www.its.leeds.ac.uk

Institute for Transport Studies (ITS)

ITS RESEARCH REPORT 2020

To mitigate COVID-19 spread in transport, Dr Zia Wadud has won major funding to tackle the pandemic in the global south. Professor Greg Marsden has also won Covid emergency funding for travel data collection. Professor Susan Grant- Muller is leading the ITS team investigating Covid-19 transmission on public transport (see TRACK project later in this report – led by SAGE member Professor Cath Noakes who received an OBE for her services to the Covid-19 response).

Dr Charisma Choudhury was awarded a prestigious Future Leaders Fellowship. The UKRI scheme invests in outstanding individuals across the UK. These research and innovation leaders will be supported to develop their careers while tackling ambitious global challenges. Dr Choudhury is developing next generation mathematical models of travel behaviour that can better Cycle prioritisation, e-bikes and micromobility are topics that have engaged a number predict people’s travel activity and journey of ITS researchers during 2020. Look in this report for projects led by Dr Robin decisions (see NEXUS project later in this Lovelace, Dr Ian Philips, Dr Haibo Chen and Prof Susan Grant Muller. report).

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CONTENTS

HIGHLIGHTS OF 2020...... 3 Awards...... 3 Influencing Transport Policy...... 4 Visitors...... 5 Staff changes...... 5 PhD Awards...... 5 Postgraduate Research Students...... 6 Alumni...... 6

RESEARCH PROJECTS...... 7 Digital Futures...... 7 Energy...... 8 Transport and Cities...... 10 Simulation...... 14 Automation...... 14 Rail...... 19 Connected and Shared Mobility...... 21 Air Quality and Health...... 23 Choice Modelling...... 26

PUBLICATIONS...... 28 Journal Papers...... 28 Conference Papers...... 29 Books and Book Chapters ...... 30 Reports...... 30

INDEX OF FEATURED PROJECTS...... 31

RESEARCHERS AND THEIR PROJECT ACTIVITY DURING 2020...... 32

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Highlights of 2020 New research shows that electrically- assisted bikes (e-bikes) have the capability to slash carbon dioxide emissions from transport and could offer a safe and sustainable route back to work. e-bikes, if used to replace car travel, have the capability to cut car carbon dioxide emissions in England by up to 50% – about 30 million tonnes per year. Even replacing just 20% of car miles travelled with e-bike travel would mean 4-8 million fewer tonnes of carbon emitted each year. The greatest impact on carbon emissions would come from e-bike use outside urban centres. In Denmark, e-bike routes are already linking cities to towns and villages. e-bikes can help people make longer journeys than conventional cycles, and could bring new transport options to people living outside urban centres. In the post-coronavirus recovery, e-bikes could The promotion of cycling and walking is an important aspect of our research. offer a safe way for people to travel. e-bikes could also help cut the costs of free and open tool will help ensure that the travel in neighbourhoods characterised by Awards government’s Emergency Active Travel low incomes or limited access to public Fund is spent where it is most needed, for Dr Charisma Choudhury was awarded a transport. maximum long term benefit. prestigious Future Leaders Fellowship. The UKRI scheme invests in outstanding Dr Ian Philips who led the research as a Daniel Johnson was project co-ordinator on individuals across the UK. These research member of CREDS (Centre for Research the recently completed EU-funded and innovation leaders will be supported to into Energy Demand Solutions) said “The SMaRTE project. SMaRTE studied both develop their careers while tackling strategic potential of e-bikes as a mass- condition based maintenance and the ambitious global challenges. Dr Choudhury is transport option has been overlooked by passenger experience. SMaRTE is linked to developing the next generation mathematical policymakers so far. As we emerge from the cross cutting activities of the large models of travel behaviour that can better the COVID lockdown, e-bikes can be part scale Shift2Rail (S2R) programme. The predict activity and travel decisions (see of the solution to getting people safely team investigated techniques for predicting NEXUS project later in this report). mobile once again. We’re recommending the condition of rolling stock components that governments across the UK should and systems and developed tools to Bryan Matthews won the Inclusive Mobility find ways to incentivise e-bike use to optimise maintenance decision-making Award 2020. His ambassadorship for replace car journeys. As well as lowering resulting in potential 35% maintenance transport accessibility and social inclusion carbon emissions from transport, e-bikes cost reductions. They also studied current was recognised by the Intelligent Transport have the potential to improve the mobility and future passenger needs. This resulted Systems UK Association. options for people and communities at risk in a more holistic understanding of the of transport poverty.” journey planning process. The team concluded that although ticket price is Rapid Prioritisation of important for passengers, the ability to Cycleways in Cities book journeys in advance and to find a guaranteed seat were more important. So New cycleways are being introduced in too were security and safety. Passengers many cities, allowing healthy habits started expressed greatest dissatisfaction with during the lockdown to continue. Dr Robin station car parking and cleanliness, ticket Lovelace and Dr Joey Talbot explain how costs, wifi and power connectivity, and the transport authorities must act quickly to frequency of peak services. Several of the take advantage of the current cycling same factors affected recruitment of Best online course of all time – The boom. Their research has identified roads non-rail travellers to rail. The team University of Leeds has ranked Transport where there is both space and demand for assessed the likely impact of all suggested Systems: Global Issues and Future cycling infrastructure. Their methods have improvements via three case studies, set Innovations as one of the top four. This been used in a nationwide project funded around Leeds and Manchester. online course was created by Dr Yue Huang by the Department for Transport (DfT) and Implementation of all recommendations (picture above) and is delivered by transport charity Sustrans to help relieve was predicted to improve demand by colleagues from ITS. The course allows immediate pressures on the transport 25-37%. Lowering ticket costs alone learners to discover how the transport sector system and create long term change. The predicted demand increase by 9-12%. Yet, can develop infrastructures that meet the result is the Rapid Cycleway Prioritisation ‘soft factors’ such as cleanliness were also needs of a 21st century population and Tool which provides an interactive map for expected to be significant. introduces learners to what it is like to study every transport authority in England. This for a master’s degree at ITS.

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peoples’ changing transport experiences during the COVID pandemic and the insights this disruption gives.

Postgraduate researcher Jeroen Bastiaanssen examined the impact of transport accessibility to employment prospects of the Dutch and UK labour force, which was recently covered in the advisory report ‘Access to the City’ by the Dutch Council for the Environment and Infrastructure and presented to the Dutch ministers of the Interior and Transport. The report discusses how people are unable to sufficiently participate in urban life due to issues with amenities, housing and transport. The report advises a fundamental change in transport policies to ensure that people have sufficient possibilities to reach work destinations.

Among her many influential rolesProfessor Prioritisation of cycleways in cities allows healthy habits started during Covid lockdown to continue. Jillian Anable has acted as an expert witness at Greater Cambridge Citizens’ Assembly, is Dr Thomas Hancock received the Eric Pas offer timely guidance to councils on how an academic panel member of Climate award for the best PhD dissertation in transport decarbonisation can support a Assembly UK, a steering group member of travel behaviour research for his thesis climate-smart recovery. the Electric vehicle and Energy taskforce entitled Travel behaviour modelling at the and Chair of the Research and Evidence interface between econometrics and Professor Greg Marsden, director of the group of the National Transport Strategy for mathematical psychology. The DecarboN8 network, said: “Different Scotland review. Jillian also contributed International Association for Travel councils face different transport challenges, evidence to the House of Commons Science Behaviour Research (IATBR) commended but everywhere has to act - and to act now. and Technology Committee report ‘Clean Thomas for the quality of his work, noting We cannot continue to pass the buck to our Growth: Technologies for meeting the UK’s that his dissertation can “instigate a neighbours or to the next generation. Our emissions reduction targets’ (https:// paradigm shift in travel behaviour analysis” work shows what councils can do today to publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/ and that “Nobody has been able to help cut climate emissions and improve the cmselect/cmsctech/1454/145402.htm). operationalize such a distinctive but places where we live and work. Anyone who reasonable method for choice prediction wants to see these changes in their area can Dr Thijs Dekker was elected as a Regular and understanding, including the welfare play a role by contacting their council to tell Board Member for the IATBR Executive economics we desire for project and policy them about the briefings and ask what is Board, and Dr Charisma Choudhury is evaluations”. being done locally to deliver a climate smart Secretary/Treasurer. recovery from COVID-19. The briefings are Thomas’s PhD thesis used the alternative openly accessible on the LGA website Dr Gillian Harrison was leader of the SP format, based on six papers. This is the third (https://www.local.gov.uk/decarbonising- Programme Committee for the European award Thomas has received for his work, transport): Transport Conference and assisted in following on from the best PhD student planning for transition to online conference. paper and most innovative application paper Decarbonising transport briefings awarded at the International Choice • Getting carbon ambition right Dr Kate Pangbourne served as: a member of Modelling Conference. Thomas’s PhD was • The role of buses the Scottish Parliamentary Cross-party part of the ERC funded DECISIONS project • Accelerating the uptake of electric Sustainable Recovery Advisory Group; a and since completing his PhD, he has vehicles Board member of ACT TravelWise and a continued working at ITS as a postdoc in the • Climate smart parking policies panellist for The Swedish Research Council DECISIONS and NEXUS projects. • The role of land use, localisation and Formas’ call on ‘Societal effects and accessibility opportunities for transition after Covid-19’. Influencing Transport Policy • Travelling less and the role of online opportunities Visitors The Local Government Association • Growing cycle use” commissioned a team led by Professor Greg To help develop strategic partnerships for Marsden and Professor Jillian Anable to Dr Ian Philips and Dr Llinos Brown education and research ITS hosted visits develop policy briefings on reducing carbon presented to the All Party Parliamentary from: Dr Toshiya Hirose, Shibaura Institute emissions from transport. Priorities for the Group of MPs for Cycling and Walking. The of Technology, Japan was hosted by briefings were developed in collaboration webinar theme was ‘investing in cycling and Professor Richard Romano. Dr Hirose with councillors and officers from 27 local walking to achieve net zero’. To an audience modelled pedestrian road crossing behaviour authorities, at workshops which took place of 500 Ian presented work on e-bike using HIKER to help define requirements for in London and Leeds in early 2020 before capability to contribute to transport automatic emergency braking in vehicles. the COVID lockdown began. The briefings decarbonisation and Llinos presented on the

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Dr Yeonjung Song from Osaka University was hosted by Professor Andrew Smith and worked on rail cost and efficiency and reforms modelling.

Prof Harun Al-Rasyid was hosted by Dr Chandra Balijepalli as part of their ongoing e-motorcycles research in Bandung, Indonesia.

Virtuocity is now a well-established simulation research facility. Dr Albert Solernou Crusat and Professor Natasha Merat gave tours of Virtuocity demonstrating the driving, pedestrian (HIKER) and truck simulators notably for MIT REAP, the Human Drive Workshop and research collaborators from Sheffield University.

Staff changes In 2020 we celebrated the promotions of four staff. Gustav Markkula was promoted to Prof Simon Shepherd became Director of the Institute for Transport Studies in April 2020. Professor of Applied Behaviour Modelling: Dr Chandra Balijepalli and Dr Thijs Dekker were Leeds. Karen completed a term of office as in Sao Paulo, Brazil’; Peter Atkinson ‘Fitting promoted to Associate Professor. Ann ITS Director of Research & Innovation, where the bike to the chain: An analysis of Jopson, who is on a teaching and scholarship a key contribution was her leadership of the transitions towards households integration of contract and has acted as our undergraduate very successful ‘themes’ initiative, and she multi-modal cycling’; Rafael Dos Reis co-ordinator, also received a promotion. served as a Deputy Director of the Leeds ‘Acceptability and impacts of positive Social Sciences Institute. We thank James incentives for sustainable mobility behaviour: Leadership roles transitioned smoothly in and Karen for their significant contributions A segmentation approach in Curitiba, Brazil’; 2020 during the COVID lockdown thanks to to the Institute and the University of Leeds, Fangqing Song ‘Understanding mode choice the competence of new in role: Professor and congratulate Karen on being appointed behaviour when new modes come into play’; Simon Shepherd - Director of the Institute to a Chair at the University of Manchester. Cristhian Figueroa Martinez ‘The built for Transport Studies, Dr Eva Heinen - environment and the experience of walking: Director of Research and Innovation and Dr Postdoctoral Research Assistants and being a pedestrian in Santiago’s deprived Phill Wheat - Deputy Director /Director for support staff who left at the end of their neighbourhoods’; Nur Ubaidillah Staff Development. contracts were: Muhammad Adeel, Hannah ‘Determinants of car and motorcycle Devine Wright, Jami Pekkanen, Jan ownership and use in Sarawak’; Tamás New staff and leavers Broekaert, Jean-Christophe Thiebaud, Nádudvari ‘Implementation of finite mixture Tamara Muroiwa, Chongfeng Wei and models for route choice estimation in large We welcomed Dr Mahdi Rezaei (University Guillhermina Antas-Torrao. We wish them metro networks’ and Taufiq Nugroho Academic Fellow), Richard Walker (on well in their ongoing careers. ‘Optimal urban goods movement planning secondment from DfT) and 12 researchers: taking independent retailer restocking Amir Kalantari, Aravinda Srinivasan, Chen activities into consideration’. Peng, Dr Chris Rushton, Dr Ehsan Sadraei, PhD Awards Dr Han Lin, Kadambari Lokesh, Dr Kristofer Thirteen postgraduate students celebrated Odolinski, Dr Llinos Brown, Dr Thomas their PhD awards in 2020: Samuel Adjei Postgraduate Research Haines-Doran, Dr Yi-Shin Lin and Yue Yang. Appiah ‘Understanding car ownership among Students households in developing countries: A case During 2020 we had 72 research students at We bade farewell to two longstanding study of Accra, Ghana’; Anna Correa Pereira ITS: Khaled Abdullah, Emmanuel academic members: Jeremy Shires was our ‘Investigation of the aerotropolis concept Acheampong, Samuel Adjei Appiah, Ilyas surveys manager for many years, also he definition and its transferability from the Alhassan, Mahmoud Al-Khazaleh, Shaima co-ordinated hundreds of Masters Global North to Brazil’; Evangelos Almansoori, Maryam Alwari, Zihao An, dissertations and industry-integrated student Paschalidis ‘Developing driving behaviour Jeroen Bastiaanssen, Pinar Bilgin, Jawaher projects. He was leader of the Economics models incorporating the effects of stress’; Binsuwadan, Isam Bitar, Martyna Bogacz, and Appraisal research group before taking Lap Kwan Jeff Tjiong ‘Impacts of survey Jake Bruce, Fanta Camara, Juan Castellanos- early retirement. design and model specification on Vanegas, Jina Cheon, David Chikwendu, willingness-to-pay estimates from discrete Rafael Cirino-Goncalves, Christopher Cook, Professor Karen Lucas is a world-leading choice models’; Anthony Ezenwa ‘Smart Edmond Daramy-Williams, Patrick expert in the area of transport-related social logistics diffusion strategies amongst supply Dichabeng, Lawrence Duncan, Umoh exclusion in the Global North and South. In chain networks in emerging markets: a case Edemeka, Ian Greenwood, MD Bashirul 2015, she won the Edward L. Ullman Award of Nigeria’s micro/SMEs 3PLs’; Thiago Haque, Probo Hardini, Thalia Hernandez- from the Association of American Guimaraes Rodriques ‘Bridging the Amezcua, Lydia Hidayati, Yiming Hou, Geographers, and in 2016, a Women of accessibility gap to healthcare. The role of Rashed Ishmaeel, Amir Kalantari, Rizal Achievement Award from the University of urban transport for low-income communities Kamaruddin, Naphat Ketphat, Salma Khuky,

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Three alumni: Alvaro Guzman, Executive Director at Agencia Nacional de Tránsito, together with Allan Peñafiel Mera, Technical Advisor and Adrian Ortega, National Director of Qualifying Titles have changed public transport planning in Ecuador, providing access to transport for all. With the presentation of the IRMOVA Plan, a technical tool using Big Data the objective is to correct inequities. “The objective of this Plan is to promote the social, safe, inclusive and equitable development of citizens through the optimization of fleet use, organization of routes, frequencies and stops and modernization of the passenger transport service.”

Alumni Alvaro Guzman, Allan Peñafiel Mera and Adrian Ortega are modernising the passenger transport service in Ecuador to provide access for all.

