Treaties, Acts and Settlements

Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696 a. Russia got Finland and most of Poland. British regulations designed to protect British b. Prussia got part of Poland and various German shipping from competition. Said that British colonies territories, including some bordering the could only import goods if they were shipped on Rhine River. British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of c. Britain got colonial possessions that it had occupied the ship were British. during the war, including Malta, Ceylon, and South Africa. Maryland Toleration Act : (1689) Other territories compensated victorious nations that granting freedom of worship to gave up territory. non-conformists. It allowed non-conformists their a. Holland lost Ceylon and South Africa but got own places of worship and their own preachers, Belgium. subject to the acceptance of certain oaths of b. Austria lost Belgium but got Lombardy and allegiance. The act did not apply to Catholics and Venetia. Unitarians. c. Sweden lost Finland but got Norway.

Woolen Act: (1699) Stamp Act: (1765) Passed by Parliament to prohibit the export and Part of Grenville’s plan to defray the cost of inter-colonial sale of certain textiles in an attempt to maintaining the British army along the American protect the British textile industry from forming frontier. Revenue stamps were attached to printed colonial manufacturers. Colonists were to only matter and legal documents, newspapers, and supply raw material. insurance papers etc. For the colonists the main issue was “no taxation without representation.” Public : (1733) protests increased until it was repealed in 1766. A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into : (1764) North American colonies. It was intended to Provided for strong enforcement of the duties on maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market refined sugar and molasses imported into the colonies by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the from non-British Caribbean sources to reduce least successful of the , since it was smuggling. It granted a monopoly on the American avoided by smuggling. market to the West Indies sugar planters.

PEACE OF PARIS OR : (1763) Ended the Seven Year's War (In America known as : (1767) the ) A series of four acts passed by the British Parliament England gained all of France’s North American in an effort to declare its right of colonial authority possessions east of the Mississippi River. Britain also through suspension of a representative assembly and gains control of . Spain gained control of all through strict collection of revenue duties. They North American possessions west of the Mississippi posed an immediate threat to traditions of colonial River as well as the islands of and self-government. . France keeps an interest in India, but she is not allowed to build forts or involve herself in : (1766) politics. This eventually leads to British control of Stated that the British Parliament had the same India. power to tax in the colonies as it did in Great Britain. Parliament emphasized its authority to make binding Part II of Treaty of Paris laws on the American colonies. This second treaty was far harsher than the first. Legitimacy - (rightful, legitimate rulers deposed by : (1764) the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored to Parliament assumed control of the colonial currency power). system. It banned the issue of any new bills and the Compensation - (the nations that made important re-issue of existing currency. Parliament preferred a contributions to Napoleon's defeat were compensated “hard currency” by territory. System based on the pound sterling. : (1773) Treaty of Greenville, 1795 Legislative plan by the British to make English tea Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 marketable in America. The North administration local Indian tribes gave the Americans the hoped to reaffirm Parliament’s right to levy direct Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and revenue taxes on the colonies. Lord North had $10,000. repealed four of the five Townshend duties, but he kept the tax on tea. This tax led to the Boston Tea Alien and Sedition Acts: (1798) Party (1773). Sought to prevent political protestors and possible spies out of the United States at a time when war with Act: (1774) France was expected. The 3 alien acts were aimed at Mandated that an appointed governor and a council Irish and French immigrants, who were mostly pro- would lead the Canadian government. The British French. The Sedition Act banned the publishing of also acknowledged that the Catholic Church would false or malevolent writings against the government enjoy a privileged position. This concession was to and the stirring up of opposition to any act of help diffuse any religious problems since the majority Congress or the president. of French people were Catholic and Canada was a British colony. The Act also put land north of the Naturalization Act: (1798) within the boundary of Quebec. Required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. : (1774) citizenship. “Coercive Acts.” Four corrective actions passed by the British government in retaliation for acts of Louisiana Purchase Treaty, 1803 colonial defiance. They became the justification for The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi assembling the First in 1774. River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 The acts included the Boston Port Bill, Massachusetts million. Jefferson was interested in the territory Government Act, Administration of Justice, and because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River Coercive act. and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand.Napoleon wanted Land Ordinance of 1785 to sell because he needed money for his European A major success of the Articles of Confederation. campaigns and because a rebellion against the French Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World of land belonging to the U.S. colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used Northwest Ordinance, 1787 loose construction to justify the purchase. A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest Embargo Act: (1807) territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory Stopped the export of American goods and prohibited would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery American ships from sailing to foreign ports during in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum the Napoleonic War. It also prohibited foreign ships population for statehood. from carrying cargo out of American ports. Jefferson had hoped that the disruption to trade with France Jay’s Treaty 1794 and England would force those countries to recognize It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing American neutrality. Two years later the act was conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with rewritten to just involve trade with Britain and the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi France. Jefferson repealed the Act in 1809 since it River. It was unpopular with most Americans was basically unsuccessful, but it was one of the because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on reasons for the War of 1812. neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 accepted the British restrictions on the rights of Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, neutrals. which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Pickney’s Treaty 1795 Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the French policy towards neutral ships, so it was U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2. river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

