A Systematic Analysis of Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes Using Array CGH Exposes Unexpected Complexity
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Cellular and Synaptic Network Defects in Autism
Cellular and synaptic network defects in autism The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Peca, Joao, and Guoping Feng. “Cellular and Synaptic Network Defects in Autism.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 22, no. 5 (October 2012): 866–872. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.015 Publisher Elsevier Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102179 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Curr Opin Neurobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 October 01. Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 October ; 22(5): 866–872. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.015. Cellular and synaptic network defects in autism João Peça1 and Guoping Feng1,2 $watermark-text1McGovern $watermark-text Institute $watermark-text for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Abstract Many candidate genes are now thought to confer susceptibility to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we review four interrelated complexes, each composed of multiple families of genes that functionally coalesce on common cellular pathways. We illustrate a common thread in the organization of glutamatergic synapses and suggest a link between genes involved in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Fragile X syndrome, Angelman syndrome and several synaptic ASD candidate genes. When viewed in this context, progress in deciphering the molecular architecture of cellular protein-protein interactions together with the unraveling of synaptic dysfunction in neural networks may prove pivotal to advancing our understanding of ASDs. -
Trisomy 21 with a Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome Derived From
BJMG 13 (1) (2010) 10.2478/v10034-010-0020-x SHORT COMMUNICATION TRISOMY 21 WITH A SMALL SUPERNUMERARY MARKER CHROMOSOME DERIVED FROM CHROMOSOMES 13/21 AND 18 Niksic SB1, Deretic VI2, Pilic GR1, Ewers E3, Merkas M3, Ziegler M3, Liehr T3,* *Corresponding Author: Thomas Liehr, Institut für Humangenetik, Postfach, D-07740 Jena, Germany; Tel.: +49-3641-935-533; Fax: +49-3641-935-582; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT influenced by maternal age and affected fetuses are at an increased risk of miscarriage [1]. Different theories We describe a trisomy 21 with a small are discussed how free trisomy 21 develops during supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) maternal meiosis [2,3]. In 35 reported DS cases instead derived from chromosomes 13/21 and 18 in which of a karyotype 47,XN,+21 there was a karyotype the karyotype was 48,XY,+der(13 or 21)t(13 48,XN,+21,+mar, i.e., a small supernumerary or 21;18)(13 or 21pter→13q11 or 21q11.1::18p marker chromosome (sSMC) was also present [4]. 11.21→18pter),+21. Of the 35 case reports in the The sSMC are a morphologically heterogeneous literature for a karyotype 48,XN,+21,+mar, in group of structurally abnormal chromosomes only 12 was the origin of the sSMC determined by which may represent different types of inverted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and only duplicated chromosomes, minute chromosomes one was a der(13 or 21) and none were derived and ring chromosomes. They can be characterized from two chromosomes. The influence of the partial unambiguously by molecular cytogenetics and are trisomy 18p on the clinical outcome was hard to usually equal in size or smaller than a chromosome determine, however, there are reports on clinically 20 in the same metaphase spread. -
Diversity in the Organization of Centromeric Chromatin
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Diversity in the organization of centromeric chromatin 1 Florian A Steiner and Steven Henikoff Centromeric chromatin is distinguished primarily by lacking. In most species, cenH3 nucleosomes assemble nucleosomes containing the histone variant cenH3, which on particular families of tandemly repetitive satellite organizes the kinetochore that links the chromosome to the DNA, and the intractability of long satellite repeat arrays spindle apparatus. Whereas budding yeast have simple ‘point’ has greatly hindered the analysis of centromeric chroma- centromeres with single cenH3 nucleosomes, and fission yeast tin. Recent studies have begun to shed light on these have ‘regional’ centromeres without obvious sequence enigmatic regions of chromosomes, in part through specificity, the centromeres of most organisms are embedded improvements in sequencing technologies and in part in highly repetitive ‘satellite’ DNA. Recent studies have revealed through analysis of model systems that circumvent the a remarkable diversity in centromere chromatin organization challenges presented by the repeat-richness of most among different lineages, including some that have lost cenH3 higher eukaryotic centromeres. The emerging picture altogether. We review recent progress in understanding point, shows that cenH3 is incorporated into well-positioned regional and satellite centromeres, as well as less well-studied nucleosomes at centromeres that are distinct from canon- centromere types, such as holocentromeres. -
