ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND BUILT HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED GLANMIRE ROAD IMPROVEMENTS & SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT WORKS, COUNTY CORK

ON BEHALF OF: AECOM & CORK COUNTY COUNCIL

AUTHOR: FAITH BAILEY

APRIL 2018

Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

ABSTRACT

Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd has prepared this report on behalf of Aecom and Cork County Council, to describe the impact, if any, on the archaeological, architectural and historical resource as a result of multiple traffic and pedestrian schemes that form part of the Glanmire Road Improvements and Sustainable Transport Works, Glanmire, Co. Cork. The assessment has been carried out by Faith Bailey of IAC Ltd.

There is a total of 14 recorded monuments located within 250m of the proposed schemes. These sites/ structures are all post medieval in date and of the sites, ten are listed as protected structures. The closest sites to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (CO064‐111) and Riverstown Bridge (CO075‐048).

A review of the relevant Local Authority development plan has revealed that there are 21 individual or groups of protected structures located within 250m of the proposed schemes. Of these, ten are listed as recorded monuments and 15 are included in the NIAH survey. The closest structures to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (RPS 00483), Riverstown Bridge (RPS 00394) and the original entrance into Richmond demesne (RPS 001305).

There are no National Monuments or Monuments under Preservation Order, or Architectural Conservation Areas within the vicinity of the proposed schemes.

A total of 28 structures listed within the NIAH survey are located within 250m of the proposed scheme. Of these, 20 are subject to statutory protection, either as recorded monuments or protected structures (or both).

No adverse impacts are predicted upon the archaeological or architectural resources as a result of a number of the proposed schemes going ahead. This is due to the developed suburban nature of the portions of the study area. The proposed works associated with the realignment of the Dunkettle Road; a new bridge at Glanmire and works to the south of Glanmire House, will have a number of direct impacts on the existing built heritage resource and the potential archaeological resource.

As such, a suite of mitigation measures have been recommended, including the rebuilding of walls to be demolished, archaeological monitoring and built heritage survey works. In addition, where impacts may occur as a result of works within the channel of the Glashaboy River, underwater archaeological assessments have been recommended. These assessments, which require a licence from the Department of Heritage, Arts and the Gaeltacht, may lead to further mitigation, such as the preservation in‐situ/ by record of any archaeological features that are identified and/or archaeological monitoring.

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... I CONTENTS ...... II List of Figures ...... iii List of Plates ...... iii 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 General ...... 1 1.2 The Development ...... 1 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 6 2.1 Paper Survey ...... 6 2.2 Field Inspection ...... 8 3 BASELINE ANALYSIS ...... 9 3.1 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 9 3.2 Summary of Previous Archaeological Fieldwork ...... 13 3.3 Cartographic Analysis ...... 13 3.4 County Development Plan ...... 17 3.5 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage ...... 20 3.6 Aerial Photographic Analysis ...... 24 3.7 County Cork Post Medieval Heritage Survey ...... 25 3.8 Field Inspection ...... 28 3.9 Conclusions ...... 37 4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION STRATEGY ...... 40 4.1 Impact Assessment ...... 40 4.2 Mitigation ...... 42 5 REFERENCES ...... 46 APPENDIX 1 RMP/SMR SITE WITHIN THE SURROUNDING AREA ...... I APPENDIX 2 RPS/NIAH STRUCTURES WITHIN THE SURROUNDING AREA ...... VIII APPENDIX 3 LEGISLATION PROTECTING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ...... XXIX APPENDIX 4 LEGISLATION PROTECTING THE ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCE ...... XXXII APPENDIX 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE .. XXXV APPENDIX 6 MITIGATION MEASURES AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE XXXVII

FIGURES

PLATES

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of the proposed schemes Figure 2a Northern scheme locations showing recorded archaeological and architectural heritage sites Figure 2b Southern scheme locations showing recorded archaeological and architectural heritage sites Figure 3a Southern section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3b Central section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3c Northern section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 (and southern section of Project 15 and 20), showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3d Northern section of Project 15 and Projects 6/4 and 4/7, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3e Central section of Project 15 and Project 14, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3f Projects 12 and 5, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3g Project 13, showing cultural heritage remains Figure 3h Project 10, showing cultural heritage remains

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Modern walling adjacent to Dunkettle Road, facing southeast Plate 2 Original section of Richmond Demesne wall, facing east Plate 3 Richmond demesne wall, facing north Plate 4 Richmond demesne wall, facing east Plate 5 Richmond demesne wall and house, facing northeast Plate 7 Detail of southern gate pillar, facing south Plate 6 Secondary entrance into Richmond demesne, facing east Plate 8 Richmond demesne wall, facing northeast Plate 9 Original entrance into Richmond (RPS 01305), facing north Plate 10 Detail of southern wall (RPS 01305), facing east Plate 11 Entrance (RPS 01305), facing east Plate 12 Recessed walls of entrance (RPS 01305), facing east Plate 13 Vernacular house on the Dunkettle Road, facing southeast Plate 14 Modified vernacular house on the Dunkettle Road, facing southeast Plate 15 Ballinglanna demesne wall, facing east Plate 16 Ballinglanna demesne wall, facing north Plate 17 Gated entrance, facing north Plate 18 Location of realigned road, facing southwest Plate 19 Stream, facing south, as it passes beneath the Dunkettle Road Plate 20 Wall along northern side of Dunkettle Road, facing northwest Plate 21 RPS 01015/6, facing northeast Plate 22 Vernacular structure, facing east Plate 23 RPS 00820, facing northeast Plate 24 Principal entrance to Dunkettle House, facing southwest Plate 25 Detail of entrance, facing west‐southwest Plate 26 Gate lodge (RPS 01406), facing west‐southwest

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Plate 27 Surviving sections of Dunkettle demesne wall, facing west Plate 28 Northeast corner of Dunkettle demesne, facing west‐southwest Plate 29 Woodville Lodge, facing west‐northwest Plate 30 Woodlands demesne wall, facing west Plate 31 Former Woodlands House, facing southwest Plate 32 Vernacular house, facing west Plate 33 Rectory entrance and gate lodge, facing southwest Plate 34 Detail of post box Plate 35 Former demesne wall associated with Woodlands, facing northwest Plate 36 Glanmire Lodge, facing southeast Plate 37 Wall on the western side of the road, facing northwest Plate 38 Wall to the south of Glnamire Bridge, facing west Plate 39 Glanmire Bridge (RMP CO075‐048, RPS 00483), facing southeast Plate 40 River Glashaboy, facing north‐northwest Plate 41 Terrace of structures in Glanmire, facing south‐southwest Plate 42 Glanmire House (RPS 00472) and demesne wall, facing north Plate 43 Glanmire House demesne wall, facing west Plate 44 Glanmire House demesne wall, showing phases of construction, facing east‐northeast Plate 45 Route of proposed greenway to west of school, facing north Plate 46 Copperalley Bridge, facing southeast Plate 47 Riverstown demesne wall and Copperalley Bridge, facing west Plate 48 Entrance into Riverstown House, facing east Plate 49 Section of Riverstown demesne wall, facing northwest Plate 50 Original entrance avenue to Riverstown demesne, facing north Plate 51 Riversdale demesne wall, facing northwest Plate 52 Proposed crossing point of the Glashaboy River, facing southwest Plate 53 Glyntown demesne wall, facing northwest Plate 54 Glyntown demesne wall (revetment), facing northeast Plate 55 Ruined house adjacent to distillery, facing southeast Plate 56 Glyntown Bridge, facing south Plate 57 Riverstown Bridge (RMP CO064‐111/ RPS 00394), facing northeast Plate 58 Boundary walls leading up to Riverstown Bridge, facing west‐southwest

iv IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL The following report details an archaeological and built heritage assessment undertaken in advance of a proposed traffic improvement scheme within Glamire, Co. Cork (Figure 1). The works, which consist of 17 separate projects, forms part of the Glanmire Glanmire Road Improvements and Sustainable Transport Works. This assessment has been carried out to ascertain the potential impact of any proposed scheme on the archaeological and architectural heritage resource that may exist within the area. The assessment was undertaken by Faith Bailey of Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd, on behalf of Aecom and Cork County Council.

The archaeological and built heritage assessment involved a detailed study of the archaeological and historical background of the proposed scheme and the surrounding area. This included information from the Record of Monuments and Places of Cork, the Register of Protected Structures, the topographical files within the National Museum and all available cartographic and documentary sources for the area. A field inspection has also been carried out with the aim to identify any previously unrecorded features and structures of archaeological or historical interest.

1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT The proposed traffic improvement scheme will consist of the following works. Whilst there are 17 separate projects proposed, some of these have been merged and reordered for the purposes of this assessment and in order to provide clarity in terms of the archaeological and architectural heritage and potential impacts on same.

The archaeological and architectural heritage resource relevant to each project is shown on Figures 2a and 2b. An indication of the scheme extents and immediate sites of cultural heritage merit are shown on Figure 3a‐3h

Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 Project No. 9 L2999 Dunkettle Road (including Project No. 2 – prohibit right turn M8 merge) This project will upgrade the L2999 Dunkettle Road. From Glanmire Village to the proposed O’Flynn development a 3m shared use footway/cycleway, a 6.5m carriageway and a 2m footway are to be provided. From the O’Flynn Development to Gaelscoil Uí Drisceoil a wider cross section consisting of a 2m footway either side of the carriageway, a 3m segregated cycle track, a 6.5m carriageway and 1m verge either side of the carriageway will be provided.

There will be removal of some mature treelines (and demolition of two properties) within existing property boundaries along the southern/western side of Dunkettle Road. A new cross‐section along this improvement within the Ballinglanna Estate lands, which provides for access to the proposed O’Flynn Housing development, is not included within the proposed development.

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Project No. 3 Glanmire Bridge/Village; This project will upgrade the existing road network on the R639, Glanmire Bridge and Glanmire Village. The aim of the project is to reduce speeds within Glanmire Village to provide a safer road network for all road users. The project will integrate with other proposals included within the project such as improvements to R639/Church Hill Junction, the Proposed Greenway, Proposed Pedestrian Bridge and L2999 Dunkettle Road Upgrades.

Project No. 1 R639/Church Hill Junction; Provision of a new right turn lane from the R639. To accommodate the layout the boundary wall of Cólaiste an Phiarsaigh will be set back. The benefits associated with the proposal include a more efficient junction which will provide higher levels of service for all users. Pedestrians will be provided with wider footways. The bus stops will be relocated to provide for more direct connectivity with Cólaiste an Phiarsaigh. A pedestrian crossing will support safer road conditions. Bus laybys will be provided so the efficiency of traffic movement on the Glanmire Road is improved.

Project No. 16 Glanmire Bridge; Glanmire Bridge is a listed structure with poor provision for pedestrians and cyclists. This project will provide a new bridge north of Glanmire Bridge which will run parallel to the existing bridge. The T‐shape plane will provide connectivity between the R639, East Cliff Road and the Proposed Greenway, Project No. 15.

The proposed cross section will consist of a 2m footway and 3m cycleway and the ramp structure will have a 1:20 gradient. The T‐shape plan will provide connectivity between the R639, East Cliff Road and the proposed greenway.

The ramp structure will be located on the Irish Water Facility lands which will also allow for the bridge supports to be outside of the river channel. This option provides the pedestrian and cyclist facilities which meet the scheme objective and will tie into the existing footways along the R639 and East Cliff Road.

Project 15

Project No. 15 Proposed Greenway; This project will deliver the primary spine for walking and cycling through the study area. It will connect Glanmire Community School in the north with Cólaiste an Phiarsaigh in the south, linking residential developments with facilities and services in Riverstown Village and Glanmire Village.

The existing footpath from Hazelwood Road to Brooklodge Grove, adjacent to Glanmire Community College, will be widened to a 4m Greenway. Cycle chicanes will be provided at the access points to ensure cyclists slow down on approach to the junction with the main roads.

The Greenway from Riverstown (East Cliff Road) to Glanmire Bridge will be completely offline (i.e. within the Glashaboy River corridor) where pedestrians and cyclists have

2 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork no interaction with vehicular traffic. A new 4m shared use path will be provided from East Cliff Road to John O’Callaghan Park.

The existing path within John O’Callaghan Park will be widened to a 4m shared use path. The construction of a bridge over Glashaboy River will be required to connect the greenway within John O’Callaghan Park to an existing path that connects to Riverstown FC grounds. The existing path will be upgraded to a 4m shared use path. Just north of Riverstown FC a 4m shared use path will be provided to connect to the new pedestrian/cycle bridge north of the existing Glanmire Bridge. The shared use path will require the construction of two bridges over Glashaboy River.

The provision of a 3/4m shared use path from Glanmire Community College to Cólaiste an Phiarsaigh provides a greenway offering improved pedestrian and cycling connectivity between the two locations.

In total, the project will require construction of three bridges over the Glashaboy River, all of which will avoid instream works.

Projects 14 and 20

Project No. 14 Footway Improvements Fernwood to Riverstown; This project will involve upgrading the footways from the residential estate ‘Fernwood’ along the East Cliff Road. Street lighting will be provided on footway network from the entrance to Fernwood to Riverstown to improve the perception of safety on the route and will encourage people to use the improved facility.

P20 ‐ East Cliff Road Pinch Point; This project involves the upgrade of a section of East Cliff Road adjacent to the entrance to Riverstown FC. The existing road contains a pinch point for vehicular traffic and the footway is reduced to approximately 1m. The proposal will improve the alignment of the road at this location. An increased footway width will provide improved pedestrian facilities.

Project 12, 5, 7

Project No.12 R639/R615 Junction; This project proposes a reorganisation of traffic movements at the junction of the R615 and R639. Left turners from the R639 have significant difficulty making this movement as a consequence of the geometry and gradient. As a result the proposal involves prohibiting the left turn and providing a right turn lane to R615. Pedestrian crossing movements will be accommodated through the provision of a controlled crossing at Project 5, R639/Hazelwood Road junction. Land acquisition will be required from to widen the carriageway from Glanmire GAA club. The proposed land acquisition will not impact the outline of the existing football pitch.

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Project No. 5 R639/Hazelwood Road Junction; This project will provide an improved layout at the R639/Hazelwood Road junction. The junction will be signalised. The proposal involves kerb realignments to increase the length of right turn lanes and improved pedestrians and cyclist facilities at the junction. The proposal provides greater cyclist provision at the junction and will make it easier to incorporate cyclist improvements to Hazelwood Road.

The provision of 2m footways and 2.4m pedestrian crossings provided on all arms of the junction will improve the safety of pedestrians through the junction.

Project 6 and 8

Project No. 6 L3010/East Cliff Road Junction; This project will provide an improved layout at the L3010/East Cliff Road junction. The junction will be signalised to include for the connection to Project No. 8, a New Link Road from L3010 to Hazelwood Road. Kerbs and footways will be realigned and resurfaced to improve conditions for pedestrians and cyclists. The Proposed Greenway will join the carriageway at a new toucan crossing on the L3010.

Project No. 8 New Link Road (L3010 to Hazelwood Road); This project will provide a new connection between the L3010 and Hazelwood Road. The benefit of this project is that it will reduce the traffic demand on Riverstown Bridge (Project No.7) by providing an alternative route from Riverstown Village. As part of Project 6, the junction between East Cliff Road and the L3010 will be signalised, this new link road will form part of the new signalised junction. Parking will also be provided along the new link road as minimal parking exists within Riverstown Village.

This project will remove mature trees, referred to through this report as the remnant wooded avenue to the Riverstown House.

Projects 4 and 7

Project No. 4 R639/L3010/Old Youghal Road (Riverstown Crossroads); This project will provide an improved layout at the R639/L3010 junction. The existing junction is a four arm signalised junction. The proposal involves kerb realignments to increase the length of right turn lanes on the R639. The layout will include proposals to improve accessibility to O’Callaghan Park with a new entrance directly to the Park from the junction. This will also increase accessibility to Project No. 15 Proposed Greenway from Glanmire Community College to Cólaiste an Phiarsaigh via O’Callaghan Park.

1.75m wide cycle lanes will be introduced on the R639 provided through the junction. A pedestrian and cycle ramp is proposed form the signalised junction to access John O’Callaghan Park.

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Project No. 7 Riverstown Bridge; A preliminary design option assessment report recommends that the existing bridge should be upgraded with a shuttle system (i.e. a ‘give‐way’ system). There will be no instream works required for this proposal.

Project 13

Project No.13 Brook Inn Junction This project proposes formalising the junction between the R639 and the L96391‐0. The existing layout consists of two access roads joining the R639. Formalising the junction will improve safety for vehicular movements. As part of the works the existing bus layby will be formalised and pedestrian provision improved. The width of the carriageway on the R639 will be reduced to 6.5m. Reducing the carriageway width will reduce speeds on approach to Sallybrook and the “Green Space” provides additional areas for landscaping. The treatment acts as a gateway feature at the entrance point to Sallybrook. Parking will be provided at the entrance to The Brook Inn, the hardstanding also acts as a delivery area for The Brook Inn.

Project 10

Project No.10 Flaring at Tivoli Roundabout; This project will provide facilities to enable pedestrians and cyclists to safely negotiate Tivoli Roundabout. Kerb realignment and resurfacing will also be provided to increase the capacity of the roundabout from the R639 Southbound approach. There will be no instream works or removal of mature vegetation along the banks of the Glashaboy River for this project.

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2 METHODOLOGY

Research for this report was undertaken in two phases. The first phase comprised a paper survey of all available archaeological, historical and cartographic sources. The second phase involved a field inspection of the site.

2.1 PAPER SURVEY  Record of Monuments and Places for County Cork;  Sites and Monuments Record for County Cork;  Monuments in State Care Database;  Preservation Orders;  Register of Historic Monuments;  Topographical files of the National Museum of Ireland;  Written sources and surveys relating to the study area;  County Cork Development Plan (2014‐2020);  Aerial photographs;  Excavations Bulletin (19702016);  National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH): Architectural & Garden Survey;  County Cork Post Medieval Heritage Survey.

Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) is a list of archaeological sites known to the National Monuments Section, which are afforded legal protection under Section 12 of the 1994 National Monuments Act and are published as a record.

Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) holds documentary evidence and field inspections of all known archaeological sites and monuments. Some information is also held about archaeological sites and monuments whose precise location is not known e.g. only a site type and townland are recorded. These are known to the National Monuments Section as ‘un‐located sites’ and cannot be afforded legal protection due to lack of locational information. As a result, these are omitted from the Record of Monuments and Places. SMR sites are also listed on a website maintained by the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DoCHG) – www.archaeology.ie.

National Monuments in State Care Database is a list of all the National Monuments in State guardianship or ownership. Each is assigned a National Monument number whether in guardianship or ownership and has a brief description of the remains of each Monument.

The Minister for the DoCHG may acquire national monuments by agreement or by compulsory order. The state or local authority may assume guardianship of any national monument (other than dwellings). The owners of national monuments (other than dwellings) may also appoint the Minister or the local authority as guardian of that monument if the state or local authority agrees. Once the site is in ownership or

6 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork guardianship of the state, it may not be interfered with without the written consent of the Minister.

Preservation Orders List contains information on Preservation Orders and/or Temporary Preservation Orders, which have been assigned to a site or sites. Sites deemed to be in danger of injury or destruction can be allocated Preservation Orders under the 1930 Act. Preservation Orders make any interference with the site illegal. Temporary Preservation Orders can be attached under the 1954 Act. These perform the same function as a Preservation Order but have a time limit of six months, after which the situation must be reviewed. Work may only be undertaken on or in the vicinity of sites under Preservation Orders with the written consent, and at the discretion, of the Minister.

Topographical files of the National Museum of Ireland is the national archive of all known finds recorded by the National Museum. This archive relates primarily to artefacts but also includes references to monuments and unique records of previous excavations. The find spots of artefacts are important sources of information on the discovery of sites of archaeological significance.

Documentary sources were consulted to gain background information on the archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage landscape of the area containing the proposed traffic schemes.

Development Plans contain a catalogue of all the Protected Structures and archaeological sites within the county. The County Cork Development Plan (2014‐ 2020) was consulted to obtain information on cultural heritage sites in and within the immediate vicinity of the area containing the proposed traffic schemes.

Aerial photographic coverage is an important source of information regarding the precise location of sites and their extent. It also provides initial information on the terrain and its likely potential for archaeology. A number of sources were consulted including aerial photographs held by the Ordnance Survey and Google Earth.

Excavations Bulletin is a summary publication that has been produced every year since 1970. This summarises every archaeological excavation that has taken place in Ireland during that year up until 2010 and since 1987 has been edited by Isabel Bennett. This information is vital when examining the archaeological content of any area, which may not have been recorded under the SMR and RMP files. This information is also available online (www.excavations.ie) from 19702017.

The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) is a state initiative established under the provisions of the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1999 tasked with making a nationwide record of significant local, regional, national and international structures, which in turn provides county councils with a guide as to what structures to list within the Record of Protected Structures. The architectural survey for County Cork was carried out over five phases from 2006 to 2011. The NIAH have also carried out a

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 7 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork nationwide desk based survey of historic gardens, including demesnes that surround large houses. This has also been completed for County Cork and was examined in relation to the surviving demesnes within the landscape containing the proposed scheme.