Alexandros Kontotasios, Edward Lambert, international-alumni-seminar-series Gengze Li, Shuwei Lin, Siyi Lin, Henry Lo, Alumna Rachel Skinner was inaugurated as Wei Lyu (visiting), Davide Maggi, Tahera the 156th President of the Institution of Civil Mayat, Ioanna Moscholidou, Haruko Nakao, Engineers (ICE). Rachel studied MSc in Lamprini Papafoti, Chen Peng, Mickael Transport Planning and Engineering at ITS Perrier, David Pierce, Vishnu Radhakrishnan, and graduated in 2001. In the two centuries Kacper Rossa, Teekanya Rujinarong, Rosie of ICE’s history Rachel is its youngest and Alumnus Naville Geiriseb (picture above) was Samuel, Mohammad Sarker, John Stuart, only the second female President. invited to present his Masters dissertation Sidi Sun, Agung Surono, Ruifan Tang, Tianli research to the World Bank and the Tang, Yvonne Taylor, Oguz Tengilimogul, Jack Rachel is spending her year in office Namibian government. His research on the Thompson, Kai Tian, Panagiotis Tsoleridis, focusing on reaching the government’s “Evaluation of Alternative Financing Models Athanasios Tzigieras, Alexandra Vitel, Sijin carbon net zero target for 2050. Rachel For Road Transport Infrastructure In Wu, Yue Yang, Zhuoqian Yang, Khatun explained that civil engineering’s input is Namibia” was awarded the 2019 Frank Lai Zannat and Chenzhao Zhai. essential to making this happen, calling Award for most impactful, innovating engineers to “step up and step in to tackle Masters dissertation in the Institute for In addition, ITS staff co-supervised 9 climate change. Our infrastructure is now, in Transport Studies. During his time at Leeds, students based in other University of Leeds terms of our processes, the operations and Naville was also awarded the prestigious schools: Sakarias Bank (Psychology), the way we do things, the number one driver Chevening scholarship and benefitted from Catherine Graves and Lin Zhang (Earth & of carbon dioxide emissions across the world the ITS mentoring scheme. There was Environment), Gyeonghwa Lee (Design), and those emissions are the cause of climate commitment from the World Bank and Ahmed Alali and Nura Kabuga (Engineering), change. From civil engineers’ point of view Namibian transport sector institutions to use Colin Caine, Caroline Tait and Eugeni this is a huge problem but is also a serious the catalyst of Naville’s work to hold Vidal-Tortosa (Geography), opportunity for change and leadership.” discussions about sustainable financing for road infrastructure in Namibia. Alumnus Alastair Gordon has been appointed Alumni Chairman of West and North Yorkshire Further Alumni news can be found on our For the first time we offered an online Chamber of Commerce Transport Group. dedicated webpage: https://environment. international alumni seminar series. In Alastair is a long standing member of our leeds.ac.uk/transport-alumni response to the global pandemic we took the alumni and external partnership community, opportunity to invite former students to give an active supporter of our Industrial presentations from a range of industry Mentoring Scheme, Annual Employer Days, experiences. Our guest speakers were Elena and our External Advisory Board. He has 23 Chiari, Galo Cardenas, Lucila Capelli, Karen years’ experience of delivering major Gonzalez, Syed Abdul Rahman, Eugenia infrastructure schemes within urban centres Rivas, Mojtaba Moharrer, Courtney and has worked on many of the region’s most Groundwater. significant projects including Leeds Arena. “This is a fantastic opportunity, and I’m More details on our new online international excited to work with the group to further seminar series can be found here, together explore how we can better connect our with seminar recordings https://environment. communities and allow businesses, residents leeds.ac.uk/transport-alumni/news/ and visitors to travel more easily and article/5325/its-launches-2020- effectively.”

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RESEARCH PROJECTS During 2020 ITS secured five research grants relating to COVID-19. The research is described, among 66 of our current projects, in the following pages. Our research is often multidisciplinary and international. The research is grouped under nine thematic headings: Digital Futures, Energy, Transport and Cities, Simulation, Automation, Rail, Connected and Shared Mobility, Air Quality and Health, Choice Modelling.

DIGITAL FUTURES

KARMA Alumna Rachael Skinner was inaugurated as president of the Institute of Civil Engineers – it’s youngest and only the second female president. Grant holder: Professor Susan Grant-Muller Investigators: Dr Gillian Harrison, Frances Early findings were presented in January and Hodgson February 2020 by Prof. Grant-Muller at the Micromobility Behavior Funded by: Alan Turing Institute Fellowship Maurice Bloch seminar (University of Dates: October 2018 - May 2022 Glasgow) and to the joint UITP/European Grant holder: Professor Susan Grant-Muller Website: KARMA / https://tinyurl.com/ Committee of the Regions annual event. Funded by: NUMO & WRI yy9cjwnj Dates: January to December 2020 Coordinating partner: NUMO Abstract: KARMA aims to create a step Collaborative partners: Dr Charalampos change in understanding the cross-sectoral RAPHTORY (Babis) Saridakis, Leeds University Business impacts of transport schemes by advanced School, UCDavis (USA), USA city and Grant holders: Dr Felix Cuadrado, Dr Richard analytics of next generation transport and industry partners Clegg, Dept of Elec Eng and Computer other urban data (e.g. phone location Science, Queen Mary University London signals, sensor data and more). The project Abstract: In this study we consider Investigators: Professor Susan Grant-Muller, objectives are to: Create new databases and e-scooters as a type of micromobility and the Frances Hodgson model interfaces, with interoperability associated challenges as a relatively new Funded by: Alan Turing Institute/ Queen between ‘next-generation’ data, traditional mode - travel choices available, governance Mary University (QMUL) data and mathematical models; Enhance of the transport sector, data collection, Dates: December 2019 to March 2021 existing mathematical models of transport- access and utilisation. There is a need to Coordinating partner: QMUL energy, transport-health, transport-security improve understanding of the various Website: RAPHTORY / https://tinyurl.com/ and transport-safety impacts, building new population segments that currently engage sp5sd8yw models to fill research gaps; Explore the with this new mode or have a propensity to cross-sectoral implications of existing and do so in future. This study is a first stage Abstract: Dynamic graphs allow for studying new initiatives (such as the use of positive towards a longer research programme, of how relationships form and change over incentives, rewards and gamification) in involving questions on how to apply time. Although they have many applications, travel choice; Improve the asset base appropriate marketing methods to different there are no readily available tools and (ecosystems and platforms) that support population segments. A survey of users has systems enabling their application. Raphtory increased analysis and use of new digital been developed based on established is a new distributed system that enables mobility data, so that improved policies and behavioural modes, with data collection due dynamic graph analysis starting from very initiatives can be developed and to take place in four USA cities and one UK large real-time datasets. This project will implemented (e.g ethical frameworks, city. Survey data will be analysed alongside improve the functionality and usability of digital innovation, impact visualisation, e-scooter trip patterns and energy Raphtory so that it can be readily usable by business models). implications estimated. domain-specific researchers. The project will develop a set of use cases for dynamic Impact: A new system dynamics model of graphs, starting with urban analytics for Transport-Health interactions, capturing the mobility incentives. role of New Data, has been developed. This involved the use of a novel on-line tool to engage the expertise of stakeholders from the Transport, Health and New Data communities.

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Mattioli G, Philips I, Anable J, Chatterton T (2019) Vulnerability to motor fuel price increases: Socio-spatial patterns in England, Journal of Transport Geography Volume 78, Pages 98-114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2019.05.009

Transport Climate Emergency Grant holder: Professor Greg Marsden Investigators: Professor Jillian Anable, Kadambari Lokesh, Dr Morgan Campbell, Richard Walker Funded by: Local Government Association; CREDS and DecarboN8 Co-ordinating partner: University of Leeds Dates: December 2019 to November 2020 Website: https://www.local.gov.uk/ decarbonising-transport

Dr Ian Philips investigated the use of e-bikes during the COVID pandemic to gain insights on green Abstract: This project worked with local transport and tourism recovery in car dependent rural areas. government stakeholders to create seven policy briefings and webinars which were top This fellowship developed collaborations provide advice to local authorities. The with a number of private and public sector question was “So, you have declared a ENERGY organisations. We examined climate emergency, what now?” The briefing decarbonisation questions relating to notes covered how to understand carbon several NMS using spatial analysis and budgeting and target setting to get ambition geographic data science to provide insights right and then a series of advice notes Accelerating Innovation in for policy stakeholders. developed around the framework of ‘Avoid/ Shift/ Improve’. These included cycling, New Mobility Services Impact: Examples of projects carried out buses, parking policy, travelling less, planning Grant holder: Dr Ian Philips as part of the fellowship include: (1) and encouraging the uptake of electric Funded by: ESRC Fellowship Simulation and mapping of the carbon vehicles. Dates: January 2018 to January 2021 reduction capability of e-bikes (in Coordinating partner: UKERC collaboration with CREDS) This project Impact: Over 1000 local government Collaborating partners: CREDS, TfGM, received significant attention from media stakeholders registered for the webinars and Enterprise Car Club, LIDA and policy makers including presentations 2000 downloads of the reports have been Website: https://environment.leeds.ac.uk/ to the DfT and the All Party Parliamentary recorded transport/staff/972/dr-ian-philips Group on Cycling and Walking. The work has been referenced in policy documents. Papers: See website to download Abstract: The media frequently carries news (2) Another project was a collaboration and data sharing agreement with Enterprise Car stories on innovations in cleaner transport technologies (particularly electric vehicles) Club. We supervised a data science and visions for how people will travel in the internship at the Leeds Institute for Data DecarboN8 future. These visions are dominated by new Analytics (LIDA) and built an evidence Grant holder: Professor Greg Marsden mobility services (NMS). They include base around the decarbonisation potential Investigator: Kadambari Lokesh sharing schemes for cars, bikes and taxis. of Car Clubs. To further develop this Funded by: EPSRC All are based on Information and collaboration, we have secured funding for Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Communications Technology (ICT) such as a PhD through the ESRC Data Science and Collaborative partners: University of smartphones and apps connecting with Society Doctoral Training Centre. (3) Manchester, University of Liverpool, ‘smart’ vehicles and infrastructure and the Working with local businesses, we are Newcastle University, University of Sheffield, use of ‘big data’. NMS could dramatically currently investigating the use of e-bikes in Durham University, Lancaster University, reduce energy demand from personal the Lake District during the COVID University of York, Connected Places Catapult transport but there is also a risk of the pandemic to gain insights on green Dates: September 2019 to August 2022 familiar story that new products are energy transport and tourism recovery in car Website: https://decarbon8.org.uk/ efficient, and thus sustainable, whereas in dependent rural areas. fact they have negative social and Abstract: The DecarboN8 network brings environmental impacts. The project provides Outputs: Philips I, Walmsley A, Anable J together researchers, industry and government small area insights of the extent to which (2020) A Scoping Indicator Identifying to design solutions which can be deployed local populations can benefit from either Potential Impacts of All-Inclusive MaaS rapidly and at scale. We are developing NMS or other interventions whilst Taxis on Other Modes in Manchester, answers to questions such as: How can simultaneously reducing total car usage and Transport Findings https://doi. different places be rapidly switched to reducing transport energy demand. org/10.32866/001c.11524 electromobility for personal travel? How do decisions on the private fleet interact with the

-8- www.its.leeds.ac.uk quite different decarbonisation strategies for heavy vehicles? What is the right balance between infrastructure expansion, intelligent system management and demand management? Will the embodied carbon emissions of major new infrastructure offset gains from improved flows and could these be delivered in other ways?

The answer to these questions is unlikely to the same everywhere in the UK and DecarboN8 pays attention to where the answers might be different and why, to develop an innovative place-based approach to decarbonisation. We pay attention to the major societal implications of any of the changes proposed and we work with diverse sectors and communities to deliver solutions which share the decarbonisation challenge fairly. Round one of the flexible funding has supported work on topics as diverse as E-cargo bikes, community planning, freight fleets and the deployment of emergency STEP – surveying users’ responses to Trojan Energy’s Electric Vehicle charging technology active travel roadspace reallocation measures.

Impact: DecarboN8 was a key contributor to UK Centre for Research on Electricity SATNAV the development of the Place-based theme in the forthcoming DfT Transport Energy Demand Solutions Grant holder: Professor Jillian Anable Decarbonisation Plan and has been involved (UK-CREDS) Investigators: Dr Noel Cass in the development of decarbonisation Funded by: EPSRC strategies for Transport for the North and Grant holder: Professor Jillian Anable Dates: September 2017 to February 2020 Leeds City Council. Investigators: Professor Greg Marsden, Dr Coordinating partner: Aston University Zia Wadud, Dr Anthony Whiteing, Dr Collaborative partners: University of Papers: https://decarbon8.org.uk/publications/ Muhammad Adeel; Professor Karen Lucas, Southampton Dr Robin Lovelace, Dr Sally Cairns, Dr Malcolm Morgan, Dr Caroline Mullen, Dr Abstract: The overall aim of this project was Noel Cass, Dr Tom Haines-Doran to design a real-time system to enable Cut Carbon Network Funded by: EPSRC flexible electric vehicle charging/discharging Grant holder: Professor Greg Marsden Dates: April 2018 to March 2023 from/to individual household or commercial Funded by: EPSRC Coordinating partner: University of Oxford renewable electricity resources. Qualitative Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Collaborative partners: University of Leeds research investigated the acceptability of Dates: September 2019 to August 2023 (School of Earth and Environment), peer-to-peer sharing of electricity supply and Website: https://cutcarbon.org.uk/ University of Reading, University of Sussex, vehicle charging and the associated business University College London, University of models. Abstract: Cut Carbon is a £5m investment in Lancaster decarbonising transport. Five Decarbonising Website: www.creds.ac.uk Transport Networks have been funded to bring together expertise from across Abstract: A £19m consortium of 9 academic STEP (Electric Vehicle academia and industry to lay the groundwork institutions, CREDS was established with a Charging) for the use of low carbon technologies across vision to make the UK a leader in Grant holder: Professor Jillian Anable road, rail, marine and air networks. Each understanding the changes in energy Investigators: Dr Noel Cass network has its own specialist focus area demand needed for the transition to a Funded by: Innovate UK such as examining commercial flights using secure and affordable low-carbon energy Coordinating partner: Element Energy electric airplanes, smart vehicle to grid system. At ITS Leeds we are leading the Collaborative partners: IBI (data managers), connectivity challenges and decarbonising Transport and Mobility research strand (there Trojan Energy (EV charging technology freight transport. The Cut Carbon initiative are six strands within the Centre). The developers), Octopus Energy (billing and acts as a one stop shop for finding out about transport theme explores where transport back office), Brent and Camden Borough events, funding calls and key network energy demands are highest; the constraints Councils (technology ‘hosts’), UK Power deliverables across all of the networks, and opportunities for transport flexibility; Networks (electricity infrastructure partners) recognising the need for a whole system and how to accelerate carbon and energy and University of Leeds (consumer and approach to rapid decarbonisation. It will reduction policies. This theme builds on the attitude research). share syntheses of the latest decarbonisation Commission on Travel Demand knowledge Dates: December 2019 to December 2021, solutions. The network will help connect exchange activity initiated by the DEMAND with possibility of extending to March 2022 industry, government and academia to the project (see Annual Research Report 2018). due to COVID-related manufacturing delays. in-depth studies being conducted within in Website: https://www.trojanenergyltd.com/step each of the networks.

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streets are experienced as exclusionary in several countries across the world and by whom; how effectively law is used to challenge such exclusion in these countries; and how the problem is perceived and politically challenged. It also aims to foster shared concern about this form of exclusion, and to raise awareness of how law can be used to challenge it.

