary works such as plays and films, private companies and institution, etc.
SL: Malawi
TL: Malawi
2. Naturalization
This procedure adapts the SL word to the normal pronunciation then the normal morphology (word-forms) in the TL.
SL: Ice cream
TL: Es Krim
10 Newmark, op.cit. p.81 11 Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir, Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach, Meta XLVII, 42 2002. Retrieved from www.erudit.org, accessed on May 14th 2015 p.508 12Newmark, ibid, p.81-93 15
3. Cultural Equivalent This is an approximate translation procedure where SL cultural word is translated by the TL cultural word.
SL: “A” level exam
TL: Ujian SPMB13
4. Functional Equivalent
This procedure is applied to cultural word, requires the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term or adds a particular term. Therefore, it generalizes or neutralizes the SL word.
SL: The House of Common
TL: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR)
5. Descriptive Equivalent
This procedure is different with functional. Descriptive equivalent describes the word from SL into TL because the word in SL has no equivalence in TL.
SL: They were celebrating their annual Thanksgiving Day
TL: Mereka merayakan hari peringatan panen tahunan
6. Synonymy
This procedure is used if the word in SL has no one-to one equivalent. The translator can use another word in the TL, because the word itself is not too important and not affected to the context of text.
SL: The Advanced Guard
TL: Pengawal canggih
13 Hoed, op.cit, p.78 16
7. Through Translation
This procedure is used to translate such a common collocation, names of organizations, phrase or compounds literally. It is also known as calque.
SL: Junior High School
TL: Sekolah Menengah Pertama
8. Shifts or Transposition
This procedure involves a change of grammar from SL to TL. There are four types of shift or transposition:
- First, change the word from singular to plural.
SL: A pair of trousers
TL: Sebuah celana14
- Second, the type is required when SL grammatical equivalence does not
exist in the TL.
SL: I’m confused
TL: Bingung aku15
- Third, this type is the one where literal translation is grammatically
possible but the usage of it is not sound natural in the TL.
SL: It was an arduous to climb up the mountain
TL: Sungguh sukar mendaki gunung itu16
14Rochayah Machali, Pedoman bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap Bagi Anda yang Ingin Menjadi Penerjemah, (Bandung, PT Mizan Pustaka, 2009), p.90 15Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan, (Tangerang Selatan: Transpustaka,2014), p.55 16Machali, op.cit, p. 97 17
- Fourth, this type is the replacement of virtual lexical gap by a grammatical
structure.
SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant
TL: Ia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong17
9. Modulation
This procedure is used to define variation through a change of point of view or perspective and very often a category of thought from SL into TL.
SL: The laws of Germany govern this Agreement
TL: Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman.18
10. Recognized translation
This procedure uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. Moreover, the translators can also gloss or show disagreement with the official version.
SL: Trade Minister
TL: Menteri Perdagangan
11. Translation Label
This procedure is a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term which should be made in inverted commas.
SL: Jumping out and laughing, shouting, ‘I’ve found you!’
TL: Melompat dan tertawa sambil berteriak, ‘Aku menemukanmu!’
17Sayogie, op.cit, p. 56 18Hoed, op.cit, p.74 18
12. Compensation
This procedure is used when the word loss of meaning, sound, metaphor or pragmatic. So, it changes into another part of in a contiguous sentence.
SL: Green with envy
TL: Cemburu
13. Componential Analysis
This procedure is splitting up a common lexical unit into its sense components and the result often one to two, three or four translations.
SL: He’s been stayed for 2 months in his Bungalow
TL: Dia telah menempati rumah barunya selama dua bulan
14. Reduction and Expansion - The translator uses reduction to reduce the meaning of SL lexical unit into TL. SL: The month of fasting for Moslems
TL: Ramadhan
- Then, the translator uses expansion to expand the meaning of SL lexical unit
into TL.
SL: Whale
TL: Ikan paus (The word ikan is added in the TL because the word paus have
a varieties of meaning for instance, Paus in Indonesia means as Pemimpin
umat Katholik sedunia)19
19Dr. Kardimin, M.Hum, PintarMenerjemah: Wawasan Teoritik dan Praktek, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013), p.88 19
15. Paraphrase
This procedure is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. It is used in an anonymous text which is poorly written.
SL: He looks green at the gills
TL: Dia kelihatan pucat
16. Other Procedure
This procedure follows Vinay and Dalbernet procedure:
- Equivalence means as unfortunately named term implying approximate
equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different terms.
- Adaptation means as use of a recognized equivalent between two
situations, it is a matter of cultural equivalence commonly.
SL: Dear Sir
TL: Dengan Hormat
17. Couplets
Couplets is a combination of some procedures in translating a text.
SL: Daun Mangkokan
TL: Daun Mangkokan; a leaf for cooking that looks like a bowl20
18. Notes, Addition, Glosses
Newmark gives four options to have additional information:
1. Within the text
The translator use round brackets or square brackets to make corrections of
material or moral fact where appropriate within the text.
20 Apriliyanti Sirait, The Translation of Indonesian Local Spices from Indonesian to English- A Translation Criticism, retrieved from http://www.academia.edu accessed on 26th July 2017 20
2. Notes at the bottom of page
This procedure becomes a nuisance when they are too lengthy and numerous.
3. Notes at the end of the chapter
This procedure is often irritating if the chapters are long since they take too
long to find.
4. Notes or Glossary at the end of books
This procedure should be referenced with the book page numbers at the top.
D. Neologisms
The using of neologisms can be found in many kinds of subject such as in the economic, medical, science and technology and also in the children literature.
Neologisms is considered as the biggest translator problem while doing a translation process because there are many words which cannot be found in the dictionary although the meaning of it is familiar. Nowadays, the number of it has increased steeply because of the media, writers, educators or even a public figure.
The internet has also created for numbers of neologisms such as the using of prefix e- in e-mail, e-business, e-commerce etc. The term neologisms originally come from Greek vἐo- néo which means “new” and λὀɣoς- lὀgos which means
“speech or utterance”.21According to Silvia, whose the study focused on the terminology viewed neologisms as ”the new words or new meanings assigned to the existing words”.22 On the other hand, the term Neologisms can be explained as “Membentuk kata baru atau kata lama dengan makna baru” or “sebuah
21Kristen Malmkjair, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p.601 22 Silvia Pavel and Diana Nolet, Handbook of Terminology, (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2001), p.20 21
ekspresi yang baru dibuat, seringkali memberikan efek sesuatu yang baru atau individualitas, berlawanan dengan archaism dan pemakaian kontemporer”.23
According to Newmark, neologisms can be defined as “a newly coined lexical unit or existing a lexical unit that acquire a new sense”.24 It means that a neologism sometimes is not only introducing a new word in the language, but also introducing a new sense for the existing lexical unit. Furthermore, Niska describes neologisms as “a loan word in the form of directs loan and loan translations or newly coined term; either morphologically new words or by giving existing words a new semantic content”.25 In brief, neologisms are a new way to express an idea or concept which was previously expressed by other words or in some cases may not have existed. Thus, Silvia emphasizes that the acceptance of neologisms depends on some factors; the brevity, handle ability, ease of retention and the potential for derivation or productivity, but the main factor is the term should reflect the characteristics of the concept it designated.26 Besides, neologisms can be formed not only from new word or the existing word with a new meaning but also giving an existing word a new part of speech without necessarily changing its written form.27 For instance, “If I press the key, my computer will blue screen”.