MACON’S BILL No. 2: (1810) This law was intended to persuade both France and MISSOURI COMPROMISE: (1820-1) Great Britain from illegal search and seizure When Missouri reached the required population to practices during the Napoleonic Wars. Nathaniel petition for statehood it was widely expected that the Macon proposed that the United States continue state would be a slave state since many of the trading with both belligerents but if one country inhabitants had moved there from southern states. It lifted trade restrictions then the United States would was believed that by adding Maine as a free state and not trade with the other country. The bill, which Missouri as a slave state the precarious balance in replaced the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), did not stop Congress would be maintained. When the bill the seizure of ships. The French informed the United reached the Senate the part that forbid slavery in States that they had lifted the Berlin and Milan Missouri was replaced with one that prohibited Decrees. The Americans could see that there were slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of strings attached but still restored nonintercourse with the southern border of Missouri (36° 30´). The bill Britain. was rejected in the House and went to a conference committee. It was agreed that Maine would be added TREATY OF GHENT: (1814) as a free state and Missouri was ordered to write a This agreement was signed at the end of the War of Constitution that would have no restrictions on 1812. It was signed in Ghent, Belgium. The threat of slavery. The 36° 30´ line was removed when the hostilities in Europe forced the British to accept the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri terms of the Americans. The Americans won a Compromise. significant victory when the British had to concede control of the Great Lakes and the possible creation a. Tallmadge Amendment , Thomas Amendment: of an Indian state under British rule. When Missouri applied for statehood, there was a dispute over whether it would be admitted as a American System, 1816 slave state or a free state. The Tallmadge Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using Amendment was a bill which would have federal money for internal improvements (roads, admitted Missouri with its existing slave bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a population, but would forbid the introduction of protective tariff to foster the growth of American additional slaves and free all slave children at age industries, and strengthening the national bank. 25. The Thomas Amendment was a bill which would have admitted Missouri as a slave state but RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT: (1817) forbid slavery north of the 36°30" latitude in the This agreement was between the United States and Louisiana Purchase region. Neither bill was put Great Britain concerning the Canadian border. The into effect. agreement dealt with the disarmament of forces on the boundary by limiting each nation to 4 ships of 100 MONROE DOCTRINE: (1823) tons each. This agreement was a sequel to the Treaty American foreign policy espoused by President of Ghent. Monroe in response to problems on the northwest coast of America and the fear of European Adams-Onis Treaty or Purchase of Florida, 1819 colonization of Latin America. The Russians had Also called the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, it long visited the northwest coast for fishing and settled the border dispute between Mexico and the resources. While in Europe the creation of the Holy United States. Forced to negotiate or lose Florida, Alliance gave the United States reason to fear possible Spain agreed to a definite border between the European intervention in Latin American affairs. Louisiana Purchase and Spanish land. John Quincy The Doctrine had four parts: Adams agreed that the United States would pay up to a. The American continents would no longer be $5 million. The United States gave Spain Texas west considered open for European colonization of the Sabine River, as well as acknowledging Spanish b. Americans would consider any European control of California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and forms of government forced upon a nation in parts of Wyoming and Colorado. Spain gave up its the Americas as potentially threatening to claim to Oregon north of 42° parallel. The treaty was the stability of the hemisphere not ratified until 1831. c. The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies Tariff of 1816 -- Protective d. The United States would not interfere in This protective tariff helped American industry by European affairs or conflicts raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. Indian Removal Act of 1830 WILMOT PROVISO: (1846) Congress approved the appropriation of $500,000 to A bill was passed that provided $2 million for pay for the relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes President Polk to settle the boundary dispute with from their traditional land in the southeastern part of Mexico. Wilmot added an amendment to the bill the United States. The Indians would be sent to stating that any land acquired from Mexico in the reservations west of the Mississippi River, an area Mexican War should be free of slavery. known as the Great American Desert. The Indians were moved despite the Supreme Court ruling in Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago 1848 Worcester vs. Georgia . The Cherokee called the This treaty required Mexico to cede the American forced march to the reservations the Trail of Tears Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, because over 3,000 people died on the journey. This Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave policy was strongly supported by President Jackson Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not and President Van Buren. look like conquest.