SPARC-IIT Kharagpur Grant holder: Dr Charisma Choudhury Investigators: Dr Zia Wadud Funded by: Ministry of HR Development India Dates: March 2019 to March 2021 Coordinating partner: IIT Kharagpur Collaborating partners: Dr Arkopal Goswami, IIT Kharagpur Website: SPARC-Kharagpur / https://tinyurl. com/1roh81pk Ridehailing services in India - the subject of Dr Choudhury’s SPARC Kharagpur research. Abstract: Ride-hailing and ride-sharing Abstract: STEP stands for Subsurface countries as well. The project will enable services, as primarily offered by Ola & Uber Technology for Electric Pathways. It is a trial comparison of Trojan’s technology with in India, have been on the rise. The research installation of Trojan Energy’s Electric Vehicle other chargers, with particular focus on the investigates the impact of such disruptive charging technology. The trial is funded by materiality of low carbon technologies, its transport services on urban travel demand the Office for Zero Emission Vehicles (OZEV) impact on users and the justice implications and resulting vehicular emissions. The study which is an organisation working across of access to low carbon technologies, to is a first of its kind, independent research, several government departments to support streets, pavements and public space. being conducted in India. The study’s deployment of ultra-low emission vehicles relevance is from the point of view of (ULEVs). The project is delivered through managing a multimodal urban transport Innovate UK, part of UK Research and network and subsequently providing Innovation (UKRI) – the Government backed TRANSPORT seamless access to its users. national funding agency investing in science and research in the UK. The trial will deploy AND CITIES Objectives include: Identifying factors 150-200 EV chargers which are flush to the affecting users’ choice of ride-hailing and pavement, and accessed using a lance and ride-sharing transport services (e.g. Uber, cable available to trial participants. The Ola, Uber Pool, etc.) in India; Developing technology is designed to mitigate previously- Inclusive Public Space methodology to combine traditional and big identified issues with on-street EV charging data for calibration of demand models for technologies, such as trailing cables and Grant holder: Professor Anna Lawson (School ride-hailing and ride-sharing services; on-street clutter, which can cause problems of Law) Predicting demand of ride-hailing and for other users of the pavement, such as Investigators: Professor Richard Romano, Dr ride-sharing services in different planning pram/pushchair and wheelchair users, or the Ehsan Sadraei and policy contexts (including COVID-19); partially sighted and blind. The research Funded by: EU Quantifying energy and air-quality impacts involves before-and-after surveying on three Dates: October 2020 to September 2021 of ride-hailing and ride-sharing services. categories of research participants: Observers Coordinating partner: N/A (who may or may not be drivers or EV users), Collaborating partners: N/A Outputs: Prospective and Current EV drivers. These Website: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/ 1. Special session on Ride-hailing and participants will be surveyed on their rcn/216509/factsheet/en Ride-sharing at the 5th Annual Conference attitudes and opinions on EVs and current of the Transport Research Group of India, EV charging infrastructure, street amenity, Abstract: This project considers the Bhopal which was attended by 50 faculty and parking, and where appropriate, about accessibility of public space – focusing on members, early career researchers and their current EV driving and charging pedestrian access to streets. It explores law’s scholars from different Indian Universities behaviours. In addition ‘consumer research’ engagement with the exclusion which occurs as well as representatives of several questions about the charging technology are when streets are designed, operated or government agencies. included for EV drivers. managed so as to deny access to pedestrians 2. Bhaduri E, BS M, Wadud Z, Goswami A whose bodies, minds or life circumstances and Choudhury C (2020) Modelling the Impact: The project is developing do not ‘fit’. Such exclusion is damaging both effects of COVID-19 on travel mode commercialisation plans that will target to individuals and communities. With a view choice behaviour in India, Transportation local authorities in the UK in the first to understanding how states and the EU can Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, instance, as the ‘owners’ of the streets more effectively ensure that public space is V8, Special Issue on COVID-19. https:// where the technology will be deployed. inclusive, the project aims to deepen www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ There has been interest from other understanding of what physical features of pii/S2590198220301846

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3. Goswami A and Choudhury C (2020) Initial findings on effects of COVID-19 on mode choice behaviour in India, paper presented at the UKEIRI Webinar on Smart Cities and Transport. 4. Goswami A and Choudhury C (2020) Developing an integrated land use - transport - emissions model utilising emerging big data sources for quantifying the energy and environmental impacts of ridesharing services, SPARC-UKIERI Webinar, June 2020 (View Recording)

Under Reform Grant holder: Professor Greg Marsden Investigator: Morgan Campbell Funded by: ESRC Dates: May 2018 to May 2020 Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Collaborative partners: University of Under Reform led by Prof Greg Marsden aims to develop cutting edge insights into how reforming Birmingham, School of Planning and transport governance works, and how best to generate more sustainable transport systems in Indian cities. Architecture Delhi, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, World Resources Outputs: Under Reform Co-Investigator while limiting its downsides. The project Institute India Louise Reardon presented on initial findings aims to offer innovations in the design of Website: https://underreform.org/ from the project at the International Public new services and policies in urban transport, Policy Association’s 4th International with a focus tradable credits schemes, Abstract: Under Reform aims to develop Conference on Public Policy (ICPP4). automated vehicles, electric driving, ride cutting edge insights into how reforming underreform.org sharing, car sharing, and cycling. The transport governance works, and how best to project studies short-run behavioural generate more sustainable transport systems Impact: A major stakeholder workshop impacts through real-life experimental in Indian cities. In 2015 the Indian national launched the implications report in Delhi in studies in both China and Europe, and government launched the Smart Cities March 2020. A capacity building summer long-run implications through advanced Mission, aiming to reform transport school was run from IISc Bangalore in March urban transport modelling approaches. The governance more effectively than had been 2020 raising the profile of urban governance project began in earnest with a kick-off managed at individual city level. The project as a critical skills gap and research need. meeting in Beijing alongside the 7th research will analyse previous and planned International Conference on Transportation reforms in four of India’s designated smart and Space-time Economics in October cities, considering their impact on the 2019. Our work has so far concentrated on prosperity and the quality of life of citizens. Urban Public Administration governance issues and the initial The aim is to move beyond simply identifying and Services (U-PASS) development of a MARS model for Beijing problems, rather developing an along with how to represent tradeable understanding of how to overcome them. The Grant holder: Professor Simon Shepherd permits and bike share schemes within that key themes from the project around Investigators: Dr Caroline Mullen, Dr model. Initial results have been presented central-state-local relationships, the use of Chandra Balijepalli, Professor Susan via webinar to the JRC. Special Purpose Vehicles for governance Grant-Muller; Dr Gillian Harrison reform and the role of smart experimentation Funded by: ESRC are now at the final stage of write up for Dates: March 2019 - February 2022 publication. Practical implications have been Coordinating partner: Vrije Universiteit ELVITEN Amsterdam developed in partnership with WRI India and Grant holder: Dr Haibo Chen taken to various stakeholder workshops just Collaborative partners: Beijing Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, Beijing Investigators: Dr Kaushali Dave, Dr Jo-Ann prior to the pandemic lockdown. The Pattinson, Dr Junyan Chen, Dr Jianbing emphasis of the findings has been on Transport Institute. Website: sbe.vu.nl/nl/afdelingen-en- Gao, Dr Ye Liu, Professor David Watling longer-term themes of urban governance in Funded by: EU H2020 India rather than what specifically will instituten/spatial-economics/research/ projects/u-pass/index.aspx Dates: November 2017 to October 2020 happen next with the Smart Cities Mission. Collaborative partners: 21 partners in This seems particularly important given the industry and academia (see website for impacts of the pandemic on policy priorities Abstract: U-PASS stands for Urban Public Administration and ServiceS - innovation for details) and the difficulties of delivering coherent Website: www.elviten-project.eu reform programmes. Innovative Urban Mobility Management and Policy. Motivated by the world-wide shared desire and need for more efficient, reliable Abstract: Electrified L-category Vehicles Papers: Integrated into Transport and Electricity https://underreform.org/category/outputs/ and environmentally sustainable urban transport, the U-PASS project investigates Networks (ELVITEN) aims to boost the how to improve the benefits of transport, usage of electrified bicycles, scooters, tricycles and quadricycles (EL-Vs) in the

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Abstract: PCT is a planning support system to improve cycling provision at many levels from regions to specific points on the road network. For further information on the thinking underlying the tool’s design, and the methodology used to create it, please follow links in the PCT website.

Impact: PCT’s Rapid Cycleway Prioritisation Tool has been used by many Local Authorities to inform their infrastructure investment (supported by a £250m Active Travel Fund from the Government) and planning to encourage cycling during the COVID-19 pandemic. PCT is now in phase 3 and has generated many spin off projects funded, among others, by Local Authorities, Welsh Government, Sustrans and the Norwegian Research Centre.

Outputs: Lovelace R, Talbot J, Morgan M and M Lucas Smith (2020) Methods to Investment in cycling infrastructure has many benefits. Knowing where to invest is helped by the Cycle Prioritise Pop-up Active Transport Prioritisation Toolkit used by many Local Authorities. Photo courtesy of Robin Lovelace. Infrastructure. Transport Findings https://doi. urban environment and ultimately to ambitious targets for active transport, as org/10.32866/001c.13421 achieve a mind-shift among users by outlined in the Cycling and Walking providing them with a better EL-V Investment Strategy (CWIS). Notably, the experience. This will be achieved by Government aims to double cycling whilst designing and offering replicable usage simultaneously reducing the number of ACTON schemes, consisting of support services, people killed or seriously injured. Much Grant holder: Dr Robin Lovelace ICT tools and policies. EL-Vs are being research funded in support of the CWIS, Investigators: Dr Joey Talbot tested in Genoa, Rome, Bari, Malaga, such as the Propensity to Cycle Tool (see Funded by: Strategic Priorities Fund – Berlin and Trikala. The project has three below) has focussed on boosting walking University of Leeds principal objectives: First, to make users and cycling levels, with relatively little Dates: December 2019 to March 2020 more familiar and facilitate them to use attention paid to safety, despite the fact Website: https://cyipt.github.io/acton/ EL-Vs instead of conventional vehicles for that cycling and walking casualties have their private transport and for light urban not fallen since the CWIS baseline year of Abstract: ACTON aims to provide evidence deliveries. Second, to collect rich 2013. Using data science, this project for local authorities, developers and civil information sets made of real usage data, aims to discover which road safety society groups to support planning and traces from dedicated ICT tools, and users’ measures work best to protect pedestrians investment in sustainable transport opinions after real trips. Third it will and cyclists. infrastructure in and around new generate detailed guidelines and business developments. The award-winning models for service providers, planning Impact: Reproducible code that accesses, Propensity to Cycle Tool is influencing authorities and manufacturers in order to cleans and stores intervention data will be strategic cycle network plans of Local make EL-Vs more attractive and integrated published in an R package, with the Authorities ensuring that sustainable in the transport and electricity networks. working title of trafficcalmr. This will lead to transport investment is spent effectively. a step-change in knowledge on how to However, a limitation of the tool is that it is access and process historic road calming based on data that is becoming increasingly intervention data, filling an important gap in out-of-date. This project will extend the PCT, Safer Roads Map current knowledge, and providing a robust and accelerate the positive impact it is Grant holder: Dr Robin Lovelace evidence base on which future interventions having by integrating new developments into Investigators: Dr Malcolm Morgan, Dr Joey can be prioritised and monitored. estimates of cycling potential.To make the Talbot, Dr Layik Hama (Leeds Institute for results of the research more reproducible Data Analytics, Dr Roger Beecham (School and accessible to others, we have also of Geography), Caroline Tait created an R package, which is described on Funded by: DfT Propensity to Cycle Tool (PCT) the project website. Coordinating partner: DfT Grant holder: Dr Robin Lovelace Collaborative partners: RAC Foundation Investigators: Dr Malcolm Morgan, Dr Joey Impact: Received follow-on funding for a Dates: April 2020 to October 2021 Talbot project called ActDev Funded by: DfT/ Luton Borough Council/ Abstract: Active transport can tackle some Welsh Government of the most pressing issues of the 21st Coordinating partner: University of century, including air pollution, the obesity Cambridge epidemic, and transport-related social Collaborative partners: CycleStreets.net exclusion. Recognising these wide-ranging Dates: November 2017 to October 2020 benefits, the UK Government has Website: www.pct.bike

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Green & Blue Infrastructure Grant holder: Dr Thijs Dekker Investigator: Dr Manuel Ojeda-Cabral Funded by: iCASP Dates: July 2019 to March 2020

Abstract: It’s difficult for practitioners to develop successful business cases for Green (parks and green spaces) and Blue (drainage/run off) Infrastructure (GBI). The project has evaluated the appraisal guidance for GBI as provided by the Green Book and the recently developed ENCA guidance by DEFRA alongside a range of tools for assessing the value of GBI investments. Stakeholders involved in the project include WYCA, Leeds City Council and Kirklees Council.

Outputs: Tools review report Photo courtesy of Robin Lovelace.

Transport Infrastructure at ITS provide state of the art benchmarking analysis for the Network. Different from Soundscape Valuation Efficiency Strategy (TIES) traditional methods we benchmark the cost Grant holder: Dr Like Jiang Grant holder: Dr Phill Wheat of carriageway maintenance in local Investigators: Dr John Nellthorp Investigators: Professor Andrew Smith, Dr authority area on a like for like basis. Funded by: ESRC IAA & Defra Alex Stead Dates: February 2020 to February 2021 Funded by: Innovate UK Impact: This project was awarded an Collaborating partner: UCL, Defra Dates: April 2015 to March 2022 EPSRC Impact Acceleration Account Collaborating partners: 30 partners spanning which supports knowledge exchange and Abstract: The growing field of soundscape a range of Government departments, the delivery of impact from EPSRC funded research has shown that noise-based Network Rail, Local Authorities, private research. CQC is referenced in the DfT’s measurements alone do not reflect the sound sector construction, large infrastructure Incentive Fund Self-Assessment Process environment quality as experienced by people, managers and academics. and contributes to the case for local authorities receiving enhanced incentive especially in public urban spaces where the sound environments are usually more complex Abstract: Our role in this project is to funding. Collaboration with the network with both positive and negative sounds. support the Government Strategy on was funded for a further three years. However, cost benefit analysis in sound Infrastructure Efficiency and good environment decision-making remains noise environmental management. We are piloting based. The limitations are that; only impacts systematic work to understand how to of noise are considered whereas positive improve the performance of major HE Social Impacts 2 contributions of wanted sounds are omitted; infrastructure projects, such as HS2 and Grant holder: Dr John Nellthorp limited receiver types are covered, in most Crossrail, by identifying factors that lead to Investigators: Professor Richard Batley, cases only receptors in residential properties. cost efficiencies. A key aspect is Professor Karen Lucas, Dr Eva Heinen, Dr collaboration across multiple disciplines. Like Jiang, Dr Han Lin The project applies knowledge and methods Instead of organisations working in silos, Funded by: Highways England developed in our noise valuation and information will be shared. Dates: November 2019 to May 2020 soundscape evaluation research, to develop a framework for valuing soundscape in public Abstract: What effect do Highways England urban spaces, engaging stakeholders from CQC Efficiency Network (HE) schemes have on society? In particular, policy sectors, academia and citizens, by-pass schemes which remove substantial through a series of workshops. Grant holder: Dr Phill Wheat amounts of through traffic from built-up areas. Investigators: Dr Alex Stead Impact: Our framework will help shape new Funded by: Local Authorities Impact: The ITS research team evaluated national methodology of noise valuation Dates: April 2015 to March 2022 the current methodology and provided integrating a soundscape approach and will Coordinating partner: measure2improve recommendations on how the HE guidance achieve more holistic cost benefit analysis for Website: www.nhtnetwork.org can be updated. The final report covered five sound environment decision-making. impact questions: Journey Quality; Physical Abstract: The CQC Efficiency Network Activity; Access to Services; Security and Outputs: Jiang L & Nellthorp J (2020) measures efficiency, evaluates the likely Cumulative Social Impacts. Valuing transport noise impacts in public impact of changes to practice and process, urban spaces in the UK: Gaps, opportunities and provides a stimulus to realizing and challenges. Applied Acoustics, 166: efficiency savings in road maintenance. We 107376.

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Collaborative partners: Aimsun, CPC Dates: September 2019 to December 2020 Website: https://vericav-project.co.uk/

Abstract: The VeriCAV project is developing an integrated test framework to allow Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) to be validated in simulation, exposing them to large numbers of complex driving situations such that developers and regulators can have real confidence in their reliability and safety when deployed on the roads. The project goes beyond scenario-based testing to a paradigm where optimal test cases are generated from the space of all possible situations.