The word “blue screen” has become a verb in the sentence although the original is made up from noun + adjective.
23Sudjana dan Suci Budiawati, Glosarium Terminologi Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris- Indonesia, (Universitas Gunadarma, 2013), p.63 24 Newmark, op.cit, p.140 25Helge Niska, Explorations in translational creativity: Strategies for interpreting neologisms. (Workshop paper: Stockholm University, 8th Augusts 1998). Retrieved from: http://lisa.tolk.su.se/kreeng2.htm, accessed on May, 28th 2015 26Silvia, op.cit, p.21 27Lynee Bowker and Jennifer Pearson, Working with a Specialized Language: A Practical Guide to using Corpora, (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p.214 22
According to Cabre, she explained that “to state a word or a unit as neologisms or not, there are several parameters to concern”.28 First is diachrony, a word or unit is a neologisms if it has arisen recently. Second is lexicography, a word or a unit is a neologisms if it is not in a dictionary. Under this criterion, a word or unit is neologisms if it is not appear in the lexicographical corpus chosen as reference corpus. Third is systematic instability, a word or a unit is a neologisms if it exhibits sign of formal instability, like morphological, graphic and phonetic, or semantic instability; and the fourth is psychology, a word or a unit is a neologisms if a speaker perceive it as new unit.
E. The Types of Neologisms
Newmark has been classified the neologisms into 12 types including the translation procedure to translate the SL neologisms into the TL:29
E.1 Existing Lexical Items with New Sense
E.1.1 Old words with new sense
These types are divided into two categories:
E.1.1.1 Words with new sense
This type does not normally refer to the new object or process, therefore it is rarely technological. The old word with new senses is usually translated by a word that already exists in the TL by a brief functional or descriptive term.
28M. Teresa Cabré, Terminology: Theory, Methods and Application ed. by Juan C. Sager; translated by Janet Ann De Cesaris, (Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999), p.205 29Newmark, op.cit, p.141 23
Old Word Periods of time The Meaning with New Senses 12th Century It is known as a surname (Philippus de Gay) Gay30 in English. (from Old 14th Century It means as full of joy, merry, light-hearted French gai) or carefree. This meaning is very commonly used in speech and literature. 17th - 19th Century It means an overall tinge of promiscuity. 20th Century It is specifically used to mean Homosexual. It is translated into homoseksual in the TL.31
E.1.1.2 Collocation with new sense
Existing Collocation with New Sense tends to be a cultural or non-cultural term. If the referent (concept or object) exits in the TL, there is usually a recognized or through translation. Meanwhile, if the referent does not yet exist, the translator gives an economical descriptive equivalent in the TL. According to Cambridge
Online Dictionary, collocation means as a word or phrase that is often used with another word or phrase, in a way that sounds correct to people who have spoken the language all their lives, but might not be expected from the meaning.32 There are about six main types of collocations such as adjective+noun, noun+noun (such as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase
(phrasal verbs) and verb+adverb.
30Online Etymology Dictionary, retrieved from http://www.etymonline.com/gay accessed on June, 2nd 2015 31Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/homo-2 accessed on June, 2nd 2015 32 Collocation, retrieved from http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org accessed on July, 27th 2017 24
For Example:
SL: Tug-of-love (an informal Bristish noun) 33
TL: Hak Asuh atau Hak Asuh Anak
E.2 New Forms
E.2.1 New Coinages
According to Oxford Online Dictionaries, coinages mean the invention of new word or phrases.34 Meanwhile, Newmark explains that there is no such thing as a brand new word.35 If the word does not derive from various morphemes, then it will be more phonaesthetic or synaesthetic. According to Lieber, derived words means as new lexemes that are formed with prefixes and suffixes on a base and the process by which they are formed known as derivation. 36 The base is the part of a word which the affix is attached, for instance wipe is the base of unwipe.37
Frequently, the base is a free morpheme; a morpheme which can stand alone as words. For instance; wipe, head, bracelet etc. Meanwhile, the morpheme which cannot stand alone as words called as bound morpheme, and the former of bound morpheme are prefixes suffixes and others. A derived word can be also formed by combining two pre-existing words in language known as compound word for instance babysit and spaceship.38
33 Herlinda Putri, The Translation of Neologisms (Neologisms and The Phenomena), Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu accessed on 31st July 2017 34Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/English/coinage accessed on June, 4th 2015 35 Newmark, op.cit, p. 142 36 Rochelle Lieber, Introducing Morphology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 33 37 Ibid, p.33 38 James R.Hurford, Brendan Heasley and Michael B.Smith, Semantics A Coursebook second edition, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.227 25
A step in derivation is actually not one process but three processes.39 First is morphological process. It changes the shape of an existing word by adding a prefix or suffix morpheme to an existing root morpheme. Second is syntactic process. It changes the part of speech of a word, for instance from verb to noun. And third, is a semantic process. It produces a new sense. But, derivation sometimes do not involving these three processes. It sometimes involves both semantic and syntactic processes without morphological process and morphological and semantic process without syntactic process. For instance:
Teach: teacher
Morphological process: add suffix -er
Syntactic process: change verb to noun
Semantic process: produce word donating an agent
In principle, in fiction, any kind of neologisms should be recreated. If it is a derived word then it should be replaced by the same or equivalent morpheme; if it is a phonaesthetic then it should be given phonemes producing the same sound- effect (naturalization). However, the translation always considers the principle of equivalent naturalness in mind.
For Instance:
SL: Firebolt (It is a compound word where the term fire and bolt have been put together to compose a brand name for the best brooms in the world)40
TL: Firebolt
39 Ibid, p.228 40 Emma Prené, (2012). Thesis: Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLs Word formation processes of neologisms in the Harry Potter books, Linnӕus University School of Language and Literature. Retrieved from http://lnu.diva- portal.org/smash/get/diva2.../FULLTEXT01.pdf accessed on June,5th 2015 26
On the other hand, the main new coinages are brand or trade name and it is usually transferred if the brand name is marketed in the TL culture, but if the trade has no cultural or any identifying significance, the proper name may be replaced by a functional or generic term.
For Instance: SL: Revlon (brand name)
TL: Revlon or Lipstick or Fashionable American (if the brand name has no cultural or any identifying significance).