ORDINANCE OF NULLIFICATION: (1832) Indian Appropriations Act, 1851 In 1828, Congress passed a tariff that southerners The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and called the “Tariff of Abominations.” The tariff, moved the Indians onto reservations. which was seen as a way to protect northern industries at the expense of the southern states was COMPROMISE OF 1850: (1850) viewed by South Carolina as unconstitutional. With Texas joining the Union and new territory Congress lowered the tariff to appease the south, but added by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end that was not enough for most southerners. The South of the Mexican War the issue over slavery rose again. Carolina legislature passed a series of laws nullifying The antislavery people favored the Wilmot Proviso, the tariff and forbidding the collection of the tariff in this, of course was rejected by the southern states. South Carolina by force if necessary. In addition, Other concerns involved the 1849 California petition South Carolina also threatened to secede for the to be added as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Union if the issue was not resolved. Even though Law. Some feared that these troubles might even President Jackson felt the south had a grievance he precipitate secession by some southern states. It was introduced a bill into the Senate that would give him suggested that California be added as a free state, the power to use force to execute the law. Henry clay New Mexico and Utah be organized as territories proposed a compromise that was passed in 1833, with no mention of slavery, but to be determined later which rescinded the ordinance nullification. by the territories themselves, the government would pay $10 million to cover the debt of Texas, the slave Force Bill, 1833 trade would be prohibited in the District of The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use Columbia, and there was to be a stricter enforcement the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of of the Fugitive Slave Law. 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, Gadsen Purchase 1853 and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo was signed, The Force Act was never invoked because it was the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Carolina also nullified the Force Act. Mexico, was instructed by President Pierce to draw Tariff Act of 1833 (Mongrel Tariff) up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along A compromise act that satisfied nobody, duties were which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a lowered on a few items, but increased on most southern continental railroad. This territory makes manufactured goods up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY: (1842) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) The treaty between Great Britain and the United Legislation sponsored by Stephen Douglas, to allow States settled the disputed boundary of the the residents of Kansas and Nebraska to decide the northeastern states. The treaty also settled the issue issue of slavery in their territories. The act repealed of the border between Canada and the United States the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited in the . It also mentioned the slavery in the territories. The legislation also violated extradition of criminals and suppression of the slave the Compromise of 1850, which had put limits on the trade. expansion of slavery. The act led to the Bleeding of Kansas. Homestead Act of 1862 impeached most of the charges stemmed from the Provided settlers with 160 acres of surveyed public president violating this act. land after payment of a filing fee and five years of continuous residency. It was designed to encourage westward expansion. This act was passed over Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 opposition from Democrats and members of