County Cork Post Medieval Heritage Survey was carried out by Cork County Council during the 1980s and 1990s, with the results used to inform the compilation of the RMP and ultimately the RPS.

2.2 FIELD INSPECTION Field inspection is necessary to determine the extent and nature of archaeological and architectural heritage remains, and can also lead to the identification of previously unrecorded or suspected sites, structures and portable finds through topographical observation and local information.

The archaeological and architectural field inspection entailed ‐  Walking the proposed scheme and its immediate environs.  Noting and recording the terrain type and land usage.  Noting and recording the presence of features or structures of archaeological or historical significance.  Verifying the extent and condition of any recorded sites.  Visually investigating any suspect landscape anomalies to determine the possibility of their being anthropogenic in origin.

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3 BASELINE ANALYSIS

3.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The proposed schemes cover approximately 4.9km of existing road infrastructure, which will see proposed upgrades to improve traffic flows and pedestrian/ cycleway access. Part of the proposed works will see the establishment of a greenway through Glanmire. The schemes are located within the following townlands, parishes and baronies, as per Table 1 below:

Townland Parish Barony Dunkettle, Ballinglanna,Brooklodge, Caherlag Barrymore Riverstown Templeusque Lotamore, Poulacurry South, Poulacurry North, Rathcooney Cork Knocknahorgan, Ballincrossig

3.1.1 Prehistoric Period Although very recent discoveries may push back the date of human activity by a number of millennia (Dowd and Carden 2016), the earliest widespread evidence suggests that Ireland was first occupied in the Mesolithic period by communities that subsisted on hunting, fishing and foraging (c. 7000‐4000 BC). The most common evidence found to show the presence of Mesolithic communities at a site is scatters of worked flint material, a by‐product from the production of flint implements.

Due to a lack of readily identifiable pre‐Bronze Age sites in Cork it was thought until recently that colonisation of the southwest was relatively late but there is now growing evidence of Mesolithic and Neolithic activity in County Cork. Most of the evidence for early Mesolithic (pre‐6000 BC) occupation has come from the Blackwater Valley and takes the form of flint scatters (Woodman 1989, 116). There are no known Mesolithic sites recorded in or within the vicinity of the proposed schemes. Similarly no Neolithic sites have been identified within the surrounding landscape (c. 4000‐ 2500 BC), or sites from the Bronze Age (c. 2500‐800 BC) and later Iron Age (c. 800 BC‐ AD 400).

3.1.2 Early Medieval Period (AD 400–1169) In the early medieval period Ireland was not a united country but rather a patchwork of minor monarchies all scrambling for dominance, with their borders ever changing as alliances were formed and battles fought. Byrne (1973) estimates that there were probably at least 150 kings in Ireland at any given time during this period, each ruling over his own túath.

The most common indicator of settlement during the early medieval period is the ringfort. Ringforts, (also known as rath, lios, caiseal, cathair and dún) are a type of defended homestead comprising of a central site enclosed by a number of circular banks and ditches. The number of ditches can vary from one (univallate) to two or three (bivallate or tri‐vallate) and is thought to reflect the status and affluence of the inhabitants. Another morphological variation consists of the platform or raised

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 9 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork ringfort – the former resulting from the construction of the ringfort on a naturally raised area. Ringforts are most commonly located at sites with commanding views of the surrounding environs which provided an element of security. While ringforts, for the most part, avoid the extreme low and uplands, they also show a preference for the most productive soils (Stout 1997, 107). One of the most recent studies of the ringfort (Stout, 1997) suggested that there are a total of 45,119 potential ringforts or enclosure sites throughout the island of Ireland. This figure has since been revised upwards to ‘over 47,000 ringforts’, while O’Sullivan et al suggest that there are ‘at least 60,000 early medieval settlement enclosures on the island’ (O’Sullivan et al., 2014).

The closest recorded ringfort to any of the proposed schemes is RMP CO063‐092, which is located c. 620m west of Project No. 13. Today the site has been levelled and does not possess any surface expression.

3.1.3 Medieval Period (AD 1169–1600) The medieval period in Ireland is marked by the arrival of the Anglo‐Normans and their piecemeal conquest of the county after Richard de Clare and his followers landed in Wexford to support Diarmáit MacMurchadha, the deposed king of Leinster, and assist him in his challenge for the kingship in May 1169. Between 1170 and 1350, the Anglo‐Norman influence was stamped on the Irish landscape. Initially this involved the construction of defensive earthworks, such as mottes and earth and timber castles. More permanent fortifications were constructed once the Anglo‐Normans had consolidated their power resulting in a great castle‐building period between AD 1220 and AD 1310. The 12th century also saw the arrival of the great religious orders in Ireland and the construction of large abbeys as well as the development and consolidation of the parochial system in many areas. Between the 14th and the 16th centuries tower houses were the typical residence of the Irish gentry.

Whilst there are no medieval sites recorded within the landscape of Glanmire, the area is located on the periphery of the large medieval settlement of Cork City, situated c. 4.5km to the west‐southwest. The medieval settlement consisted of a walled town constructed on two islands in marshy section of River Lee. The southern island was enclosed by 1182 and reserved to the Crown. The northern island, called Dungarvan, was regarded as suburb and was enclosed by a wall by 13th century (Bradley et al 1985). Bridges linking the islands to mainland at the northern and southern ends indicate existence of North and South Main Streets (CO074‐034).

3.1.4 Post-Medieval Period (AD 1600–1900) Although English landowners may have been losing their grip on Irish land during the medieval period, during the Elizabethan period, lands were regained and secured with English government control re‐established in Cork during the late 16th century. The Elizabethan implementation of the ‘Surrender and Regrant’ policy allowed the monarch to continue colonising Ireland at a time when the treasury funds were too low to afford a war.

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The 18th century saw a dramatic rise in the establishment of large residential houses around the country. This was largely due to the fact that after the turbulence of the preceding centuries, the success of the Protestant cause and effective removal of any political opposition, the country was at peace. The large country house was only a small part of the overall estate of a large landowner and provided a base to manage often large areas of land that could be dispersed nationally. During the latter part of the 18th century, the establishment of a parkland context (or demesnes) for large houses was the fashion. Although the creation of a parkland landscape involved working with nature, rather than against it, considerable constructional effort went into their creation. Earth was moved, field boundaries disappeared, streams were diverted to form lakes and quite often roads were completely diverted to avoid travelling anywhere near the main house or across the estate. Major topographical features like rivers and mountains were desirable features for inclusion into, and as a setting, for the large house and parkland. This was achieved at all scales, from a modest Rectory Glebe to demesne landscapes that covered thousands of acres.

A large amount of country houses survive within the landscape containing the proposed schemes, along with some attendant structures, such as outbuildings and gate lodges. A total of 26 demesne landscapes were identified during the constraints study for this project, with 13 of these immediate to the schemes now proposed. A number have lost their original main house and are now covered with residential development. The largest demesnes adjacent to the proposed works are associated with Riverstown House, Richmond House and Dunkettle House. All three principal structures survive, although Richmond House is not listed as a protected structure.

Riverstown House (RPS 00395/ RMP CO064‐051/ NIAH 20906414) is an early 18th century house with fine plasterwork by the Francini brothers. It was the seat of the Browne family, originally from Essex, for two and a half centuries. The Brownes, who settled in Cork in the mid‐17th century, were still occupying the house in 1837. The building was restored in the 1960s by the Dooleys with help from the Irish Georgian Society. Today it is open to the public and the NIAH survey rates its significance as ‘national’. The NIAH survey also notes the presence of a rubble stone ice house to the south of the east elevation and the presence of rubble stone boundary walls. The dressed limestone wall that defines the entrance also survives, with dressed limestone square‐profile piers, topped with pedimented caps and double‐leaf cast‐ iron gates.

The house is located to the north and west of the proposed greenway (Project No. 15), with the entrance mentioned above and associated remaining demesne walls located immediately adjacent to Projects 15, and 8.

Dunkettle House (RPS 00493/ RMP CO075‐075/ NIAH 20907514) is a late 18th century house that was the seat of the Morris family. Originally a Welsh family, they were granted lands in East and West Carbery, under the Acts of Settlement. Abraham Morris was responsible for the construction of the house, which is thought to have been built on or close to the site of an earlier house belonging to the Trant family. The NIAH survey rates the significance of the house as being ‘national’. It retains much of

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 11 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork its original demesne landscape, along with two outbuildings and a gate lodge that are also listed as protected structures. The principal entrance to the demesne, along sections of the now denuded demesne wall, are located immediately adjacent to the proposed upgrade of the Dunkettle Road (Project 9).

Richmond House, whilst extant, is not included in the RPS or NIAH, although the original entrance into the demesne is protected. The house, which is likely to date to the late 18th century, consists of a two storey, five bay structure, flanked by single storey wings that survives in good condition. The house was originally the seat of the Mannix family (originally from Wales) in the late 18th and 19th centuries, although a member of the Morris family is recorded as living here in 1814. The denuded demesne wall associated with the original demesne is located within the footprint of the proposed upgrade of the Dunkettle Road (Project 9).

From the mid to late 19th century, the landowning classes began to slowly lose their grip on the thousands of acres of Irish landscape that formed a large part of their estates. The house and demesne were often only a small part of the visible wealth possessed by such families and their demise was brought about by a number of factors including The Famine; the loss of a younger generation to the first world war and the fight for independence by the Republicans. The lower classes resented the amount of land that was owned by the Anglo‐Irish gentry and in 1922 the Land Commission was established. The purpose of the Commission was to purchase these estates (often for a greatly reduced price) so they could be re‐distributed amongst the lower classes. As a result of this, many families became little more than upper class farmers and as a result many left Ireland to return to England. The large houses and demesnes were often left to decay with the houses often demolished for building materials and the demesnes subsumed back into the landscape. Houses that have been lost from the immediate vicinity of the proposed schemes include Glyntown House and Riversdale. It should be noted that the demesnes associated with Riverstown House and Woodville have been affected by modern development.

Another characteristic of the post medieval landscape are the vernacular buildings that represent the post medieval homes of farmers and workers. ‘Vernacular architecture’ is a term used to describe traditional buildings constructed using locally available materials and according to local/regional styles i.e. the homes and workplaces of the ordinary people. This is in contrast to formal architecture, such as the grand estate houses of the gentry, churches and public buildings, which were often designed by architects or engineers. The majority of vernacular buildings are domestic dwellings. Examples of other structures that may fall into this category include shops, outbuildings, mills, limekilns, farmsteads, forges, gates and gate piers. Typically the single‐storied thatched cottage would be considered to represent the real vernacular style in Ireland.

A number of structures considered to be vernacular in style have been identified within the immediate vicinity of the proposed schemes. These include a house and cottage at the junction of the Dunkettle Road (to be demolished), a terrace of vernacular cottages on the western side of the Dunkettle Road, a terrace of modified

12 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork vernacular properties within Glanmire Village and Glyntown Bridge that crosses the Butlerstown River. A number of the structures that are listed within the RPS and NIAH are also vernacular in nature, including Copperalley Bridge (NIAH 20906417) and a terrace of vernacular structures (now derelict) in Glanmire Village (RPS 00820).

3.2 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK A review of the Excavations Bulletin (1970‐2017) has shown that only limited archaeological investigations have been carried out within the overall landscape containing the proposed schemes. In 2016 archaeological testing was carried out c. 100m to the east of the proposed greenway, where it travels along the East Cliff Road. The site consists of a former distillery, which is listed as a recorded monument (RMP CO075‐003). Sections of the post medieval site remain in ruins, but nothing of archaeological significance was noted during the course of the testing (Bennett 2016:298, Licence Ref.: 16E0029).

In 2017 archaeological monitoring was carried out during the removal of vegetation and sediment from the northern bank and the northernmost arch of Glyntown Bridge, which will be crossed by the proposed greenway. Nothing of archaeological significance was identified during the course of the works (Bennett 2017:215, Licence Ref.: 17E0484).

In 2007 a programme of archaeological testing was carried out in advance of a residential development in Ballinglanna. Nothing of archaeological significance was identified during the course of the works (Bennett 2007:263, Licence Ref.: 07E0107). A portion of the proposed pedestrian provision (Project No. 14) will pass through this estate.

3.3 CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS The relevant barony maps and historic Ordnance Survey maps have been reviewed for each proposed scheme as outlined in section 1.2 and below. The barony maps for Cork and Ballimore (1655‐57) do not show a large amount of detail in relation to the landscape containing the proposed works. However, an earlier house is shown within the parish of Caherlagh, which may represent the building that the current Dunkettle House replaced during the 18th century.

Taylor and Skinner’s 1777 ‘Road Maps of Ireland’ also includes a small section of ‘Glanmyre’. Dunkettle House is depicted along with Woodville to the north. The Dunkettle Road is not shown, although it is likely to have been present when considering its function as forming a boundary to multiple demesnes. ‘Richmond’ is annotated, but it is not clear as to whether the label refers to a structure. Considering there are no townlands of this name, it is probable.

Glanmire Village and Bridge are also shown, along with Church Hill (road), Castle Park Road, Barnavara Hill Road and the R639. Lota View House is marked adjacent to what is now the Glanmire Road.

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Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 The Grand Jury map of 1811 that covers this part of the scheme shows a number of properties within the immediate vicinity. Dunkettle House (RPS 00493/ RMP CO075‐ 075/ NIAH 20907514) and Richmond are both present, along with Woodlands and Glenville (NIAH 20907509). The road network is similar in layout as to what exists today in the landscape. A further house is marked to the northwest of Glenville, which is not present on later maps. In Glanmire the bridge is shown along with housing indicated as fronting onto the road either side of the bridge (RPS 00483/ RMP CO075‐ 048/ NIAH 20907505).

The first edition OS map of 1841 is the first detailed depiction of the landscape containing the proposed scheme. The Dunkettle Road is clearly marked running in a northwest direction towards Glanmire. The landscape to the west is occupied by three demesne landscapes that are associated with Dunkettle House, Woodville and Woodlands. To the east there are two demesne landscapes associated with Richmond and Glenville. The recessed entrance into the Dunkettle demesne is present, along with an adjacent gate lodge (also listed in the RPS). To the east a walled garden (associated with Richmond) is present. Further to the north Woodville is shown to the west but the entrance into the demesne does not appear to have a gate lodge. To the east Richmond is shown with outbuildings to the north. It has two entrances from the road, with a recessed entrance and gate lodge to the north (RPS 01305) and a secondary entrance slightly further south. Opposite the gate lodge a terrace of structures front onto the road.

Further north again Woodlands is located to the immediate west of the Dunkettle Road with a walled garden to the south and entrance to the north of the main building. To the east, a terrace of structures are marked fronting onto the roadway.

As the road begins to turn in a westerly direction it passes two entrances into the demesne associated with Glenville. The northern most entrance has a gate lodge. A further dashed track way is marked running from the road in a northerly direction. This travels towards the position of a house marked on the 1811 map, which is no longer extant in this map.

As the road reaches Glanmire Village it passes to the north of an L shaped structure annotated as Glanmire Dispensary. An ornamental garden is marked to the southeast of this structure, whereas a flour mill (and further gardens) are shown to the southwest, adjacent to the River Glashaboy (RPS 00485/ co075‐002001/ niah 20907510). The road then turns north and passes a number of building to the east. Glanmire Bridge is marked as crossing the river and on the western side of the river a terrace of buildings are marked as fronting onto the road (R369). What is now the R369 travels in a south‐westerly direction to the south of Glanmire House (RPS 00472), which has an entrance and gate lodge at the south‐western corner of the demesne.

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By the time of the 1898 OS map, there are a number of changes to note in relation to the proposed scheme. Woodlands has been renamed as Sillanamchy and possesses a different footprint. The terrace of cottages to the east are no longer extant.

To the north of Sillanamchy, a gate lodge and recessed entrance are now marked as present, which provides access to a Rectory, marked further to the west (NIAH 20907513). To the east, Glenville has been renamed as Ballinglanna House.

Within Glanmire Village, the former dispensary has been renamed as Glanmire Lodge. Tennis Grounds are marked as occupying the former ornamental garden to the southeast. There are no other major changes to note within the cartography that relate to the proposed scheme.

Project 15 The Grand Jury map of 1811 that covers this part of the scheme shows a number of properties within the immediate vicinity of the proposed greenway. Riverstown House (RPS 00395/ RMP CO064‐051/ NIAH 20906414) is marked along with Glyntown House to the southwest. The road that runs along the southern boundary of the demesne associated with Riverstown House is also present, along with the East Cliff Road. Structures are marked as fronting onto the roads where the two roads meet.

The first edition OS map of 1841 shows the proposed greenway commencing in the demesne associated with Riverstown House, to the east of the Butlerstown River. Further to the north a mill race is marked as leaving the river and travelling in a south‐ westerly direction to skirt around Rivertown House and pass beneath the Riverstown Road before running into a Flour Mill complex. The proposed route meets the road to the east of the river and then turns west to cross the Copperalley Bridge (NIAH 20906417). It then continues west before turning south along East Cliff Road. A further mill race is marked to the west, which passes beneath the road into the flour mill previously mentioned.

The proposed route then passes in between a group of structures, one of which appears to be a large but unnamed house, before crossing the Glashaboy River and running along the northern bank, which is marked as being planted with trees. It then turns south and crosses the river again to the immediate east of a weir. It travels south through the demesne associated with Glyntown House, which is marked to the east. It then crosses the river on two further occasions before joining the Glanmire Bridge.

By the time of the 1898 OS map, the previously unnamed house to the north of Glanmire Bridge is now named as Riversdale. Its entrance is from the northwest, where a gate lodge is marked adjacent to the Riverstown Road. The mill races are all marked on this map but the flour mill is now marked as ‘disused’. There are no other major changes to note that relate to the proposed scheme.

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Projects 14 and 20 All but the southern section of this scheme is confined to the existing road network. The first edition OS map of 1841 shows the southern section in open green fields, whereas the northern section follows East Cliff Road. This passes structures associated with the distillery to the east of the road and the south of the Bulterstown River (RMP CO075‐003). It also passes to the west of what appears to be extensive gardens associated with Glyntown House. By the time of the 1898 map, a small building annotated as Glyntown Cottage has been established in the garden area and it is marked as being planted with trees.

The short section of East Cliff Road that requires work is marked on all of the OS map editions and forms part of the eastern boundary to the demesne associated with Glyntown House.

Projects 12 and 5 The roads that are now the R639 and the R615 are both marked on the first edition OS map of 1841 and possess a similar footprint as to what exists today. Several small terraces of houses or cottages are marked as fronting onto the R615 and a mill pond is marked to the immediate east of the R639. This is associated with a flour mill that is present further to the south. No bridge is marked within this map as crossing the river, although one is present today. By the time of the 1898 edition, the mill pond is shown as being overgrown and silted up. The mill to the south is marked as being ‘disused’. The cottages that formerly fronting onto the roads have reduced in number.

Projects 6 and 8 The proposed scheme will include a portion of the Riverstown Road, to the south of Riverstown House demesne and a section of East Cliff Road. The first edition OS map of 1841 shows this junction with a flour mill to the southeast and a terrace of structures fronting onto the southern side of the Riverstown Road. The proposed link road runs up the original entrance avenue into Riverstown House demesne. A gate lodge is marked adjacent to the entrance and a walled garden is located to the east of the avenue. There are no major changes to note in the 1898 OS map that relate to the proposed scheme.

Projects 4 and 7 This section of the proposed works is located at the junction of the R639 and the Riverstown Road. The first edition OS map of 1841 shows these road ways as extant at this time. Several buildings are marked as fronting onto the R639 with the area to the east shown as greenfield and the area to the southwest shown as demesne landscape associated with Poulacurry House. Riverstown Bridge is also marked to the east (RPS 00394/ RMP CO064‐111/ NIAH 20906415). By the time of the 1898 mapping, a gravel pit is marked at the southern point of the proposed scheme and the houses in the vicinity have increased slightly in numbers.

Project 13 This section of proposed scheme is also located along the R639. The road is marked on the first edition OS map of 1841, but follows a slightly different alignment, crossing

16 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork the river via a bridge (rather than the modern alignment it follows today). The bridge is not annotated on the map but terraces of cottages are shown fronting onto the western side of the road and a mill pond is marked to the east of the river and the roadway. A Bleach Cloth Mill is annotated to the east of the road and the river (RPS 00389/ RMP CO063‐094). By the time of the 1898 edition, the housing in the area has been reduced and the mill to the south is annotated as Pike Mill (Dyeing). The bridge is now named as the Sallybrook Bridge and what is now the Brook Inn is marked to the immediate northwest of the structure.

Project 10 This section of works involves changes to the R639 and N8, along with the existing roundabout. The road is marked on the first edition OS map of 1841 as skirting the eastern edge of the demesne associated with Lota House (RPS 00477/ RMP CO074‐ 026/ NIAH 20864025). A road across the river estuary is marked to the east, which crosses the river via a small bridge annotated as Dunkellin Bridge. The road does not follow the exact footprint of today’s route as it has been developed due to the construction of the N8. By the time of the 1898 OS map there are no major changes to note with the exception of the construction of a railway line to the south.