E.2.2 Derived Words (including Blends)
This type deals with some derive words analogy from ancient Greek or Latin usually with suffix such as –ismo, -ismus, -ija, etc which is naturalized in the appropriate language. This word forming procedure is employed mainly to designed (non-cultural) scientific, technological, industry and medical rather than cultural institutional term. Normally, they have naturalized suffixes. But, the translator cannot apply the process automatically. The translator has also to consult with ISO (International Standard Organization) glossary, whether there is already recognize translation. Second, whether the referent yet exists in the TL culture; third, how important it is. The last, whether it is worth transplanting at all, if he thinks that he is justified in translating it then he should put it in inverted commas.
For Instance:
SL: Haematology is derived from the Greek term haȋma means as blood and the
Greek suffix -logy which denotes the academic study of certain fields 41
41 C.T.Onions et al (ed). The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, (London: Oxford University Press,1966), p.423 27
TL: Hematologi42
E.2.3 Abbreviation
Abbreviation means as “A short form of a word or phrases”.43 It is different from acronym which is pronounced as a full word. Abbreviation is commonly spelling out each letter. It has always been the common type of Pseudo-neologisms, probably more common in French than in English. Unless they coincide, they only wrote out in the TL.
For Instance:
SL: WHO (World Health Organization)
TL: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia
E.2.4 Collocations
Collocation means as “A word or phrase that is often used with another word or phrase”.44 Newly collocation (noun compounds or adjective plus noun) are commonly appear in social science or computer language. The translator has no authority to create their own neologisms on this type, especially in the computer language. The computer term and social science are translated by recognize translation. If the term does not yet exist in the TL, it must be transferred and add a functional or descriptive term.
For Instance:
SL: Commodity Market from economic science
42 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/prof accessed on June, 6th 2015 43 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 6th 2015 44 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 7th 2015 28
TL: Pasar Komoditi or Pasar Komoditas 45
E.2.5 Eponyms
Eponyms means as “The name of an object or activity that is also the name of the person who first produced the object or did the activity”. 46Any word from proper name refers directly to a person (including toponyms; the study of name place, their origin, meaning, use and typology). When eponyms refer directly to a person, they are transferred in the TL without difficulty. When derived from object, eponyms is a brand name (derive from the inventor or discoverer). They are transferred in the TL until the brand name is equally well known. The new eponyms are derived from geographical name. Most commonly, they originate from the product from the relevant area such as cheese, wines, sausages, etc. They are added with a generic term until the product is well enough known.
For Instance:
SL: Shakespearean (Relating to William Shakespeare or his writings).47
TL: Shakespearean
SL: Honda (A brand name from the inventor; Soichiro Honda).48
TL: Honda
SL: Champagne (derived from the region in French where it is produced).49
45Glosarium, Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia, retrieved from http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium June, 7th 2015 46 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 13th 2015 47Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/Shakespearean accessed on June, 13th 2015 48Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/honda, accessed on June,13th 2015 49Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/champagne accessed on June, 13th 2015 29
TL: Sampanye; (Minuman yang mengandung alcohol, dibuat dari sari anggur cemerlang (berasal dari daerah Champagne, Prancis))50
E.2.6 Phrasal Words
New Phrasal words are only restricted to English’s facility in converting verb into noun. This type of neologisms is translated by giving its semantic equivalent.
For Instance:
SL: Trade (v) Trade off (n)
TL: Menjualkan.51
E.2.7 Transferred Words
They transferred commonly in the several languages whether cultural or cultural overlap for instance, name of imported foodstuff, clothes and cultural manifestation. According to De Anda, Cultural overlap means as the extent to which the norm sets of two or more cultural group are similar.52 The similarity lays in norms system between organizational culture and micro cultural identity group of its member. These neologisms are usually translated like any other cultural word which is transferred the SL neologisms together with a generic term and the requisite specific detail in the TL depends on the target reader and setting.
For Instance:
SL: Ssamjang
50Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/sampanye accessed on June, 13th 2015 51John M. Echols and Hassan Sadily, op.cit, p.599 52 Taylor Cox, Jr., Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice, (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1994), p.72 30
TL: Ssamjang (saus pedas dan kental yang biasa digunakan dalam masakan korea)53
SL: Kungfu
TL: Kungfu (seni bela diri asal Cina)54
E.2.8 Acronyms
Acronyms are an increasingly common feature of all non-literary texts for the reason of brevity and euphony. Acronyms are “words which are formed from the first letters of other words and which are pronounced as full words.”55 Acronyms in science are transferred in the TL since it has become internationalisms. Acronyms for institutions and names of companies are usually transferred. Then, Acronyms for international institutions are usually through-translated. Meanwhile, Acronyms for national political or social organization are transferred and translated its name depend on the interest of the target reader.
For Instance:
SL: Radar (Radio detecting and ranging)
TL: Radar, since it has became internationalisms
SL: ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)56
TL: Persatuan Negara Asia Tenggara
53Buku Ensiklopedia Dunia, retrieved from http://doenjang.ma.web.id/ind/Ssamjang_stieigi_doenjang-ma.html accessed on June, 18th 2015 54Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/kungfu accessed on June, 18th 2015 55 www.dictionary.cambridge.org, accessed on June 18th 2015 56 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, retrieved from http://www.asean.org/asean/asean-member-states accessed on June, 21 2015 31
E.2.9 Pseudo-neologisms
Pseudo-neologisms appear as a generic word which is stand in for a specific word. Abbreviations have always been a common type of pseudo-neologisms.
For Instance:
SL: KPK TL: Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Indonesia Corruption Eradication
Commission) CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS/FINDINGS
A. The Data Description
The data of neologisms below are taken from four Strawberry Shortcake
Bilingual Books. There are ten neologisms which are occurred in these Bilingual
Books. Those are the name of salon chair; Salon-O-Matic, the old word with new sense; salon, the cultural overlap; manicure and pedicure and the cultural manifestations; smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. This analysis will identify and analyze the types of neologisms based on the classification of Newmark’s theory of the translation of neologisms.