the Legislation passed in 1870 and 1871 to give power to border states. the 15 th Amendment. It imposed harsh penalties on anyone convicted of preventing any citizen from Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) voting. In 1871 it expanded federal control over state The legislation gave states that had remained in the elections and outlawed white supremacy group like Union 30,000 acres, multiplied by the number of the Ku Klux Klan. congressmen representing that state, to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges. Civil Rights Act of 1875 Legislation signed by President Grant to allow blacks Emancipation Proclamation (1863) to be on juries, and not be barred from hotels, bars, Emancipated the slaves in the southern states but did and trolley cars. not free all slaves: only in states under Confederate control. It also allowed black soldiers to fight in the COMPROMISE OF 1877: (1877) Union army, as well tying the issue of slavery to the There were several issues concerning the General Civil War. Lincoln realized that reality of Election of 1876 that caused the Democrats to emancipation was a long way off, but this was the question the validity of the elections. The Democrats start. Real emancipation came with the 13th charged that some votes in the states of Louisiana, Amendment in 1865. Florida, and South Carolina, that had been cast for the Democrats had actually been counted for the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Republicans. The Democrats also had a smaller issue Legislation that was passed during Reconstruction with the election process in Oregon. A commission to that was designed to implement Radical investigate the allegations found in the favor of the Reconstruction and remove Lincoln’s more lenient 10 Republicans in every case. Eventually both parties percent Plan. The legislation was based on the belief agreed to a compromise: The democrats would not that the Confederate states had left the Union and challenge the election and in return the Republicans they could not be readmitted until certain conditions would remove federal troops from the south. The applied. All hostility had to have ceased, a majority Republicans, who had espoused support for the of white citizens had to take an oath of allegiance to blacks, threw away all support for the Civil Rights in the Union, then Senate had the power to authorize an effort to gain control of the White House. appointments of provisional governors, the states had to adopt a constitution renouncing secession, ending Bland-Allison Act (1878) slavery, and taking the vote away from leading The original bill proposed by Representative Bland Confederate officeholders. The federal government and supported by the western states suggested the would then repay Confederate debts. Lincoln used unlimited coinage of silver, but it did not pass the his pocket veto on the bill, which led to the Wade- Senate. Senator Allison amended the original to Davis Manifesto. The Manifesto appearing in the require the treasury to purchase between $2 million New York Tribune attacked the president for being and $4 million of silver bullion each month at market too lenient on the South. value. This silver was to be minted into silver dollars and made legal tender. The act was eventually Civil Rights Act of 1866 replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890). Passed over President Johnson’s veto this legislation conferred citizenship on all blacks. The act also Species Resumption Act, 1879 stated the rights of blacks as they pertained to Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for property and in seeking redress in the court system. gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold Eventually the 14th Amendment was created to make value. Because paper money was much more sure the act was not changed. convenient than gold, they remained in circulation.