3.4 COUNTY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

3.4.1 Archaeological Heritage The Cork Development Plan (2014‐2020) recognises the statutory protection afforded to archaeological sites included within the Record of Monuments and Places and seeks to protect those monuments. Through policies contained in this Development Plan, they seek to ensure the effective protection, conservation and enhancement of archaeological sites, monuments and their settings (See Appendix 3).

There are 14 recorded monuments located within 250m of the proposed schemes that are under assessment and all represent post medieval buildings (Table 2). Of these 10 are also listed as protected structures and nine are listed in the NIAH survey. The closest sites to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (CO064‐111) and Riverstown Bridge (CO075‐048).

Table 2: Recorded Monuments within 250m of the Proposed Schemes RMP No. Townland Classification Legal Dist. from Status Proposed Scheme CO063‐094** Riverstown Cloth mill RMP c. 40m east (Project 13) CO064‐050 Riverstown Ornamental lake RMP c. 125m northeast (Project 8) CO064‐051*** Riverstown County house RMP c. 110m north (Project 15) CO064‐111*** Poulacurry North, Bridge RMP 0m Poulacurry South, (Project 4/7) Riverstown CO075‐003 Ballinglanna Distillery RMP c. 105m east (Project 14)

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CO075‐069* Ballinglanna Coach house RMP c. 15m northwest (Project 14) CO075‐001*** Poulacurry South Cloth mill RMP c. 100m west (Project 15) CO075‐104*** Poulacurry South Church RMP c. 110m west‐ northwest (Project 1) CO075‐048*** Ballinglanna, Bridge RMP 0m Poulacurry South (Project 3) CO075‐ Ballinglanna Corn mill RMP c. 35m southwest 002001*** (Project 9) CO075‐002002 Ballinglanna Lime kiln RMP c. 135m southwest (Project 9) CO075‐ Ballinglanna Architectural RMP c. 115m east 094001/2** fragments (Project 9) CO074‐026*** Lotamore County house RMP c. 125m northwest (Project 10) CO075‐075*** Dunkettle Country house RMP c. 200m southwest (Project 9) *included in the NIAH survey ** listed as an RPS ***listed in both the NIAH survey and RPS

There are no National Monuments or Monuments under Preservation Order within the vicinity of the proposed schemes.

3.4.2 Built Heritage Cork Development Plan (2014‐2020) recognises the statutory protection afforded to all RPS under the Planning and Development Act (2000) and it contains a number of aims and objectives in relation to architectural heritage (Appendix 4).

There are 21 individual or groups of protected structures located within 250m of the proposed schemes (Table 3). Of these 10 are listed as recorded monuments and 15 are listed within the NIAH survey. The closest structures to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (RPS 00483), Riverstown Bridge (RPS 00394) and the original entrance into Richmond demesne (RPS 001305).

Table 3: Protected Structures within 250m of the Proposed Schemes RPS No. Townland Classification Legal Dist. from Proposed Status Scheme 00389** Riverstown Cloth mill RPS c. 45m east (Project 13) 00391* Knocknahorgan RC Church RPS c. 55m west (Project 12) 00395*** Riverstown County house RPS c. 110m north (Project 15) 00394*** Poulacurry North, Bridge RPS 0m Poulacurry South, (Project 4/7) Riverstown

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00484*** Poulacurry South Cloth mill and RPS c. 90m west (Project race 15) 00483*** Ballinglanna, Bridge RPS 0m Poulacurry South (Project 3) 01015/6* Ballinglanna Houses RPS To immediate east (Project 3) 00820 Ballinglanna x6 cottages RPS To immediate east (Project 3) 001305 Dunkettle Entrance RPS 0m (Project 9) 00472 Poulacurry South Country house RPS c. 60m north (Project 1) 00470*** Poulacurry South Church RPS c. 110m west‐ northwest (Project 1) 00485*** Ballinglanna Corn mill RPS c. 35m southwest (Project 9) 00471* Poulacurry South County house RPS c. 125m west (attendant (Project 1) entrance) 01291‐3* Lotamore Former RPS c. 175m west Almshouses (Project 1) 01301** Ballinglanna Gothic Structure RPS c. 115m east (Project 9) 00477*** Lotamore County house RPS c. 130m northwest (attendant (Project 10) chapel) 00493*** Dunkettle Country house RPS c. 200m southwest (Project 9) 01407* Dunkettle Outbuilding RPS c. 150m west (Project 9) 01405* Dunkettle Outbuilding RPS c. 150m west (Project 9) 01406* Dunkettle Gate lodge RPS c. 10m west (Project 9) 00494* Kilcoolishal County house RPS c. 40m northeast (attendant gate (Project 9) lodge) *included in the NIAH survey **listed as an RMP ***Listed as an RMP and included in the NIAH survey

Architectural Conservation Areas (ACAs) An Architectural Conservation Area is defined as ‘A place, area, group of structures or townscape, taking account of building lines and heights, that is of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest or that contributes to the appreciation of a protected structure, and whose character it is an objective of a development plan to preserve.’ (Architectural Heritage Protection Guidelines 2011, 40). Chapter II of Part IV of the Planning and

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Development Act 2000 states that that all development plans must now include objectives for preserving the character of ACAs.

ACAs are subject to statutory protection and are a key architectural heritage constraint. There are no ACAs in or within the vicinity of the proposed schemes.

3.5 NATIONAL INVENTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

3.5.1 Building Survey A review of the architectural survey was undertaken as part of this assessment. An area up to 250m surrounding the proposed schemes was examined in order to identify any buildings of architectural significance. A total of 28 structures are located within the study area (Table 4). Of these, 20 are subject to statutory protection, either as recorded monuments or protected structures (or both).

Table 4: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) structures within 250m of the Proposed Schemes NIAH No. Townland Classification Statutory Dist. from Proposed Protection? Scheme 20906334* Knocknahorgan RC Church Yes c. 55m west (Project 12) 20906335 Riverstown Community No c. 5m southwest centre (Project 4) 20906415*** Poulacurry North, Bridge Yes 0m Poulacurry South, (Project 4/7) Riverstown 20906416 Riverstown House No To the immediate south (Project 6) 20906414*** Riverstown County house Yes c. 110m north (Project 15) 20906417 Brooklodge/ Bridge No 0m Riverstown (Project 15) 20907502** Ballinglanna Outbuilding Yes c. 15m northwest (Project 14) 20907504*** Poulacurry South Mill Yes c. 90m west (Project 15) 20860009* Poulacurry South County house Yes c. 165m west‐ northwest (Project 1) 20860010*** Poulacurry South Church Yes c. 110m west‐ northwest (Project 1) 20860011 Poulacurry South School No c. 130m west‐ northwest (Project 1) 20860017* Poulacurry South Entrance Yes c. 125m west (Project 1) 20860015 Poulacurry South Post office No c. 15m west (Project 1) 20860014‐16* Lotamore Former Yes c. 175m west Almshouses (Project 1) 20907505*** Ballinglanna, Bridge Yes 0m

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NIAH No. Townland Classification Statutory Dist. from Proposed Protection? Scheme Poulacurry South (Project 3) 20907506* Ballinglanna x6 cottages Yes To immediate east (Project 3) 20907507/8* Ballinglanna Houses Yes To immediate east (Project 3) 20907510*** Ballinglanna Mill Yes c. 35m southwest (Project 9) 20907513 Dunkettle Rectory and No Gate lodge to gate lodge immediate west (Project 9) 20907512 Dunkettle Post box No To immediate west (Project 9) 20907509 Ballinglanna County house No c. 170m east‐ northeast (Project 9) 20864024* Lotamore Chapel Yes c. 130m northwest (Project 10) 20864023*** Lotamore County house Yes c. 130m northwest (Project 10) 20907514*** Dunkettle County house Yes c. 200m southwest (Project 9) 20907515* Dunkettle Outbuilding Yes c. 150m west (Project 9) 20907516* Dunkettle Outbuilding Yes c. 150m west (Project 9) 20907517* Dunkettle Gate lodge Yes c. 10m west (Project 9) 20907518* Kilcoolishal Gate lodge Yes c. 40m northeast (Project 9) *listed as an RPS **listed as an RMP ***Listed as an RMP and RPS

3.5.2 Garden Survey The NIAH have carried out a desk‐based survey of identifiable demesnes within County Cork; however, four of the demesnes located within the study area are not included within the survey. As such, this section of the assessment has been supplemented with the analysis of the first edition Ordnance Survey map of County Cork (1841), shows the extent of demesne landscapes as shaded portions of land within the landscape. These were established as a naturalised landscaped setting for the large houses of the landed gentry. Later OS mapping (1898) also indicates demesne extent, although the landscape are not shaded. Not all demesne landscapes are subject to statutory protection. However, where a demesne exists in association with a protected structure (dependant on the preservation of the landscape), this can be considered to be part of the curtilage and as such falls within the remit of the Planning and Development Act 2000.

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A total of 13 designed landscapes have been identified within the vicinity of the proposed schemes during the course of the assessment and are described in Table 5 below. Of the 13 landscapes, a total of 11 retain their principal structures. Of these, five are listed as protected structures and eight are included within the NIAH survey.

Table 5: Designed Landscapes within the study area of the Proposed Schemes Demesne NIAH Garden Townland Additional Comment Name Survey No. Riverstown CO‐80‐W‐ Riverstown & Principal structure survives (included in House 734753 Brooklodge the RMP/RPS). Some tree belts present to demesne Statement of east and west. Demesne highly impacted Condition: on by modern development. Virtually no Project 15 runs through former demesne recognisable and to the south of surviving section of features demesne wall. Riversdale Not included Riverstown All structures have been demolished but demesne demesne planting along the boundaries is still present along with some denude stone demesne walls. Project 15 runs through former demesne. Poulacurry CO‐80‐W‐ Poulacurry The principal structure and gate lodge are House 727748 South present and included in the NIAH survey. demesne Statement of Northern part of demesne developed. The (now Castle Condition: remainder is under mature woodland. Jane) Main features Project 4 is located to the immediate east unrecognisable of the original demesne extents. ‐ peripheral features visible Glanmire Not included Poulacurry The principal structure is present and House South included in the RPS. Whilst a mature belt demesne of trees survives along the eastern boundary the remainder of the demesne has been developed. Modern school development surrounds the main house but the southern demesne wall remains present. Project 1 is located to the immediate south of the demesne. Glyntown CO‐80‐W‐ Ballinglanna The main house is no longer extant, House 732747 although the original stables and coach demesne Statement of house is present and recorded in the RMP Condition: and NIAH. The gate lodge is present along Main features with belts of mature trees and sections of unrecognisable demesne wall. The northern part of the ‐ peripheral demesne has been impacted upon by features visible modern development. Project 14 is located to the immediate east of the demesne, whereas Project 15 will run through the western extents of the original landscape. Glenville Not included Ballinglanna The main house is present and included in

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Demesne NIAH Garden Townland Additional Comment Name Survey No. House the NIAH survey, although the gate lodge demesne is no longer extant. Much of the demesne (now survives, along with sections of the Ballinglanna demesne wall, although planting has been House) lost and farm buildings are located to the east of the main structure. Project 9 will occupy a small section of the western part of the demesne and result in the removal of the entrances to the demesne. Rectory Not included Dunkettle Originally included in the demesne demesne associated with Woodlands, the main rectory building and gate lodge are present and included in the NIAH survey. Today the landscape survives intact. The recessed gate way and gate lodge are located to the immediate west of Project 9. Woodlands CO‐80‐W‐ Dunkettle The main house is extant today (but with a demesne 728739 differing footprint) but the demesne is Statement of shown as larger on the first edition OS Condition: map than the later 25‐inch mapping,. Main features Modern development located in the unrecognisable former walled garden, but much of the ‐ peripheral landscape remains intact. features visible The demesne is located to the immediate west of Project 9. Woodville CO‐80‐W‐ Dunkettle Today part of the main house survives demesne 730734 within a residential development. The Statement of eastern portion of the demesne has been Condition: redeveloped. The western section retains Main features some original character. The gate lodge, as substantially marked on the 25 inch OS map, is present, present ‐ although the original entrance is not. peripheral Based on the results of the field features inspection, the demesne does not appear unrecognisable to have been walled. The demesne is located to the immediate west of Project 9. Dunkettle CO‐80‐W‐ Dunkettle Today the main house, a number of House 733728 outbuildings and gate lodge are present demesne Statement of and recorded in the RPS/ NIAH and RMP. Condition: The principal recessed entrance is also Main features extant. substantially The southern gate lodges were removed present ‐ when the railway was constructed and the peripheral construction of the motorway to the south features has further affected the edge of the unrecognisable demesne. The south‐eastern corner has

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Demesne NIAH Garden Townland Additional Comment Name Survey No. also been truncated by a road. Several new structures have been built in the eastern part of the demesne, but it generally retains much of its original character with open landscapes and belts of mature trees. The demesne is located to the immediate west of Project 9. Richmond CO‐80‐W‐ Dunkettle The main house is extant as is the original demesne 734734 and secondary entrance into the demesne, Statement of the first of which is listed in the RPS. The Condition: eastern section of the demesne has been Virtually no truncated by a motorway and a modern recognisable house occupies the former walled garden. features A large water treatment works in located in the northwest corner of the demesne. The remainder of the landscape remains as open fields, but all demesne planting has disappeared. The western demesne wall is extant but in very poor condition. The eastern side of Project 9 will impact on the original demesne boundary. Lota House CO‐80‐W‐ Lotamore The main house is present and listed in the demesne 725728 RPS/RMP and NIAH. However, the area Statement of surrounding the house has been subject to Condition: development. Some individual and belts of Virtually no trees do survive but none of the recognisable outbuildings. features The demesne is located to the immediate west of Project 10 although the realignment of the road in this area has already impacted upon the edge of the landscape. Factory Hill CO‐80‐W‐ Kilcoolishal The main house present today is early demesne 739729 20th century in date and replaced ‘Factory (now Statement of Hill’. It is included in the RPS and NIAH. Dunsland Condition: Today much of the southern part of the House) Main features demesne contains modern development. unrecognisable However, mature tree belts survive in the ‐ peripheral western part of the landscape and the features visible gate lodge is still present. The corner of the demesne is located c. 40m northeast of Project 9.

3.6 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Inspection of the aerial photographic coverage of the landscapes containing the proposed schemes included data sets held by the Ordnance Survey (1995, 2000, 2005), Google Earth (2002‐2016) and Bing Maps. No previously unrecorded features of archaeological potential were noted within the aerial photographs.

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3.7 COUNTY CORK POST MEDIEVAL HERITAGE SURVEY As part of this assessment, analysis of the above survey was undertaken, which was compiled from 1982 to the 1990s. The survey includes all post medieval structures that are named and shown on the first edition OS map, which also possess visible remains on the third edition OS map.

The survey includes a sample of lime kilns and vernacular houses, where thatch was present.

A selection of the sites were included in the SMR (1988) and RMP (1998) based on three criteria – physical remains worthy of note; buildings/structures in ruins or likely to fall into ruin shortly and all rare or exceptional types were included.

The results of the survey interrogation are given in the below Table 6 (with updates on the condition of sites given where required).

A total of 23 sites/ structures are located within 250m of the proposed schemes, which are included in the survey. Of these, 13 are either included in the RMP and the RPS (or both).

CCPMS Townland Classification & Notes Legal Dist. from No. Status Proposed Scheme 064‐007CH Riverstown Riverstown House – not visited RMP/ RPS c. 110m north but extant. (Project 15) 074‐045CH Lota More Lota House – owned by Brothers RMP/ RPS c. 130m of Charity at time of survey. northwest (Project 10) 074‐049CH Poulacurry Glanmire House – noted as a RPS c. 60m north South school during survey. (Project 1) 075‐009CH Kilcoolish Dunsland House (formerly RPS Gate lodge Factory Hill) – not visited but c. 40m extant. northeast (Project 9) 075‐003CH Dunkettle Dunkettle House. Four gate RPS/ RMP c. 200m lodges noted – only two extant southwest today. (Project 9) 075‐004CH Dunkettle Richmond House. Notes that local Gates in 0m entrance tradition has King James staying RPS. (Project 9) here on returning from Boyne. House not House c. 80m Notes that entrance is known as protected east the ‘King’s Gates’. Possible bee bole noted in one of outhouses. House unlikely to be old enough for visit from King James. 075‐015CH Dunkettle Woodville House – not visited. None c. 250m west Noted as fully rebuilt in 1838 and (Project 9) may be on site of an earlier castle. 075‐002CH Dunkettle Woodlands House – not surveyed None To immediate

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in detail. Different footprint west of Project noted from first edition. 9 075‐005CH Ballinglanna Ballinglanna House (previously Folly is in c. 115m east Glenville). Demesne walls noted RPS/ RMP (Project 9) but not surveyed in detail. A House not three bay, two storey castellated protected ruined folly present in the grounds beside the avenue. Not surveyed in detail. 063‐021PM Poulacurry Rectangular church with apse RMP/RPS c. 110m west‐ South added in 1929. northwest (Project 1) 063‐023PM Poulacurry School House – not visited during None c. 130m west‐ North survey. northwest (Project 1) 064‐006PM Riverstown/ Copperalley Bridge ‐ Humped None 0m Brooklodge back bridge with three medium (Project 15) semi‐circular arches – central arch is larger. Narrow vertical stone coping to wall which is partially later and was heightened into an estate wall for Riverstown Ho. 064‐005PM Poulacurry Riverstown Bridge ‐ on the RMP/ RPS 0m North, upstream side a concrete foot (Project 4/7) Poulacurry bridge has been built aside the South, old bridge, this obscures it from Riverstown view. Five arched bridge with two central larger semi‐circular arches. Not visited by survey team. 074‐022PM Poulacurry Post Office. None c. 15m west South (Project 1) 075‐053PM Dunkettle Glanmire Lodge. Noted as in an None To the ‘abandoned state’ in 1984. immediate south (Project 9) 075‐001PM Riverstown Riverstown Crossroad None Project 15 Settlement: shown on the first passes and third edition OS maps to the through via south of the Flour Mill (075‐ roadway 001IA) and west of a distillery (075:002IA). Very little of the structures shown on the first edition OS map appear to survive. Nothing of great value recorded by the survey team. 075‐041PM Ballinglanna, Glanmire Bridge: three arched RMP/RPS 0m Poulacurry bridge over the Glashboy River, (Project 3) South one arch over the mill race (flour mill). Central arch much larger

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creating a steep humpback. Cut voussoirs present and angled breakwaters at base of piers. 075‐042PM Ballinglanna, Glynstown Bridge: Not visited by None 0m Riverstown survey team. (Project 14) 063‐007IA Ballincrossig Corn Mill: all that remains is the None c. 70m stone‐lined mill race and a wheel southeast pit. A corner of a structure is (Project 5) present to the southwest of the race which probably maintains boundary. Mill stream still flowing. No remaining foundations survive although area quite overgrown. No longer extant today. 063‐008IA Riverstown Bleach & Cloth Mill: Built in early RMP/RPS c. 45m east and later 19th century. Previous (Project 13) owned by Water Proof Co. Ltd. Built of random rubble construction – gable ended building. Mill burnt by vandals in 1991. Mill wheel and pit was c. 20’ diameter iron made by Perrots. Turbine installed in 1938. Mill in family since 1926. It had recently ceased functioning as a mill at the time of the survey. The mill pond and race survive and the whole complex was in general good repair during initial visit in the 1980s. 075‐001IA Riverstown Flour Mill: No structures shown None To immediate on all editions of the OS map south and east appear to survive. The area was a of Project 15 modern timber yard in 1984 upon inspection. Now fully developed. 075‐002IA Ballinglanna Distillery: most of the buildings in RMP c. 105m east the distillery complex appear to (Project 14) have been destroyed. One large building survives to the east high on a ridge with is locally called the maltings (random rubble limestone construction) while another building survives adjacent to the stream (used as a garage). Mill appears to have been demolished and replaced by a lorry park. 075‐004IA Ballinglanna Flour Mill: Built in late 18th C and RMP/RPS c. 35m early 19th C. owned by Punch in southwest 1920s. According to one of the (Project 9)

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workers the mill was initially constructed in 1780s. The condition of the present buildings was good in 1984 but there had been a fire in the 1960s – largely reconstructed at rear as a result. Small portion of the sluice gate surviving to the north of the mill wheel.

3.8 FIELD INSPECTION The field inspection sought to assess the schemes, the previous and current land use, the topography and any additional information relevant to the report. During the course of the field investigation the proposed schemes and their immediate surrounding environs were inspected.

Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 The southern section of the Dunkettle Road was realigned in the past as it now passes beneath the M8 via an underpass. As such there is no historic fabric present bordering the road for the first 400m and the properties that flank the road are modern (Figure 3a‐3c).

Eastern and Northern Sides Due to the realignment of the road (after the initial 400m of realignment), the eastern boundary wall is characterised by a modern stone wall that forms the western boundary to a plot containing a modern residence (within what was the southern portion of Richmond demesne) (Plate 1). This has an overall length of c. 105m and includes part of a boundary wall to a further new residence to the immediate north. The northern and eastern boundary walls to this plot are formed by the original walled garden and are just visible beyond the modern walling.