Meanwhile, the writer finds that there are four translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms. The translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in those types of neologisms can be found as couplet
(transference and descriptive equivalent), transference, naturalization and functional equivalent. These translation procedures are also analyzed based on
Newmark’s theory. Then, the classification of neologisms into the types of neologisms in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books and theirs translation procedures which are applied by the translators can be seen through the table as follow:
32 33
Table 1: The Neologisms in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books and Their Translation Procedures
No. Source Language Target Language The Types of The (SL) Neologisms (TL) Neologisms Neologisms Translation Procedures 1. “It’s the Salon-O- “Ini Salon-O- New Couplet Matic,” Matic, kursi salon Coinage; A (Transference said Lemon ajaib,” kata Lemon derived word and Meringue. Meringue. Descriptive Equivalent) 2. Later, Strawberry Strawberry Old word Transference Shortcake stopped Shortcake with new by the salon to visit berkunjung ke sense; It has Lemon Meringue. salon Lemon new sense Meringue. nowadays 3. At Strawberry Di Café Strawberry Transferred Transference Shortcake’s café, Shortcake, Lemon word; Lemon Meringue Meringue membuat cultural made a batch of smoothies. manifestation smoothies. of the United States
4. She got out the Ia mengambil gula Transferred Transference sugar and started to dan mulai membuat word; make a new batch lemon bars lagi. Favorite classic of lemon bars. dessert in the Southern United States
5. “It does manicures “Ia bisa melakukan Transferred Naturalization like magic, gives manikur dengan word; perfect pedicures, ajaib, pedikur Cultural and styles hair dengan sempurna overlap of faster than you’ve dan menata rambut China and ever seen before!” lebih cepat Egypt daripada yang pernah kalian lihat!” 34
6. As Strawberry Saat Strawberry Transferred Functional Shortcake looking Shortcake sedang word; Equivalent through the memilih Cultural pajamas, she got a baju tidur, ia manifestation great idea. mendapat ide of Hindi bagus. 7. Lemon Meringue Lemon Meringue Transferred Naturalization says she is not mengatakan ia word; good at ballet. tidak bisa menari Cultural balet. manifestation of Italy
8. “I’m going to make “Aku akan Transferred Transference a strawberry membuat word; cheesecake!” said strawberry Cultural manifestation Strawberry cheesecake!” seru of New York Shortcake Strawberry Shortcake
9. At the café, Plum Di cafe, Plum Transferred Transference Pudding and Pudding dan word; Strawberry Strawberry Cultural word Shortcake Shortcake of French measured and mengukur dan mixed their mencampur bahan- ingredients. bahan kue.
10. “I want to make a “Aku ingin Transferred Transference plum tart,” added membuat plum word; Plum Pudding. tart, kata Plum Cultural Pudding. manifestation of French
B. The Data Analysis
In this research, the writer takes ten neologisms as the data analysis from four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books. Those neologisms are Salon-O-
Matic, salon, manicure and pedicure, smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, 35
strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. In this chapter, these neologisms will be described and analyze the data analysis based on Newmark’s theory.
1. SL: It’s the Salon-O-Matic,” said Lemon Meringue.
TL: Ini Salon-O-Matic, kursi salon ajaib,” kata Lemon Meringue. (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
Lemon Meringue is an expert with a comb and blow dryer. She runs and owns a beauty salon in Berry Bitty City.1 One day, she was very busy at her salon and decides to get a high-tech gadget named Salon-O-Matic to help her work in her salon. According to Booij, Lehman and Mughdan, the term O-Matic in Salon-
O-Matic is originally derived from the term automatic and this suffix is commonly used for the store or business name.2 It is proved by the establishment of the American Company known as Ronco in 1960s.3 This company was established by Michael Korey and Ron Popeil. This company sells and manufactures much kind of automatic kitchen device and the suffix O-Matic is used to name their products such as Chop-O-Matic, Dial-O-Matic and Veg-O-
Matic. These products are very popular and sold in a large amount. That is why,
Ronco, Popeil and the suffix O-Matic have become an icon of American popular culture in that era.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Salon-O-Matic into new coinage type. It is classified into new coinage type, because it is a derived word. It
1Strawberry Shortcake, retrieved from http://www.strawberryshortcake.com/friends accessed on August, 16th 2015 2Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehman, Joachim Mughdan, Morphology: Volume 1, (Berlin: Walter de Guyter GmbH & Co, 2000), p.1968 3Funding Universe, Ronco, Inc. History. Retrieved from http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ronco-inc-history/ accessed on August, 16th 2015 36
can be considered as derived word, because it has formed by attaching the suffix -
O-Matic after the base salon to create a new term as Salon-O-Matic. Through this process, the meaning of salon which refers to a place to get hair and beauty treatment has also changed into salon chair which can do manicure, pedicure and hair styling automatically after attaching by the suffix –O-Matic. Thus, the writer classifies it into new coinage type.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate Salon-O-
Matic by applying the couplet procedure in the TL. In the theory itself, it has been explained that this neologisms especially the one appearing in fiction should be recreated or translated into the same or equivalent morpheme. Meanwhile, there are two translation procedures which are applied to translate Salon-O-Matic in the story; transference and descriptive equivalent. Through this translation procedure,
Salon-O-Matic in the Makeover Madness (Dandanan Kacau) Bilingual Books is not only transferred into Salon-O-Matic but also added with a description as kursi salon ajaib.
In the story, the writer finds that this translation procedure only applies once to translate Salon-O-Matic. Meanwhile, in the other page of the story it is translated into Kursi Salon-O-Matic. Thus, the writer considers that the translation kursi salon ajaib is a kind of description and classifies the translation procedure as descriptive equivalent.
On the other hand, it describes into kursi salon ajaib not kursi salon otomatis in order to adjust with the image of children magical world. The writer also considers that the descriptive equivalent procedure can convey the meaning 37
of salon chair, which can do anything automatically like magic in the story, to the target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.4
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate Salon-O-Matic. Since Salon-O-Matic does not origin from the
TL, the writer considers that the application of this translation procedure still preserves the originality of it as the SL neologisms in the story.
2. SL: Later, Strawberry Shortcake stopped by the salon to visit Lemon
Meringue.
TL: Strawberry Shortcake berkunjung ke salon Lemon Meringue. (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
The term salon comes in English around 16th century from Old French word “salon”.5 Then, the meaning of salon has been changed in English in a period of times. In the 16th century, salon means as a large room or apartment in a palace or a great house.6 This kind of room is usually used as a reception room for a guest in a large house. Then, in the 17th and 18th century, salon is commonly associated with French literal and philosophical movement. It is used to mean a gathering for fashionable people such as writers or artist at the house of woman prominent in high society.
4Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber, The theory and practice of translation, (Leiden: The Netherlands,1969), p.200 5Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary: Fourth Edition, (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press,2008), p.389 6Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/salon, accessed on August, 19th 2015 38
Nowadays, salon is used specifically to mean a shop that gives customers hair or beauty treatment.7 The meaning of salon as a place to get beauty treatment or hair dressed has widely known in many countries and places including in
Indonesia. Based on this explanation, the writer classifies the neologisms salon into old word with new sense type. It classifies into old word with new sense type, because it is an old word with new sense where the meaning of it has been changed in a period of times.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate salon by applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, it has been explained that this neologisms should be translated by applying functional and descriptive equivalent. But, the writer finds that it is translated by applying transference procedure. Through this translation procedure, it is only transferred without any description in the story. Since the meaning or the concept of it refers to the same concept which is a place to get hairdressing and beauty treatment both in Bahasa and in the story, the writer considers that transference procedure can be used to translate the neologisms in the old word with new sense type.