5885.Full.Pdf
Research Article 5885 Assembly of additional heterochromatin distinct from centromere-kinetochore chromatin is required for de novo formation of human artificial chromosome Hiroshi Nakashima1,2,3, Megumi Nakano1,*, Ryoko Ohnishi1, Yasushi Hiraoka4, Yasufumi Kaneda2, Akio Sugino1,3 and Hiroshi Masumoto1,*,‡ 1Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan 2Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 3Laboratories for Biomolecular Networks, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 4Kansai Advanced Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan *Present address: Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37, Rm 5040, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 20 September 2005 Journal of Cell Science 118, 5885-5898 Published by The Company of Biologists 2005 doi:10.1242/jcs.02702 Summary Alpha-satellite (alphoid) DNA is necessary for de novo arms. However, on the stable HAC, chromatin formation of human artificial chromosomes (HACs) in immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HP1␣ and human cultured cells. To investigate the relationship trimethyl histone H3-K9 were enriched at the non- among centromeric, transcriptionally -
Derived from Chromosome 22, a Case Report
1802 Case Report Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with another small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 22, a case report Abdullah1#, Cui Li2#, Minggang Zhao2, Xiang Wang2, Xu Li2, Junping Xing1 1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China; 2Centre for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China #These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Junping Xing. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: The idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is portrayed as missing or fragmented pubescence, cryptorchidism, small penis, and infertility. Clinically it is characterized by the low level of sex steroids and gonadotropins, normal radiographic findings of the hypothalamic-pituitary areas, and normal baseline and reserve testing of the rest of the hypothalamic-pituitary axes. Delay puberty and infertility result from an abnormal pattern of episodic GnRH secretion. Mutation in a wide range of genes can clarify ~40% of the reasons for IHH, with the majority remaining hereditarily uncharacterized. New and innovative molecular tools enhance our understanding of the molecular controls underlying pubertal development. In this report, we aim to present a 26-year-old male of IHH associated with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) that originated from chromosome 22. The G-banding analysis revealed a karyotype of 47,XY,+mar. High-throughput DNA sequencing identified an 8.54 Mb duplication of 22q11.1-q11.23 encompassing all the region of 22q11 duplication syndrome. Pedigree analysis showed that his mother has carried a balanced reciprocal translocation between Chromosomes 22 and X[t(X;22)]. -
22Q13.3 Deletion Syndrome
22q13.3 deletion syndrome Description 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, which is also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome, is a disorder caused by the loss of a small piece of chromosome 22. The deletion occurs near the end of the chromosome at a location designated q13.3. The features of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome vary widely and involve many parts of the body. Characteristic signs and symptoms include developmental delay, moderate to profound intellectual disability, decreased muscle tone (hypotonia), and absent or delayed speech. Some people with this condition have autism or autistic-like behavior that affects communication and social interaction, such as poor eye contact, sensitivity to touch, and aggressive behaviors. They may also chew on non-food items such as clothing. Less frequently, people with this condition have seizures or lose skills they had already acquired (developmental regression). Individuals with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome tend to have a decreased sensitivity to pain. Many also have a reduced ability to sweat, which can lead to a greater risk of overheating and dehydration. Some people with this condition have episodes of frequent vomiting and nausea (cyclic vomiting) and backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). People with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome typically have distinctive facial features, including a long, narrow head; prominent ears; a pointed chin; droopy eyelids (ptosis); and deep-set eyes. Other physical features seen with this condition include large and fleshy hands and/or feet, a fusion of the second and third toes (syndactyly), and small or abnormal toenails. Some affected individuals have rapid (accelerated) growth. -