Tenure of Office Act (1867) Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Passed over President Johnson’s veto, this legislation Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid prevented the president from dismissing from office further immigration of Chinese. Supported by any appointment that had required the approval of American workers who worried about losing their the Senate. Johnson tested the act when he fired jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. When Johnson was pay. Pendleton Act (1883) After the assassination of Pres. Garfield by a Gold Standard Act, 1900 deranged office-seeker, Congress initiated political This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper reform to remove the spoils system. The legislation money would be backed only by gold. This meant that prohibited campaign contribution from federal the government had to hold gold in reserve in case employees and created the Civil Service Commission. people decided they wanted to trade in their money. The Pendleton Act did not eliminate corruption, but Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver it was a start. One of the major drawbacks was that Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to it forced politicians to get funds from corporations. continue to circulate.

Hatch Act, 1887 PLATT AMENDMENT: (1901) Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in The Platt Amendment was part of the Army every state to improve farming techniques. Appropriations Bill of 1901 and stated the conditions under which the United States could intervene in the Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 affairs of Cuba. In reality the amendment practically Law using citizenship, right to vote and individual made Cuba a protectorate was forced into the Cuban land ownership as a way to entice Native Americans constitution. When the United States intervened in to break away from their tribal heritage and Cuban affairs in 1906, 1912, 1917, and 1920 it was on assimilate into American society. Not successful. the basis of the Platt Amendment. After continued criticism it was removed in 1934, except for the one McKinley Tariff, 1880 proviso that allowed for the American naval base at A highly protective tariff passed in. So high it caused Guantánamo Bay. a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes. Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902 Wilson - Gorman Tariff Authorized the use of federal money to develop the Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it west, it helped to protect national resources. would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional. Elkins Act, 1903, rebates This strengthened earlier federal legislation that Interstate Commerce Act, Interstate Commerce outlawed preferential pricing through rebates. Commission, 1887 Rebates are returns of parts of the amount paid for A five member board that monitors the business goods or services, serving as a reduction or discount. operation of carriers transporting goods and people This act also prohibited railroads from transporting between states. goods they owned. As a dodge around previous legislation, railroads were buying goods and Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 transporting them as if they were their own. A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY: (1903) contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, a former engineer with the of trade. French Panama Canal Company was appointed Panamanian minister to the United States and he Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890 negotiated the treaty in which: Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of a) The United States paid Panama $10 million silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated b) The United States agreed to pay Panama and an prices. The introduction of large quantities of annual fee of $250,000 overvalued silver into the ecomony lead to a run on c) The United States received the rights to a zone five the ferderal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of miles wide on either side of the canal route. 1893. Repealed in 1893. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY: (1904) Forest Reserve Act, 1891 This was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, which First national forest conservation policy, authorized allowed the United States to exercise police power in the president to set aside areas of land for national its own sphere of influence. The document asserted forests. that the United States had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Latin American countries to Teller Amendment, April 1898 maintain law and order. It was a very imperialistic U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine. Amendment disclaimed any American intention to a) Nations must pay their obligations and maintain annex Cuba. order b) The Monroe Doctrine prohibited foreign powers Clayton Antitrust Act, labor's , 1914 from gaining either land or influence in Latin Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it America more power against trusts and big business. It c) The United States will intervene where necessary to outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of preserve the peace creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved. TAFT-KATSURA AGREEMENT: (1905) Japan promises that she has no interest in the Federal Highways Act, 1916 Philippines and the United States agreed to approve Passed by Wilson, it provided federal money to build of Japanese domination of Korea. roads. It helped to provide competition to the railroads' monopoly on public transportation. Hepburn Act, 1906 It imposed stricter control over railroads and Adamson Act, 1916 expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Wilson pushed passage of this act which mandated an Commission, including giving the ICC the power to eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. set maximum rates. Smith-Lever Act, Smith-Hughes Act, 1917 Meat Inspection Act, 1906 Established the U.S.'s first Food Administration with Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing the authority to fix food prices, license distributors, and government inspection of meat products crossing coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against state lines. hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more crops. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or Virgin Islands Purchased, 1917 adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government U.S. bought them from Denmark and built a naval broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of base to protect the Panama Canal and to prevent drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Germany's seizure of islands during WWI. Still in existence as the FDA. Jones Act, 1916 (Philippine) ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT: (1908) Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in Japan and the United States agree to maintain the 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. status quo in the Pacific while respecting the each Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years. other’s possessions. Both countries agree to the Open Door policy with China and they both pledge to Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico) support the independence of China. 1917 - Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909 With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917 rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence lower taxes. in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China. Mann-Elkins Act, 1910 Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of Selective Service Act, 1917 the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had labor reforms. It gave the ICC the power to prosecute to be registered for possible military service. Used in its own inquiries into violations of its regulations. case draft became necessary.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913 Espionage Act, 1917; Sedition Act, 1918 October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they items that could be produced more cheaply in the stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was U.S. than abroad. forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade Federal Trade Commission, 1914 aiding the enemy. A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