The modern wall runs into an original section of demesne wall associated with Richmond demesne, which survives to an approximate height of 1.75m but is very overgrown. This is a random rubble and mortar limestone wall that is unlikely to survive to full height (Plate 2). This section is c. 20m in length.

The next section of demesne wall along the eastern side of the road is also associated with Richmond Demesne. A c. 305m stretch of demesne wall is present in very poor condition. Much of the wall has collapsed into the field to the immediate east and has been completely removed in places (Plates 3‐5). Where the wall does survive (to a max. height of c. 1m) it consists of random rubble and mortar limestone. The wall is likely to date to the later part of the 18th century and be contemporary with Richmond House.

Richmond House itself is located c. 80m east of the proposed scheme and consists of a house dating to the later part of the 18th century. It is a five‐bay, two‐storey structure with a hipped replacement slate roof and flanking single‐storey, two‐bay

28 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork wings. The structure appears to be rendered, with a later lean‐to entrance porch and replacement window fittings.

To the west of the main house and marked within the historic mapping is a secondary entrance to Richmond demesne. This survives today on the eastern side of the Dunkettle Road but in poor condition. The gate piers are defined by snecked limestone masonry blocks with curving masonry coping stones. The pillars are c. 2.5m high, with a pair of wrought iron gates, that do not appear to be original (Plates 6‐7) The section of demesne wall adjoining the southern pillar survives to a height of 2m, but it is unlikely that the remaining demesne wall possessed this height. There appears to be a blocked pedestrian entrance to the north of the north pillar and then the walling has been removed to facilitate a wider entrance to the existing farm.

To the north of the modern gap, there is another c. 140m of denuded demesne wall associated with Richmond demesne. It survives in better condition than the wall to the south but does not differ in build characteristic (Plate 8).

At the termination of this wall is the original recessed, gated entrance into Richmond demesne (RPS 01305) (Plate 9). The gated entrance is in very poor condition and with much of the northern side of the gateway overgrown. It generally consists of a vehicular entrance flanked by two walls containing pedestrian entrances. The main pillars are of limestone ashlar masonry with inset limestone blocks of a lighter colour, which sit on a moulded base with ornate capitals (c. 5m high) (Plate 10). The flanking walls, also in ashlar, contain square headed pedestrian opes with keystones and relieved ashlar blocks. The original wrought iron gates are present, although in very poor condition (Plate 11). The curving recessed walls of the entrance are over 2m high and are of random rubble limestone and mortar construction (Plate 12). No evidence was noted of the gate lodge that is marked to the south of the entrance within the historic mapping.

The next c. 180m of walling along the eastern side of the Dunkettle Road consist of modern stone wall, likely built at the same time as the water treatment works that occupies this section of the former demesne associated with Richmond demesne. In close proximity to the junction of the road that forms the northern boundary to the demesne, a short section of random rubble walling is present as a boundary to a garden associated with a modern bungalow (13m long, 1.25m high). To the north of this is a section of rendered walling associated with a vernacular house, which will be demolished as part of the proposed scheme (Plate 13). The building is likely to date to the late 18th or early 19th century and consists of a three‐bay, two storey house with replacement pitched slate roof and twin gable end chimneys. The structure is rendered, with moulded cement voussoirs and architraves around the windows and doors. It is probable that the rendered garden boundary wall is modern. To the immediate north is a heavily modified single‐storey, three bay vernacular cottage that once formed part of a terrace marked on the first edition (Plate 14).

To the north of the junction is a poorly preserved section of demesne wall associated with Ballinglanna House, which is likely to be 18th century in date and contemporary

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 29 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork with the construction of the house (Plate 15). The wall is 45m long and has collapsed in places. It has a maximum height of 1.2m and is of random rubble limestone and mortar construction. The wall leads up to an entrance marked within the historic mapping. The entrance itself has been replaced with modern pillars and gates. The wall to the north of the entrance has been retained in good condition, with a height of 1.5m. It is of random limestone rubble and mortar construction with rubble coping stones (Plate 16).

The gated entrance into Ballinglanna House is modern and situated in closer proximity to the Dunkettle Road than the original entrance. A gate lodge was originally situated to the north of the new entrance, but this is no longer extant. Demesne walls are set back from the new entrance and run in a northerly direction, but survive in poor condition. To the west of the new gateway is a further gated entrance that defined by two square pillars (c. 2.4m high) of snecked, dressed, limestone blocks, capped by shallow pyramidal coping stones (Plate 17). This gate way is indicated on the first edition OS map and later 25 inch map. It is possible that it may represent the entrance to a house located further to the north that is indicated on the 1811 Jury mapping but not present on the first edition. The wrought strap iron gate do not appear to the original. Sections of demesne wall with rubble coping stones survive either side of the entrance.

Rather than follow the existing Dunkettle Road around to the northwest the proposed scheme will remove sections of the demesne wall and gated entrances (associated with Ballinglanna House) that are described above with a realigned road running northwest to the northeast of the existing road. Here the landscape is defined by a valley and a stream that runs along the northern side of the road (Plates 18 and 19). The proximity of the stream and the valley lends archaeological potential to this section of the landscape due to the elevated ground and the presence of a watercourse.

Where the Dunkettle Road turns in a westerly direction, it is bordered to the north by c. 230m of stone walling that has been poorly reconstructed and repointed and is overgrown in places. The wall has an average height of 1m, but this varies slightly along its length. It is of random rubble limestone masonry (Plate 20) and possibly represents a number of phases of construction.

As the road (and the proposed scheme) turns north into Glanmire, the stone wall on the northern and eastern side of the road becomes a rubble revetting wall as the ground to the north rises at this location. The wall is very overgrown with vegetation. To the north of the wall is a modern house adjoining a highly modified vernacular structure. North of this are the semi‐detached houses that are listed as protected structures (RPS 01015/6). The buildings survive in reasonable condition, with rendered boundary walls defining the boundary between their plots and the Dunkettle Road (Plate 21). No walling is present to the north of the houses and their plots. However, to the immediate east of the Glanmire Bridge, a vernacular property is present that is currently in use as a bank (Plate 22). The building has been modified

30 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork and likely represents two former houses merged into one building. Little of the original form remains.

To the immediate north of the bank are a terrace of six uninhabited cottages that are also listed as protected structures (RPS 00820). The cottages are concealed behind a very overgrown boundary hedge (Plate 23) and whilst they retain their roofs, they are in poor condition. To the north of the cottages, modern residential development is present and no historic boundaries were identified.

Western and Southern sides A high boundary wall surrounding Dunkettle demesne exists along the western side of the southern limit of the Dunkettle Road. The principal structure for this demesne is protected as a recorded monument (RMP CO075‐075) and a protected structure (RPS 00493). The wall consists of a roughly coursed limestone rubble wall measuring c. 1.5–1.8m in height. It abuts the main entranceway to the demesne. The main entrance comprises of a wide recessed wall, capped with peaked coping stones (Plate 24). The central gated carriage access is flanked by pedestrian gates (Plate 25). Three substantial pillars border the carriage gateway and bracket the splayed wall to the south. They are formed of ashlar limestone blocks and measure c. 2.2m in height. Two shorter pillars (c. 2m in height) of similar construction flank the pedestrian gates on the either side of the carriage way. The entrance gates are ornate iron work in good condition. The northern limit of the entrance wall has been damaged (possibly by traffic collision) and a matching pillar to that at the south is no longer present. A crash barrier has been erected at this spot to prevent further damage. The original gate lodge is located immediately within the entrance gate to the south. It is abandoned and in a dilapidated state (Plate 26). The lodge is a Protected Structure (RPS 01406).

To the north of the entrance to Dunkettle the demesne wall continues uninterrupted for c. 40m at which point a modern splayed gate has been inserted. The low wall appears to reuse some of the stone from the original demesne wall.

The remainder of the Dunkettle demesne wall (c. 230m) survives in small segments of original wall, repaired wall and modern interventions. Overall the condition of the wall where it survives is moderately well preserved (Plate 27). Where modern walls or gates are inserted they comprise concrete blockwork or stone faced wall.

The northeast corner of the demesne is present between modern properties and consists of c. 2m high roughly coursed wall with a return running to the west. No pillars or cut stone are present. The wall has been slightly damaged to the south as the upper courses have been removed. The northern boundary wall of the demesne extends west from the road in a similarly poorly preserved state with partial collapse of the upper courses (Plate 28).

Modern concrete block walls and entrances for single residential plots extend for the next 230m on the western side of the road and there is no surviving trace of a former demesne boundary associated with Woodville House. The original entrance location for Woodville is now a re‐landscaped modern entrance to a housing estate. The

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 31 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork original lodge building, shown at the northeast corner of the park boundary on the historic maps, is present and remains known as Woodville Lodge (Plate 29). The two‐ storey vernacular cottage has a pitched roof with a chimney at the north gable. The door is situated on the southern gable wall, overset by a small window ope, facing the original entranceway for the demesne. The eastern façade contains two squat window opes at ground floor level and one at first floor level.

The gate lodge for Woodville is abutted by a short terrace of three single storey vernacular cottages and a two storey farmhouse known now as Woodlands Cottage. These buildings are situated within the southeast corner of the former demesne for Woodlands House and are shown on the first edition OS map. Woodlands Cottage is a substantial building that has been extended over the years. There are only three small squat window opes facing the roadway (eastern façade) on differing levels, indicative of the extension. Two large double chimneys are situated centrally and at the north gable and a further single chimney stack is present on the eastern wall.

To the north of Woodlands Cottage the former eastern boundary wall associated with Woodlands demesne survives as a 1.2m high roughly coursed structure for a stretch of c. 50m. A section of the wall has been removed to provide access to the field. This section of wall has been reduced in height at some point, perhaps due to collapse, as the northern section displays its full original height at c. 2m. A modern house (Broomhill) has a splayed modern entrance which appears to have reused stone from the removed section of demesne wall. To the south of this entrance a short section of the demesne wall has been repaired and repointed in places (Plate 30).

To the north again is an entrance to a house (formerly Woodlands), which is likely to be early 20th century in date and constructed in the Arts and Crafts style. The low recessed wall is rendered and painted. The entrance reflects the avenue shown on the first edition mapping but the structure is a later addition. The 25‐inch OS map shows that by the late 19th century Woodlands House had been replaced by Sillanamachy House and it is this building that remains today. The house appears to have been extended over various periods. Only two windows front onto the road, one at ground level and one at first floor level (Plate 31).

A vernacular farmhouse, shown on the first edition OS is present to the immediate north of this building. It is slightly set back from the road and comprises part single storey and part two‐storey L‐shaped building. The window opes are small and squat indicating its age; however the house has been subject to renovation (Plate 32). Modern high gate pillars have been inserted into the original boundary wall, however a short section of 2m high wall survives wrapping around the house. The unaltered section of the wall comprises of roughly coursed limestone rubble capped with lintel stones.

A brick built gate lodge, associated with Glanmire Rectory, is present in good condition to the north of the vernacular structure. The Edwardian building (built c. 1900) is recorded in the NIAH survey (Ref.: 20907513) as retaining its original character in features such as decorative ridge tiles and timber bargeboards. The

32 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork building has been renovated with velux windows in the roof and now functions as a private residence. The gate lodge is shown on the 25‐inch OS map for the first time and is accompanied by a wide splayed brick walled entrance (Plate 33).

A cast‐iron post box is set into the northern pillar of this entrance, marked in the Edward VII and crown insignia. This is also recorded in the NIAH Survey (20907512) and recorded as c. 1905 date. The later Saorstat Eireann and harp emblem is also cast in relief to door (Plate 34).

The original Woodlands demesne boundary wall was partially removed to facilitate construction of the gate lodge. To the north of the rectory entrance a heavily denuded section of the original boundary wall survives to varying heights of c. 0.7– 1.2m (Plate 35). Due to the nature of the topography and the sunken nature of the road a section of the wall has been replaced by a modern retaining wall (c. 75m in length). Evidence of the collapsed original stone wall is visible in the field behind the current wall. A further short section of the original wall (c. 2m in height) survives for c. 10–15m before the modern retaining wall is again present. Within the northwest corner of the parkland associated with the rectory pedestrian gate has been inserted with two brick pillars. The gate appears to be contemporary with the construction of the gate lodge. The line of the original Woodlands Demesne boundary wall continues west of this gate. It is heavily denuded and partially collapsed in places; and survives as a repaired wall c. 1m in height.

A large house is situated along the northern boundary of the Woodlands demesne at the junction with a local access road. The building is situated at the site of Glanmire Dispensary on the first edition OS map, later named as Glanmire Lodge in the later part of the 19th century. The current building, still known as Glanmire Lodge, has been subject to renovation in the latter 20th century (Plate 36).

To the north of this house a laneway extends westwards. The lane marks the townland boundary between Dunkettle to the south and Ballinglanna in the north. A high (2m+) wall lines the lane to the north and this continues around the boundary of the former Flour Mill and The Fountains House. The wall curves around with the bend in the road leading into the village. This wall is in good condition and comprises of roughly coursed limestone rubble construction (Plate 37). A line of mature trees border the wall to the north. A recessed entranceway for The Fountains, which appears on the first edition OS map, is also present. The wall curves from the roadway to join with a wrought iron gate. The wall is rendered and painted but it appears to represent the original entranceway.

A low stone boundary wall runs between the entrance to The Fountains and Glanmire Bridge for a distance of c. 60m. It is a well‐made wall in good condition, measuring c. 1.2m in height. It comprises rough courses of limestone blocks (no cut stone) and rubble, some of which have been set in a vertical manner. The wall is capped by a curving coping stones (Plate 38).

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At Glanmire Bridge, the proposed scheme crosses the River Glashaboy and will involve the construction of a new bridge to the north of the existing structure. The existing structure is a recorded monument and protected structure (RMP CO075‐048, RPS 00483) and consists of three spans that cross the river and a further span that crosses a mill race associated with the mill to the south (Plate 39). To the north of the bridge the western river bank directly abuts a road, as does the eastern bank. However, there is a narrow instream island present that defines the river from the mill race to the east. This area is very overgrown (Plate 40). The presence of the river lends archaeological potential to the landscape, although the banks of the channel have been modified due to the presence of the existing road infrastructure.

To the west and south of the Glanmire Bridge the proposed scheme follows the existing road (R639). The eastern and southern side of the road is defined by a low random limestone rubble wall with numerous sections removed to provide access into modern commercial and residential development. The western side of the road to the southwest of the bridge is characterised by a terrace of modified vernacular structures including houses and a pub (Plate 41). None of these are protected or included in the NIAH.

To the southwest of the terrace the remaining northern side of the road is defined by the original demesne wall associated with Glanmire House. The house, which is present and a protected structure (RPS 00472), is now located within a school complex set back to the north of the road (Plate 42). The demesne wall appears to represent a number of construction phases or alterations. The south‐eastern section survives to a height of c. 2.2m and is of random limestone and mortar. A blocked pedestrian entrance defined by red brick reveals was noted (Plate 43). The section of the wall to the south of the main house contains three phases, with random rubble masonry, topped by 4‐5 courses of yellow brick, which is then topped by further random rubble (Plate 44). This would suggest that the wall was reconstructed in the past. The original entrance to the demesne has been replaced with a modern school entrance.

Church Hill road bounds the western side of the demesne associated with Glanmire House. Here the demesne wall remains intact on the eastern side of the road. The western boundary of the road is characterised by sections of stone walling with sections replaced with modern concrete blocks and modern entrances. The road to the west of the junction of the R639 and Church Hill is flanked by terraces of vernacular structures to the north and south.

Project 15 The proposed greenway commences along an existing footpath that runs to the east of a north‐south aligned stream, within the grounds of a school (Figure 3d, 3e and 3c). This is located within the former demesne associated with Riverstown House (Plate 45). The footpath joins an existing road to the east of Copperalley Bridge (NIAH 20906417). The proposed scheme turns west at this point and crosses the bridge before joining the main road, which also forms the southern boundary to Riverstown House demesne. Copperalley Bridge is a three‐arched structure in good condition

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(Plate 46). The northern parapet wall has been heightened, presumably during the later part of the 18th century when the demesne associated with the house was established. The original parapet wall and boundary wall is clearly discernible within the demesne wall, which has an overall height of 2m and is of random limestone rubble construction (Plate 47).

Approximately 35m west of Copperalley Bridge is the entrance into Riverstown House (Plate 48). This is not the original entrance as depicted within the historic mapping but appears to contain elements of the original entrance relocated to this position, including the gate pillars of limestone ashlar masonry with decorative capitals. It is probable that these pillars, along with an adjacent wall of snecked masonry, were located at the main entrance avenue c. 180m to the west.

The next 180m of the boundary along the northern side of the road is formed by sections of the original demesne wall. Sections have been removed or modified as part of modern residential developments along this side of the road. This includes the original walled garden, where the main wall survives to the west, north and east. The section of wall varies in height due to modifications but is generally 2m high. Most of the wall is random rubble construction, but some sections are roughly coursed. At the southeast corner of the walled garden a section of survives to at least 4m (Plate 49). The wall has been modified but its purpose is not clear. No structures are shown here within the historic mapping.

At the location of the original entrance into Riverstown demesne, a link road is proposed (project 8). No historic fabric survives at the entrance and whilst a rough roadway runs up the avenue, which is flanked by some mature trees, a large amount of rubbish has been dumped in the area (Plate 50). The wall of the walled garden survives to the east and south of the avenue.

At the junction with the East Cliff Road the proposed scheme turns south. It should be noted that no historic fabric is present along the southern side of the Riverstown Road due to the presence of a modern sports ground. A highly modified vernacular pub is present on the south‐eastern side of the junction.

As the scheme travels south, it passes to the west of the site of a former flour mill, which has no upstanding remains. The boundary along this side of the road is formed by an overgrown hedgerow. The northern part of the western boundary is a modern concrete block wall. However, the southern section consists of c. 85m of wall originally associated with Riverdale demesne. The main house and outbuildings were originally located to the immediate west of the wall but these are no longer extant. The wall has been modified in the past and some blocked pedestrian opes were noted. The wall is of roughly coursed limestone masonry and survives to an average height of 2m (Plate 51). A section of the wall is will removed as part of the scheme.

The proposed greenway will then cross the Glashaboy River (Plate 52) before following an existing footpath for c. 300m before crossing the river again in a southerly direction. The proposed scheme will then travel through the former

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 35 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork demesne landscape associated with Glyntown House, parallel to the river, and via an existing path. The route will travel around a sports ground (also within the demesne). The presence of the river lends archaeological potential to the landscape. The route will then cross the river on two further occasions, crossing an area of disturbed ground and through a Cork County Council water treatment facility, before joining with the new proposed bridge to the north of Glanmire Bridge.

Projects 14 and 20 The southern section of the proposed scheme runs through a modern suburban development and as such no areas of archaeological potential or historic fabric is present in the landscape (Figure 3d, 3e and 3c). The scheme then joins the East Cliff Road where it travels in a northerly direction to the east of the original demesne associated with Glyntown House. A section of the original demesne wall has been removed to the west of the road to facilitate modern development. However, to the north of the development, a poorly preserved wall is present that runs along the western side of the road and as the road descends the slope towards the Butlerstown River, the wall functions as a revetting structure (Plates 53‐54). The wall, which has been repaired in place, is in reasonable condition, with a maximum height of 2.8m and an overall length of 220m. It is of random limestone rubble masonry.

The scheme will pass to the west of the site of the recorded distillery (RMP CO075‐ 003) before crossing the Butlerstown River. A ruined three‐storey house is located adjacent to the road at the entrance into the former distillery (Plate 55). To the north of the entrance is a rubble stone wall that runs to Glyntown Bridge, which crosses the Butlerstown River. The bridge possesses three arched spans but is very overgrown (Plate 56).

To the north of the bridge the road is bordered to the west by the demesne wall originally associated with Riversdale (described in Project 15). There is no historic fabric present along the eastern side of the road.

Project 20 involves the slight widening of the East Cliff Road. At this location the road once ran through the demesne associated with Glyntown House. However, random limestone rubble walls are present either side of the road. The walls, which survive in reasonable condition have a height of c. 1m. Further to the north, the walls are more substantial, having a height of 2m.

Projects 12 and 5 This section of the proposed scheme consists of existing road infrastructure (Figure 3f). A low random rubble limestone borders the eastern side of the R639 at this location, whereas a slightly taller wall of similar construction is present on the western side of the road at the junction with the R615. To the north of this junction is the entrance and stone boundary walls associated with the RC Church, which is a protected structure (RPS 00391). The church itself is set back on top of an eastern facing hill. The southern section of the proposed scheme is characterised by modern development and a modern bridge crossing the river. No other features of historic interest were noted in this area during the field inspection.

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Projects 6 and 8 The proposed scheme will include a portion of the Riverstown Road, to the south of Riverstown House demesne and a section of East Cliff Road. This area is described within Project 15 (Figure 3d).

Projects 4 and 7 The area containing this section of works has been developed due to the widening of the road at the existing junction of the Riverstown Road and the R639 (Figure 3d). As such, very little historic fabric remains with the majority of boundary treatments being modern in origin. The only exception is a terrace of vernacular structures on the north‐eastern side of the junction and a low section of random rubble boundary wall along the southern side of the Riverstown Road at the approach to the junction.