VeriCAV is improving the efficiency of testing by minimising human effort in supervising the huge number of tests. As part of this approach, a test oracle automates the evaluation of an ADS’s performance during a test run and aggregates information on the Traffic Information during Covid lockdown. simulation setup in order to automatically create test coverage statistics. configuration can be studied. The experiments can also look at the impacts of The research team at Leeds validates this SIMULATION human factors including age, vision and approach by comparing the ADS’s response mobility. Pedestrians represent roughly 24% between simulated and real environments of road fatalities (in 2015). In this context, and evaluates the ADS’s performance on a the increased use of Autonomous Vehicles number of metrics to ensure that the Driver Frustration (AVs) and new systems such as automatic simulation performance is similar to that in emergency braking have the potential to the real world. Grant holder: Professor Oliver Carsten dramatically reduce road deaths. A major Investigator: Dr Zahara Batool concern, however, is that the AVs and safety Smart actors are key to allowing a breadth of Funded by: Highways England systems must be designed to take into ADS test scenarios as well as to tune the Dates: October 2019 to May 2020 account the capabilities and limitations of simulation setup in the test oracle to find pedestrians. What makes the simulator the most critical events for testing the ADS. Abstract: The aim of this project is to unique in the world is its very high In addition machine learning based identify and facilitate the development of resolution displays combined with its large approaches will be compared against the interventions that could minimise driver walkable environment (9 metres by 4 cognitive models to understand the value of frustration, stress and aggression-related metres) and its integration with driving both approaches and their applicability to a behaviours, hence improving safety and simulators to test interactions between range of scenarios. riding experiences on roads. Many pedestrians and drivers. interventions for road safety have unclear or unrealistic aims, are poorly piloted and Impact: The simulator was used extensively weakly evaluated. Our research provides to support the interACT, HumanDrive, and AUTOMATION evidence based support for developing VeriCAV projects Behavioural Change Intervention, grounded in theories of health psychology. Outputs: Sadraei E, Romano R, Merat N, Garcia de Pedro J, Lee YM, Madigan R, Uzondu C, Lyu W, Tomlinson A (2020) COMMOTIONS Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction: A Distributed Grant holder: Professor Gustav Markkula Pedestrian-in-the-Loop Simulation Study, Driving Simulation Investigators: Dr Yi-Shin Lin, Dr Aravinda Conference Europe 2020. Simulator (HIKER) Srinivasan, Dr Jac Billington (School of Grant holder: Professor Richard Romano Psychology), Dr Matteo Leonetti (School of Investigator: Professor Natasha Merat Computing) Funded by: EPSRC VeriCAV Funded by: EPSRC Dates: January 2018 to December 2021 Collaborative partners: FiveAI, Aimsun Website: uolds.leeds.ac.uk/facility/hikerlab Grant holder: Professor Richard Romano Dates: July 2019 – December 2023 Investigators: Dr Albert Solernou-Crusat, Dr Abstract: This project has developed a new Gustav Markkula, Professor Natasha Merat. Abstract: COMMOTIONS is an acronym for laboratory for Highly Immersive Kinematic Dr Ehsan Sadraei, Jorge Garcia de Pedro, Dr Computational Models of Traffic Interactions Experimental Research (HIKER) to support Evangelos Paschalidis, Dr He Wang (School for Testing of Automated Vehicles. If safe experimental research in a repeatable of Computing) automated vehicles (AVs) cannot interact fashion in which variables with respect to Funded by: Innovate UK well with human road users, they risk AV design, safety systems, and intersection Coordinating partner: HORIBA MIRA causing frustration or even casualties. This

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EPSRC fellowship project is researching mathematical models of how humans interact in road traffic, with the objective of using these models to test and optimise the interactive behaviour of AVs. The interaction models are being developed based on knowledge and methods from cognitive neuroscience, using behavioural data from naturalistic and controlled environments (e.g., the new ITS HIKER lab), as well as neurophysiological data collected in collaboration with Leeds School of Psychology. The project will also investigate how the developed cognitive models compare to and can be complemented with purely data-driven, machine-learned models of interactive behaviour, in a collaboration with the School of Computing. The project partners FiveAI and Aimsun provide direct links to intended industrial applications of the models, in AV software and traffic modelling tools, respectively. Inclusive mobility – new technologies must be sensitive to the diverse needs of the whole population - understanding and reflecting the complexity of individual needs. Impact: Provided input on human behaviour modelling to an ISO Technical Specification social, economic, and health outcomes. recommendations are put forward. on virtual testing of vehicle safety. The research uses a multidisciplinary Final Report: Study on the effects of methodology - integrating qualitative automation on road user behaviour and Papers: Markkula G, Madigan R, Nathanael perspectives and quantitative data analysis performance https://op.europa.eu/en/ D, Portouli E, Lee YM, Dietrich A, Billington into AI-generated population simulations publication-detail/-/publication/6d947c46- J, Schieben A, Merat N. 2020. Defining and supply optimisation. 140d-11eb-b57e-01aa75ed71a1 interactions: a conceptual framework for understanding interactive behaviour in human and automated road traffic. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. Effects of Automation on Trustonomy http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146392 Grant holder: Professor Samantha Jamson 2X.2020.1736686 Road User Behaviour (SEARUB) Investigators: Dr Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi Funded by: EU H2020 Grant holder: Professor Samantha Jamson Dates: May 2019 – April 2022 Responsible Automation for Investigators: Professor Oliver Carsten Funded by: EU Abstract: Trustonomy will investigate, Inclusive Mobility (RAIM) Coordinating partner: TNO setup, test and comparatively assess, in Grant holder: Professor Ed Manley, School Dates: March 2019 – March 2020 terms of performance, ethics and of Geography acceptability, different relevant Investigator: Professor Susan Grant-Muller Abstract: The aim of this study is to technologies and approaches in a variety of Funded by: ESRC provide strategic and practical advice to autonomous driving scenarios, covering Dates: February 2020 to January 2023 the European Commission General different types of users (in terms of age, Coordinating partner: School of Geography, Directorate DG MOVE on the policy-related gender, driving experience, etc.), road University of Leeds actions required to address disruptive transport modes (private cars, trucks, Collaborative partners: University College digital developments, particularly the buses), levels of automation (L3 – L5) and London, University of Manitoba, Canadian transition to automated driving and its driving conditions. ITS is responsible for Urban Transit Research & Innovation effects on driver behaviour and one of the four pillars – Trust – and is Consortium (CUTRIC) performance. Automated driving brings a carrying out a simulator study to number of changes to the traffic system. investigate how trust in automation is Abstract: To capture the full social and The topics addressed include the expected formed and affected by characteristics of economic benefits of AI, new technologies evolution of automated driving, changes in the automation design. must be sensitive to the diverse needs of human-machine interfaces (in the vehicle the whole population. This means and in interactions with road Papers: Rodak A, Jamson S, Kruszewski understanding and reflecting the infrastructure), traffic rules, driving M, Pe˛dzierska M (2020) User complexity of individual needs, the variety licences, and the training of professional Requirements for Autonomous Vehicles - a of perceptions, and the constraints that drivers. It includes also a reflection on Comparative Analysis of Expert and might guide interaction with AI. RAIM will these topics towards the development of a Non-expert-based Approach. Presented at address how on-demand, electric code of conduct for the transition to International Conference of Electrical and autonomous vehicles might be integrated automated mobility. Based on a broad Electronic Technologies for Automotive within public transport systems in the UK literature review and the views of experts, (AEIT AUTOMOTIVE), Italy. ISBN 978-8- and Canada to meet the complex needs of different issues are discussed, and a 8872-3749-8 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ older populations, resulting in improved number of policy-oriented document/9307415

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L3PILOT Papers: 1. Lyu W, Gonçalves R, Guo F, Torrão G, Radhakrishnan V, Puente Guillen P, ... & Merat N (2021) Applying Entropy to Understand Drivers’ Uncertainty during Car-following. In Proceedings of the joint meeting of the 12th International Conference on Measuring Behavior and the 6th Seminar on Behavioral Methods. Krakow, Poland. 2. Gonçalves R, Lyu W, Torrão G, Puente Guillen P, Louw T & Merat N (2021) Development of an algorithm to identify stabilisation time for car-following after transitions of control from vehicle automation. In Proceedings of the joint meeting of the 12th International Conference on Measuring Behavior and the 6th Seminar on Behavioral Methods. Krakow, Poland. 3. Bellotti F, Osman N, Arnold EH, Mozaffari S, Innamaa S, Louw T, ... & L3Pilot tests the viability of automated driving as a safe and efficient means of transportation on Berta R (2020) Managing Big Data for public roads. Addressing Research Questions in a Collaborative Project on Automated Driving Impact Assessment. Sensors, Interaction of Humans and L3PILOT 20(23), 6773. Automated Vehicles Grant holder: Professor Natasha Merat 4. Louw T, Goncalves R, Torrao G, (SHAPE IT) Investigators: Dr Tyron Louw, Dr Radhakrishnan V, Lyu W, Puente Guillen Guilhermina Antas-Torrao, Michael Daly, Dr P & Merat N (2020) Do drivers change Grant Holder: Professor Natasha Merat Andrew Tomlinson, Dr Ruth Madigan, Dr their manual car-following behaviour after Co-Investigator: Professor Gustav Markkula Yee Mun Lee automated car-following? Cognition, Funded by: EU H2020 Funded by: EU H2020 Technology & Work, 1-15. Dates: October 2019 to September 2023 Dates: September 2017 to August 2021 5. Nordhoff S, Louw T, Innamaa S, Coordinating partner: VW Lehtonen E, Beuster A, Torrao G ... & Abstract: Supporting the interaction of Collaborative partners: See website Merat N (2020) Using the UTAUT2 Humans and Automated vehicles: Website: l3pilot.eu/index.php?id=26 model to explain public acceptance of Preparing for the Environment of Tomorrow conditionally automated (L3) cars: A (SHAPE-IT) is an Innovative Training Abstract: Automated driving technology has questionnaire study among 9,118 car Network project under the EU Marie matured to a level motivating a final phase drivers from eight European countries. Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement. Fifteen of road tests which can answer key Transportation Research Part F: Traffic PhD-students (including three at ITS) will questions before market introduction of the Psychology and Behaviour, 74, 280-297. perform research in the project, together systems. L3Pilot tests the viability of 6. Innamaa, S., Aittoniemi, E., Bjorvatn, A., with their academic and industrial automated driving as a safe and efficient Fahrenkrog, F., Gwehenberger, J., supervisors. The overall goal of SHAPE-IT means of transportation on public roads. It Lehtonen, E., Louw, T. ... & Sintonen, H. is to enable rapid and reliable development focuses on large-scale piloting of SAE Level (2020). L3Pilot Deliverable D3.4: of safe and user-centred automated 3 functions, with additional assessment of Evaluation Plan. European Commission. vehicles (AVs) for urban environments. some Level 4 functions. The functionality of 7. Louw, T., Merat, N., Metz, B., Wörle, J., Vehicle automation has been identified as the systems will be exposed to variable Torrao, G., & Satu, I. (2020). Assessing a game-changer in transport, promising conditions with 1,000 drivers and 100 cars user behaviour and acceptance in substantial reductions in road-traffic across ten European countries, including real-world automated driving: The L3Pilot fatalities while improving mobility. cross-border routes. The technologies being project approach. In Proceedings of 8th However, the processes to integrate tested cover a wide range of driving Transport Research Arena TRA 2020. automation in transport have been situations, including parking, overtaking on Conference cancelled. primarily focused on technology with highways and driving through urban 8. Innamaa S, Louw T, Merat N, Torrao G & insufficient consideration given to how intersections. The tests will provide data for Aittoniemi E (2020) Applying the FESTA users will interact with AVs. evaluating technical aspects, user methodology to automated driving pilots. The three PhD researchers, based at the acceptance, driving and travel behaviour, as In Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Institute for Transport Studies, and their well as impact on traffic and safety. In this Arena TRA 2020. Conference cancelled. study topics are: Chen Peng - Developing multi-partner consortium our role at Leeds 9. Goncalves R, Louw T, Quaresma M, more acceptable, pleasant and transparent has been the development of detailed pilot Madigan R & Merat N (2020) The effect AV-kinematic cues for drivers; Yue Yang - site questionnaires and design and analysis of motor control requirements on drivers’ Long Term Effects of AV Exposure on AV/ of an annual global survey to assess user eye-gaze pattern during automated VRU Interactions; Amir Hossein Kalantari understanding and acceptance of these driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, -Computational AV/Pedestrian Interaction systems. We also lead the user-evaluation 148, 105788. Models. work package.

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InterACT Grant holder: Professor Natasha Merat Investigators: Professor Rich Romano, Dr Gustav Markkula, Dr Yee Mun Lee, Dr Ruth Madigan, Dr Jami Pekkanen, Jorge Garcia de Pedro, Dr Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi Funded by: EU H2020 Dates: May 2017 to April 2020 Coordinating partner: DLR German Aerospace Website: www.interact-roadautomation.eu

Abstract: InterACT will enable the safe integration of Automated Vehicles (AVs) into mixed traffic environments by designing, implementing, and evaluating solutions for safe, cooperative, and expectation- conforming interactions between the AV and its driver as well as other traffic participants.

In more detail the project will: Develop InterACT graphics from the project’s webpage: https://tinyurl.com/ezw7uzoc psychological models of interaction between road users; Improve methods for assessing 3. Camara F & Fox C (2020) Game Theory 4. Lee YM, Madigan R, Giles O, Garach- the intentions, and predicting the behaviour For Self-Driving Cars. 3rd UK-RAS Morcillo L, Markkula G, Fox C, Camara of other traffic participants; Develop a novel Conference. F, Rothmueller M, Vendelbo-Larsen SA, Cooperation and Communication Planning 4. Schieben A, Wilbrink M, Dietrich A, Rasmussen PH, Dietrich A, Nathanael Unit to enable the integrated planning and Portouli E, Kaup M, Tango F, Lee YM, D, Portouli V, Schieben A & Merat N control of automated vehicles; Provide Weber F, Ruenz J, Althoff M, Amditis A & (2020) Road users rarely use explicit fail-safe trajectory planning to ensure safety Merat N (2020) Designing cooperative communication techniques when in mixed traffic environments; Develop novel interaction of automated vehicles in interacting in today’s traffic: Implication human-vehicle interaction designs; Establish mixed traffic environments: Results from for Automated Vehicles. Cognition, new evaluation methods for studying the the interACT project. Proceedings of 8th Technology and Work, 1-14. DOI: interactions of road users with AVs, and user Transport Research Arena TRA 2020, 10.1007/s10111-020-00635-y acceptance of these vehicles. April 27-30, 2020, Helsinki. 5. Markkula G, Madigan R, Nathanael D, Portouli E, Lee YM, Dietrich A, Impact: The team are contributing to an ISO InterACT Journal Articles: Billington J, Schieben A & Merat N working group on this topic 1. Camara F, Bellotto N, Cosar S, (2020) Defining interactions: A Nathanael D, Althoff M, Wu J, Ruenz J, conceptual framework for InterACT Deliverables: Dietrich A, Fox C (2020) Pedestrian understanding interactive behaviour in 1. Dietrich A, Lee YM, Madigan R, Merat N Models for Autonomous Driving Part I: human and automated road traffic. et al (2020) interACT D6.2 Evaluation Low-Level Models, from Sensing to Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics report on on-board user and road users Tracking. IEEE Transactions on Science (TTIE) DOI: 10.1016/j. interaction with AVs equipped with the Intelligent Transportation Systems. trf.2020.05.004 interACT technologies. DOI:10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.004 6. Uttley J, Lee YM, Madigan R & Merat N 2. Madigan R, Lee YM, Markkula G, Merat 2. Camara F, Bellotto N, Cosar S, Weber F, (2020) Investigating Road user N et al (2020) interACT D6.3 Impact Nathanael D, Althoff M, Wu J, Ruenz J, interactions in a shared space setting: assessment of the new interaction Dietrich A, Markkula G, Schieben A, understanding what means of strategies on traffic cooperation, traffic Tango F, Merat N, Fox C (2020) communication are needed for future flow, infrastructure design and road Pedestrian Models for Autonomous automated vehicles. Transportation safety. Driving Part II: High-Level Models of Research Part F, 72, 32-46. Human Behavior. IEEE Transactions on DOI:10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.004 InterACT Conference Papers: Intelligent Transportation Systems. DOI: 7. Lee YM, Madigan R, Uzondu C, Garcia 1. Camara F, Cosar S, Bellotto N, Merat N, 10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.004 J, Romano R, Markkula G & Merat N Fox C (2020) Continuous Game Theory 3. Kaleefathullah A, Merat N, Lee YM, (2020) Learning to interpret novel Pedestrian Modelling Method for Eisma YB, Madigan R, Garcia J & eHMI: The effect of communicative Autonomous Vehicles. In: Olaverri- Winter J (2020) External Human- indications and vehicle kinematics on Monreal C; García-Fernández F; Rossetti Machine Interfaces can be Misleading: pedestrians’ crossing behaviour. https:// RJF (eds.) Human Factors in Intelligent An examination of trust development psyarxiv.com/2xub4 Vehicles. 1. River Publishers. and misuse in a CAVE-based pedestrian 2. Camara F, Dickinson P, Merat N & Fox C simulation environment. Human (2020) Examining Pedestrian- Factors: The Journal of the Human Autonomous Vehicle Interactions. Factors and Ergonomics Society. DOI: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research 10.1177/0018720820970751 Arena TRA 2020, April 27-30, 2020, Helsinki.

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Making full use of Automation for National Transport and Road Authorities (MANTRA) Grant holder: Professor Oliver Carsten Investigator: Dr Zia Wadud Funded by: Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR) Dates: September 2018 to September 2020 Coordinating partner: Traficon Ltd Collaborative partners: Arndt IDC, HITEC, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, TU Delft.