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate salon. It can be applied to translate it, because this translation procedure still preserve the meaning of it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
3. SL: At the Strawberry shortcake’s café, Lemon Meringue made a batch of smoothies.
7Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary: Fourth Edition, op.cit, p.389 39
TL: Di Café Strawberry Shortcake, Lemon Meringue membuat smoothies.
(Makeover Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
Strawberry Shortcake runs and owns a café in Berry Bitty City. In her café, Strawberry Shortcake prepares bread, sells delicious foods or snack and also smoothies. According to Oxford Dictionaries, “smoothie is a thick and frosty drink made with liquids and solid in blender or food processor”.8 Smoothies are occasionally spelled smoothee or smoothy. In Bahasa, there is also the same beverage which is also made from fruit. It is known as Juice. But, smoothies and juice have different concept although these beverages have the same benefit.
According to Brown, he explained that “smoothies first used in blender cook book in the early 1960s”.9 Since then, during the past decade this beverage has become very popular from California beaches across the nation. To have a batch of smoothies, the whole fruit is used as the main ingredient which usually mixes with frozen yoghurt, milk or ice cream. Therefore, it always makes smoothies looks so creamy and thicker.
Meanwhile, Juice is made by using a juicer where the whole fruit is not used and it can be added with other ingredients or flavors such as Vitamin shot or flavored syrup and the texture is lighter than smoothies.10 Based on this explanation, the writer classifies smoothies into transferred word type. It classifies into the transferred word type, because this beverage is the transferred cultural manifestation of the United States.
8Ibid, p.4 9Ellen Brown, A Complete Guide to Smoothie, (United States of America: Penguin Group Inc, 2005), p.3 10An Hachette Livre UK Company, Juices and Smoothies: Over 200 Delicious Recipes, (Great Britain: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 2010, eBook edition) p.509 40
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate smoothies by applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. Through the transference procedure, it shows that smoothies are transferred with a special signal (italic) in the story.
Since the Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book and there is no any equivalency of it in Bahasa, the writer considers that smoothies are only transferred in the story without any adaptation into jus or any specific detail for it. It is translated without any adaptation and any specific detail, because the illustrations of smoothies have been given in the story. This illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through the repeating what is said in words.11 Therefore, the writer considers that smoothies is only transferred in the story and write in Italic in order to present the United States culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers of
Strawberry Shortcake about the other culture.12.
Moreover, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate smoothies. It can be applied to translate it, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
11Riitta Oittinen, Translating for children, (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.2000), p.108 12Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan , (Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p.88 41
4. SL: She got out the sugar and started to make a new batch of lemon bars.
TL: Ia mengambil gula dan mulai membuat lemon bars lagi. (Berry Bitty Bakers;
Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Berry Bitty City is held an annual baking contest. The residents in Berry
Bitty City are very excited to join, including Strawberry Shortcake and her berry friends. Strawberry Shortcake, Plum Pudding and Lemon Meringue will be joined the contest. Meanwhile, Raspberry Torte, Orange Blossom and Blueberry Muffin would rather to taste the treats than bake them. According to Nunez, he explains that “Lemon bars is one of American dessert bars”.13 He also explained that
“dessert bars is a type of American bar cookie which has the texture of a firm cake or softer than usual cookie”.14 A dessert bars always serves during the holiday, but it always consume all year nowadays. Later, this dessert bars appears in many kinds of variation, such as lemon bars, chocolate coconut bars, pineapple bars, almond bars, etc. Lemon bars and other bars would rather serve in a pan than baked in oven and it cuts in a rectangle or square forms.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Lemon bars into transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because Lemon bars is one of the perennial favorite classic dessert in the Southern United States which is only transferred and become a new word in the TL.15
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate Lemon bars by applying transference procedure. In the theory itself, it is explained that this
13 Christopher Nunez, My Baking Confession, (United States of America: Lulu Press, Inc. 2015), p.36 14Ibid, p.36 15 Michel Sues, Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional Approach, (Canada: Nelson Education, Ltd, 2009), p.435 42
neologisms should be translated by applying transference, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target readers and setting.
Through this translation procedure, it shows that Lemon bars are transferred without any special signal (italic) or any specific detail in the story.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book and there is no any equivalency of it in Bahasa, the writer considers that
Lemon bars are only transferred without any adaptation into kue lemon or any specific detail. It is translated without any adaptation and specific detail, because the illustration of it has been given in the story. This illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. Therefore, Lemon bars are only transferred in the story in order to present the United States culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.
Then, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate Lemon bars. It can be applied to translate it, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
However, the writer considers that Lemon bars should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue lemon in Bahasa. Since the equivalency of
Lemon bars exists as kue lemon in Bahasa with different concept from the SL, the writer considers that it should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue lemon in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society. 43
5. SL: “It does manicures like magic, gives perfect pedicures and styles hair faster than you’ve ever seen before!”
TL: “Ia bisa melakukan manikur dengan ajaib, pedikur dengan sempurna dan menata rambut lebih cepat daripada yang pernah kalian lihat!” (Makeover
Madness; Dandanan Kacau)
The French word manicures and pedicures are originally derived from
Latin manus means hand and cura means care.16 Meanwhile, pedicure is also derived from Latin pes-, ped- means feet and cura means care.17According to
Oxford Dictionaries, the term manicure means as “A cosmetics treatment of the hands involving shaping and often painting the nails, removal the cuticles, and softening of the skin”.18 Meanwhile, the term pedicure means as “A cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails”.19 According to Knight, he explains that “the habit of manicures and pedicures is an ancient practice of China and Egypt”.20
This practice is mostly associated with the royals. They are typically using dark shades and red polish as the rules of classes.
Then, the popularity of manicures and pedicures begin with the production of nail products in French during 1920s until 1970s. The production of nails product are inspired by this ancient habit. By producing the nail products, the
16Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/manicure, accessed on August, 24th 2015 17Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/pedicure, accessed on August 24th 2015 18Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/manicure, accessed on August, 24th 2015 19Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pedicure, accessed on August, 24th 2015 20Gladys L. Knight, Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture: Volume 1-A, (United States: Greenwood, 1974), p.95 44
women in middle-class are enjoyed of going to a beauty parlor to get manicure and pedicure. That is why, it makes manicures and pedicures being very popular in French.21 Since then, many American women are also imitating this habit.
Nowadays, this habit became immensely popular in many countries in Indonesia and enjoyed by adult, women or even men.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies manicure and pedicure into transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because this ancient habit is the cultural overlap of China and Egypt where French has make its popular and being adopted in English.
In this point, the writer considers that the translators translate manicure and pedicure by applying naturalization procedure. In the theory itself, it has been explained that this neologisms should be translated by applying transference, couplet, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target readers and setting. But, the writer finds that in the Makeover Madness
(Dandanan Kacau) Bilingual Books it is translated by applying naturalization procedure. Through this translation procedure, it is naturalized by adapting manicure and pedicure into the normal pronunciation and morphology as manikur and pedikur in the story.