VERSAILLES TREATY: (1919) Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922 Occurred in Paris after World War I. Attended by The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on 27 nations – not Russia because of the Revolution – naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race Germany not invited. Dominated by the Big Four – had contributed to the start of WW I. They created Clemenceau (France), Wilson (America), George quotas for different classes of ships that could be built (Britain), Orlando (Italy). by each country based on its economic power and size President Woodrow Wilson introduced his "Fourteen of existing navies. Points" plan for world security. Territorial Five Powers Treaty, Four Powers Treaty, Nine a. Germany surrendered Alsace-Lorraine to France. Powers Treaty b. Germany gave over the Saar Valley to League of Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Nations authority and Saar coalmines to France Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, control with the provision that, after 15 years, the Japan, France, and Italy set a ten year suspension of Saar inhabitants would decide their own political fate construction of large ships and set quotas for the by a plebiscite. number of ships each country could build. Four c. Germany gave up minor border regions to Powers Treaty: U.S., Japan, Britain, and France Denmark and Belgium. agreed to respect each others possessions in the d. Polish Corridor created. Pacific. Nine Powers Treaty: Reaffirmed the Open e. The port of Danzig on the Baltic Sea placed under Door Policy in China. Eventually Japan became League of Nations control and open for Polish use. frustrated and demanded equality with Britain and f. Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland a the United States with regard to the number of ships future problem), Yugoslavia, Poland emerge as new they could possess. In 1936 Japan did not renew the nations. treaty when it terminated in 1936. Colonial a. Germany ceded all its colonies to the Allies to be 5-3-1 ration held as League of Nations mandates. Tonnage ratio of the construction of large ships, it b. Secret arrangements made during the war and meant that Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 incorporated in League of Nations mandates in the ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for Middle East (Sykes-Picot Agreement, Balfour every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan Declaration, Hussein-McMahon Letters). agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the c. Disarmament (prevent Germany from ever waging ratio. war again) d. German army was limited to 100,000 volunteers. Immigration Acts, 1921, 1924, Quota System e. Conscription was forbidden. 1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the f. The Rhineland was demilitarized. number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let g. German navy reduced to a few small ships. in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality h. Submarines, military aircraft, and war industries that were allowed in in 1890. 1924 - Limited the were prohibited. number of immigrants to 150,000 per year. i. War guilt clause (231 - Germany was held solely responsible for starting World War I). Dawes Plan, Young Plan, 1928 j. Germany must pay reparations (she made a few Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to payments until 1931 and afterwards Hitler ignored pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its this obligation). payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President h. League of Nations created. Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual Volstead Act and 18 th Amendment, 1919 installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified Prohibition, the 18th Amendment outlawed the in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young. manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Al War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was leaders of organized crime of the era. generally believed to be useless. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930 Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 Congressional compromise serving special interest, it Pushed by Congress in 1922, it raised tariff rates to raised duties on agricultural and manufactured protect and promote big business. imports. It may have contributed to the spread of the international depression. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC, 1932 "Lend lease" March 1941 Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide any article of defense equipment to any government emergency funds to help businesses overcome the whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and wartime projects during WW II. ammunition to the Allies without technically becoming a co-belligerent. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, 1932 Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this Revenue Act of 1942 pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any WWII by adding additional graduated steps to the changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of income tax and lowering the threshold at which lower China's sovereignty. income earners began to pay tax.

Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act, 1932 G.I. Bill of Rights 1944 Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for former Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of servicemen, ranging from educational grants to striking workers, by severely restricting the federal housing and other services to assist with the courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and readjustment to society after demobilization. other union activities.