First Case Report of Maternal Mosaic Tetrasomy 9P Incidentally Detected on Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article First Case Report of Maternal Mosaic Tetrasomy 9p Incidentally Detected on Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing Wendy Shu 1,*, Shirley S. W. Cheng 2 , Shuwen Xue 3, Lin Wai Chan 1, Sung Inda Soong 4, Anita Sik Yau Kan 5 , Sunny Wai Hung Cheung 6 and Kwong Wai Choy 3,* 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] 2 Clinical Genetic Service, Hong Hong Children Hospital, Ngau Tau Kok, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] 5 Prenatal Diagnostic Laboratory, Tsan Yuk Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] 6 NIPT Department, NGS Lab, Xcelom Limited, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.S.); [email protected] (K.W.C.); Tel.: +852-25-957-359 (W.S.); +852-35-053-099 (K.W.C.) Abstract: Tetrasomy 9p (ORPHA:3390) is a rare syndrome, hallmarked by growth retardation; psychomotor delay; mild to moderate intellectual disability; and a spectrum of skeletal, cardiac, renal and urogenital defects. Here we present a Chinese female with good past health who conceived her pregnancy naturally. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) showed multiple chromosomal aberrations were consistently detected in two sampling times, which included elevation in DNA from Citation: Shu, W.; Cheng, S.S.W.; chromosome 9p. -
20P Deletions FTNW
20p deletions rarechromo.org Deletions from chromosome 20p A chromosome 20p deletion is a rare genetic condition caused by the loss of material from one of the body’s 46 chromosomes. The material has been lost from the short arm (the top part in the diagram on the next page) of chromosome 20. Chromosomes are the structures in the nucleus of the body’s cells that carry the genetic information that controls development and function. In total every human individual normally has 46 chromosomes. Of these, two are a pair of sex chromosomes, XX (a pair of X chromosomes) in females and XY (one X chromosome and one Y chromosome) in males. The remaining 44 chromosomes are grouped in pairs. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother while the other one is inherited from the father. Each chromosome has a short arm (called p) and a long arm (called q). Chromosome 20 is one of the smallest chromosomes in man. At present it is known to contain 737 genes out of the total of 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome. You can’t see chromosomes with the naked eye, but if you stain them and magnify their image enough - about 850 times - you can see that each one has a distinctive pattern of light and dark bands. The diagram on the next page shows the bands of chromosome 20. These bands are numbered outwards starting from the point where the short and long arms meet (the centromere ). A low number, as in p11 in the short arm, is close to the centromere. -
In Vitro Analysis of Mutations Causing Myoclonus Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers in the Mitochondrial Trnalys Gene: Two Genotypes Produce Similar Phenotypes JUDY P
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, May 1995, p. 2872–2881 Vol. 15, No. 5 0270-7306/95/$04.0010 Copyright q 1995, American Society for Microbiology In Vitro Analysis of Mutations Causing Myoclonus Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers in the Mitochondrial tRNALys Gene: Two Genotypes Produce Similar Phenotypes JUDY P. MASUCCI,1 MERCY DAVIDSON,2 YASUTOSHI KOGA,2† 1,2 2 ERIC A. SCHON, AND MICHAEL P. KING * Departments of Genetics and Development1 and Neurology,2 Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Received 6 December 1994/Returned for modification 20 January 1995/Accepted 20 February 1995 Cytoplasts from patients with myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers harboring a pathogenic point mutation at either nucleotide 8344 or 8356 in the human mitochondrial tRNALys gene were fused with human cells lacking endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). For each mutation, cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines containing 0 or 100% mutated mtDNAs were isolated and their