And then, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate manicure and pedicure. It can be applied to translate manicure and pedicure, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
21Ibid, p.95 45
The writer also considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate manicure and pedicure, because the equivalency of these neologisms exists in Bahasa as manikur and pedikur.22 Moreover, the writer considers that the application of these translation procedures will enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society.
6. SL: As Strawberry Shortcake looking through the pajamas, she got a great idea.
TL: Saat Strawberry sedang memilih baju tidur, ia mendapat ide bagus. (My
First Sleepover; Pesta Piyama)
Strawberry Shortcake got an idea to have a sleepover party with her berry friends. They are wearing many kinds of colorful pajamas in that party. The spelling pajama is tending toward United States, meanwhile British tend to spell it into pyjama. According to Merriam-Webster, pajamas are originally coming from
India.23 It has explained that when English come to India, they saw many people there wearing a light loose trousers.24 This light loose trouser called as pajama.
Then, the English adopted both the word and the loose trousers from Hindi and using it as the nightshirt to sleep in. And nowadays, the pajamas are widely known as sleeping attire for many people either children or adults. Based on this explanation, the writer classifies pajamas into transferred word type. It classifies
22Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit. p.122 and p.138 23Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajamas accessed on September, 3rd 2015 24Merriam-Webster, retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajamas accessed on September, 3rd 2015 46
into the transferred word type, because this clothe is the transferred cultural manifestation of Hindi and being adopted in English.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates pajamas in by applying functional translation procedure. Through this translation procedure, pajamas are translated by applying its cultural free word into baju tidur. The writer considers that it is kind of culture free word, because the writer cannot find the origin of the translation baju tidur in Bahasa. Thus, the writer considers this translation as culture free word.
However, the translators would rather translate pajamas into baju tidur than piama. The writer considers that the translators would rather translate pajamas into baju tidur than piama in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about their own language.
On the other hand, the writer also considers that the applying of functional equivalent procedure to translate pajamas into baju tidur can convey the meaning or the concept of it to the target readers of Strawberry Shortcake story. It can convey the meaning or the concept of pajamas to them, because this translation has been very familiar for the target readers in the TL and many people are using pajamas as their sleeping attire at night.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book, the illustration of pajamas will help them to understand the concept of it in the story. It will help them to understand the concept of it, because this illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. 47
Therefore, the writer also considers that this translation procedure cannot be applied to translate pajamas. It cannot be applied to translate it, because this translation procedure does not preserve baju tidur as neologisms in the TL. It does not preserve it as SL neologisms in the TL, because the writer cannot find the origin of baju tidur in Bahasa. In fact, it has the equivalency in Bahasa as piama.25
Thus, the writer considers that this translation procedure does not preserve it as neologisms in the TL.
7. SL: Lemon Meringue says she is not good at ballet
TL: Lemon Meringue mengatakan ia tidak bisa menari balet. (Ballet School;
Sekolah Balet)
One day, Strawberry Shortcake and her berry friends are going to dance class with Plum Pudding as their teacher. They are having a dance class in Plum
Pudding’s studio. In Plum’s studio, Strawberry and her berry friends are practicing ballet. They skip, leap and spin together. According to Apel, he explained that ballet is “a theatrical performance by a dancing group usually with costumes and scenery, to the accompaniment of music but customarily without singing or spoken”.26
The term ballet comes from the French word where its origin derives from
Italian word balleto means dancing.27 Many balleto were held especially during the Renaissance in 15th century especially in Italy. In this era, the aristocrats had money and time to pursue and fund artistic endeavors. Thus, they hired dance
25 Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit.p.150 26Wili Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music: Second Edition Revised and Enlarged, (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press),p.73 27 Michel Kennedy and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, The Oxford Dictionary of Music, (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013), p.50 48
teachers to instruct members of court to hold this dance for some occasions such as wedding reception, reception of foreign sovereign and similar festive occasion.
Then, he also explained that “this dance was brought to France in 1533 when the Italian noblewoman Catherine de’ Medici married King Henry II”.28
She was a great admirer of dance and brought her knowledge about balli to the
French royal courts. She also performed balli to celebrate a family’s royal member in 1581 and presented the Le Ballet Comique de la Reine (The Queens’s
Ballet Spectacle).29
A hundred years later, in 1643-1715, Louis XIV become a King of France at the age of 5.30 He was loved to dance and performed in many court of ballets.
He also was charged of the music in that era. On these days, ballet is very famous in French and it is performed by the court itself and very formal. The dancers were wearing a heavy dress, wigs, high-heel and other trappings of court life.
After get its popularity in French, ballet has also spread and become popular in many countries such as Russia, England, United States, etc. Nowadays, the most widely known of ballet is a classical style that focuses on the female dancers.31
She becomes the most important figure in the stories and her movements become expressive and lyrical. Their costume was also changed by wearing short white tutus.
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies ballet into transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because this dance is a cultural
28Wili Apel, op.cit,, p.73 29Robin Rinaldi, Ballet; Second Edition, (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2010), p.30 30Michel Kennedy and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, op.cit, p.50 31Robin Rinaldi, op.cit, p.32 49
manifestation of Italy where the word has been changed in French as ballet and adopted in English. Nowadays, the spelling of ballet has been popular and widely known throughout the world.32
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates ballet by applying naturalization procedure. In the theory itself, it has been explained that this neologisms should be translated by applying transference, couplet, functional equivalent and descriptive equivalent procedure. But, the writer finds that ballet has been translated by applying naturalization procedure. Through this translation procedure, ballet is translated by adapting it into the normal pronunciation and morphology into balet.
Moreover, the writer also considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate ballet in transferred word type. It can be applied to translate ballet in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
8. SL: “I’m going to make a strawberry cheesecake!” said Strawberry Shortcake
TL: “Aku akan membuat strawberry cheesecake!” seru Strawberry Shortcake.
(Berry Bitty Bakers; Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Berry Bitty City held a baking contest for its resident. Strawberry
Shortcake and her berry friends joined the contest. One day before the contest, she and her berry friends were excited to see who could bake the berry best treats.
But, it is only Strawberry Shortcake, Lemon Meringue and Plum Pudding who joining the contest. Raspberry Torte, Blueberry Muffin and Orange Blossom
32 Ballet, retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ballet, accessed on September, 3rd 2015 50
would rather taste the treats than bake them. Strawberry Shortcake will make a
Strawberry Cheesecake; Lemon Meringue will make a lemon bars and Plum
Pudding will make a plum tart.