Abstract: At a time of quick development of connected and automated driving, automation will affect the core business of National Road Authorities (NRAs). The MANTRA project aimed to answer the HumanDrive: The Grand Drive in a self-driving car was successfully completed. following questions: What are the influences of automation on the core business of NRAs Human Drive Conference Papers: in relation to road safety, traffic efficiency, Human Drive 1. Hajiseyedjavadi F, Merat N, Romano R, the environment, customer service, Jamson H, Louw T, Li P & Boer E (2020) maintenance and construction processes?; Grant holder: Professor Natasha Merat The Effect of Road Environments on How will the current core business, on Investigators: Dr Chongfeng Wei, Dr Foroogh Driving Behavior. In International operations & services, planning & building Hajiseyedjavadi, Dr Evangelos Paschalidis, Conference on Traffic and Transport and ICT, change in the future? MANTRA Dr Zahara Batool, Michael Daly, Dr Andrew Psychology. applied a European transnational approach Tomlinson 2. Forster D & Batool Z (2020) Systematic to facilitate the utilization of the results for Funded by: Innovate UK Use of Subjective Reflections on AV. all CEDR members. Dates: July 2017 to March 2020 Measuring Behaviour. Collaborative partners: Nissan, TSC, Hitachi, 3. Solernou A, Romano R, Souflas I, Horiba Mira, Highways England, Aimsun, Hajiseyedjavadi F, Paschalidis E and Cranfield University, Atkins Merat N. (2020) Integration and training TRANSITION Website: humandrive.co.uk of a ROS autonomous driver for human- Grant holder: Professor Richard Wilkie, like driving style in a complex multi- (University of Leeds, School of Psychology) Abstract: The HumanDrive project has component driving simulator In: Investigators: Professor Natasha Merat, developed a prototype autonomous vehicle Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Professor Rich Romano, Dr Gustav Markkula and demonstrated an automated journey in Conference Funded by: EPSRC live traffic and under different environmental Dates: September 2017 to August 2020 conditions. The Grand Drive from Nissan Human Drive Journal Papers: Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Cranfield to Sunderland was achieved as 1. Paschalidis E, Hajiseyedjavadi F, Wei C, Collaborative partners: Volvo Cars part of an investigation into how Solernou A, Jamson AH, Merat N. . . autonomous driving can emulate a natural, Boer E. (2020) Deriving metrics of Abstract: Whilst there has been widespread human-like driving style. On its journey, the driving comfort for autonomous vehicles: coverage of the development of fully Nissan LEAF test vehicle experienced a A dynamic latent variable model of speed automated vehicles, it is unlikely that range of driving scenarios from country lanes choice. Analytic Methods in Accident full-automation will quickly become the with no or minimal road markings, to Research, 28, 100133. norm. Indeed ‘driverless’ vehicles are junctions, roundabouts and motorways. 2. Radhakrishnan V, Merat N, Louw T, already technologically possible, but there Autonomous technology was activated along Lenné MG, Romano R, Paschalidis E. . . are significant barriers to adoption, and the the route to change lanes, merge and stop Boer ER (2020) Measuring Drivers’ prevalent view is that the human driver will and start when necessary. The system has Physiological Response to Different remain the primary controller of the vehicle undergone a robust testing process including Vehicle Controllers in Highly Automated for some time. There are a number of simulation, hardware in the loop, private test Driving (HAD): Opportunities for reasons for this such as; regions where track and small sections of public roads. Establishing Real-Time Values of Driver automation is not possible (e.g. poor GPS The Leeds team developed and tested a Discomfort. Information, 11(8), 390. coverage, inaccurate mapping or poor road series of vehicle control models. Can more demarcation), needing human control of the human-like behaviour from an automated vehicle when automatic systems fail; some vehicle affect user behaviour and drivers will continue to desire vehicles that acceptance? In our state of the art motion- allow them to be in control. In this context, based driving simulator, the experiences of understanding the best way to ensure safe drivers were monitored to ensure the vehicle interactions between humans and control models are acceptable to a wide automation remains a high priority. Human range of users. error is a major contributor to road

-18- www.its.leeds.ac.uk accidents. Automated Vehicles (AVs) have the potential to dramatically reduce road death. A major concern, however, is that many AVs require human supervision, and despite our lack of understanding how human drivers interact with AVs there are already AV systems purchased and being used on the roads (e.g. Tesla). We used sophisticated vehicle simulators to examine how drivers re-engage with the vehicle after a period of AV control. Impact: Our findings identify situations where drivers are particularly vulnerable to making steering errors. We developed the TRANSITION model to improve the design and implementation of AV systems.

RAIL

In partnership with RSSB, ITS is working on rail accessibility, safety, technology, the development of appraisal methods and big data in railways. ASSETS4RAIL Outputs: Grant holder: Dr Manuel Ojeda-Cabral RSSB-ITS Research 1. Ojeda-Cabral, M., Matthews, B., Dekker, Investigators: Professor Andrew Smith, Dr T. and Batley, R. (2020). Valuation and Xiaoxiao Ma Partnership in Rail Appraisal of Accessibility in Rail: an Funded by: EU H2020 Economics appraisal framework for improvements in Coordinating partner: Eurecat / Eurenex accessibility for all – Final Report. Grant holder: Dr Manuel Ojeda-Cabral Collaborative partners: See full list on http:// https://www.sparkrail.org/Lists/Records/ Investigators: Professor Richard Batley, www.assets4rail.eu/ DispForm.aspx?ID=26839 Professor Andrew Smith, Dr Phill Wheat, Dr Dates: December 2018 to May 2021 2. Ojeda-Cabral, M., Ma, X. and Smith, A. Chiara Calastri, Dan Johnson, Dr Thijs Website: http://www.assets4rail.eu/ (2020). The economic case for removing Dekker, Dr Bryan Matthews the gap and step between trains and Funded by: RSSB Abstract: The European railway platforms: the case of Kneeling Trains. Dates: July 2020 to March 2021 infrastructure is ageing and needs to cope https://www.sparkrail.org/Lists/Records/ with an expected increase in traffic in the DispForm.aspx?ID=26911 near future. Reliable rolling stock will be Abstract: Railways are complex systems with required to crystallize the desired modal multiple interfaces delivered by many shift to rail. A proactive and cost-effective different organisations. RSSB have formed a maintenance and intervention system is also strategic partnership with the University of Adaptive and Intelligent required. Assets4Rail aims to contribute to Leeds which has been extended for a third Automatic Train Operations this modal shift by exploring, adapting and year. Dr Ojeda Cabral is seconded to RSSB testing cutting-edge technologies for railway to support the development of a novel (AI – ATO) asset monitoring and maintenance. The transport/rail economics research programme. Grant holder: Professor Ronghui Liu main objective for the project is to develop a Funded by: Royal Academy of Engineering set of cost efficient and cutting-edge Coordinating partner: Beijing Jiaotong asset-specific measuring and monitoring Impact: Cross-industry research and innovation play key roles in developing the University, TCT Ltd devices. These devices will collect and Dates: April 2020 to March 2022 deliver the status data of the railway system knowledge, technologies and operational (infrastructure and rolling stock). The data solutions that individual players in the rail system could not pursue in isolation. Abstract: Rail transit is an effective and will be processed to support asset sustainable mass public transport system for management decisions. To achieve that, Research, analysis and insight help industry to tackle the issues of today and enable the cities but the energy consumption from Assets4Rail follows a twofold approach, running train services is significant. Beijing including infrastructure (tunnel, bridges, railway of the future to be better, safer and more sustainable. Through this partnership, Metro is the city’s biggest electricity user, track geometry, and safety systems) and and 50% of its energy consumption is used rolling stock. The project benefits from a ITS is continuously working closely with the rail industry on multiple jointly developed by train traction force. Following on from an strong multidisciplinary consortium. As a earlier collaboration with BJTU and TCT on key member of the team ITS are providing research projects around topics such as rail accessibility, safety, technology, the the development of energy-efficient train the economic appraisal of a wide range of speed controls for Beijing Metro Line 7 (ATO railway innovations developed by development of appraisal methods and big data in railways. project reported in the 2018 ITS Annual Assets4Rails. Research Report), the current project is to exploit state-of-the-art control technologies and machine learning. It will develop energy-efficient optimal train speed control

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Abstract: The TransEnergy Road to Rail Energy Exchange is an innovative technical and socio-economic research collaboration. It aims to provide energy buffering services between rail and electric vehicles to enable a step-change reduction in energy demand. Our contribution to this project is a socio- economic study providing financial models and frameworks to support adoption and implementation of the technology.

NEXTGEAR Grant holder: Professor Andrew Smith Investigators: Dr Phill Wheat, Dr Kristofer Odolinski Funded by: EU H2020 Coordinating partner: Unife Collaborative partners: see project website Dates: December 2019 to November 2021 Dynamic Timetabling explores advanced Artificial Intelligence to automate the train timetable Website: https://nextgear-project.eu/ planning processes. Abstract: NEXT generation of methods, that is dynamic, responding to real-time concepts and solutions for the design of operation conditions. Roadmaps for AI Integration robust and sustainable running GEAR (NEXTGEAR) will implement a coordinated Impact: An intelligent self-learning process in the Rail Sector (RAILS) set of research activities to develop Running will automatically adjust railway control Grant holder: Professor Ronghui Liu Gear Innovations and the Wheel Set of the parameters and functions to achieve optimal Investigators: Dr Ziyuan Lin, Dr He Wang Future. The project is part of the Shift2Rail performances in terms of energy efficiency, (Computing) programme. tracking precision and safety. Funded by: EU Shift2Rail Coordinating partner: CINI Dates: December 2019 to November 2022 Land Value and Transport – Dynamic Timetabling Abstract: RAILS is to investigate the potential Phase 3 Grant holder: Professor Ronghui Liu of Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches in the Grant holder: Dr John Nellthorp Investigators: Dr Zhiyuan Lin rail sector and contribute to the definition of Investigators: Dr Han Lin, Dr Manuel Funded by: RSSB roadmaps for future research in next Ojeda-Cabral, Dr Like Jiang Coordinating partner: Bellvedi Ltd generation signalling systems, operational Funded by: Transport for the North Dates: April 2020 to March 2022 intelligence, and network management. A unique task of the project is to address the Dates: October 2020 to March 2021 Abstract: Very Short Term Planning (VSTP) is training of PhD students to support the Abstract: This study builds on two previous a railway operation process by which the research capacity in AI within the rail sector phases of the project which have increased need to change one or more train services at across Europe by involving research knowledge about, and developed practical very short notice can be made. Working institutions in four different countries with a tools to quantify the value of locational closely with the relevant rail industry, this combined background in both computer characteristics as seen in the property project aims to create a digital platform that science and transportation systems. To this market. An important omission from the can process VSTP requests, create and end, RAILS supports a full scholarship for a previous studies was a large-sample model validate the proposed schedules, and PhD based at University of Leeds, supervised of commercial property for the complete TfN transfer the VSTP schedule to the Network by Prof Ronghui Liu and Dr Zhiyuan Lin, with area. The main objectives of this study are Rail control team. The team at ITS Leeds support from AI specialist Dr He Wang of the therefore: 1.To develop a model of will develop dynamic timetabling capability School of Computing. commercial property value for the whole TfN that allows the automatic adjustment of area, at a fine level of spatial detail in order schedules and/or train routes around to allow for a detailed analysis of the role of problem areas. We will explore advanced accessibility by multiple modes. 2. To Artificial Intelligence to automate the train Reducing Energy Demand include in the model business-to-business timetable planning processes. (TransEnergy) accessibility, as well as the home-to- Impact: The improvements in a digital VSTP Grant holder: Professor Andrew Smith business accessibility that was a key variable process will provide the foundation for more Funded by: EPSRC in the residential model. 3. To provide a flexible and dynamic timetables, where Dates: July 2017 to July 2021 spreadsheet tool with which TfN can apply available capacity can be adjusted to meet Collaborative partner: Mark Wardman the model results to analyse the value the changes in demand. (SYSTRA) associated with particular schemes or policy Website: www.sheffield.ac.uk/creesa/ changes. projects/transenergy

-20- www.its.leeds.ac.uk

West Coast Main Line Property Impacts Grant holder: Dr John Nellthorp Investigators: Dan Johnson, Dr Manuel Ojeda-Cabral, Dr Like Jiang, Dr Han Lin, John Dixon Funded by: HS2 Dates: November 2019 to May 2020

Abstract: What is the likely impact of HS2 on local/regional property markets? In 1998 to 2009 modernisation of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) was a £9bn investment programme which led to substantial improvements in journey time and frequency between stations on the West Coast route. This created an opportunity to investigate the pattern of property value uplifts which resulted from these rail service improvements – and which are relatively recent and relate to a large part of the same Mobility as a Service platforms enable people to make more sustainable travel choices. geography as HS2. Moreover, we were able to conduct a cross-sectional analysis in the same study area. approaches at European (e.g. strategic encouraging a modal shift from sole alignment of national action plans for occupancy cars to shared cars and public automated driving) and international level transport alternatives. It will also help to (in particular with the US and Japan). create healthier lifestyles by improving the Towards this objective, ARCADE organised sustainable travel choices people can CONNECTED AND the Second European CAD conference. make in the Scottish Highlands region SHARED MOBILITY including active travel opportunities.

HI TRANS MaaS

Grant holder: Dr Kate Pangbourne Shift2MaaS ARCADE Investigators: Dr Zahara Batool Grant holder: Professor Andrew Smith Grant holder: Dr Yvonne Barnard Funded by: Transport Scotland Investigators: Dan Johnson, Dr Manuel Investigator: Jo-Ann Pattinson Co-ordinating partner HITRANS Ojeda-Cabral, Dr Xiaoxiao Ma Funded by: EU H2020 Collaborative partners: Shotl, Funded by: EU H2020 Dates: October 2018 to September 2021 Fleetondemand, Enterprise Car Club and Coordinating partner: UIP Coordinating partner: ERTICO – ITS Europe Car Hire, Bewegen, Stagecoach Bus, West Collaborative partners: See full list on http:// Collaborative partners: 24 European Coast Motors, Inverness Taxis, ScotRail, shift2maas.eu/ partners (see website for details) Loganair and SkedGo Dates: December 2018 to December 2020 Website: connectedautomateddriving.eu/ Dates: April 2020 to June 2022 arcade-project Website: https://tinyurl.com/2sxkm4uw Abstract: Shift2Maas is one of five innovation programmes of Shift2Rail. The Abstract: ARCADE (Aligning Research & Abstract: HITRANS are developing a main goal of Shift2Maas is to support the Innovation for Connected and Automated Mobility as a Service (MaaS) platform to uptake of new and integrated Mobility-as-a- Driving in Europe) is a coordination and enhance mobility services by integrating Service platforms to enable seamless support action for consensus-building travel modes. The HI TRANS MaaS app passenger experience throughout Europe. among stakeholders for sound and will allow users to find, book and pay for Our role at Leeds is the economic harmonised deployment of Connected, journeys using any iPhone or Android assessment of the MaaS platform. Cooperative and Automated Driving (CAD). mobile device. It relies on bringing Stakeholders include industry, automotive together all participating transport modes Impact: Shift2Maas adopts a traveller- clubs, professional drivers associations, and will provide integrated ticketing for centred approach in order to allow a full researchers and public sectors. ARCADE e-bike hire, ferries, buses, trains, car seamless multimodal travel experience: supports the commitment of the European clubs, Logan Air and taxis. At Leeds we are customers will be able to easily plan and Commission, the European Member States leading the evaluation of user experience, purchase door-to-door journeys, as well as and the industry to develop a common behavioural and transport impacts. being assisted before, during and after their approach to development, testing, validation journey. Improved information technology, and deployment of connected and Impact: This pioneering project is an management and exploitation, and cross- automated driving in Europe and beyond. ambitious region-wide solution that has the industry collaboration will help to provide potential to make a significant contribution passengers with smart and personalised Impact: ARCADE has established a joint to improve accessibility for residents and services for journey information and ticket stakeholders forum to coordinate and visitors. It also addresses Government purchase, together with entertainment and harmonise automated road transport ambitions to reduce carbon emissions by communication services.

-21- ITS Research Report 2020

autonomous cars to the IoT. AUTOPILOT will involve vehicles, road infrastructure and surrounding objects in the IoT ecosystem, with particular attention to the safety-critical aspects of automated driving. The IoT- enabled AUTOPILOT cars are being tested in real conditions at six permanent large- scale pilot sites in Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, South Korea and Spain. The project aims to bring automated driving towards a new dimension.