genetic, biochemical, and morphological characteristics were examined. Both mutations resulted in the same biochemical and molecular genetic phenotypes. Specifically, cybrids containing 100% mutated mtDNAs, but not those containing the correspond- ing wild-type mtDNAs, exhibited severe defects in respiratory chain activity, in the rates of protein synthesis, and in the steady-state levels of mitochondrial translation products. In addition, aberrant mitochondrial translation products were detected with both mutations. No significant alterations were observed in the processing of polycistronic RNA precursor transcripts derived from the region containing the tRNALys gene. These results demonstrate that two different mtDNA mutations in tRNALys, both associated with the same mitochondrial disorder, result in fundamentally identical defects at the cellular level and strongly suggest that specific protein synthesis abnormalities contribute to the pathogenesis of myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers. -
Aneuploidy and Aneusomy of Chromosome 7 Detected by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Are Markers of Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer'
[CANCERRESEARCH54,3998-4002,August1, 19941 Advances in Brief Aneuploidy and Aneusomy of Chromosome 7 Detected by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Are Markers of Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer' Antonio Alcaraz, Satoru Takahashi, James A. Brown, John F. Herath, Erik J- Bergstralh, Jeffrey J. Larson-Keller, Michael M Lieber, and Robert B. Jenkins2 Depart,nent of Urology [A. A., S. T., J. A. B., M. M. U, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J. F. H., R. B. fl, and Section of Biostatistics (E. J. B., J. J. L-JCJ, Mayo Clinic and Foundation@ Rochester, Minnesota 55905 Abstract studies on prostate carcinoma samples. Interphase cytogenetic analy sis using FISH to enumerate chromosomes has the potential to over Fluorescence in situ hybridization is a new methodologj@which can be come many of the difficulties associated with traditional cytogenetic used to detect cytogenetic anomalies within interphase tumor cells. We studies. Previous studies from this institution have demonstrated that used this technique to identify nonrandom numeric chromosomal alter ations in tumor specimens from the poorest prognosis patients with path FISH analysis with chromosome enumeration probes is more sensitive ological stages T2N@M,Jand T3NOMOprostate carcinomas. Among 1368 than FCM for detecting aneuploid prostate cancers (4, 5, 7). patients treated by radical prostatectomy, 25 study patients were ascer We designed a case-control study to test the hypothesis that spe tamed who died most quickly from progressive prostate carcinoma within cific, nonrandom cytogenetic changes are present in tumors removed 3 years of diagnosis and surgery. Tumors from 25 control patients who from patients with prostate carcinomas with poorest prognoses . -
Centromere Chromatin: a Loose Grip on the Nucleosome?
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Chromosome 20
Chromosome 20 ©Chromosome Disorder Outreach Inc. (CDO) Technical genetic content provided by Dr. Iosif Lurie, M.D. Ph.D Medical Geneticist and CDO Medical Consultant/Advisor. Ideogram courtesy of the University of Washington Department of Pathology: ©1994 David Adler.hum_20.gif Introduction Chromosome 20 contains about 2% of the whole genetic material. Its genetic length is ~63 Mb. The long arm (~36 Mb) is a little bit larger than the short arm (~27 Mb). Chromosome 20 contains ~700–800 genes. Less than 10% of these genes are known to be related to human diseases. Deletions or duplications of these genes, which may be found in patients with chromosomal abnormalities, cause mostly functional defects, including a delay of psycho–motor development and seizures. Only a few genes may lead (when deleted) to structural defects of the heart, liver, extremities and other organs. Deletions of Chromosome 20 There is a relatively small number of known conditions caused by deletions and duplications of various segments of chromosome 20. Almost all of these deletions and duplications became recognized after usage of molecular cytogenetics. Only a handful of reports on patients with these abnormalities were available only 10 years ago. Because these methods open wide an opportunity to examine abnormalities of this previously not–well studied chromosome, there are no doubts that some new syndromes caused by deletions (or duplications) of chromosome 20 will be delineated in the near future. Currently, the most frequent forms of chromosome 20 deletions are deletions 20p12, involving the JAG1 gene and Alagille syndrome, and deletions 20q13.13q13.2, involving the SALL4 gene.