According to Bakers, Cheesecake has believed to have originated in ancient Greece as being served to the athletes during the first Olympic Games in
776 BC.33 It has made by mixing some of ingredients such as flour, eggs and honey which is baked. Then, according to Wilkins, the Romans were invented
Greece and the receipt has also known by them. They called cheesecake as placenta or libum which is served for their God.34 In the 1000 AD, English starts to know cheesecake from the Romans soldier who invented them and it becomes popular in the early 15th century. Meanwhile, Cheesecake in the United States was introduced by the Jewish immigrants from south and east Europe in the late
19th and early 20th century.35
Later, every country has different receipt for its own Cheesecake. This different recipe usually depends on the region in which the cake was baked, as well as the cultural background of the person baking. Strawberry Cheesecake is a kind of New York style cheesecake. This typical New York cheesecake is rich and has a dense, smooth and creamy consistency with the strawberry as the topping.36
It makes from cream cheese, cream, sugar and eggs. Based on this explanation,
33 Various Bakers, Grand Ma’s Best Cheesecake Recipe Collection, (United States of America: Demand Books, 2006), p.4 34Wikins, John M & Shaun Hill, Food in the Ancient World, (United States: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), p.2 35 Andrew F. Smith, The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, (London: Oxford University Press, 2007), p.107 36 NIR Bound of Consultants & Engineers, The complete Technology Book on Flavoured Ice Cream, (India: Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc, 2013), p.81 51
the writer classifies Strawberry Cheesecake into transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because this cake is the transferred cultural manifestation of New York style cheesecake.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates Strawberry
Cheesecake by applying transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. Through the transference procedure, it is transferred in the TL without any addition or adaptation for it. Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book, the writer considers that Strawberry Cheesecake is only transferred without any cultural equivalent such as kue stroberi keju.37 It is translated without any cultural equivalent for it, because the illustration of it has been given in the story. This illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. Besides, the writer also considers that Strawberry Cheesecake are only transferred in the story in order to present New York culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers in the TL.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate Strawberry Cheesecake. It can be applied to translate
Strawberry Cheesecake, because this translation procedure still preserves
Strawberry Cheesecake as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL.
37Kue Stroberi Keju, retrieved from http://sajiansedap.grid.id/kue/cake/kue-stroberi-keju , accessed on September 6th, 19th 2015 52
However, the writer considers that Strawberry Cheesecake should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue stroberi keju. Since the equivalency of it exists as kue stroberi keju in Bahasa with different concept from the SL, the writer considers that it should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue stroberi keju in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society.
9. SL: At the café, Plum Pudding and Strawberry Shortcake measured and mixed their ingredients.
TL: Di cafe, Plum Pudding dan Strawberry Shortcake mengukur dan mencampur bahan-bahan kue. (Berry Bitty Bakers; Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Strawberry Shortcake is hard worker that runs a café in Berry Bitty City.38
She makes various beverage and snacks in her café. According to Oxford
Dictionaries, the most common English spelling café was origin from French word “café” in the late 19th century.39 It is used to name a coffee or a coffee house. Nowadays, it is not only using to name a coffee or a coffee house but also referring to a small restaurant where simple and usually quite cheap meals are served.40
38 Strawberry Shortcake, Strawberry Shortcake Characters, retrieved from http://strawberryshortcakeberrybitty.wikia.com/wiki/Characters , accessed on September, 6th 2015 39 Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cafe, accessed on September, 16th 2015 40 Cambridge Dictionary, retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cafe , accessed on June August, 20th 2015 53
Based on this explanation, the writer classifies café into transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because it is the transferred cultural manifestation of French in English-language which is adopted by them and become immensely popular throughout the world including in Indonesia.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates café by applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. But, the translators are only transferred it in the TL without any naturalization into kafe. In fact, the equivalency of café exists in Bahasa as kafe. 41 Since Strawberry Shortcake’s café is illustrated in almost entire Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books, the writer considers that it is only transferred in the story without any naturalization into kafe or cultural equivalent into kedai kopi. It is only transferred without only naturalization, because this illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words. Besides, the writer also considers that Strawberry Cheesecake are only transferred in the story in order to present New York culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers in the TL.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate café in transferred word type. It can be applied to translate café in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL
41Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), retrieved from http://kbbi.web.id/kafe,accessed on August, 22th 2015 54
However, the writer considers that café should be translated by applying naturalization procedure into kafe. Since the equivalency of it exists in Bahasa as kafe, the writer considers that café should be translated by applying naturalization procedure into kafe in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the
TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society.
10. SL: “I want to make a plum tart,” added Plum Pudding.
TL: “Aku ingin membuat plum tart,” kata Plum Pudding. (Berry Bitty Bakers;
Pembuat Kue di Kota Berry Bitty)
Plum Pudding is a friendly dancer.42 She runs a dance studio in Berry Bitty
City. She joins the baking contest along with Strawberry Shortcake and Lemon
Meringue. She decides to make a plum tart for the contest. According toElizabeth, plum tart has known as a French provincial cuisine.43 In French cooking, plums are ingredients in a significant tradition of cake making. And, the Mirabelle plum which is also known as the Mirabelle prune is a specific cultivar used to make plum tart. This kind of fruit is identified by its small, oval shape, smooth-textured flesh and especially by its red or dark yellow color.
Later, these plums in this open tart are usually cut into suitably sized pieces. Besides, many countries such as Britain, United States, German, or Polish have its own characteristic of this plum-based cake, ingredients and they have different name for it. Based on this explanation, the writer classifies Plum tart into
42 Plum Pudding, Strawberry Shortcake Characters, retrieved from http://strawberryshortcakeberrybitty.wikia.com/wiki/Characters , accessed on September 10th 2015 43 Elizabeth David, French Provincial Cooking (Revised (ed.), (New York: Penguin Books,1999), p.505 55
transferred word type. It classifies into transferred word type, because it is a transferred French provincial cuisine both in English and Bahasa.
In this point, the writer considers that the translator translates Plum tart by applying the transference procedure. In the theory itself, this neologisms should be translated by applying transference procedure, functional equivalent or descriptive equivalent procedure depends on the target reader and setting. Through the application of transference procedure, it is only transferred in the TL without any cultural equivalent or specific detail.
Since Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books is a kind of picture story book, the writer considers that plum tart is only transferred in the story without any cultural equivalent such as kue plum.44 It is only transferred without any cultural equivalent, because the illustration of it has been given in the story. This illustration is not only a decoration but also strengthening the message through repeating what is said in words.
On the other hand, the writer considers that this translation procedure can be applied to translate plum tart in transferred word type. It can be applied to translate plum tart in transferred word type, because this translation procedure still preserves it as SL neologisms based on its originality in the TL. Moreover, the writer also considers that Plum tart is only transferred in the story in order to present French culture, keep its cultural value and broaden the knowledge of the target readers of Strawberry Shortcake.