AUTOPILOT Papers: 1. Harrison G, Shepherd S & Chen H (2021), Modelling Uptake Sensitivities of Connected and Automated Vehicle Technologies, International Journal of System Dynamics Applications (IJSDA), Volume 10, Issue 2. 2. Pattinson J & Chen H (2020), A barrier to innovation: Europe’s ad-hoc cross- border framework for testing prototype PASCAL: research on user acceptance of highly automated transport systems and driver awareness in autonomous vehicles, International a range of complex urban environments. Review of Law, Computers & Technology, Abstract: Accessibility is here defined as the 34(1), pp.108-122, doi: SUITCEYES degree to which all members of society can 10.1080/13600869.2019. 1696651. access transport systems in an inclusive 3. Chen J & Chen H, Gao J, Pattinson J & Grant holder: University of Borås, Sweden way. This study, for DfT and Transport for Quaranta R (2020), A business model Investigator: Bryan Matthews Scotland, aims to develop and test a robust and cost analysis of automated platoon Funded by: EU H2020 methodology for estimating the benefits of vehicles assisted by the Internet of Dates: January 2018 to December 2020 accessibility interventions. These benefits things, Proceedings of the Institution of Website: suitceyes.eu can be used for transport appraisal. Mechanical Engineers Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 235 (2-3), doi: Abstract: SUITCEYES is an acronym for Impact: Our research inputs will contribute 10.1177/0954407020949726. Smart, User-friendly, Interactive, Tactual, towards WebTAG, the guidelines for 4. Liu B, Jia D, Lu K, Chen H, Yang R, Cognition-Enhancer, Yielding Extended socio-economic appraisal of transport Wang J, Barnard Y & Wu L (2017), Sensosphere. There are an estimated 2.5M projects and policies in the UK. Infrastructure-Assisted Message deafblind persons in the EU. Limited Dissemination for Supporting communication and mobility are major Heterogeneous Driving Patterns, IEEE problems for this group. SUITCEYES Transactions on Intelligent Transportation proposes a new, intelligent, flexible and AUTOPILOT Systems, 18(10), pp.2865-2876. doi: expandable mode of haptic communication 10.1109/TITS.2017.2661962 via soft interfaces. Based on user needs and Grant holder: Dr Haibo Chen Investigators: Dr Kaushali Dave, Dr Gillian informed by disability studies, the project AUTOPILOT Impact: Further research Harrison, Dr Jianbing Gao, Dr Jo-Ann combines smart textiles, sensors, semantic funding was won for the PAsCAL project Pattinson, Dr Ye Liu, Dr Yvonne Barnard, technologies, image processing, face and (described below) object recognition, machine learning, and Junyan Chen, Professor Simon Shepherd gamification. Perception of the environment Funded by: EU H2020 is one of the challenges this project will Dates: January 2017 to February 2020 address. This, among other wider benefits, Coordinating partner: ERTICO PASCAL will help to enhance a deafblind person’s Collaborative partners: 46 partners in Grant holder: Dr Haibo Chen ability to travel safely in their community. industry and academia (see website for details) Investigators: Dr Kaushali Dave, Dr Website: autopilot-project.eu Evangelos Paschalidis, Dr Like Jiang, Professor David Watling, Bryan Matthews Valuing Accessibility in Abstract: ‘Automated driving Progressed by Funded by: EU H2020 Internet Of Things’ (AUTOPILOT) brings the Coordinating partner: LIST Transport Internet of Things (IoT) into the automotive Collaborative partners: 13 partners in Grant holder: Dr Manuel Ojeda-Cabral world. IoT enables connections between industry and academia (see website for Investigators: Dr Thijs Dekker, Professor objects or ‘Things’. The IoT connects details) Richard Batley, Dr Chiara Calastri, Bryan anything, anytime, anyplace, using any Dates: June 2019 to May 2022 Matthews, Dr Phill Wheat service over any network. The project aims Website: https://www.pascal-project.eu/ Funded by: DfT and Transport Scotland to transform connected vehicles (i.e. moving Coordinating partner: ARUP ‘things’ within the IoT ecosystem) into highly Abstract: PASCAL proposes an awareness- Dates: June 2019 to October 2021 and fully automated vehicles. While using driven and large-scale penetration approach the IoT potential for automated driving, to address issues raised by the majority of AUTOPILOT also returns data from the general public - issues that hinder the

-22- www.its.leeds.ac.uk wide market uptake of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV). Using an interdisciplinary mix of innovative tools from both human science and technology to capture public acceptance and attitude we will analyse and assess the concerns raised by people, model and simulate realistic scenarios for hands-on practice, and validate the research innovation in several real-world trials.

Impact: This project will contribute to: Improved levels of safety and security in all modes of transport, in line with the Transport White Paper 2011 (e.g. Vision Zero); The possible reduction of cost for industry and public authorities through an improved understanding of requirements and needs of different types of ‘drivers’/ users in the context of connectivity and automation in all modes of transport; A better user acceptance of innovative, cooperative, connected and highly Covid Traffic Light sign. automated transport systems; Enhanced driver awareness and behaviour in a range of in conducting an in-depth three wave complex / urban operating environments. longitudinal panel data collection survey in COVID-19 Exposure Risk 10 sites across the UK (N=9000+ in wave PASCAL Papers: 1). This is accompanied by two waves of Trade-offs in Transport 1. Pattinson J, Chen H & Basu S (2020) more in-depth qualitative panel interviews Grant holder: Dr Zia Wadud Legal issues in automated vehicles: with over 100 citizens. There are also a Investigators: Dr Zahara Batool, colleagues critically considering the potential role of series of policy translation and impact from School of Engineering consent and interactive digital interfaces, assessment strands to the work programme. Funded by: EPSRC Humanities and Social Sciences These include a three wave longitudinal Dates: October 2020 to October 2021 Communications (published by Springer panel of expert policy maker interviews Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Nature). across the public and private sector and Collaborating partners: Bangladesh 2. Chen J, Dave K, Chen H, Gao J & Liu Y national, sub-national and local government University of Engineering and Technology, (2020) Societal impacts and gap and NGOs; research in the impacts of the University of Asia Pacific, Makerere analysis of connected and autonomous pandemic on business workplace strategy University, Federal University of Technology vehicles, presented at ITS European and city centres and individual adaptations Owerri Congress, Lisbon to home working. The project holds monthly behavioural insight data exchange meetings Abstract: In developing countries, which which attract speakers and attendees from transport mode is safest in terms of COVID across local and national government as well exposure risk? This project aims to provide a AIR QUALITY as industry. The project aims to deliver science-based answer for transport timely insights which can influence the policymakers. By developing Computational AND HEALTH policy responses of our funders and other Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based models of decision-makers whilst also creating a droplet dispersion in different types of unique set of data assets to allow us to public transport, vehicles with different understand how behaviour changes over geometry, seating configuration, ventilation COVID-19 Emergency Data time and how that relates to the properties, occupancy and protection (e.g. expectations of individuals and the actions helmet in motorcycles), the project will Collaboration of policy makers, transport providers and provide a world-first insight into passenger Grant holder: Professor Greg Marsden businesses. risks of exposure to COVID. The CFD models Investigators: Professor Jillian Anable, Dr will also be used to design barriers or shields Llinos Brown Impact: The work is on-going with monthly for motorcycle and autorickshaw rides to Funded by: UKRI, DfT, Transport Scotland, sharing of findings. make these modes safer than they currently Climate Exchange, Liverpool City Region are. The objective risk measures will be Combined Authority, Strathclyde Partnership Papers: https://covid19transas.org/outputs/ complemented by a survey to understand for Transport and the University of Leeds passengers’ travel behaviour and reveal their Co-ordinating partner: University of Leeds preferences regarding different transport Collaborative partners: University of Stirling modes and the droplet dispersion shields. Dates: 01/05/2020 - ongoing Website: https://covid19transas.org/

Abstract: This is an emergency COVID-19 rapid response grant. The research is unique

-23- ITS Research Report 2020

public transport in Leeds, Newcastle and London: Air and surface samples will be collected to measure SARS-Cov-2 prevalence together with other human biomarkers as a proxy measure for pathogens. User and staff travel behaviour and demographics will be characterised through surveys and passive data collection to relate public transport use to geographic and population sub-group disease prevalence. The proximity of people and their surface contacts will be quantified through analysis of transport operator CCTV data to enable simulation of micro-behaviour in the transport system. The dispersion of infectious droplets and aerosols with different environmental infection control strategies will be evaluated using physical and computational models. Data sources will be combined to develop probability distributions for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and simulate transmission risk through a Dr Zia Wadud - modelling the links between transport, air quality and Covid-19 spread in Bangladesh. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework. 4. Wadud Z (2020) An investigation into Modelling the links between the effects of ridehailing services on Impact: Working closely with Department for airport parking demand. Journal of Air Transport (DfT) and transport stakeholders, transport, air quality and Transport Management, Vol. 84 TRACK will provide microbial and user data, COVID-19 spread 5. Andreou A, Barrett J, Taylor PG and targeted guidance and risk planning tools Wadud Z 2020, Decomposing drivers of that will directly enable better assessment of Grant holder: Dr Zia Wadud residential space cooling energy infection risks for passengers and staff using Funded by: UKAID consumption in EU-28 countries using a surface public transport networks, and help Dates: October 2020 to April 2021 panel data approach. Energy and Built policy teams design effective interventions Coordinating partner: University of Leeds Environment. to mitigate transmission. Collaborating partners: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Website: Modelling COVID spread in transport / https://tinyurl.com/h2znkbck Transport Risk Assessment uCARe Grant holder: Professor Samantha Jamson Abstract: The aim of this project is to for COVID-19 Knowledge Investigators: Dr James Tate, Dr Zahara investigate the effects of COVID-19 related (TRACK) Batool, Dr Chris Rushton policy interventions on the transport outcome Funded by: EU H2020 and correlating these with potential changes Grant holder: Professor Cath Noakes, School Coordinating partner: TNO in air quality, traffic fatality and spread of the of Engineering, University of Leeds (PI) Collaborative partners: 14 partners - see disease. The study is using naturalistic data Investigators: Professor Susan Grant-Muller, project website from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dr Martin Lopez-Garcia, Dr Marco-Felipe King Frances Hodgson, Professor Simon Dates: May 2019 – April 2022 Website: https://www.project-ucare.eu/ Papers: Shepherd, Professor David Watling, Dr 1. Bhaduri E, Manoj BS, Wadud Z, Goswami Andrew Tomlinson Abstract: The aim of uCARe is to reduce the A and Choudhury C (2020) Modelling the Funded by: EPSRC, DfT overall pollutant emissions of the existing effects of COVID19 on mode choice Dates: Sept 2020 to Feb 2022 vehicle fleet by providing vehicle users with behaviour in India. Transportation Coordinating partner: University of Leeds simple and effective tools to decrease their Research Interdisciplinary Perspective, Vol. Collaborative partners: DfT, University of individual emissions and to support 8, 100273 Manchester, DSTL, Public Health England, stakeholders with an interest in local air 2. Cohen T, Stilgoe J, Akyelken N, Cavoli C, Newcastle University, University of quality in selecting feasible intervention Day J, Dickinson J, Fors V, Hopkins D, Cambridge, Imperial College, Industry strategies that lead to the desired user Lyons G, Marres N, Newman J, Reardon L, partners behaviour. The project will assess the Seipe N, Stares S, Tennant C, Wadud Z emission reduction potential of certain and Wigley (2020) A constructive role for Abstract: TRACK is a multidisciplinary driving behaviours and vehicle components. social science in the development of project designed to address knowledge gaps Then, a toolbox of containing intervention automated vehicles. Transportation around COVID-19 transmission on public strategies will be developed to roll-out to Research Interdisciplinary Perspective, Vol. transport. TRACK will develop a novel risk policy makers and other stakeholders with 6, 100133 model that can simulate infection risk an interest in air quality. These strategies 3. Wadud Z (2020) The effects of ride-hailing through three transmission mechanisms will be evaluated and an impact assessment apps on motorcycle ownership in an (droplet, aerosol, surface contact) within performed. Interviews with forty participants emerging-country megacity. Transportation different transport vehicles and operating have taken place to uncover their existing Research Part A, Vol. 137, pp. 301-312 scenarios. New data will be collected on

-24- www.its.leeds.ac.uk knowledge with regards vehicle pollutants and how they can adopt certain behaviours to reduce these. We found that whilst drivers were aware of the effects of CO2, most had little understanding about NOx and particulates. These results will help guide the development of teaching materials in the final phase of the project.

Targeting the Bad Emitting Vehicles Grant holder: Dr Karl Ropkins Funded by: EPSRC Collaborative partners: Dr Joe Zietsman, Texas A&M University Transportation Institution; US Department of Transport Center for Advanced Research in Transport, Emissions, Energy and Health Dates: May 2019 to November 2020 uCARe, Targeting the Bad Emitting Vehicles, CARES and Evaluate Local NO2 Plans – research Abstract: We know some vehicles are bad aimed at reducing road pollution. emitters, i.e., they are continuous or intermittent high emitters of one or more We develop plume chasing instruments to impact of air quality plans across the UK. A priority pollutant. We do not know exact detect high-emitters in free flowing traffic. network of data collection points is in place. numbers, but we suspect some are poorly We turn fast-response air quality sensors We will analyse that data. engineered vehicles, some are deliberately into roadside point samplers, adding particle tampered vehicles and some are incorrectly mass, number and size to the remote Impact: The UK policy on air quality is world or unmaintained vehicles. The objectives sensing capabilities. Furthermore, we speed leading. If we can detect improvement in within this study are two-fold: 1) To explore up the data handling towards a real-time health within clean air zones this would be options to enhance our understanding of analysis of vehicle emission data; merging hugely significant. This large project can be these vehicles, through the focused analysis the emissions data with technical data from extended in scope. We are in a stage 2 of existing datasets; and 2) To repurpose national vehicle registers and relevant data proposal with NIHR & the Born in Bradford and redeploy conventional in-vehicle from traffic and air quality management research group. emissions measurement systems for systems. Third, we eliminate today’s often car-chaser work focused on the very time consuming data analysis by characterisation of followed-vehicle providing a suite of open-source functions. emissions as good or bad. All our innovations will improve the user MODALES friendliness, bring down costs by automated Grant holder: Dr Haibo Chen Impact: Ropkins K, Ibarra-Espinosa S, operations and achieve a broader Investigators: Dr Jianbing Gao, Dr Ye Liu, Bernard Y (2020) Chapter 4. Vehicle deployment potential of remote emission Professor David Watling Emissions Measurement and Modeling. In: sensing. CARES aims to demonstrate these Funded by: EU H2020 Khreis H, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Zietsman J, developments in three major, heavily air Coordinating partner: ERTICO Ramani T. eds. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: polluted cities in Europe. Collaborative partners: 16 European partners Emissions, Human Exposures, and Health. Impact: CARES will bring together in industry and academia and 3 Chinese Elsevier. ISBN: 9780128181225. https:// researchers, remote emission sensing Partners (see website for details) www.elsevier.com/books/traffic-related-air- technology providers, local, regional and Dates: September 2019 to August 2022 pollution/khreis/978-0-12-818122-5 national authorities and many other Website: http://modales-project.eu/ stakeholders from Europe, China and the rest of the world, to maximize the project’s Abstract: MODALES is aimed at contributing exploitation potential. to a substantial global reduction in air City Air Remote Emission pollution from all types of motorised road vehicles by encouraging the adoption of Sensing (CARES) eco-driving behaviour and maintenance. The Grant holder: Dr James Tate Evaluate Local NO2 plans main goal of MODALES is to understand and influence user behaviour via dedicated Investigators: Dr Karl Ropkins Grant holder: Dr James Tate training, including a driver assistance app Funded by: EU H2020 Investigators: Professor Jillian Anable, Dr and awareness campaigns, in order to Dates: May 2019 to April 2022 Karl Ropkins support effective air quality plans and Website: https://cares-project.eu/ Funded by: DEFRA/ IPSOS enforcement strategies of local and national Dates: November 2018 to April 2022 Abstract: CARES aims to investigate authorities. contactless measurement of vehicle exhaust Abstract: DEFRA have invested over £1 emissions such that it becomes a billion into Clean Air Zones including Leeds widespread means for the monitoring and and 32 other Local Authorities. The aim of enforcement of real-world vehicle emissions. this project is to detect and measure the

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DECISIONS Grant holder: Professor Stephane Hess Investigators: Dr Charisma Choudhury, Dr David Palma, Dr Chiara Calastri, Dr Thomas Hancock Funded by: ERC Dates: July 2014 – December 2020 Website: https://cmc.leeds.ac.uk/research/ decisions/

Abstract: Mathematical models of choice are used to understand and forecast behaviour, or valuate intangibles such as time. These outputs are key in many decision-making contexts. While current modelling techniques are faithful to economic theory, their behavioural and psychological soundness have been questioned. The Decisions project is developing choice models that more accurately represent the Decisions made easy during the Covid pandemic. human decision-making process and the context of real-life choices. This requires introducing behavioural and Papers: psychological elements in mathematical 1. Gao J, Chen H, Liu Y, Li Y, Li T, Tu R, CHOICE choice models and implies moving away Liang B & Ma C (2021), The effect of from the ‘homo economicus’ framework to a after-treatment techniques on the MODELLING more complex representation, where ‘soft’ correlations between driving behaviours factors such as social influence affect and NOx emissions of passenger cars, decisions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288