Riverstown Bridge is present to the east of Project 4 and consists of a narrow bridge crossing the Glashaboy River (Plate 57). It is a protected structure and a recorded monument (RMP CO064‐111/ RPS 00394). It has four arches spans and a modern footbridge is located to the immediate north of the structure. As with Copperalley Bridge, the original parapet walls of the bridge (and the road boundary walls to the west) have been heightened in the past but the original height of the walls is visible in the masonry (Plate 58).

Project 13 The existing section of the R639 that contains this project has been realigned in the past and a modern bridge structure crosses the River Glashaboy and is immediate adjacent to the bridge that is marked on the historic mapping (Figure 3g). Due to the realignment of the road, all of the boundaries treatments are modern. The only exception is the Brook Inn, which is a late 19th century modified vernacular public house, located on the western side of the road, adjacent to the original bridge position. The random rubble walls to the front of the structure are original, as is the bridge parapet wall on the western side of the original bridge.

Project 10 The presence of the Tivoli Roundabout at the location of this project has already impacted upon the landscape (Figure 3h). The boundary wall now associated with Lota House demesne has been replaced by modern boundary treatments and as such no historic fabric was identified in the area.

3.9 CONCLUSIONS The road and pedestrian projects that are proposed in the Glanmire area consist of multiple schemes that will result in a mixture of road widening projects; provision of pedsetrian access and a greenway that will run from Riverstown to Glanmire. The study area is currently a busy suburban area with frequent traffic movements and restricted pesdestrian access.

There is a total of 14 recorded monuments located within 250m of the proposed schemes. These sites/ structures are all post medieval in date and of the sites, ten are

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD 37 Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork listed as protected structures. The closest sites to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (CO064‐111) and Riverstown Bridge (CO075‐048).

A review of the relevant Local Authority development plan has revealed that there are 21 individual or groups of protected structures located within 250m of the proposed schemes. Of these, ten are listed as recorded monuments and 15 are included in the NIAH survey. The closest structures to the proposed schemes consist of Glanmire Bridge (RPS 00483), Riverstown Bridge (RPS 00394) and the original entrance into Richmond demesne (RPS 001305).

There are no National Monuments or Monuments under Preservation Order, or Architectural Conservation Areas within the vicinity of the proposed schemes.

A total of 28 structures listed within the NIAH survey are located within 250m of the proposed scheme. Of these, 20 are subject to statutory protection, either as recorded monuments or protected structures (or both).

A review of the NIAH garden survey and historic OS mapping has shown that there are multiple designed landscapes located within the study area of the proposed schemes. The landscapes vary in terms of condition as some have lost their principal structures and others have been highly developed. Where the landscapes do survive to some degree, associated built remains, such as demesne walls are extant; however, these elements have been affected, in some cases, by modern replacements or lack of maintenance.

A review of the Excavations Bulletin (1970‐2016) has shown that despite the developed nature of the landscape, only a limited programme of works have been carried out within the study area of the proposed scheme. Nothing of archaeological significance has been identified to date.

A review of the historic mapping shows that the landscape containing the proposed schemes, throughout the post medieval period, was dominated by designed landscapes and industrial activity centred on the watercourses, such as mills. The historic mapping shows that the landscape was formerly greenfields with scattered settlement in the form of vernacular terraces centred on Glanmire and Riverstown. It is likely that the majority of the structures shown within the mapping provided homes for workers employed within the demesnes and the mills that occupied the area. Many of the structures have since been removed. Where post medieval structures survive, a number are listed as protected structures or within the NIAH building survey. However, a number do survive that are not protected. In these cases, the structures have been modified and have lost much of their architectural merit.

A review of the County Cork Post Medieval Heritage Survey has also been carried out, which was undertaken during the 1980s and 90s. A total of 23 sites/ structures are located within 250m of the proposed schemes, which are included in the survey. Of these, 13 are either included in the RMP and the RPS (or both). The remainder, where extant, have been noted within this assessment.

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A field inspection has been carried out as part of this assessment. As the proposed schemes are, for the most part, confined to the existing road network, no specific sites of archaeological potential were identified. However, where works are located in close proximity to watercourses, such as streams and the Glashaboy and Butlerstown Rivers, the landscapes can be considered as possessing archaeological potential.

Multiple built heritage sites have been identified during the course of the assessment and the field inspection. Whilst some of these structures are included in the RPS and NIAH, a number of additional structures were identified. Many of these are represented by historic walls associated with demesne landscapes that characterise the landscape. A number of vernacular terraces and structures have also been identified, the majority of which have been modified in the past. Some of the proposed projects are located within areas that have already been subject to change in terms of road widening. As such, little or no historic fabric survives in these areas.

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4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION STRATEGY

Impacts can be identified from detailed information about a project, the nature of the area affected and the range of archaeological resources potentially affected. Archaeological sites can be affected adversely in a number of ways: disturbance by excavation, topsoil stripping; disturbance by vehicles working in unsuitable conditions; and burial of sites, limiting access for future archaeological investigation. Upstanding archaeology can be affected adversely by direct damage or destruction arising from development, from inadvertent damage arising from vibration, undermining etc. and also by indirect impacts to a building’s visual setting, view or curtilage.

4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

4.1.1 Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16

 The western side of the Dunkettle Road will be maintained as part of the proposed schemes. As such, the demesne walls (that survive) that are associated with Dunkettle House and Woodlands, will remain in‐situ. This includes the principal entrance into Dunkettle House (protected structure). The vernacular terrace on the western side of the road will also be preserved, along with the red brick recessed entrance to The Rectory.

 As part of the proposed road realignment, a large portion of the denuded demesne wall associated with Richmond demesne will be adversely impacted upon due to its removal to facilitate the road widening. This includes the secondary entrance to the demesne and part of the recessed main entrance, which is a protected structure.

 As part of the road realignment there will be an adverse impact on a modified vernacular house and vernacular cottage on the eastern side of the Dunkettle Road. This will be caused by the demolition of the structures.

 As part of the road realignment, sections of the demesne wall associated with Ballinglanna House will be subject to negative adverse impacts due to their removal as part of the proposed scheme. This includes the gated entrance to the west of the entrance into Ballinglanna House and the more recent entrance into Ballinglanna House.

 As part of the proposed scheme an area of greenfield will be impacted upon to the north of the existing Dunkettle Road. It is possible that ground works associated with the proposed scheme may impact on buried features of archaeological potential that may survive beneath the current ground level with no surface expression.

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 The proposed scheme will involve the removal of a section of stone‐built wall along the northern edge of the Dunkettle Road. The wall is poorly preserved, having been affected by the insertion of modern entrances.

 The proposed scheme will result in a direct and adverse impact on the boundary wall associated with the semi‐detached houses that are listed as protected structures in Glanmire village.

 Glanmire Bridge, which is a protected structure and a recorded monument, will be retained as part of the proposed schemes. However, a new bridge will be erected to the north of the existing structure, which will have an adverse indirect impact on the setting of the existing bridge.

 Furthermore, it is possible that the construction of the new bridge may adversely impact on archaeological deposits or artefacts that have the potential to survive within the island that separates the Glashaboy River from the mill race.

 To the west of Glanmire Bridge, the realignment of pedestrian access will result in an adverse impact on the demesne wall associated with Glanmire House (protected structure). The wall will be removed as part of the proposed works.

4.1.2 Project 15

 The proposed greenway is generally very low impact as it will utilise a large amount of existing infrastructure and generally boundary treatments etc will not be impacted upon. Four new bridges across the Glashaboy River will be required as part of the scheme. No impacts upon the possible archaeological resource directly related to the river channel are predicted.

 Construction of the greenway within greenfield areas adjacent to the river has the potential to adversely impact on archaeological features or deposits that survive beneath the current ground level with no surface expression.

4.1.3 Projects 14 and 20

 This scheme will involve the provision of pedestrian access within existing modern residential estates and along the East Cliff Road. A short section of the East Cliff Road will also be widened. No adverse impact are predicted upon the archaeological or built heritage resource.

4.1.4 Projects 12 and 5

 The entrance to the RC Church (protected structure) will be maintained as part of the proposed scheme. The rubble walling at the junction of the R639

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and R615 will also be maintained. No adverse impact are predicted upon the archaeological or built heritage resource.

4.1.5 Projects 6 and 8

 Although this area is already somewhat disturbed, it is possible that ground disturbances associated with the upgrade of the former entrance avenue into Riverstown House, may adversely impact on archaeological features or deposits that have the potential to survive beneath the current ground level with no surface expression.

No other adverse impacts are predicted upon the archaeological and architectural heritage resource.

4.1.6 Projects 4 and 7

 No adverse impacts are predicted upon the archaeological and architectural heritage resource as a result of these schemes going ahead. Riverstown Bridge (protected structure/ recorded monument), will not be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed works.

4.1.7 Project 13

 No adverse impacts are predicted upon the archaeological and architectural heritage resource as a result of this scheme going ahead.

4.1.8 Project 10

 No adverse impacts are predicted upon the archaeological and architectural heritage resource as a result of this scheme going ahead.

4.2 MITIGATION

4.2.1 Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16

 It is recommended that following the removal of the remains of the demesne wall associated with Richmond, that a replacement wall be constructed to form the boundary between the demesne and the new road. The wall should be of random rubble construction, re‐using the stone on site if possible. In addition, the gate pillars associated with the secondary entrance should be relocated and re‐used at the new entrance into the house.

Sample panels of the proposed wall construction should be carried out in advance of works with the chosen example agreed with the Architectural Conservation Officer of Cork County Council.

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The recessed entrance associated with the protected former principal entrance into Richmond should be incorporated into the scheme. Due to the poor condition of the gateway, this area should be cordoned off during construction works and a condition survey should be carried out prior to works proceeding in order to ensure that vibration from the proposed works does not lead to the collapse of the walls.

The works should be carried out in full consultations with the Architectural Conservation Officer of Cork County Council.

 It is recommended that a written and photographic record is made of the interior and exterior of the two structures that will be demolished on the eastern side of the Dunkettle Road. This should be carried out by a suitably qualified historic buildings specialist.

 At Ballinglanna, due to the presence of the proposed four‐armed junction, it is unlikely that the demesne walls that will be impacted upon can be reconstructed as new boundary treatments. However, where possible random rubble stones walls should be established as road boundaries in order to maintain the character of the area.

Sample panels of the proposed wall construction should be carried out in advance of works with the chosen example agreed with the Architectural Conservation Officer of Cork County Council.

 It is recommended that all topsoil stripping within the footprint of the newly aligned Dunkettle Road is subject to archaeological monitoring. This should be carried out by a suitably qualified archaeologist with full provision made available for the resolution of any archaeological remains that may be identified, should that be deemed the appropriate manner in which to proceed.

 No further mitigation is deemed necessary in relation to the northern boundary wall along the Dunkettle Road or the boundary walls to the west of the protected structures in Glanmire. The removal of same will not impact on the character of the structures.

 It is recommended that a full measured and photographic survey be carried out of the northern elevation of Glanmire Bridge, prior to the erection of the new bridge. This should include the setting of the structure and be carried out by a suitably qualified historic buildings specialist and surveyor.

 It is recommended if disturbance is required as part of the new bridge (at Glanmire) within the island separating the mill race from the Glashaboy River, that an underwater archaeological assessment be carried out along the relevant section of the river to be impacted upon. This should be carried out

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under licence to the DoCHG and may result in further archaeological mitigation, such as preservation in‐situ or by record and/or monitoring.

 It is recommended that, where possible, the demesne wall associated with Glanmire House, be rebuilt in order to help maintain the overall character of the area.

Sample panels of the proposed wall construction should be carried out in advance of works with the chosen example agreed with the Architectural Conservation Officer of Cork County Council.

4.2.2 Project 15

 No in channel works or riverbank works are required as part of the four new bridges across the Glashaboy River. As such, no mitigation is required for the specific assessment of these sections of watercourse.

 It is recommended that any topsoil stripping required for the proposed greenway is subject to archaeological monitoring. This should be carried out by a suitably qualified archaeologist with full provision made available for the resolution of any archaeological remains that may be identified, should that be deemed the appropriate manner in which to proceed.

4.2.3 Projects 14 and 20

 No mitigation is deemed to be necessary for these schemes.

4.2.4 Projects 12 and 5

 No mitigation is deemed to be necessary for these schemes.

4.2.5 Projects 6 and 8

 It is recommended that any topsoil stripping that is required is subject to archaeological monitoring. This should be carried out by a suitably qualified archaeologist with full provision made available for the resolution of any archaeological remains that may be identified, should that be deemed the appropriate manner in which to proceed.

4.2.6 Projects 4 and 7

 No mitigation is deemed to be necessary for these schemes.

4.2.7 Project 13

 No mitigation is deemed to be necessary for this scheme.

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4.2.8 Project 10

 No mitigation is deemed to be necessary for this scheme.

Please note that all recommendations are subject to approval by the National Monuments Service of the Heritage and Planning Division, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Cork County Council.

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5 REFERENCES

Bennett, I. (ed.) 1987–2010 Excavations: Summary Accounts of Archaeological Excavations in Ireland. Bray. Wordwell.

Bradley, J., Halpin, A. & H. A. King, 1985 Cork Urban Archaeology Survey National Monuments Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government'

Byrne, F. J. 1973 Irish Kings and High Kings. London.

Cork County Development Plan, 2014‐2020

Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 2011 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage Handbook.

Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 1999a Framework and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. Dublin. Government Publications Office.

Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht 1999b Policy and Guidelines on Archaeological Excavation. Dublin. Government Publications Office.

Dowd M., Carden R. 2016 ‘First evidence of a Late Upper Palaeolithic human presence in Ireland’ Quaternary Science Reviews 139, 158‐163.

Environmental Protection Agency. 2015 Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements). Dublin. Government Publications Office.

Environmental Protection Agency. 2017 (Draft) Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Statements. Dublin. Government Publications Office.

Institution of Field Archaeologists 2014a Standards & Guidance for Field Evaluation.

Institution of Field Archaeologists 2014b Standards & Guidance for Archaeological Excavation

Institution of Field Archaeologists 2014c Standards & Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (Monitoring)

MacCotter, P. 2008. Medieval Ireland: Territorial, Political and Economic Divisions. Four Courts Press, Dublin.

46 IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

O'Sullivan, A., McCormick, F., Kerr, T.R., Harney, L. and Kinsella, J. (2014) Early Medieval Dwellings and Settlements in Ireland, AD 400‐1100. BAR International Series 2604, Archaeopress. Oxford

National Monuments Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Sites and Monuments Record, County Cork.

National Museum of Ireland. Topographical Files, County Cork.

Waddell, J. 1998. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Galway: Galway University Press.

Woodman, P.C. 1989 The Mesolithic in Munster: a preliminary assessment, in Bonsall, C. (ed.), The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh. John Donald. 116–24.

Cartographic Sources

William Petty’s Down Survey Maps of the Baronies of Barrymore and Cork, 1655‐7

Taylor and Skinner’s Road Maps of Ireland, 1777

Grand Jury Map of County Cork, 1811

Ordnance Survey maps of County Cork, 1841 and 1898

Electronic Sources All websites were accessed during April 2018. www.archaeology.ie – DoCHG website listing all SMR/ RMP sites. www.bingmaps.com – Satellite imagery of the landscape containing the proposed schemes. www.buildingsofireland.ie – Website listing the results of the NIAH building and garden survey for Cork. www.excavations.ie – Summary of archaeological excavation from 1970–2017. www.googleearth.com – Satellite imagery of the proposed development area. www.heritagemaps.ie – Historic mapping source and topographical find information. www.landedestates.nuigalway.ie/LandedEstates ‐ Database of all estates within Munster. www.osiemaps.ie – Ordnance Survey aerial photographs dating to 1995, 2000 & 2005 and 6‐inch/25‐inch OS maps.

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APPENDIX 1 RMP/SMR SITE WITHIN THE SURROUNDING AREA

SMR/RMP NO. CO063‐094 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Cloth mill DIST. FROM c. 40m east (Project 13) SCHEME On E bank of Glashaboy river in Sallybrook. Shown on 1842 OS 6‐inch map as 'Bleach and Cloth Mill', 1904 as 'Pike Mill (Dyeing)'; on 1935 as 'Glansillagh Mills (Waterproof Goods)'. In poor condition after fires in late 1980s. Mill complex consists of multiperiod 2‐storey E‐W range, wheel‐pit on W side; roofless 2‐storey 4‐bay structure (long axis N‐S) attached to SE corner; remains of other structures to SE. Wheel‐pit (Wth 4.85m) has mid‐ 19th century flat‐roofed wheel house, N wall of which is an extension of DESCRIPTION structure to W; wide brick arch over head‐race in N elevation. Tail race exits between two tall round‐headed arches and flows underground to S. Structure to W of wheel house is 2‐storey gable‐ended (long axis N‐S), with brick detail; key stone in S wall bears date 1851. Two‐storey gable‐ended projection at N end of W elevation; similar to early 19th century structure attached to N, both pedimented on W gables with oculi. Mill pond immediately to N with head race flowing S from it. Access to interior of mill not gained. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO064‐050 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Ornamental lake DIST. FROM c. 125m northeast (Project 8) SCHEME Marked within the historic mapping. No longer extant and covered with DESCRIPTION residential development. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO064‐051 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Country house DIST. FROM c.100m north (Porject 15) SCHEME DESCRIPTION An early 18th century house, enlarged and remodelled in 1730s into its

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present shape (Bence‐Jones 1978, 242). Entrance front (W) 2 storey with 4 bays, off‐centre doorway flanked by narrow windows; elevation extended to N by 1‐bay, 3‐storey addition. Double‐geble ended elevation to S. Garden front (E) of 2 storeys over basement (basement hidden to front), 7 bays wide. Hipped bow‐ended elevations to N. Interior rich in design and ornamentation with plasterwork by the Francini brothers 'probably their earliest work in Ireland and dating from ca. 1734' (Bence‐Jones ibid.; see photos Lee 1927). Ornamental lake, known as the "Fairy Pond", to NW. House open to public. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO064‐111 TOWNLAND Poulacurry North, Poulacurry South, Riverstown PARISH Templeusque, Rathcooney BARONY Barrymore, Cork CLASSIFICATION Bridge DIST. FROM 0m (Project 4) SCHEME Hump‐backed road bridge (Wth 4.75m) over Glashaboy river. Five DESCRIPTION semicircular arches with roughly cut voussoirs; low pointed breakwaters. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐003 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Distillery DIST. FROM c. 105m east (Project 14) SCHEME In Riverstown, on S bank of Glashaboy river. Early/mid‐19th century complex marked 'Distillery' on 1842 OS 6‐inch map, of which only two buildings remain. Rectangular gable‐ended structure built into slope, known locally as "the maltings". Four‐storey N elevation, 11 bays. S DESCRIPTION elevation of 3 storeys; camber‐headed brick‐arched windows. Wide central doorway on each floor of W gable. Three‐storey rectangular structure to NW (long axis E‐W), adjacent to stream; elevation of 12 bays; now used as garage. Complex named' Brewery' on 1902 OS 6‐inch map, indicating change in function. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐069 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Coach House

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DIST. FROM c.15m northwest (Project 14) SCHEME Late 18th/early 19th century 2‐storey (over basement) coaching house of Glyntown House (in ruins) to SW. Hipped roof. Entrance front (S) of 5 bays; central 3‐bay pedimented breakfront with wide arched doorway flanked DESCRIPTION by narrower arched door opes. Oval‐shaped 1st floor windows with brick surrounds; oculus in pediment with brick surrounds. Brick string course between floors. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐001 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Cloth mill DIST. FROM c. 100m west (Project 15) SCHEME On W bank of Glashaboy river 0.5km N of Glanmire. L‐shaped complex shown on 1842 OS 6‐inch map as Cloth mill; shown as Beetling mill on 1902 OS 6‐inch map. Present L‐shaped layout is constructed in two phases. Earliest structure (long axis N‐S) on W side is of 4 storeys gable‐ended with attic; stone‐arched window opes. Attached to S end E wall is 4‐storey, 7‐ bay mill (long axis E‐W), with wheel‐pit along E wall. Windows with brick DESCRIPTION surrounds with roof gabled to W, half hipped to E; date plaque (1796) on weatherslated S elevation. Smaller mid/late 19th century mill (long axis E‐ W) to N; decorated bargeboards along gable ends; wheel pit along E gable. Mill pond to N; two millraces flow S to power both mills. According to local information turbine installed 1929. Access to interior not gained. Functioned as saw‐mill in recent past, now functions as furniture factory. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐104 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Church DIST. FROM c. 110m west‐northwest (Project 1) SCHEME In Glanmire village, St. Mary and All Saints C of I church. Built in 1784 on privately donated site (Lewis 1837, vol. 1, 654). Shown on 1842 OS 6‐inch map as plain rectangle with small extension to W. Nave has pointed 1‐ and2‐ light windows on rendered N wall; aisle of uncoursed limestone DESCRIPTION blocks added to S with 2‐ and 3‐light pointed windows. Short chancel, also of limestone blocks, has single pointed windows in N and S walls; central E window, 5 pointed lights divided by mullions. Vestry on S side of chancel. Rendered tower at W end; pointed arch entrance with traceried pointed fanlight on W face; blocked window on N face surmounted by clock; upper

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levels have octagonal belfry with slender spire. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐048 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna, Poulacurry South PARISH Caherlag, Rathcooney BARONY Barrymore, Cork CLASSIFICATION Bridge DIST. FROM c. 0m (Project 3) SCHEME Hump‐backed road bridge (Wth 8.85m) over Glashaboy river. Three DESCRIPTION semicircular arches with dressed voussoirs; pointed breakwaters. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐002001 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Corn Mill DIST. FROM c. 35m southwest (Project 9) SCHEME Indicated on 1842 OS 6‐inch map as large complex on E bank of Glashaboy river. Rectangular mill (19.85m N‐S; 12.5m E‐W) survives; double gable‐ ended except for hipped E end of southern roof, with roof vent. W elevation of coursed limestone ashlar; two elliptically‐headed doors at ground floor with limestone surrounds, brick surrounds to rest of opes. Wheel‐pit (Wth 4.1m) along E elevation; houses low breastshot iron DESCRIPTION waterwheel with pinion wheel attached to shrouding. Mill race still flowing approaching mill from N; remains of sluice‐gate just N of wheel‐pit. Five‐ bay extension from E elevation of mill survive; connected mill to large complex of buildings indicated to E of mill on 1842 and 1902 OS 6‐inch maps but which no longer survive; straddling wheel‐pit, burnt 1960 and subsequently rebuilt to present 1‐storey height. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐002002 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Lime Kiln DIST. FROM c. 135m southwest (Project 9) SCHEME In grounds of flour mill (CO075‐00201‐). Partially collapsed; front has DESCRIPTION arched recess (H 2.3m; Wth 2.9m); joist‐holes above recess to support lean‐to structure. Rear of kiln inaccessible.