44Resep Kue Plum, retrieved from http://id.recettepro.info/resep-kue-plum, accessed on September 10th 2015 56
However, the writer considers that Plum tart should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue plum. Since the equivalency of plum tart exist as kue plum in Bahasa with different concept from the SL, the writer considers that Plum tart should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue plum in order to enrich the knowledge of the target readers in the TL about their own language and making Bahasa Indonesia reach all the level of society.45
45Dendy Sugono dkk, op.cit. p. 141 and p.175 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
To conclude my analysis, the writer concludes that the types of neologisms which are found in the four Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books are new coinage, the old word with new sense and the transferred word. The neologisms which is found in new coinage type is Salon-O-Matic. It is found into new coinage type, because it is a derived word. It has derived from the base Salon and the suffix (bound morpheme) –O-Matic which later creates a neologisms into
Salon-O-Matic. Then, the neologisms which is found in old word with new sense type is salon. It is found into old word with new sense type, because it is an old word with new sense which the meaning has changed in a period of times.
Meanwhile, the neologisms which are found in transferred word type can be found as manicure and pedicure, smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. These neologisms can be found into transferred word type because manicure and pedicure are the cultural overlaps of China and
Egypt and smoothies, lemon bars, pajamas, ballet, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart are the cultural manifestations of other culture.
Besides, the writer concludes that the translators have been translated those
SL neologisms into the TL by applying four translation procedures. The translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate those SL
57 58
neologisms into the TL are couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent), transference, naturalization and functional equivalent. The first translation procedure; couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent) is applied to translate
Salon-O-Matic. Meanwhile, the translation procedure; transference is applied to translate salon and transferred cultural manifestations such as smoothies, lemon bars, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. And then, naturalization procedure is applied to translate ballet and the transferred cultural overlap manicure and pedicure. Furthermore, the functional equivalence procedure is applied to translate pajamas.
Based on this analysis, the writer also concludes that from four translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the SL neologisms into the TL, there are only three translation procedures which still preserve those SL neologisms based on their originality into the TL. Those are couplet (transference and descriptive equivalent), transference and naturalization procedure. Those neologisms which are still preserves as SL neologisms based on their originality in the TL are Salon-O-Matic, salon, smoothies, lemon bars, manicure and pedicure, strawberry cheesecake, ballet, café and plum tart. Meanwhile, the writer considers that the translation procedure; functional equivalent cannot preserve the
SL neologisms; pajamas based on its originality into the TL. It cannot preserve it as neologisms in the TL, because its originality as pajamas do not preserve in the
TL. The translators would rather translate it into baju tidur than piama. In fact, there has been its equivalency which preserves its originality as piama. But, the translators would rather translate it as baju tidur than piama. Thus, the writer 59
considers that this translation procedure cannot preserve the SL neologisms pajamas in the TL.
However, the writer also concludes that the cultural manifestations such as
Lemon bars, plum tart, café and strawberry cheesecake should be adapted, naturalized or giving its equivalency in Bahasa. Thus, the writer considers that these neologisms should be translated by applying adaptation, naturalization and functional equivalent procedures. For instance, Lemon bars should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue lemon, plum tart should be translated by applying adaptation procedure into kue plum, café should be translated by applying naturalization procedure into kafe and strawberry cheesecake should be translated by its cultural equivalency into kue stroberi keju. According to Sugono, the development of Bahasa Indonesia is aimed to avoid the using of foreign words or phrases which the equivalency of them have been existed in Bahasa.1 Thus, this equivalency should be applied by the translators while translating the neologisms and any smaller unit of the language although the translation itself cannot preserve those SL neologisms into the TL.
Moreover, the cultural manifestation smoothies which do not have any equivalence yet in Bahasa is also need to look for its equivalency in Bahasa
Indonesia in order to broaden the using of Bahasa Indonesia in all the level of society. Finally, the changing of Strawberry Shortcake’s character design and the entire Strawberry Shortcake Bilingual Books can be seen in the Appendices.
1Dendy Sugono dkk, Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing,(Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2005), p.4 60
B. Suggestions
After conducting this research, the writer would like to points some suggestions for the writer herself, the translator and the next researcher. The main suggestion for the writer herself is she has to be more aware and detail while learning the theory of neologisms, because there are many kinds of subject in the theory of translation of neologisms which are related to the linguistic subject.
Therefore, the writer herself has to looking for the relevant theory from the linguistic subject in order to understanding Newmark’s translation of neologisms.
On the other hand, she also has to be very mindful of the Grammar and the information for every data analysis while analyzing the neologisms, the types of neologism and the translation procedures which are applied by the translators to translate the neologisms in the story.
Meanwhile, the main suggestion for the translator is the translator herself must be very mindful while choosing the translation procedures to translate the neologisms in the types of neologism. It is because, the using of the translation procedures to translate the neologisms will be affecting to the children’s ability while understanding the story. This is pointed to the using of the transference procedure to translate the neologisms such as smoothies, lemon bars, strawberry cheesecake, café and plum tart. These transferred cultural manifestation are not originally exists in Bahasa and when the writer asked to the two children (target readers) who love Strawberry Shortcake story of its translation age 6 years and one child age 8 years old, they are still difficult while understanding the concept although the illustration of these transferred word have been given in the story. 61
Based on this explanation, the writer suggests to the translators that they might be giving the equivalency, adapting it or giving a specific detail for these cultural manifestations. It is because, there is no any guarantee that the children will understand if the translator prefer to match the illustration and the text like has been explained by Oittinen. Therefore, the writer considers and suggests that the translators need to giving the equivalency, adaptation or giving specific detail for the transferred cultural manifestation in order to help the children in the TL while understanding these neologisms or the story easily.2
The last suggestions are also pointed to English Letters Department student who are interested in continuing the research of the translation of neologisms especially in the children literature. Firstly, the writer suggests to the next researchers that they have to be very mindful with Newmark’s theory of the translation of neologisms, because the neologisms examples in this theory are derived from the French neologisms. If the researchers have no any idea about the example of French neologisms in his theory, they can use the English neologisms which are having the same idea as a supporting theory. Secondly, the writer also suggest to the next researchers that they should be learned the neologisms theory and the translation procedures theory very carefully. If the next researcher does not understand the theory of the translation of neologisms and the translation procedure, it will be difficult to analyze the data. Because, the decision to identify the types of neologisms and those translation procedures in the translation product
2BayuBudiharjo, (2011), Analisis Teknik, Metode dan Ideologi Penerjemahan dan Dampaknya terhadap Rima danKualitas Terjemahan dalam Buku Dwibahasa A Kiss Goodnight (KecupanSelamatMalam) and Me and My Dad!(Aku dan Ayahku!), Thesis, p.35. Retrieved from http://digilib.uns.ac.id, July, 14th 2017 62
sometimes overlapping with the other types of neologism and their translation procedures. Therefore, the writer suggests to the next researcher that they have to learn very carefully these theories in order to avoid misunderstanding while analyzing the data. In addition, since the neologisms data in this research are only ten, the next researchers might also collect more data while doing a research about neologisms in the other children’s literature or the other text in the near future. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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