(2021) 125647, 10.1016/j. We also consider context and temporality jclepro.2020.125647. ADAPT (long term vs short term) when modelling 2. Tu R, Li T, Meng C, Xie Y, Xie F, Yang F, Grant holder: Dr Kate Pangbourne human choices which are generally not Chen H, Li Y, Gao J & Liu Y et al (2021), Investigators: Dr Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi made in isolation. For example, the decision Real-world Emissions of Construction Funded by: EPSRC to commute by car is affected by the Mobile Machines and Comparison to a Dates: June 2016 to May 2021 decision to live in a given area, which in turn Non-road Emission Model, Science of the Collaborative partners: See project website is influenced by longer term decisions such Total Environment, 10.1016/j. Website: adapt.leeds.ac.uk as having a large family or not. Moreover, scitotenv.2021.145365 many choices are not restricted to a simple 3. Gao J, Chen H, Dave K, Chen J & Jia D Abstract: ADAPT is funded by the ‘Living selection, but to a choice of quantity and (2020), Fuel economy and exhaust with Environmental Change Challenge’ quality, for example what to buy at the emissions of diesel vehicle under real Fellowship programme. The over-arching supermarket, and how much of each traffic conditions, Energy Science & vision is to develop more effective methods product. Our models seek to better represent Engineering, 2020(8), pp. 1781-1792, of influencing people to choose sustainable these complex choices. DOI: 10.1002/ese3.632. travel modes. A dataset of travel behaviour- 4. Gao J, Chen H, Dave K, Chen J, Li Y, Li T change communications has been created. Papers: & Liang B (2020), Driving behaviours These have been tagged with useful 1. Daly AJ & Hess S (2020) VTT or VTTS: a analysis of truck drivers using motorway metadata and have argument diagrams note on terminology for value of travel tests, Proc. IMechE, Part D: Journal of completed in AML format. We used this time work. Transportation. Automobile Engineering, ISSN 0954- dataset to derive messages for stated 2. Calastri C, Crastes dit Sourd R (2020) 4070, 10.1177/0954407020925568. preference experiments styled as online We want it all: experiences from a survey 5. Gao J, Chen H, Chen J & Dave K (2020), surveys. The surveys focus on arguments seeking to capture social network A New Simulation Approach of and framings for persuasive messages for structures, lifetime events and short-term Estimating the Real-World Vehicle walking or cycling. We explored persuasive travel and activity planning. Performance, In: SAE Technical Papers. arguments that highlight time-use during Transportation. WCX SAE World Congress Experience, journeys. Initial research has been 21-23 Apr 2020, Detroit, MI, USA. SAE supplemented with focus groups to trial the International, doi.org/10.4271/2020-01- behavioural impacts of targeted messaging. 0370. Follow us on Twitter: @ADAPT_travel Papers: Pangbourne K, Bennett S & Baker A (2020). Persuasion profiles to promote pedestrianism: effective targeting of active travel messages. Travel Behaviour and Society, 20, 300-312.

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Next generation activity and travel behaviour models (NEXUS) Grant holder: Dr Charisma Choudhury C0-Investigators: H Wang (School of Computing), F Mushtaq (School of Psychology) Funded by: UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship Dates: October 2020 to October 2024 Coordinating partner: UoL Collaborating partners: Alan Turing Institute, University of California Berkeley, Department for Transport (DfT), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Citi Logik, PTV Website: NEXUS/ tinyurl.com/vf5v68tv

Abstract: Technological advances such as self-driving cars, flying taxis and the other new modes of travel, while societal changes are leading to a more diverse and multi- Alternative forms of transport and staycations - popular during the Covid pandemic. ethnic set of travelers, and disruptive changes like the COVID-19 pandemic are leading to fundamental changes in the way by travellers in the changing landscape. neurophysiological signals and virtual reality we work, move and think. Traditional travel This will be achieved by developing new to capture decision making in a wide range behaviour models are unable to deal with frameworks that bring together Choice of future scenarios. The developed models such increased complexities and radical Modelling, Ubiquitous Computing and will be implemented in an agent-based changes. This motivates our research which Machine Learning techniques. The microsimulation tool to test alternative will focus on developing next-generation developed methodologies will enable better policy scenarios in a more robust manner. mathematical models of travel behaviour utilization of passively generated mobility that can better predict the decisions made traces (from GPS, mobile phones, etc.),

University of Leeds - The Great Hall - silent and empty during Covid lockdown.

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Duncan L; Watling D; Connors R et al. 2020. Lee YM; Madigan R; Giles O; Markkula G; Fox C; PUBLICATIONS Path Size Logit route choice models: Issues Camara F; Merat N et al. 2020. Road users rarely with current models, a new internally consistent use explicit communication when interacting approach, and parameter estimation on a large- in today’s traffic: Implications for Automated Journal papers scale network with GPS data. Transportation Vehicles. Cognition, Technology and Work. http:// Research Part B: Methodological. http://dx.doi. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-020-00635-y Alhassan I; Matthews B; Toner J; Susilo Y. org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.02.006 2020. The Movingo integrated ticket: seamless Liu Q; Jiang R; Liu R; Zhao H; Gao Z. 2020. connections across the mälardalen region of Faulconbridge J; Jones I; Marsden G; Anable Travel cost budget based user equilibrium in Sweden. Transportation Planning and Technology. J. 2020. Work, ICT and travel in multinational a bottleneck model with stochastic capacity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2020.17 corporations: the synthetic work mobility situation. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. 47204 New Technology, Work and Employment. http:// http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.05.002 dx.doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12162 Amaris G; Dawson R; Gironás J; Hess S; Ortúzar J. Lovelace R; Parkin J; Cohen T. 2020. Open 2020. Understanding the preferences for different Ghaffarpasand O; Beddows D; Ropkins K; Pope access transport models: A leverage point in types of urban greywater uses and the impact F. 2020. Real-world assessment of vehicle air sustainable transport planning. Transport Policy. of qualitative attributes. Water Research. http:// pollutant emissions subset by vehicle type, fuel http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.06.015 dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116007 and EURO class: New findings from the recent UK EDAR field campaigns, and implications Maggi D; Romano R; Carsten O. 2020. Transitions Amaris G; Hess S; Gironás J; Ortúzar J. 2020. for emissions restricted zones. Science of the Between Highly Automated and Longitudinally Using hybrid choice models to capture the Total Environment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Assisted Driving: The Role of the Initiator in the impact of attitudes on residential greywater scitotenv.2020.139416 Fight for Authority. Human Factors: The Journal reuse preferences. Resources, Conservation of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. and Recycling. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Guevara CA; Tirachini A; Hurtubia R; Dekker http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720820946183 resconrec.2020.105171 T. 2020. Correcting for endogeneity due to omitted crowding in public transport choice Man C; Shyr O; Hsu Y; Shepherd S; Lin H; Tu An Z; Heinen E; Watling D. 2020. When you using the Multiple Indicator Solution (MIS) C. 2020. Tourism, transport, and land use: a are born matters: An age-period-cohort analysis method. Transportation Research Part A: dynamic impact assessment for Kaohsiung’s of multimodality. Travel Behaviour and Society. Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Asia New Bay Area. Journal of Simulation. http:// http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.09.002 tra.2018.10.030 dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477778.2020.1806748 Bergantino AS; Capurso M; Hess S. 2020. Hancock T; Broekaert J; Hess S; Choudhury C. Marsden G. 2020. Potential impacts of the Modelling regional accessibility to airports 2020. Quantum choice models: A flexible new Covid-19 pandemic on the future of travel using discrete choice models: An application approach for understanding moral decision- demand. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil to a system of regional airports. Transportation making. Journal of Choice Modelling. http:// Engineers - Civil Engineering. http://dx.doi. Research Part A: Policy and Practice. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocm.2020.100235 org/10.1680/jcien.2020.173.3.99 dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.12.012 Hancock T; Broekaert J; Hess S; Choudhury Marsden G; Anable J; Shires J et al. 2020. Bhaduri E; BS M; Wadud Z; Goswami A; C. 2020. Quantum probability: A new method Studying disruptive events: Innovations in Choudhury C. 2020. Modelling the effects of for modelling travel behaviour. Transportation behaviour, opportunities for lower carbon COVID-19 on travel mode choice behaviour in Research Part B: Methodological. http://dx.doi. transport policy? Transport Policy. http://dx.doi. India. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.05.014 org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.008 Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Docherty I; Dowling R. 2020. Parking trip.2020.100273 Hancock T; Hess S; Daly A; Fox J. 2020. Marsden G; Using a sequential latent class approach for futures: Curbside management in the era of ‘new Calastri C; Crastes Dit Sourd R; Hess S. 2020. model averaging: Benefits in forecasting and mobility’ services in British and Australian cities. We want it all: experiences from a survey seeking behavioural insights. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Land Use Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. to capture social network structures, lifetime tra.2020.07.005 landusepol.2019.05.031 events and short-term travel and activity planning. May A; Shepherd S; Pfaffenbichler P; Emberger Transportation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ Haque M; Choudhury C; Hess S. 2020. G. 2020. The potential impacts of automated s11116-018-9858-7 Understanding differences in residential location preferences between ownership and cars on urban transport: An exploratory analysis. Camara F & Fox C. 2020. Space Invaders: renting: a case study of London. Journal of Transport Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Pedestrian Proxemic Utility Functions and Trust Transport Geography. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. tranpol.2020.05.007 Zones for Autonomous Vehicle Interactions. jtrangeo.2020.102866 Morgan M; Lovelace R. 2020. Travel flow International Journal of Social Robotics. https:// aggregation: Nationally scalable methods doi.org/10.1007/s12369-020-00717-x Harrison G; Grant-Muller S; Hodgson F. 2020. New and emerging data forms in transportation for interactive and online visualisation of Camara F; Markkula G; Merat N et al. 2020. planning and policy: Opportunities and challenges transport behaviour at the road network Pedestrian Models for Autonomous Driving Part for “Track and Trace” data. Transportation level. Environment and Planning B: Urban II: High-Level Models of Human Behaviour. Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. http:// Analytics and City Science. http://dx.doi. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102672 org/10.1177/2399808320942779 Systems. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ . 2020. Seeking TITS.2020.3006767 Harrison G; Gühnemann A; Shepherd S. 2020. Mullen C; Marsden G; Philips I The Business Case for a Journey Planning and protection from precarity? Relationships between Chen X; Li F; Jia B; Wu J; Gao Z; Liu R. 2020. Ticketing App—Comparison between a Simulation transport needs and insecurity in housing and Optimizing storage location assignment in an Analysis and Real-World Data. Sustainability. employment. Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. automotive Ro-Ro terminal. Transportation http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104005 geoforum.2019.12.007 Research Part B: Methodological. http://dx.doi. Munyombwe T; Green MP; Norman org/10.1016/j.trb.2020.10.009 Hui A; Marsden G. 2020. Steering the future of Lovelace R; travel demand: an interview with Greg Marsden P; Walpole S; Hall M; Timmis A; Batin P; Cirino Goncalves R; Louw TL; Quaresma about building dialogues and changing practices. Brownlee A; Brownlee J; Ged O; Gale CP. 2020. M; Madigan R; Merat N. 2020. The Effect Applied Mobilities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/238 Association of prevalence of active transport to of Motor Control Requirements on Drivers’ 00127.2020.1764239 work and incidence of myocardial infarction: Eye-Gaze Pattern During Automated Driving. A nationwide ecological study. European Accident Analysis and Prevention. http://dx.doi. Jiang L; Nellthorp J. 2020. Valuing transport Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105788 noise impacts in public urban spaces in the org/10.1177/2047487319876228 UK: Gaps, opportunities and challenges. Distefano N; Romano R; Merat N et al. 2020. Transportation Research Part A: Policy Musgrave J, Jopson A, Jamson S. 2020. Travelling Physiological and driving behaviour changes and Practice. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. to a Sport Event: Profiling Sport Fans Against associated to different road intersections. apacoust.2020.107376 the Transtheoretical Model of change. Journal European Transport. http://www.istiee.unict.it/ of Hospitality & Tourism Research. https://doi. issues/77-2020 org/10.1177/1096348020915255

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Nash C; Matthews B; Smith A. 2020. The impact Uttley J; Lee YM; Madigan R; Merat N. 2020. Gao J; Chen H; Chen J; Dave K. 2020. A New of rail industry restructuring on incentives to adopt Road user interactions in a shared space setting: Simulation Approach of Estimating the Real-World innovation: A case study of Britain. Proceedings Priority and communication in a UK car park. Vehicle Performance. WCX SAE World Congress of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology Experience, SAE Technical Paper Series, SAE F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. https://doi. and Behaviour. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. International. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020- org/10.1177/0954409718820165 trf.2020.05.004 01-0370 Nash C; Smith A. 2020. Public Transport Wadud Z. 2020. The effects of e-ridehailing on Grebe S; de Jong G et al. 2020. VMÖ – A Procurement in Britain. Research in motorcycle ownership in an emerging-country new strategic transport model for Austria. Transportation Economics. http://dx.doi. megacity. Transportation Research Part A: Transportation Research Procedia. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100847 Policy and Practice. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.09.009 tra.2020.05.002 Nordhoff S; Louw T; Torrao G; Merat N et al. Innamaa S; Louw T; Merat N; Torrao G; Aittoniemi 2020. Using the UTAUT2 model to explain Wang G; Xu M; Grant-Muller S; Gao Z. 2020. E. 2020. Applying the FESTA methodology to public acceptance of conditionally automated Combination of tradable credit scheme and link automated driving pilots. Proceedings of 8th (L3) cars: A questionnaire study among 9,118 capacity improvement to balance economic growth Transport Research Arena TRA. car drivers from eight European countries. and environmental management in sustainable- Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology oriented transport development: A bi-objective Kolarova V; Ertl D; Aittoniemi E; Harrison G; and Behaviour. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. bi-level programming approach. Transportation Touliou K; Barnard Y; Naendrup-Poell L. 2020. trf.2020.07.015 Research Part A: Policy and Practice. https://doi. Assessing user expectations, requirements, and org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.031 concerns toward automated driving progressed by Odolinski K et al. 2020. The marginal cost of internet of things – a user-centric development track renewals in the Swedish railway network: Whiteing A; Ison S. 2020. Universities’ transport approach. TRA2020: the 8th Transport Research Using data to compare methods. Economics study group UK annual conference 2019. Arena. https://traconference.eu/webinars-and- of Transportation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Transportation Planning and Technology. http:// publications/book-of-abstracts/ ecotra.2020.100170 dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2020.1749343 Kottayil S; Tsoleridis P; Rossa K; Connors R; Fox Pangbourne K; Bennett S; Baker A. 2020. Wu W; Li P; Liu R et al. 2020. Predicting peak C. 2020. Investigation of Driver Route Choice Persuasion Profiles to Promote Pedestrianism: load of bus routes with supply optimization and Behaviour using Bluetooth Data. Transportation Effective Targeting of Active Travel Messages. scaled Shepard interpolation: A newsvendor Research Procedia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Travel Behaviour and Society. http://dx.doi. model. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics trpro.2020.08.065 org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.04.004 and Transportation Review. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102041 Lambert E; Romano R; Watling D. 2020. Philips I. 2020. An Agent Based Model to Simulating Decentralized Platooning for Estimate Lynx Dispersal if Re-Introduced to Wu W; Lin Y; Liu R; Li Y; Zhang Y; Ma C. 2020. Coordinated Conflict-Free Motion of Mobile Robot Scotland. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. Online EV Charge Scheduling Based on Time- Fleets. 3rd International Conference on Robotic https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09297-4 of-use Pricing and Peak Load Minimization: Systems and Applications Proceedings. http:// Properties and Efficient Algorithms.IEEE dx.doi.org/10.1145/3402597.3402603 Reardon L; Marsden G. 2020. Exploring the role Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. of the state in the depoliticisation of UK transport http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3014088 Louw T; Merat N; Metz B; Wörle J; Torrao G; policy. Policy and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1332 Satu I. 2020. Assessing user behaviour and /030557319X15707904263616 Xiao L; Liu T; Huang H; Liu R. 2020. 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Transport Systems. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet- Pfaffenbichler P; Shepherd S et al. 2020. A its.2018.5589 Camara F; Dickinson P; Merat N; Fox CW. 2020. Systemic Analysis of Impacts of Individual Taghavifar H; Hu C; Taghavifar L; Qin Y; Na J; Examining Pedestrian-Autonomous Vehicle and Shared Automated Mobility in Austria. Wei C. 2020. Optimal robust control of vehicle Interactions in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of 8th Transportation Research Procedia. http://dx.doi. lateral stability using damped least-square Transport Research Arena TRA. org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.09.002 backpropagation training of neural networks. Camara F; Fox C. 2020. Game Theory for Self- Rakoff HE; Smith S; Innamaa S; Barnard Y; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Neurocomputing. Driving Cars. UKRAS20 Conference: “Robots Harrison G; Shaw J. 2020. Building feedback neucom.2019.12.045 into the real world” Proceedings. https://doi. into modelling impacts of automated vehicles: Uttley J; Fotios S; Lovelace R. 2020. Road org/10.31256/Mk6Tq7P Developing a consensus model and quantitative lighting density and brightness linked with tool. Proceedings of 8th Transport Research increased cycling rates after-dark. PLOS ONE. de Jong G et al. 2020. It was twenty years Arena TRA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233105 ago today: revisiting time-of-day choice in The Netherlands. Transportation Research Procedia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.09.011