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REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐094001 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Architectural fragment DIST. FROM c. 115m east (Project 9) SCHEME The well is built into a slight S‐facing slope in ground, in a field of pasture. Water from the spring flows out from it and thus creates a wet boggy area immediately to the front. The well has an apsidal stone‐built surround, built into the sloping ground. The top of the vault stones are now exposed, probably due to erosion. The front of the wall has a built façade but this has been damaged and only the west side is now intact; only the two basal stones survive in situ on the east side. The stones from which this façade is built are mostly dressed and two are from the arch of a 15th century ogee‐ headed window light. They both have a deep outer chamfered edge and a shallow inner chamfer. Only one of these is still in place, the other is now lying loose beside the well. These window stones formed the upper end stones of the facade and are inscribed with the date “1788”. This is DESCRIPTION presumably the date when the surround of the well was built. The surviving arch stone of the well surround is also likely to be 15th century though it is not chamfered, and judging by the similarity of the dressing on the other stones of the façade these are also likely to late‐medieval as well. There is no tradition that this well was ever venerated and is likely to be a secular well. A short distance to the north is a folly building (CO075‐ 094002) which also contains reused 15th century dressed stone matching in style the well stones and it is likely the well surround and the folly building were built at the same time. These dressed stones must have come from a nearby tower house but there is no tradition or local information regarding this, nor is any castle marked in this location on the OS maps. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO075‐094002 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Architectural fragment DIST. FROM c. 115m east (Project 9) SCHEME This is a two‐phased construction. At the west end is a lime kiln and onto the east side of this a folly castellated building has been added creating a façade which disguises the lime kiln as part of the folly. The front opening DESCRIPTION of the kiln has been blocked up but the funnel is still evident from above though the top of the kiln is partially covered by scrub and ivy. The folly building is now a shell and the top part of the front wall has fallen though

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it is clear that the top of the wall was battlemented‐ these survive where the wall still stands to full height though that part now covered by ivy. The building is built against a rock outcrop on its north side so that it is not a free‐standing structure (typically lime kilns are built into sloping ground). The front façade consists of a central ground‐floor door, flanked on its west side by the blocked‐up kiln opening and on its east side by a star‐ shaped recess. On the first floor there is a window ope directly above the ground‐floor door. This is flanked by two niches with bluntly‐pointed arched heads. The inside of the door surround is a re‐set 15th century two‐centred pointed arched surround. The inwardly curve of the jamb stones show this to have been a doorway in a spiral stairs. There is a deep chamfered edge and on the east side a pyramidal stop‐chamfer with a plain horizontal roll at its apex. Also of this date and matching both the door and the stones at the nearby well (CO075‐094001‐) is the surround of the single‐light window directly above. The top of this is now covered by ivy but the ogee‐head is clear as is a recessed spandrel (at last on the west side). These dressed stones must have come from a nearby tower house but there is no tradition or local information regarding this, nor is any castle marked in this location on the OS maps. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO074‐026 TOWNLAND Lotamore PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 125m northwest (Project 10) SCHEME Overlooking Lee estuary to S and mouth of Glashaboy River to W, built 1765 to design of Davis Duckart. Central block 3‐storey, 9‐bay; prominent quoins and elaborately carved cornice. Central 3‐bay breakfront with pedimenta bove Baroque porch; above porch four pilasters enclose 3 central bays, surmounted by urns on the parapet (Glin 1967, 739). Symmetrical arcaded wings extend from rear of W and E elevations to DESCRIPTION pyramidal‐roofed pavilions. 'The interior has an elaborate, double‐ramp mahogany staircase' (Glin ibid.). 18th century prints show a plainer house with string course between ground and 1st floors. Plaster window surrounds, string courses at base of 1st and 2nd floor windows and pediment over breakfront all added. Roof originally parapeted; raised to extend to upper edge parapet; gabled roofs of wings also raised and pavilions heavily altered. Now owned by Brothers of Charity. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

SMR/RMP NO. CO0745‐075 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Country House

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DIST. FROM c. 200m southwest (Project 9) SCHEME Late 18th century 2‐storey house overlooking Lough Mahon in Lee Estuary. Entrance front (S) of 9 bays, 3‐bay central breakfront. Central fanlighted doorcase with an entablature and engaged Tuscan columns (Bence‐Jones 1978, 115). Plate glass sash windows, parapet wall. Rendered with stone quoins exposed on corners of house and breakfront. Hipped roof with DESCRIPTION central guttered valley; 4‐bay deep. 'Screen walls with rusticated niches' join house to office wings extending back; the front ends of the wings being treated as 2‐storey 2‐bay pavilions with oculi in their upper storey (Bence‐Jones 1978, 115). Office wings return in towards centre to enclose cobbled yard to rear. Bifurcating staircase and exceptionally well preserved early 19th century interior within. REFERENCE www.archaeology.ie/ SMR file

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APPENDIX 2 RPS/NIAH STRUCTURES WITHIN THE SURROUNDING AREA

RPS NO 00389 NIAH NO. N/A TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Cloth Mill DIST. FROM c. 45m east (Project 13) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION See Appendix 1 CO063‐094 CATEGORIES OF Not specified within CDP SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Not specified within CDP REFERENCE Cork CDP

RPS NO 00391 NIAH NO. 20906334 TOWNLAND Knocknahorgan PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Roman Catholic Church DIST. FROM c. 55m west (Project 12) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Freestanding three‐bay temple‐fronted Roman Catholic church, dated 1837, having six‐bay nave elevation, altar to west end with conical‐roofed apse, and flat‐roofed sacristy to west. Pitched slate roof with rendered parapet. Cut limestone and moulded render pediment and entablature to temple front. Conical slate roof with render corbelled cornice to apse. Cut and carved limestone bellcote with cross finial to east. Cast‐iron rainwater goods. Smooth rendered walls. Rendered fluted pilasters having voluted capitals to front and south elevations, Doric‐style to north elevation, supporting entablature, dentilated to front elevation and end bays of nave elevation. Limestone date stone with moulded render surround to pediment. Round‐headed window openings with cut limestone surrounds and sills and having fifteen‐over‐fifteen pane timber sliding sash windows with spoked fanlights to those flanking entrance and to east end of nave elevations, those to west end of nave elevations and to apse with coloured glass windows. Round‐headed central window opening over door having cut limestone surround and spoked small‐pane fixed window. Square‐headed door opening with carved limestone surround and cornice having timber panelled double‐leaf doors. Cut limestone steps to entrance. Camber‐headed openings with one‐over‐one pane timber sliding sash windows and square‐headed opening with timber battened door to sacristy. Retains interior features such as timber

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panelled half‐glazed internal porch with double‐leaf doors, half‐glazed timber panelled confessional, carved timber gallery supported by fluted Ionic columns having limestone bases, timber shafts and render capitals, timber closed string staircase to gallery, carved marble altar furniture. Single‐bay single‐storey outbuilding to west of site has pitched slate roof, rubble limestone walls and square‐headed opening with timber panelled double doors. Rendered boundary walls with square‐profile piers to entrance having cross motifs and wrought‐iron pedestrian gates, piers and double‐leaf entrance gates. Church approached by flight of limestone steps Appraisal: Of evident artistic merit, simple form enlivened by render decoration both within and externally. The John Hogan sculpture is a significant interior features. Prominent position, highly visible from road, creating notable group with parochial house. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00395 NIAH NO. 20906414 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 100m north (Project 15) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached irregular‐plan country house, built c. 1710, remodelled and enlarged c. 1730, comprising gabled seven‐bay three‐ storey east block with canted north elevation, four‐bay two‐storey west block with taller single‐bay three‐storey block with canted north elevation to north. Hipped and pitched slate roofs with rendered round‐headed bellcote, cast‐iron rainwater goods and rendered and red brick chimneystacks. Render eaves course to west block. Cut stone walls to east block with rendered walls with render plinth to west block and to canted elevation of east block. Square‐headed openings with replacement uPVC windows and concrete sills, those to east block with render surrounds. Six‐ over‐six pane timber sliding sash windows to ground floor of east block. Square‐headed opening to west block with timber panelled door, timber doorcase and cut limestone steps with cast‐iron bootscrape. Square‐ headed opening to east block with timber panelled door and spoked overlight. Rubble stone quadrant wall to north and south of east elevation with round‐headed opening having rendered Gibbsian surround and cut limestone steps. Rubble stone ice house to south of east elevation with barrel roof. Dressed limestone square‐profile piers to entrance route with carved caps. Rubble stone boundary walls with dressed limestone wall to entrance, having dressed limestone square‐profile piers, one having name plaque, with pedimented caps and double‐leaf cast‐iron gates. Appraisal: The multiphase construction of this building is evident from the

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irregular plan and dual facades. It was enlarged by Dr. Jennett Browne, Dean of Ross and later Bishop of Cork in the 1730s. The interior is reported to retain plasterwork by the Francini Brothers. The regular facades display restrained ornamentation, which enhances their symmetry. The ice house and garden features add context to the site, as do the well executed gate piers. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING National REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00394 NIAH NO. 20906415 TOWNLAND Poulnacurry North, Poulnacurry South, Riverstown PARISH Raathcooney, Templeusque BARONY Cork, Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Bridge DIST. FROM 0m (Project 4) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Four‐arch humpback road bridge, built c. 1760, carrying road over Glashaboy River. Rubble sandstone walls with rubble sandstone copings to parapets. Round arches with rubble sandstone voussoirs. V‐ cutwaters to south elevation. Extended with cast concrete span to north. Appraisal: The wide span and multiple arches are unusual. Well designed and carefully executed, the symmetry and form make it a notable feature within the landscape. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00484 NIAH NO. 20907504 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Cloth Mill DIST. FROM c. 90m west (Project 15) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Attached seven‐bay four‐storey with attic accommodation former cloth mill, built 1796, having gable‐fronted three‐bay four‐storey extension to west and two‐storey extensions to rear. Now in use as house. Pitched and hipped slate roofs having cast‐iron rainwater goods. Part rendered, part slate hung, part exposed random rubble limestone walls. Carved limestone plaque to front elevation. Square‐headed window openings with some cut limestone sills and timber casement windows, some with visible red brick surrounds. Two‐bay two‐storey with attic

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accommodation house, built c. 1880, attached to south. Pitched artificial slate roof with rendered chimneystack and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Roughcast rendered walls with render string course. Camber‐headed window openings with render surrounds, having six‐over‐three pane timber sliding sash windows to first floor and timber casement windows to ground floor, all having cut stone sills. Attached four‐bay two‐storey with attic accommodation house to south, built c. 1800, with four‐bay verandah supported on carved timber posts, lean‐to extension to rear and two‐bay extension to east. Pitched artificial slate roof with rendered and brick chimneystacks and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Slate roof to lean‐to extension. Roughcast rendered walls. Square‐headed window openings with timber casement windows to first floor, six‐over‐six pane timber sliding sash windows with red brick surrounds to ground floor. Square‐ headed door openings, one having overlight and timber panelled door, one having carved timber architrave, half‐glazed timber panelled doors with pointed arch tracery. Detached four‐bay single‐storey former gate lodge to east with pitched slate roof with timber bargeboards to gables, rendered walls, square‐headed openings with concrete sills and render label mouldings, now infilled. Appraisal: Grouping of structures alongside the Glashaboy river representative of the notable industrial heritage of the Glanmire/Riverstown area. Imposing former cloth mill largely retaining its early character in notable features such as the slate hung walls, a detailing characteristic of the south of the country. Associated houses on the site retain notable features including exposed sash boxes, denoting an early date, and delicate Gothic tracery. The site has been in use since the late eighteenth century and thus serves as an interesting historical record of habitation along the river bank since this period. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Social, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00483 NIAH NO. 20907505 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna, Poulnacurry South PARISH Caherlag, Rathcooney BARONY Barrymore, Cork CLASSIFICATION Bridge DIST. FROM 0m (Project 3) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Triple‐arch hump back road bridge, built c. 1790, carrying road over Glashaboy River and millstream. Random rubble limestone walls with cut stone copings. Round‐headed arches with dressed limestone voussoirs. V‐cutwaters to south elevation. Appraisal: Solidly built road bridge constructed to carry traffic over the heavily utilised Glashaboy River and an associated millstream. Surviving largely intact, this structure is testament to the prosperity and craftsmanship of this period in the history of Glanmire.

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CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01015/6 NIAH NO. 20907507/8 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Houses DIST. FROM To immediate east (Project 3) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Semi‐detached three‐bay three‐storey with dormer attic houses, built c. 1810, with gabled dormer windows, gabled porch to north elevation and flat‐roofed extension to rear (east). Hipped slate roof with overhanging sheeted eaves and cast‐iron brackets. Red brick chimneystacks and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Pitched slate roof to porch with timber eaves course forming pediment. Pitched slate roofs and slate hung walls to dormer windows. Rubble stone walls. Square‐headed window openings with red brick voussoirs and cut limestone sills, having one‐over‐one pane timber sliding sash windows. Round‐headed openings to dormer windows with one‐over‐one pane timber sliding sash windows. Square‐headed door opening to porch with timber panelled half‐glazed double‐leaf doors. Appraisal: A pair, this imposing structure impacts positively on the streetscape. These houses signify the wealth of the Glanmire/Riverstown area at the turn of the 19th century, a prosperity driven by numerous local industrial mills powered by the Glashaboy River. In spite of some alterations, it retains its original character in pleasing features such as the carved timber eaves bracketing, the timber sliding sash windows and in the finely crafted dormer windows. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 001305 NIAH NO. N/A TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Entrance DIST. FROM 0m (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Ornate 18th century principal entrance into Richmond demesne. CATEGORIES OF Not specified within development plan

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SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Not specified within development plan REFERENCE Cork CDP

RPS NO 00472 NIAH NO. N/A TOWNLAND Poulnacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 60m north (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Glanmire House. Seven‐bay, two storey house now incorporated into a school. CATEGORIES OF Not specified within development plan SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Not specified within development plan REFERENCE Cork CDP

RPS NO 00470 NIAH NO. 20860010 TOWNLAND Poulnacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Church DIST. FROM c. 110m west‐northwest (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Freestanding Church of Ireland church, dated 1784, comprising three‐bay side elevation to nave, with four‐stage bell tower to west having octagonal‐profile third stage tapering to steeple, projecting gable‐fronted chancel addition to east and lean‐to side aisle addition to south. Pitched slate roofs with lead coping, dressed limestone kneelers to gables and cast‐iron and uPVC rainwater goods on limestone corbelled eaves course. Smooth‐rendered walls to nave with moulded render pilasters having recessed panels articulating bays to north elevation, moulded render platband and stepped plinth, cut limestone stepped clasping buttress to north‐east corner. Smooth‐rendered walls to tower and steeple with moulded render angle buttresses to corners with recessed panels, blank recessed panel above door and clocks to north, south and west faces set in recessed panels. Random rubble limestone walls on base batter to chancel and aisle with stepped clasping buttresses to chancel. Pointed arch window opening to chancel with hood moulding, block‐and‐start limestone surround, splayed limestone sill and limestone traceried window with stained glass. Pointed arch window to centre bay of nave with ashlar limestone surround, splayed sill and stained glass window. Paired pointed arch window openings to end bays with ashlar limestone surrounds and stained glass windows, lattice window to south

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elevation. Lattice pointed arch window openings to side elevations chancel. Paired and tripartite pointed arch window openings to side aisle with limestone surrounds and stained glass and lattice windows. Alternating pointed arch openings and blind openings to third stage of tower. Pointed arch door opening to west elevation of tower with hood moulding having block stops, stop‐chamfered reveals, timber battened double‐leaf door and timber traceried overlight. Shouldered arch door opening to south elevation of chancel with ashlar limestone surround having chamfered reveals and timber battened door. Church set in grounds on height with former schoolhouse to north Appraisal: Constructed in the fine late eighteenth‐century church building style, St Mary's and All Saint's Church with its towering location forms an attractive landmark in the landscape of Glanmire. The form of the single cell nave is emphasised by the use of simple render detailing and the vertical treatment of the windows, with finely‐executed render detailing also of note to the tower and spire. The stained glass windows adds artistic interest. Still in use, it continues to make an important social contribution to the surrounding area. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00485 NIAH NO. 20907510 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Corn Mill DIST. FROM c. 35m southwest (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached double gable‐fronted four‐bay five story former mill, built c. 1860, incorporating fabric of earlier buildings. Now disused. Three‐storey gabled block attached to north‐west gable. Pitched slate roofs with roof vents. Limestone walls with red brick dressings to openings. Rendered walls to lower block. Camber‐headed openings with limestone sills and remains of timber fittings Appraisal: Originally the site of a flour bolting mill, which was built by Samuel Pike in the mid eighteenth century, the large scale five‐storey building which now dominates the site dates to the mid nineteenth century. The eighteenth century mill was one of the first in Ireland to use water powered technology to bolt and sift flour. The Shaw family, who operated the mill in the early nineteenth century, produced 25,000 barrels of flour per annum, with the introduction a steam engine in the 1830s. The mill passed to the Punch family c. 1920, and fell into disuse following a fire in 1964. Retaining much fabric, form and character, the building has played a significant role in the social history of the area CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Social, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST

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RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00471 NIAH NO. 20860017 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Country House (attendant entrance) DIST. FROM c. 125m west (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Freestanding stone quadrant entrance gateway, built c.1810, comprising central castellated carriage arch flanked by turrets and screen wall to south side. Carriageway comprises a four‐centred Tudor‐style arch supported by corbels with parapet, two single‐leaf stone stringcourses and brick crenellations. Octagonal rubble turrets with projecting crenellated parapet flank carriageway and section of screen wall with blind loop and two crenellations remaining. Previously formed entrance to Glen Mervyn House. Appraisal: A landmark in the village of Glanmire as it is approached from the south, this eye‐catching entrance displays the decorative qualities of the 'gothick' style of the nineteenth century, using motifs from medieval domestic building in largely classical forms. CATEGORIES OF Architectural SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01291‐3 NIAH NO. 20860014‐16 TOWNLAND Lotamore PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Former Almhouses DIST. FROM c. 175m west (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached three‐bay single‐storey with attic former almshouse, built c.1830, with gable‐fronted end bay. Currently in use as private house. Pitched slate roofs with brick chimneystacks having platbands, timber bargeboards to gables and projecting eaves with cast‐ iron rainwater goods. Roughcast‐rendered walls. Square‐headed window openings with cast‐iron diamond pane pivot windows set in timber frames. Oriel window to attic with four‐paned timber casement window. Square‐headed door opening with tongue‐and‐grooved timber door and stone threshold. Set back from road with rockface to rear. Wrought‐iron railings on rendered plinth and square‐profile piers with wrought‐iron gate to road front.