Taft-Hartley Act, 1947 Good Neighbor Policy, 1934 Senator Robert A. Taft co-authored the labor- Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as Management Relations Act with new Jersey that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be Congressman Fred Allan Hartley, Jr. The act used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good and imposed certain restrictions of the money and Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting power of labor unions, including a prohibition against good will among these nations. mandatory closed shops

National Security Acts, 1947 Social Security Act, 1936 Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the One of the most important features of the Second CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - New Deal established a retirement for persons over Created NATO. 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer. Truman Doctrine, 1947

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation Neutrality Acts threatened by Communism. 1935 - Upon the outbreak of war, all American exports would be embargoed for 6 months. Marshall Plan, 1947 1936 - Gave the president the authority to determine Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall when a state of war existed and prohibited loans to in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic belligerents. American economic aid of $13 billion to Europe to 1937 - Gave the president the authority to determine revitalize the European economies after WWII and whether a civil war was a threat to world peace and help prevent the spread of Communism. prohibited arms sales to belligerents.

McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950 Smith Act Required Communists to register and prohibited Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens them from working for the government. Truman in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

ATLANTIC CHATER: (1941) The Atlantic Charter was a joint statement of peace War Powers Act, 1973 aims espoused by Winston Churchill of Britain and F. Gave any president the power to go to war under D. Roosevelt of the United States. The agreement, certain circumstances, but required that he could which was negotiated off the coast of Newfoundland, only do so for 90 days before being required to was not an official document. Similar to Wilson’s 14 officially bring the matter before Congress . points. HELSINKI ACCORDS: (1975) program as "Star Wars" and was often critical of its Aimed at reducing the tension between the Europeans extreme cost. and the Soviets, thirty-five nations signed an agreement that stated they would recognize the borders of Europe that had been established at the end of the Second World War. This agreement, in The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): 1990 effect, recognized the Soviet domination of the Baltic On July 26, 1990, President George H.W. Bush signed States. All the nations agreed to promote personal into law the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 liberties and respect human rights in their own (ADA) -- the world's first comprehensive civil rights countries. law for people with disabilities. The Act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: (1978) employment (Title I), in public services (Title II), in The Camp David Accords were two agreements public accommodations (Title III) and in signed by Egyptian President Muhammad Anwar al- telecommunications (Title IV). EEOC is responsible Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin for enforcing Title I's prohibition against to reduce the tension between the two countries. The discrimination against people with disabilities in agreement was signed at the presidential retreat at employment. The ADA has been described as the Camp David and was monitored by President Carter. Emancipation Proclamation for the disability The first agreement called for a peace talks between community. the two countries aimed at ending almost 30 years of war. The second agreement concerned the self-rule North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994 for Palestinians in the West bank and Gaza Strip. The North American Free Trade Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, is a free trade agreement among STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS (SALT) Canada, the United States, and Mexico. NAFTA went The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) was into effect on January 1, 1994. NAFTA is also used to intended to provide broad limits for strategic refer to the tripartite trading bloc of North American offensive weapons. The talks began in 1972, but little countries. progress was made prior to 1974 when President Ford and General Secretary Brezhnev met at Vladivostok. The completed agreement was not signed until 1979 when President Carter joined Brezhnev in Vienna. President Carter gave the document to the Senate for ratification, but before anything was achieved the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the president requested that the Senate delay ratification. In 1982 President Reagan promised to do nothing that would violate the principle of the SALT talks so long as the Soviets made the same promise. In 1984 and 1985 President Reagan accused the Soviets of violating the SALT agreement and said that the United States must prepare according to the threat from the Soviet Union not on the basis of SALT.

Panama Canal treaties, 1978 Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1986 The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was an anti- ballistic missile system developed in the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s during the Reagan administration. The concept was to form a defensive shield against a nuclear missile attack from the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). The popular press designated the