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Sofri L; Abdullah M; Hasan M; Huang Y. Heinen E; Mattioli G. 2020. Multimodality and Singleton P; De Vos J; Heinen E; Puda¯ne 2020. The Influence of Sodium Hydroxide sustainable transport: a critical perspective. B. 2020. Potential health and well-being Concentration on Physical Properties and In: Appel A; Scheiner J; Wilde M (eds.) implications of autonomous vehicles. In: Strength Development of High Calcium Fly Ash Mobilität, Erreichbarkeit, Raum. 1. Studien zur Dimitris M; Thomopoulos N; van Wee B (eds.) Based Geopolymer as Pavement Base Materials. Mobilitäts- und Verkehrsforschung. VS Verlag Policy implications of Autonomous Vehicles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and für Sozialwissenschaften, 65-82. https://doi. Advances in Transport Policy and Planning. Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757- org/10.1007/978-3-658-31413-2 Elsevier, 163-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ 899x/864/1/012016 bs.atpp.2020.02.002 Jiang W; Huang Y. 2020. Thermoelectric Sofri L; Huang Y et al. 2020. Unconfined technologies for harvesting energy from Van Nes R; de Jong G. 2020. Transport Models. compressive strength of various types of pavements. In: Pacheco-Torgal F; Amirkhanian In: Mouter N (eds.) Advances in Transport Policy pavement base material: A review. AIP S; Wang H; Schlangen E (eds.) Eco-Efficient and Planning. Elsevier, 101-128. https://doi. Conference Proceedings. http://dx.doi. Pavement Construction Materials. Elsevier, org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.08.001 org/10.1063/5.0023092 339-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0- 12-818981-8.00013-8 Solernou A; Romano R; Souflas I; Hajiseyedjavadi F; Paschalidis E; Merat N. Lokesh K; Clark J; Mathuru A. 2020. Reports 2020. Integration and training of a ROS Downstream Environmental Assessment. Campbell M, Marsden G, Walker R, McCulloch autonomous driver for human-like driving style In: Morone P; Clark JH (eds.) Transition S, Jenkinson K, Anable J. 2020. Decarbonising in a complex multi-component driving simulator. . Towards a Sustainable Biobased Economy Transport: Climate Smart Parking Policies. LGA. The Driving Simulation Conference (DSC). Green Chemistry Series, Royal Society https://www.local.gov.uk/decarbonising-transport- https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/dsc- of Chemistry, 44-79. http://dx.doi. climate-smart-parking-policies 2020/ org/10.1039/9781839160271-00044 Campbell M, Walker R, Marsden G, McCulloch Sorour M; Elgeneidy K; Hanheide M; Abdalmjed Mariel P; et al. 2020. Environmental Dekker T S, Jenkinson K, Anable J. 2020. Decarbonising M; Srinivasan A; Neumann G. 2020. Enhancing Valuation with Discrete Choice Experiments: transport - The role of land use, localisation and Grasp Pose Computation in Gripper Workspace Guidance on Design, Implementation and accessibility. LGA. https://www.local.gov.uk/ Spheres. IEEE International Conference on Data Analysis. Springer Briefs in Economics. decarbonising-transport-role-land-use-localisation- Robotics and Automation (ICRA). http://dx.doi. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030- and-accessibility org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9196863 62669-3 Flammini F; Vittorini V; Lin Z. 2020. Roadmaps Tian K; Markkula G; Wei C; Romano R. 2020. Merat N; Louw T. 2020. Allocation of Function for AI Integration in the Rail Sector - RAILS. Creating Kinematics-dependent Pedestrian to Humans and Automation and Transfer of ERCIM. https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en121/r-i/ Crossing Willingness Model When Interacting Control. In: Fisher DL; Horrey WJ; Lee JD; roadmaps-for-ai-integration-in-the-rail-sector-rails with Approaching Vehicle. Proceedings of Regan MA, (eds.) Handbook of Human Factors the 23rd IEEE International Conference on for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Lovelace R. 2020. Reproducible road safety Intelligent Transportation Systems. http://dx.doi. Vehicles. CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/ research with R. RAC Foundation. https://www. org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294430 Handbook-of-Human-Factors-for-Automated- racfoundation.org/research/safety/reproducible- Connected-and-Intelligent-Vehicles/Fisher- road-safety-research-with-r Wei C; Romano R; Merat N; Hajiseyedjavadi Horrey-Lee-Regan/p/book/9781138035027 F; Solernou A; Paschalidis E; Boer E. 2020. Murray J; Hess S et al. 2020. The decision- Achieving Driving Comfort of AVs by Combined Mladenovic´ M; Pangbourne K et al. 2020. making process in recommending electronic Longitudinal and Lateral Motion Control. 26th Governance cultures and sociotechnical communication aids for children and young IAVSD International Symposium on Dynamics imaginaries of self-driving vehicle technology: people who are non-speaking: the I-ASC mixed- of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks In:Advances Comparative analysis of Finland, UK and methods study. National Institute for Health in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks, Germany. In: Milakis D; Thomopoulos N; van Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr08450 Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. http:// Wee B (eds.) Policy Implications of Autonomous dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38077-9_129 Vehicles. Advances in Transport Policy and Ojeda Cabral M; Dekker T; Batley R; Matthews B. Planning. Academic Press, 235-262. http:// 2020. Valuation and Appraisal of Accessibility dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.01.001 in Rail (VAAR): an appraisal framework for Books and book chapters improvements in accessibility for all. Rail Mullen C. 2020. Governing a Risky Relationship Safety and Standards Board and the Institute of Calastri C. 2020. Travel, social networks and Between Sustainability and Smart Mobility. Transport Studies, University of Leeds. https:// time use: modeling complex real-life behaviour. In: Finck M; Lamping M; Moscon V; Richter H www.sparkrail.org/Lists/Records/DispForm. In: Goulias K; Davis A (eds.) Mapping the Travel (eds.) Smart Urban Mobility - Law, Regulation, aspx?ID=26839 Behavior Genome. Elsevier, 279-297. http:// and Policy. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817340- and Competition Law. Springer-Verlag, 21-39. Philips I; Anable J; Chatterton T. 2020. e-bike 4.00015-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61920-9 carbon savings – how much and where?. Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions. Calastri C; Crastes dit Sourd R. 2020. Effect of Pangbourne K. 2020. Challenge, Coordination, https://www.creds.ac.uk/publications/e-bike- respondent engagement on data quality in travel and Collaboration for Effective Rural Mobility carbon-savings-how-much-and-where/ behaviour and retrospective mobility surveys. Solutions. In: Amaral AM; Barreto L; Baltazar In: Scheiner J; Rau H (eds.) Mobility and Travel S; Silva JP; Gonçalves L (eds.) Implications Roelich K; Marsden G. 2020. 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INDEX OF FEATURED PROJECTS

Title Grant Holder Theme Page Accelerating Innovation in New Mobility Services Philips Energy 8 ACTON Lovelace Transport & Cities 12 ADAPT Pangbourne Choice Modelling 26 AI-Automatic Train Operation Liu Rail 19 ARCADE Barnard Connected Mobility 21 ASSETS4RAIL Ojeda-Cabral Rail 19 AUTOPILOT Chen Connected Mobility 22 CARES Tate Air Quality & Health 25 COMMOTIONS Markkula Automation 14 COVID-19 Emergency Data Collection Marsden Air Quality & Health 23 COVID-19 Exposure Risk Trade-offs Wadud Air Quality & Health 23 CQC Efficiency Network Wheat Transport & Cities 13 Cut Carbon Network Marsden Energy 9 DecarboN8 Marsden Energy 8 DECISIONS Hess Choice Modelling 26 Driver Frustration Carsten Simulation 14 Dynamic Timetabling Liu Rail 20 Electricity SATNAV Anable Energy 9 ELVITEN Chen Transport & Cities 11 Evaluate Local NO2 plans Tate Air Quality & Health 26 Green & Blue Infrastructure Dekker Transport & Cities 13 HE Social Impacts Nellthorp Transport & Cities 13 HIKER (Pedestrian Simulator) Romano Simulation 14 HITRANS MaaS Pangbourne Connected Mobility 21 Human Drive Merat Automation 18 Inclusive Public Space Romano Transport & Cities 10 InterACT Merat Automation 17 KARMA Grant-Muller Digital Futures 7 L3PILOT Merat Automation 16 Land Value and Transport Nellthorp Rail 20 MANTRA Carsten Automation 18 Micromobility Behaviour Grant-Muller Digital Futures 7 MODALES Chen Air Quality & Health 25 Modelling risk in Transport and COVID-19 spread Wadud Air Quality & Health 24 NEXTGEAR Smith Rail 20 NEXUS Choudhury Choice Modelling 27 PASCAL Chen Connected Mobility 21 Propensity to Cycle Tool Lovelace Transport & Cities 12 RAILS Liu Rail 20 RAIM Grant-Muller Automation 15 Raphtory Grant-Muller Digital Futures 7 RSSB Partnership Ojeda-Cabral Rail 19 Safer Roads Map Lovelace Transport & Cities 12 SEARUB Jamson Automation 15 SHAPE IT Merat Automation 16 Shift2MaaS Smith Connected Mobility 21 Soundscape Valuation Jiang Transport & Cities 13 SPARC Kharagpur Choudhury Transport & Cities 10 STEP Anable Energy 9 SUITCEYES Matthews Connected Mobility 22 Targeting the Bad Emitting Vehicles Ropkins Air Quality & Health 25 TransEnergy Smith Rail 20 TRANSITION Merat Automation 18 TRACK Grant-Muller Air Quality & Health 24 Transport Climate Emergency Marsden Energy 8 TIES Wheat Transport & Cities 13 TRUSTONOMY Jamson Automation 15 uCARe Jamson Air Quality & Health 24 UK-CREDS Anable Energy 9 Under Reform Marsden Transport & Cities 11 U-PASS Shepherd Transport & Cities 11 Valuing Accessibility Ojeda-Cabral Connected Mobility 22 VeriCAV Romano Simulation 14 WCML Property Impacts Nellthorp Rail 21

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RESEARCHERS AND THEIR PROJECT ACTIVITY DURING 2020

Adeel, Muhammad UKCRED2 Lucas, Karen HE Social Impacts, UKCRED2 Anable, Jillian Electricity SATNAV, Evaluate Local NO2 Plans, Ma, Xiaoxiao ASSETS4RAIL, RSSB Partnership, Shift2MaaS UKCRED2, STEP, Transport Climate Emergency Madigan, Ruth InterACT, L3PILOT Antas-Torrao, Guilhermina L3PILOT Markkula, Gustav COMMOTIONS, InterACT, TRANSITION, VeriCAV Balijepalli, Chandra U-PASS Marsden, Greg Cut Carbon Network, DecarboN8, Transport Barnard, Yvonne ARCADE, AUTOPILOT Climate Emergency, UKCRED2, Under Reform Batley, Richard HE Social Impacts, RSSB Partnership, Valuing Matthews, Bryan SUITCEYES, Valuing Accessibility Accessibility Merat, Natasha Human Drive, InterACT, L3PILOT, TRANSITION, Batool, Zahara COVID exposure risk trade-offs, Driver VeriCAV Frustration, HI TRANS Maas, Human Drive, Morgan, Malcolm Safer Roads Map, UKCRED2 uCARe Mullen, Caroline UKCRED2, U-PASS Brown, Llinos Future Mobility Systems Nellthorp, John HE Social Impacts, Land Value and Transport, Cairns, Sally UKCRED2 WCML Property Impacts Calastri, Chiara DECISIONS, RSSB Partnership, Transenergy Odolinksi, Kistofer NEXTGEAR Valuing Accessibility Ojeda-Cabral, Manuel ASSETS4RAIL, Green & Blue Infrastructure, Campbell, Morgan Transport Climate Emergency, Under Reform RSSB Partnership, WCML Property Impacts, Carsten, Oliver MANTRA, SEARUB Transenergy, Valuing Accessibility Cass, Noel Electricity SATNAV, STEP, UKCRED2 Palma, David DECISIONS Chen, Haibo AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN, MODALES, PASCAL, Pangbourne, Kate ADAPT, HITRANS MaaS Chen, Junyan AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN Paschalidis, Evangelos Human Drive, VeriCAV Choudhury, Charisma DECISIONS, SPARC Kharagpur Pattinson, Jo-Ann ARCADE, AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN Daly, Michael L3PILOT Pekkanen, Jami InterACT Dave, Kaushali AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN, PASCAL, Peng, Chen SHAPE-IT Dekker, Thijs Green & Blue Infrastructure, RSSB Partnership Philips, Ian Accelerating Innovation in New Mobility Services De Jong, Gerard Freight Value of Time Romano, Richard HIKER, Inclusive Public Space, InterACT, Gao, Jianbing AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN, MODALES, PASCAL, TRANSITION, VeriCAV Garcia de Pedro, Jorge COMMOTIONS, InterACT, VeriCAV Ropkins, Karl CAREs, Evaluate Local NO2 plans, Targeting the Bad Emitting Vehicles Grant-Muller, Susan KARMA, Micromobility Behaviour, RAIM, Raphtory, TRACK, U-PASS Rushton, Chris CAREs Hajiseyedjavadi, Foroogh ADAPT, Human Drive, InterACT, Trustonomy Sadraei, Ehsan HIKER, Inclusive Public Space, VeriCAV Hancock, Thomas DECISIONS Shepherd, Simon TRACK, U-PASS Haines-Doran, Thomas UKCRED2 Shires, Jeremy Valuing Accessibility Harrison, Gillian KARMA, U-PASS Smith, Andrew ASSETS4RAIL, NEXTGEAR, RSSB Partnership, Shift2MaaS, TIES, Transenergy, UKCRED2 Heinen, Eva HE Social Impacts Solernou-Crusat, Albert VeriCAV Hess, Stephane DECISIONS, Freight Value of Time Srinivasan, Aravinda COMMOTIONS Hodgson, Frances KARMA, TRACK Stead, Alex CQC Efficiency Network, TIES Horrobin, Anthony L3PILOT Talbot, Joey ACTON, Propensity to Cycle Tool, Safer Roads Map Huang, Yue AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN Tate, James CAREs, Evaluate Local NO2 plans, uCARe Jamson, Samantha SEARUB, TRUSTONOMY, uCARe Tomlinson, Andrew Human Drive, L3PILOT, TRACK Jiang, Like HE Social Impacts, Land Value and Transport, PASCAL, Soundscape Valuation, WCML Property Wadud, Zia COVID-19 exposure risk trade-offs, MANTRA, Impacts Modelling risk in Transport and COVID-19 spread, UKCRED2 Johnson, Dan RSSB Partnership, Shift2MaaS, WCML Property Impacts Watling, David AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN, MODALES, PASCAL, TRACK Kalantari, Amir SHAPE-IT Wei, Chongfeng Human Drive Lee, Yee Mun InterACT, L3PILOT Wheat, Phill CQC Efficiency Network, NEXTEAR, RSSB Lin, Han HE Social Impacts, Land Value and Transport, Partnership, TIES, RSSB Partnership, WCML Property Impacts Whiteing, Anthony UKCRED2 Lin, Yi-Shin COMMOTIONS Yang, Yue SHAPE-IT Lin, Zhiyuan RAILS Liu, Ronghui RAILS, AI-ATO Liu, Ye AUTOPILOT, ELVITEN, PASCAL Lokesh Kadambari Decarbon8, Transport Climate Emergency Louw, Tyron L3PILOT Lovelace, Robin ACTON, Propensity to Cycle Tool, Safer Roads Map, UKCRED2

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-33- Institute for Transport Studies Leeds, United Kingdom University of Leeds LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom Tel: 0113 343 5325 LS2 9JT www.its.leeds.ac.uk www.leeds.ac.uk