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Appraisal: This house is an important example of landlord‐built housing from the early nineteenth century. One of a group of three, the group is an eye‐catching roadside addition, which retains much of its historic character and fabric intact. The houses are linked the Colthurst‐Bart family of Blarney Castle, who apparently built them as almshouses. The family was prominent in nineteenth century Cork charitable institutions, and held significant tracts of land to the north of the city CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Historical, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01301 NIAH NO. N/A TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Gothic Structure DIST. FROM c. 115m east (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION See Appendix 1 CO075‐094001/2 CATEGORIES OF Not specified within development plan SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Not specified within development plan REFERENCE Cork CDP

RPS NO 00477 NIAH NO. 20864024 TOWNLAND Lotamore PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 130m northwest (Project 10) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached nine‐bay three‐storey former country house, built 1765, with pedimented central breakfronts, central entrance porch, canted bay window to west and recessed L‐plan two‐storey wings to east and west. Now in use as residential care home with additions to north. Hipped slate roofs with laterally placed rendered chimney stacks to main block having ceramic pots and replacement rainwater goods. Some cast‐ iron downpipes surviving. Urn finials to south‐west and south‐east corners on rendered parapet. Smooth rendered walls with limestone egg and dart moulding with cornice above, rusticated limestone quoins and moulded render continuous sill courses to central block. Moulded render composite pilasters to breakfront supporting pediment with statue to apex. Carved limestone plaque depicting lion to breakfront. Continuous hood mouldings and platbands to wings. Square‐headed window openings with moulded

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window surrounds, stone sills and uPVC windows. Dentilated canopies above ground floor windows, bracketed canopies above first floor windows with corbels beneath sills and rusticated keystones to second floor. Round‐headed window openings flank main entrance door with stone sills and uPVC windows. Camber‐headed window openings to wings recessed in niches with square‐headed openings having moulded render surrounds to first floor. Single‐storey entrance porch with banded limestone columns supporting concave curving entablature surmounted by wrought‐iron railings and returning to limestone pilasters in walls. Square‐headed door opening with moulded render architrave surmounted by stained glass fanlight with moulded render archivolt having keystone. Replacement timber‐and‐glazed double doors. Round‐headed opening above porch with moulded render surround and uPVC doors. Interior with decorative plasterwork and mahogany staircase. Chapel building added to west wing and east wing extended to north, c.1950. Outbuildings to rear yard at north converted to multiple uses associated with the care centre and numerous later twentieth‐ century buildings located to grounds to immediate north of house. Pair of limestone rusticated piers located to the west, now giving access to swimming pool complex. Appraisal: This large Palladian house is of significance for the quality of its architectural design and construction and for its association with Davis Duckart, the architect. Although the house has undergone alterations since its original design by Duckart, it retains its original Baroque porch and interior features such as the bifurcating staircase with its richly carved mahogany balustrade. Built for Robert Rogers in 1765, the house remained in domestic use until it was bought by the Brothers of Charity in 1943. The majority of the twentieth century interventions have taken place at the rear of the building, thus allowing for the historic character of the south elevation of the main house and wings to be retained. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Social, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00493 NIAH NO. 20907514 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 200m southwest (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached nine‐bay two‐storey country house, built c. 1790, having three‐bay breakfront, flanking three‐bay single‐storey links to east and west elevations terminating in L‐plan two‐bay two‐storey wings forming rectangular yard to rear (north). Re‐rendering and alterations to rear dated 1959. Hipped slate roof with rendered parapet and chimneystacks having decorative ceramic chimneypots and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Hipped and pitched slate roofs to wings, single‐pitched

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slate roofs to links, both having rendered parapets, with water tank to east wing. Lined‐and‐ruled rendered walls with dressed limestone quoins to central block and render quoins to wings. Rendered niches with block‐and‐ start surrounds to links. Render date in relief to west wing. Segmental‐ headed diminishing window openings with cut limestone sills and timber sliding sash windows, nine‐over‐six pane to ground floor, six‐over‐six pane to first floor. Oculus openings to first floors of wings, having fixed timber windows with cobweb tracery. Round‐headed opening set in niche to central bay of east link, having render block‐and‐start surround and nine‐ over‐six pane timber sliding sash window. Carved limestone doorcase comprising engaged Tuscan columns carrying entablature over archivolt formed by continuous stringcourse, having timber framed cobweb fanlight over timber panelled door, and decorative doorbell. Approached by flight of cut limestone steps. Appraisal: Aesthetically pleasing, elegant Georgian country house retaining features exhibiting fine craftsmanship and materials. Particularly notable is the skilfully executed neo‐Classical limestone doorcase. The composition of main block, link walls and flanking wings is expressive of the Palladian style popularised throughout this period. The L‐plan wings form a yard to the rear, a motif associated with distinguished architect Davis Ducart and his associates. Built in the late‐eighteenth century by Abraham Morris, a wealthy Cork merchant and MP, a record of the Georgian layout of Dunkettle estate has been preserved in its extant demesne structures. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING National REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01407 NIAH NO. 20907515 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Outbuilding DIST. FROM c. 150m west (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Attached multiple‐bay single‐storey outbuilding enclosing yard to rear of Dunkettle House, built c. 1850, altered c. 1960, having yard entrance to centre. Single‐pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystack and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Lined‐and‐ruled rendered walls. Square‐ headed window openings with cut limestone sills and six‐over‐six pane timber sliding sash windows. Cut tooled red sandstone yard entrance comprising elliptical‐arched opening with dressed voussoirs set between dressed pilasters and having double‐leaf metal doors. Appraisal: Outbuildings to Dunkettle House retaining well‐executed stone masonry and timber joinery. The planning and layout of the Dunkettle estate has been preserved in its extant demesne structures which include Dunkettle House, gate lodge, gates and outbuildings. CATEGORIES OF Architectural

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SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01405 NIAH NO. 20907517 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Outbuilding DIST. FROM c. 150m west (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Attached multiple‐bay single‐ and two‐storey outbuildings, built c. 1800. Now disused. Pitched corrugated‐iron roofs to two‐storey blocks around east yard. Hipped slate roof to two‐storey block to west yard. Single‐pitched slate roofs to single‐storey block in west yard. Random rubble limestone and red sandstone walls to two‐storey blocks, roughcast rendered walls to single‐storey blocks. Square‐headed openings with remains of timber louvers. Cut tooled limestone square‐profile gate piers to entrance to west yard set in rubble limestone boundary wall. Appraisal: Though now disused, the survival of the Dunkettle outbuildings in their original position aids our knowledge of the planning and usage of this historic demesne throughout the eighteenth century and beyond. CATEGORIES OF Architectural SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 01406 NIAH NO. 20907517 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Gate Lodge DIST. FROM c. 10m west (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached three‐bay single‐storey gate lodge, built c. 1820, now disused. Pyramidal slate roof with overhanging eaves, central rendered red brick chimneystack and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Roughcast rendered walls. Square‐headed window openings having cut stone sills and timber casement windows. Square‐headed door opening with timber panelled double‐leaf doors. Cut and carved limestone square‐ profile gate piers set in quadrant exposed rubble limestone walls to south‐ east, having wrought‐iron double‐leaf and pedestrian gates. Appraisal: Attractive entrance to Dunkettle House demesne comprising skilfully executed gate piers, gates and gate lodge. The survival of the Dunkettle demesne structures adds significantly to the architectural

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heritage of the area. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO 00494 NIAH NO. 20907518 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Gate Lodge DIST. FROM c. 40m northeast (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached three‐bay two‐storey over basement former gate lodge, built c. 1890, having single‐bay single storey extension to north elevation and retaining fabric of earlier building. Now in use as house. Pyramidal artificial slate roof with gablet to central bay with carved timber bargeboard. Rendered chimneystack and overhanging sheeted eaves. Smooth rendered walls to first floor, lined‐and‐ruled rendered walls to ground floor, having render pilasters dividing bays, render stringcourse between floors and square‐headed blind opening to first storey, central bay. Square‐headed windows openings with painted stone sills and timber framed casement windows, render sills and replacement timber casement windows to ground floor. Square‐headed door opening with moulded render surround and timber panelled double‐leaf doors. Square‐headed door opening to extension having timber panelled half‐glazed door. Carved limestone gate piers to site with recessed panels and decorative capitals joined by carved limestone plinth sweep walls surmounted by cast‐iron railings. Double‐leaf and single cast‐iron gates. Appraisal: Interesting example of a late‐Victorian gate lodge retaining features characteristic of the Tudor Revival style including leaded patterned windows and a gablet with decorative timber bargeboards. Part of the Dunsland estate, which was originally built by the Pike family, the remaining demesne structures on the site include this lodge, Dunsland House and the skilfully executed gate piers and railings. These structures add significantly to the architectural heritage and social history of the area. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20906335 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque

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BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Former School DIST. FROM c. 5m southwest (Project 4) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached thirteen‐bay single‐ and two‐storey former school, dated 1835, having central two‐bay two‐storey gabled projections to front (east) and rear (west) elevations, flanked by single‐storey blocks. Single‐ storey lean‐to extensions to rear. Now in use as community centre. Pitched slate roofs with terracotta ridge crestings and finials, red brick chimneystacks with terracotta pots, timber bargeboards and red brick eaves course. Snecked dressed limestone walls with flush red brick sill courses and impost course. Recessed rendered central panel to north gable. Pointed arch window openings, paired to first floor of breakfront and paired lancet window openings to north gable, all with carved and chamfered limestone voussoirs, chamfered cut limestone sills and replacement uPVC windows. Shouldered square‐headed paired window openings to ground floor of breakfront with carved limestone surrounds and square‐profile central dividing mullion with foliate capital, having replacement uPVC windows. Shouldered square‐headed door openings with carved limestone lintels and timber battened doors with overlights. Rubble limestone boundary walls and double flight of rubble limestone steps having recent limestone facings to front entrance. Appraisal: Despite loss of windows, building retains form and scale. Cut stone is evidence of skilled nineteenth‐century craftsmanship of stonecutters and stonemasons. The form is enhanced by red brick dressings, barge boards, ridge cresting, and carved details, which are typically nineteenth century features. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20906416 TOWNLAND Riverstown PARISH Templeusque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION House DIST. FROM To immediate south (Project 6) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Attached three‐bay two‐storey house, built c. 1810. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks and render eaves course. Rendered walls. Square‐headed openings with two‐over‐two pane timber sliding sash windows and painted sills. Square‐headed opening with timber panelled door. Rubble stone boundary walls with rubble stone piers and metal gate and railings. Appraisal: Steep roof and irregular, small openings indicative of an early date. Possibly originally part of a larger terrace, early features such as timber sash windows and decorative eaves course mark it out on

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streetscape. CATEGORIES OF Architectural SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20906417 TOWNLAND Brooklodge, Riverstown PARISH Caherlag, Templesque BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Bridge DIST. FROM 0m (Project 15) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Triple‐arch humpback road bridge, built c. 1780, carrying road over river. Rubble stone walls. Segmental arches with cut stone voussoirs. Appraisal: Humpback and wide span make notable feature on landscape. Evidence of well‐executed stonework and early engineering skill. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20907502 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Outbuilding DIST. FROM c. 15m northwest (Project 14) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached five‐bay two‐storey over basement former coach house, built c. 1810, with central three‐bay breakfront with pediment. Now in use as house. Hipped artificial slate roof with red brick chimneystacks. Moulded red brick eaves course and pediment. Rubble limestone walls with red brick stringcourse dividing stories. Oeil de boeuf window openings to pediment and first storey, having red brick surrounds and timber casement windows. Elliptical‐arched openings to ground floor having red brick surrounds and voussoirs, and having timber framed windows. Former elliptical‐arched carriage arch to vaulted basement to north‐east elevation, now in filled and having camber‐arched opening with red brick voussoirs. Elliptical‐arched former carriage arch to breakfront with replacement timber panelled door, sidelights and fanlight. Appraisal: Late Georgian coach house formerly serving Gyntown House to the south. The latter was the seat of Samuel McCall and, now ruinous, was romantically located on a hill above the Glanmire River. A classically inspired outbuilding built as an architectural set‐piece. Its formal

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proportions and detailing reveal references to the Palladian style, most evidently in the inclusion of a pediment and the arcade motif on the ground floor. The remains of a carriage arch in the front façade suggests its prior usage as a coach house, but the intriguing basement may illustrate a secondary usage perhaps for food storage. The site retains an approach clearance for turning coaches along with mature woodlands. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO 00471 NIAH NO. 2086009 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 165m west‐northwest (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached two‐storey with attic house, built c.1870, possibly incorporating fabric from an earlier house. Comprising three‐bay two‐ storey west (entrance) elevation having projecting gable‐fronted single bay, south elevation with central three‐bay section having cast‐iron lean‐ to verandah and projecting bowed porch flanked by gable‐fronted two‐ storey with attic and two‐storey canted bay projection to west and gable‐ fronted double‐pile two‐storey with attic and central canted bay window projection to east. Single‐ and two‐storey lean‐to additions to north. Now in use as offices. Pitched and hipped slate and artificial slate roofs with rendered chimneystacks, some clay pots, carved timber bargeboards and eaves boards, finials to gables, dormer with multi‐paned casements to north, cast‐iron rainwater goods. Terracotta shingle roof to porch and to attic stage of south gables. Nap rendered walls throughout with lined‐and‐ ruled render to west elevation. Square‐headed window openings with limestone sills, render hood mouldings (south and west elevations), one‐ over‐one timber sash windows (west and north elevations and south projections) and Tudor‐style transom‐and‐mullioned casement windows (upper floor of central block and canted bays). Paired loop windows with hood moulding and oriel window with two‐over‐four sliding sash window to west elevation. Tudor‐headed window openings to ground floor of central block with side‐hung casements having overlights. Canted oriel window with slate roof and central six‐over‐six sash window flanked by two‐over‐two sash windows all with interlaced pointed‐arch heads to north elevation. Paired round‐headed window openings to north elevation set in render surround with one‐over‐one timber sash windows. Tudor‐ headed door opening to west elevation with raised rendered surround having chamfered reveals and incorporating hood moulding with king head stops to double‐leaf timber door and limestone steps. Ashlar limestone archway with pediment and ogee‐headed opening bearing blank heraldic plaque to rear yard area. House approached by drive with

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steep gradient. Appraisal: Glen Mervyn House forms a colourful and interesting addition to the landscape in Glanmire. Situated on a height, the variety of materials in its ornamentation together with the broken tempo of its south elevation create an aesthetically pleasing composition. The carved timberwork, terracotta shingling and render detailing, particularly the mask stops, all attest to skilled craftsmanship while also adding artistic interest to the house. The survival of much original fabric and features further enhances the building's significance. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20860011 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION School DIST. FROM c. 130m west‐northwest (Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached L‐plan three‐bay single‐storey with attic former school, built c.1830, with projecting gable‐fronted bay to south and porch to inner angle of L (north elevation). Now in use as apartments. Pitched slate roofs with carved timber bargeboards to gables, timber eaves boards, rooflights and cast‐iron rainwater goods. Nap rendered walls, roughcast rendered to north elevation. Square‐headed window openings with stone sills and replacement transom‐and‐mullioned tripartite and bipartite timber casement windows and stone sills. Square‐headed window opening to north elevation with aluminium windows. Loop openings with metal louvers to north gable. Recessed square‐headed door opening to porch with replacement timber door. Recent steps and decking to access porch. Open basement space accessed via steps. Set within churchyard, accessed through square‐headed opening in rubble built wall. One and a half‐storey outbuilding to east of site. Appraisal: This former school retains its original form and is a fine example of a denominational nineteenth‐century school despite now accommodating a different use. It retains interesting Tudor‐style detailing which elevate it above its functional beginnings. Located within the grounds of a St Mary's and All Saints Church of Ireland church, it is an important component in the social and religious history of Glanmire. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO N/A

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NIAH NO. 20860015 TOWNLAND Poulacurry South PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Post Office DIST. FROM c. 15m west 9Project 1) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Pair of two‐bay two‐storey houses over basement, built c.1820. Previously in use as a post office, now a single property in private domestic use. Pitched slate roof with red brick and rendered chimneystacks, cast‐iron rainwater goods to corbelled eaves course. Lined‐and‐ruled rendered wall to front elevation, roughcast render to side. Square‐headed window openings with two‐over‐two sliding sash windows to ground and first floor and eight‐over‐eight (partially blocked) and six‐ over‐six sliding sash windows to western house. Square‐headed door opening to eastern house with replacement timber door. Square‐headed door opening to basement with tongue‐and‐grooved door. Shopfront to western house comprises square‐headed window opening with fixed light six‐pane window set in timber architrave with adjacent timber panelled door having overlight (now blocked) and limestone step). Fronts directly onto street. Appraisal: The retention of the early simple shopfront and much early joinery makes this building of particular note. The shopfront is a rare surviving example of its type and is an important component in the historic streetscape of Glanmire. The building's previous use as a post office contributes to the social history of the village. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO 00820 NIAH NO. 20907506 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Terraced cottages x6 DIST. FROM To immediate east (Project 3) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Terrace of single‐ and two‐bay two‐storey houses, built c. 1800, now partially in use as house and stables. Pitched slate roofs with rendered chimneystacks. Rendered walls. Square‐headed window openings with cut stone sills and timber casement windows. Square‐ headed door openings with timber battened doors, glazed timber framed door to south structure. Appraisal: Attractive terrace of houses retaining early features included multi‐paned timber casement windows and timber battened doors. These structures may once have housed industrial workers employed by one of

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the many mills in the area. They contribute positively to the streetscape and the architectural heritage of the area. CATEGORIES OF Architectural SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20907513 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Rectory and gate lodge DIST. FROM Gate lodge to the immediate west (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached four‐bay single‐storey former gate lodge, built c. 1900, having pitched entrance canopy to front (north) elevation, recessed end bay to west and single storey extension to rear (south). Now in use as house. Hipped slate roof with terracotta ridge tiles, red brick chimneystack and rooflights. Pitched slate roof to entrance canopy with terracotta ridge times and carved timber bargeboards. Red brick walls with yellow brick stringcourse and sill course. Camber‐arched window openings with cut limestone sills, yellow brick voussoirs and timber casement windows. Camber‐arched door opening with yellow brick voussoirs and timber panelled half‐glazed door. Red brick sweep walls and piers, having yellow brick string courses. Former rectory to north‐west. Appraisal: Glanmire rectory, gate lodge, accompanying gates and post box form a pleasant grouping of socially significant buildings in the community. The attractive gate lodge retains its original character in features such as decorative ridge tiles and timber bargeboards and indicates the architectural quality of the main house beyond its gates. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20907512 TOWNLAND Dunkettle PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Post box DIST. FROM To immediate west (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Cast‐iron post box, erected c. 1905, with E.R. insignia and crown, and later Saorstat Eireann and harp emblem cast in relief to door. Set in red brick wall at entrance to former rectory.

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Appraisal: Interesting post box displaying both the royal insignia of Edward II, as well as the Saorstat Eireann (Irish Free state) motif set in the altered or later door. CATEGORIES OF Artistic, Social, Technical SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20907509 TOWNLAND Ballinglanna PARISH Caherlag BARONY Barrymore CLASSIFICATION Country House DIST. FROM c. 170m east‐northeast (Project 9) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Detached three‐bay two‐storey over basement country house, built c. 1730, having bowed bay to north elevation. Skirt slate roof with overhanging sheeted eaves and carved stone and brick cornice. Roughcast rendered walls to front (east) elevation, exposed rubble limestone walls to rear (west) and north elevations. Square‐headed window openings with painted stone sills and two‐over‐two pane timber sliding sash windows. Curved round‐headed opening to bow to south elevation with round‐headed fixed timber frame window with cobweb tracery and half‐glazed timber panelled double‐leaf doors. Round‐headed door opening with timber panelled double‐leaf doors and cobweb fanlight with carved timber doorcase comprising flanking pilasters with composite capitals supporting archivolt, flanked by sidelights. Detached former icehouse to west of site, rubble limestone walls with pointed arch niche to front elevation. Pointed arch stepped door opening with dressed limestone surround, now infilled. Circular access hole to first storey. Carved limestone spring head to south of icehouse with round‐headed arch. Carved limestone square‐profile gate piers with wrought iron double‐leaf gates to west of site Appraisal: Substantial country house of elegant and lofty proportions remaining largely intact and retaining a number of distinguishing features. Particularly notable features include the carved limestone cornice, elegant doorcase and fanlight, and the finely executed curved opening to the bow. Bows are characteristic of the Cork region and this is a well preserved example of its type. The Gothic Revival style ice house is particularly interesting, its storage area accessible from an upper storey. Seat of the Newsom family in the mid‐nineteenth century, the survival of these structures adds significantly to the architectural and social heritage of the area. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Historical, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

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RPS NO N/A NIAH NO. 20864024 TOWNLAND Lotamore PARISH Rathcooney BARONY Cork CLASSIFICATION Chapel DIST. FROM c. 130m northwest (Project 10) DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION Description: Single‐storey double‐height chapel, built c.1965, incorporating part of west wing of Lota House and having apse to north elevation and lean‐to aisle, transept and single‐bay porch to west. Pitched and hipped slate roof with campanile to apex of south pitch of roof. Smooth rendered walls with parapet to south elevation above moulded render pilasters. Two niches with moulded surrounds to south elevation. Round‐headed and circular window openings with stone sills and stained glass windows. Semi‐circular window opening above apse to north elevation with stained glass. Pointed arch door opening to west porch with moulded render surround and double leaf timber door. Appraisal: This chapel building dates to the years following the establishment of the Brothers of Charity at Lota, and may contain earlier fabric associated with the west wing of the house. The windows contain stained glass of a high standard of craftsmanship. CATEGORIES OF Architectural, Artistic, Social SPECIAL INTEREST RATING Regional REFERENCE National Inventory of Architectural Heritage/ Cork CDP

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APPENDIX 3 LEGISLATION PROTECTING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE

PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE The cultural heritage in Ireland is safeguarded through national and international policy designed to secure the protection of the cultural heritage resource to the fullest possible extent (Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands 1999, 35). This is undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Valletta Convention), ratified by Ireland in 1997.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE The National Monuments Act 1930 to 2014 and relevant provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997 are the primary means of ensuring the satisfactory protection of archaeological remains, which includes all man‐made structures of whatever form or date except buildings habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes. A National Monument is described as ‘a monument or the remains of a monument the preservation of which is a matter of national importance by reason of the historical, architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest attaching thereto’ (National Monuments Act 1930 Section 2).

A number of mechanisms under the National Monuments Act are applied to secure the protection of archaeological monuments. These include the Register of Historic Monuments, the Record of Monuments and Places, and the placing of Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders on endangered sites.

OWNERSHIP AND GUARDIANSHIP OF NATIONAL MONUMENTS The Minister may acquire national monuments by agreement or by compulsory order. The state or local authority may assume guardianship of any national monument (other than dwellings). The owners of national monuments (other than dwellings) may also appoint the Minister or the local authority as guardian of that monument if the state or local authority agrees. Once the site is in ownership or guardianship of the state, it may not be interfered with without the written consent of the Minister.

REGISTER OF HISTORIC MONUMENTS Section 5 of the 1987 Act requires the Minister to establish and maintain a Register of Historic Monuments. Historic monuments and archaeological areas present on the register are afforded statutory protection under the 1987 Act. Any interference with sites recorded on the register is illegal without the permission of the Minister. Two months’ notice in writing is required prior to any work being undertaken on or in the vicinity of a registered monument. The register also includes sites under Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders. All registered monuments are included in the Record of Monuments and Places.

PRESERVATION ORDERS AND TEMPORARY PRESERVATION ORDERS Sites deemed to be in danger of injury or destruction can be allocated Preservation Orders under the 1930 Act. Preservation Orders make any interference with the site

xxix IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork illegal. Temporary Preservation Orders can be attached under the 1954 Act. These perform the same function as a Preservation Order but have a time limit of six months, after which the situation must be reviewed. Work may only be undertaken on or in the vicinity of sites under Preservation Orders with the written consent, and at the discretion, of the Minister.

RECORD OF MONUMENTS AND PLACES Section 12(1) of the 1994 Act requires the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands (now the Minister for the Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs) to establish and maintain a record of monuments and places where the Minister believes that such monuments exist. The record comprises a list of monuments and relevant places and a map/s showing each monument and relevant place in respect of each county in the state. All sites recorded on the Record of Monuments and Places receive statutory protection under the National Monuments Act 1994. All recorded monuments on the proposed development site are represented on the accompanying maps.

Section 12(3) of the 1994 Act provides that ‘where the owner or occupier (other than the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands) of a monument or place included in the Record, or any other person, proposes to carry out, or to cause or permit the carrying out of, any work at or in relation to such a monument or place, he or she shall give notice in writing to the Minister of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands to carry out work and shall not, except in the case of urgent necessity and with the consent of the Minister, commence the work until two months after the giving of notice’.

Under the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 2004, anyone who demolishes or in any way interferes with a recorded site is liable to a fine not exceeding €3,000 or imprisonment for up to 6 months. On summary conviction and on conviction of indictment, a fine not exceeding €10,000 or imprisonment for up to 5 years is the penalty. In addition they are liable for costs for the repair of the damage caused.

In addition to this, under the European Communities (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1989, Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) are required for various classes and sizes of development project to assess the impact the proposed development will have on the existing environment, which includes the cultural, archaeological and built heritage resources. These document’s recommendations are typically incorporated into the conditions under which the proposed development must proceed, and thus offer an additional layer of protection for monuments which have not been listed on the RMP.

THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ACT 2000 Under planning legislation, each local authority is obliged to draw up a Development Plan setting out their aims and policies with regard to the growth of the area over a five‐year period. They cover a range of issues including archaeology and built heritage, setting out their policies and objectives with regard to the protection and enhancement of both. These policies can vary from county to county. The Planning

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD xxx Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork and Development Act 2000 recognises that proper planning and sustainable development includes the protection of the archaeological heritage. Conditions relating to archaeology may be attached to individual planning permissions.

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APPENDIX 4 LEGISLATION PROTECTING THE ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCE

The main laws protecting the built heritage are the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1999 and the Local Government (Planning and Development) Acts 1963–1999, which has now been superseded by the Planning and Development Act, 2000. The Architectural Heritage Act requires the Minister to establish a survey to identify, record and assess the architectural heritage of the country. The background to this legislation derives from Article 2 of the 1985 Convention for the Protection of Architectural Heritage (Granada Convention). This states that:

For the purpose of precise identification of the monuments, groups of structures and sites to be protected, each member state will undertake to maintain inventories of that architectural heritage.

The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) was established in 1990 to fulfil Ireland’s obligation under the Granada Convention, through the establishment and maintenance of a central record, documenting and evaluating the architecture of Ireland (NIAH Handbook 2005:2). As inclusion in the inventory does not provide statutory protection, the survey information is used in conjunction with the Architectural Heritage Protection Guidelines for Planning Authorities to advise local authorities on compilation of a Record of Protected Structures as required by the Planning and Development Act, 2000.

PROTECTION UNDER THE RECORD OF PROTECTED STRUCTURES AND COUNTY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Structures of architectural, cultural, social, scientific, historical, technical or archaeological interest can be protected under the Planning and Development Act, 2000, where the conditions relating to the protection of the architectural heritage are set out in Part IV of the act. This act superseded the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 1999, and came into force on 1st January 2000.

The act provides for the inclusion of Protected Structures into the planning authorities’ development plans and sets out statutory regulations regarding works affecting such structures. Under new legislation, no distinction is made between buildings formerly classified under development plans as List 1 and List 2. Such buildings are now all regarded as ‘Protected Structures’ and enjoy equal statutory protection. Under the act the entire structure is protected, including a structure’s interior, exterior, attendant grounds and also any structures within the attendant grounds.

The act defines a Protected Structure as (a) a structure, or (b) a specified part of a structure which is included in a Record of Protected Structures (RPS), and, where that record so indicates, includes any specified feature which is in the attendant grounds of the structure and which would not otherwise be included in this definition.

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Protection of the structure, or part thereof, includes conservation, preservation, and improvement compatible with maintaining its character and interest. Part IV of the act deals with architectural heritage, and Section 57 deals specifically with works affecting the character of Protected Structures or proposed Protected Structures and states that no works should materially affect the character of the structure or any element of the structure that contributes to its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. The act does not provide specific criteria for assigning a special interest to a structure. However, the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) offers guidelines to its field workers as to how to designate a building with a special interest, which are not mutually exclusive. This offers guidance by example rather than by definition:

ARCHAEOLOGICAL It is to be noted that the NIAH is biased towards post‐1700 structures. Structures that have archaeological features may be recorded, providing the archaeological features are incorporated within post‐1700 elements. Industrial fabric is considered to have technical significance, and should only be attributed archaeological significance if the structure has pre‐1700 features.

ARCHITECTURAL A structure may be considered of special architectural interest under the following criteria:  Good quality or well executed architectural design  The work of a known and distinguished architect, engineer, designer, craftsman  A structure that makes a positive contribution to a setting, such as a streetscape or rural setting  Modest or vernacular structures may be considered to be of architectural interest, as they are part of the history of the built heritage of Ireland.  Well designed decorative features, externally and/or internally

HISTORICAL A structure may be considered of special historical interest under the following criteria:  A significant historical event associated with the structure  An association with a significant historical figure  Has a known interesting and/or unusual change of use, e.g. a former workhouse now in use as a hotel  A memorial to a historical event.

TECHNICAL A structure may be considered of special technical interest under the following criteria:  Incorporates building materials of particular interest, i.e. the materials or the technology used for construction  It is the work of a known or distinguished engineer  Incorporates innovative engineering design, e.g. bridges, canals or mill weirs

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 A structure which has an architectural interest may also merit a technical interest due to the structural techniques used in its construction, e.g. a curvilinear glasshouse, early use of concrete, cast‐iron prefabrication.  Mechanical fixtures relating to a structure may be considered of technical significance.

CULTURAL A structure may be considered of special cultural interest under the following criteria:  An association with a known fictitious character or event, e.g. Sandycove Martello Tower, which featured in Ulysses.  Other structure that illustrate the development of society, such as early schoolhouses, swimming baths or printworks.

SCIENTIFIC A structure may be considered of special scientific interest under the following criteria:  A structure or place which is considered to be an extraordinary or pioneering scientific or technical achievement in the Irish context, e.g. Mizen Head Bridge, Birr Telescope.

SOCIAL A structure may be considered of special social interest under the following criteria:  A focal point of spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a group of people, e.g. a place of worship, a meeting point, assembly rooms.  Developed or constructed by a community or organisation, e.g. the construction of the railways or the building of a church through the patronage of the local community  Illustrates a particular lifestyle, philosophy, or social condition of the past, e.g. the hierarchical accommodation in a country house, philanthropic housing, vernacular structures.

ARTISTIC A structure may be considered of special artistic interest under the following criteria:  Work of a skilled craftsman or artist, e.g. plasterwork, wrought‐iron work, carved elements or details, stained glass, stations of the cross.  Well designed mass produced structures or elements may also be considered of artistic interest.

(From the NIAH Handbook 2003 & 2005 pages 15–20)

The Local Authority has the power to order conservation and restoration works to be undertaken by the owner of the protected structure if it considers the building to be in need of repair. Similarly, an owner or developer must make a written request to the Local Authority to carry out any works on a protected structure and its environs, which will be reviewed within three months of application. Failure to do so may result in prosecution.

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APPENDIX 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE

POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL REMAINS Impacts are defined as ‘the degree of change in an environment resulting from a development’ (Environmental Protection Agency 2003: 31). They are described as profound, significant or slight impacts on archaeological remains. They may be negative, positive or neutral, direct, indirect or cumulative, temporary or permanent.

Impacts can be identified from detailed information about a project, the nature of the area affected and the range of archaeological and historical resources potentially affected. Development can affect the archaeological and historical resource of a given landscape in a number of ways.

 Permanent and temporary land‐take, associated structures, landscape mounding, and their construction may result in damage to or loss of archaeological remains and deposits, or physical loss to the setting of historic monuments and to the physical coherence of the landscape.

 Archaeological sites can be affected adversely in a number of ways: disturbance by excavation, topsoil stripping and the passage of heavy machinery; disturbance by vehicles working in unsuitable conditions; or burial of sites, limiting accessibility for future archaeological investigation.

 Hydrological changes in groundwater or surface water levels can result from construction activities such as de‐watering and spoil disposal, or longer‐term changes in drainage patterns. These may desiccate archaeological remains and associated deposits.

 Visual impacts on the historic landscape sometimes arise from construction traffic and facilities, built earthworks and structures, landscape mounding and planting, noise, fences and associated works. These features can impinge directly on historic monuments and historic landscape elements as well as their visual amenity value.

 Landscape measures such as tree planting can damage sub‐surface archaeological features, due to topsoil stripping and through the root action of trees and shrubs as they grow.

 Ground consolidation by construction activities or the weight of permanent embankments can cause damage to buried archaeological remains, especially in colluviums or peat deposits.

 Disruption due to construction also offers in general the potential for adversely affecting archaeological remains. This can include machinery, site offices, and service trenches.

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Although not widely appreciated, positive impacts can accrue from developments. These can include positive resource management policies, improved maintenance and access to archaeological monuments, and the increased level of knowledge of a site or historic landscape as a result of archaeological assessment and fieldwork.

PREDICTED IMPACTS The severity of a given level of land‐take or visual intrusion varies with the type of monument, site or landscape features and its existing environment. Severity of impact can be judged taking the following into account:

 The proportion of the feature affected and how far physical characteristics fundamental to the understanding of the feature would be lost;

 Consideration of the type, date, survival/condition, fragility/vulnerability, rarity, potential and amenity value of the feature affected;

 Assessment of the levels of noise, visual and hydrological impacts, either in general or site specific terms, as may be provided by other specialists.

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APPENDIX 6 MITIGATION MEASURES AND THE CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCE

POTENTIAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE REMAINS Mitigation is defined as features of the design or other measures of the proposed development that can be adopted to avoid, prevent, reduce or offset negative effects.

The best opportunities for avoiding damage to archaeological remains or intrusion on their setting and amenity arise when the site options for the development are being considered. Damage to the archaeological resource immediately adjacent to developments may be prevented by the selection of appropriate construction methods. Reducing adverse effects can be achieved by good design, for example by screening historic buildings or upstanding archaeological monuments or by burying archaeological sites undisturbed rather than destroying them. Offsetting adverse effects is probably best illustrated by the full investigation and recording of archaeological sites that cannot be preserved in situ.

DEFINITION OF MITIGATION STRATEGIES

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE The ideal mitigation for all archaeological sites is preservation in situ. This is not always a practical solution, however. Therefore a series of recommendations are offered to provide ameliorative measures where avoidance and preservation in situ are not possible.

Geophysical survey is used to create ‘maps’ of subsurface archaeological features. Features are the non‐portable part of the archaeological record, whether standing structures or traces of human activities left in the soil. Geophysical instruments can detect buried features when their electrical or magnetic properties contrast measurably with their surroundings. In some cases, individual artefacts, especially metal, may be detected as well. Readings, which are taken in a systematic pattern, become a dataset that can be rendered as image maps. Survey results can be used to guide excavation and to give archaeologists insight into the pattern of non‐excavated parts of the site. Unlike other archaeological methods, the geophysical survey is not invasive or destructive.

Archaeological Test Trenching can be defined as ‘a limited programme of intrusive fieldwork which determines the presence or absence of archaeological features, structures, deposits, artefacts or ecofacts within a specified area or site on land, inter‐ tidal zone or underwater. If such archaeological remains are present field evaluation defines their character, extent, quality and preservation, and enables an assessment of their worth in a local, regional, national or international context as appropriate’ (IFA 2014a).

Full Archaeological Excavation can be defined as ‘a programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with defined research objectives which examines, records and interprets

xxxvii IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork archaeological deposits, features and structures and, as appropriate, retrieves artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area or site on land, inter‐ tidal zone or underwater. The records made and objects gathered during fieldwork are studied and the results of that study published in detail appropriate to the project design’ (IFA 2014b).

Archaeological Monitoring can be defined as ‘a formal programme of observation and investigation conducted during any operation carried out for non‐archaeological reasons. This will be within a specified area or site on land, inter‐tidal zone or underwater, where there is a possibility that archaeological deposits may be disturbed or destroyed. The programme will result in the preparation of a report and ordered archive (IFA 2014c).

Underwater Archaeological Assessment consists of a programme of works carried out by a specialist underwater archaeologist, which can involve wade surveys, metal detection surveys and the excavation of test pits within the sea or riverbed. These assessments are able to access and assess the potential of an underwater environment to a much higher degree than terrestrial based assessments.

ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCE The architectural resource is generally subject to a greater degree of change than archaeological sites, as structures may survive for many years but their usage may change continually. This can be reflected in the fabric of the building, with the addition and removal of doors, windows and extensions. Due to their often more visible presence within the landscape than archaeological sites, the removal of such structures can sometimes leave a discernable ‘gap’ with the cultural identity of a population. However, a number of mitigation measures are available to ensure a record is made of any structure that is deemed to be of special interest, which may be removed or altered as part of a proposed development.

Conservation Assessment consists of a detailed study of the history of a building and can include the surveying of elevations to define the exact condition of the structure. These assessments are carried out by Conservation Architects and would commonly be carried out in association with proposed alterations or renovations on a Recorded Structure.

Building Survey may involve making an accurate record of elevations (internal and external), internal floor plans and external sections. This is carried out using a EDM (Electronic Distance Measurer) and GPS technology to create scaled drawings that provide a full record of the appearance of a building at the time of the survey.

Historic Building Assessment is generally specific to one building, which may have historic significance, but is not a Protected Structure or listed within the NIAH. A full historical background for the structure is researched and the site is visited to assess the standing remains and make a record of any architectural features of special interest. These assessments can also be carried out in conjunction with a building survey.

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Written and Photographic record provides a basic record of features such as stone walls, which may have a small amount of cultural heritage importance and are recorded for prosperity. Dimensions of the feature are recorded with a written description and photographs as well as some cartographic reference, which may help to date a feature.

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Title ocation o the rooed chee Scale TS Drawn by

Project lanire Road roveent Stainable Tranort ork Date Checked by F

Client C Cork Conty Concil Job no. J Fig. Rev. N

Project 13 Riverstown demesne 4

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11 6 9 10 Projects 4 & 7 LEGEND Riversdale RMP demesne 1 CO064-150 Ornamental Lake 2 CO075-003 Distillery Castle Jane demesne Project 15 RMP/NIAH 2 3 RMP CO075-069/NIAH 20907502 Coach House RPS/RMP 3 4 RPS 00389/RMP CO063-094 Mill RPS/RMP/NIAH 5 RPS 00395/RMP CO064-051/NIAH 20906414 Glyntown Ho. Riverstown House demesne 6 RPS 00394/RMPCO064-111/NIAH 20906415 Bridge 7 RPS 00484/RMP CO075-001/NIAH 20907504 Mill

Project 14 RPS/NIAH 8 RPS 00391/NIAH 20906334 RC Church

NIAH 7 9 20906417 Bridge 10 20906416 House 11 Community Centre (school)

Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016

Northern scheme locations showing recorded archaeological and architectural heritage Title Scale 1:7500 @ A3 Drawn by KOM Project 20 sites Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works Date 30/04/18 Checked by FB

Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no. J3239 Fig. 2a Rev. - N Project 20

Glanmire Ho. Project 15 Glenville Ho. demesne 22 demesne 29 23 Projects 9, 2, 16 14 3, 1, 16

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Dunkettle Ho. demesne

19 Factory Hill 20 demesne

Project 10 27 26 21 Lota Ho. demesne

RPS/RMP/NIAH LEGEND NIAH RPS/NIAH 26 RPS00477/RMP CO074-026/NIAH 19 RPS 01407/5/NIAH 20907515/6 23 RPS 01015/6/NIAH 20907507-8 20864025/24 Country House RMP 15 20907513 Rectory & Gate Outbuildings Houses 27 RPS00493/RMP CO075-075/NIAH 12 CO075-002002 Limekiln Lodge & 20907512 Post Box Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number 20 RPS 01406/NIAH 20907517 Gate 24 RPS 00471/NIAH 20860009/17 20907514 Country House 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland 16 20907509 Country House Lodge Entrance 28 RPS00485/RMP and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 RPS 17 20860015 Post Office 21 RPS 00494/NIAH 20907519/8 25 RPS 01291-3/NIAH 20860014-16 CO075-002001/NIAH 20907510 Mill Southern scheme locations showing recorded archaeological and architectural heritage 13 01305 Entrance Gate Lodge 1:7500 @ A3 Drawn by KOM Former Almshouses 29 RPS00483/RMP CO075-048/NIAH Title sites Scale 14 00472 Country House RPS/RMP 22 RPS 00820/ NIAH 20907506 20907505 Bridge Project Checked by FB 18 RPS 01301/RMP 6 x Cottages 30 RPS00470/RMP CO075-004/NIAH Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works Date 30/04/18 CO075-094001/2 Gothic Structure 20860010 Church Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no. J3239 Fig. 2b Rev. - N

Dunkettle Ho. Former walled garden demesne Recessed entrance

Outbuildings (RPS 01407/5/ NIAH 20907515/6 Richmond demesne

Factory Hill demesne

Dunkettle House (RPS 00493/ NIAH 20907514/ RMP CO075-075

EGEND

Original wall surviving in good condition

Original wall surviving in poor condition Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number Original wall that has been repaired 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 Modern wall Title Southern section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A3 Drawn by KOM

Indication of scheme etents Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works Date 30/4/18 Checked by FB

Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no. J3239 Fig. 3a Rev. - N Vernacular house Woodlands Vernacular cottage House Vernacular house

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Woodville Secondary entrance to Richmond Richmond House demesne

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Original wall surviving in poor condition Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland Original wall that has been repaired and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 Modern wall Title Central section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A3 rawn by KOM Indication of scheme etents Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works ate 30/04/18 Checked by FB

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Glyntown Ho. Project 20 demesne

Project 15

x6 cottages (RPS 00820 / NIAH 20907506

Vernacular house Glanmire Ho. Vernacular demesne terrace Glanmire Bridge (RPS 00483 / Two houses (RPS 01015/6 NIAH 20907505/ / NIAH 20907509 RMP CO075-048 Ballinglanna House (NIAH 20907509

Glanmire House (RPS 00472) Church (RMP CO075-004/ RPS 00470/ NIAH 20860010) Glanmire Lodge Mill (RPS 00485 / NIAH 20907510/ RMP CO075-002001 Rectory demesne Entrance (RPS Post office (NIAH 20860015) 00471/ 20860017) Lime kiln RMP CO075-002002 Architectural fragments/ gothic folly RPS 01301/ Ballinglanna RMP CO075-094001/2 Gated entrance demesne LEGEN Rectory/gate lodge/ entrance/ post box Original wall surviving in good condition Woodlands demesne (NIAH 20907513/12) Original wall surviving in poor condition

Original wall that has been repaired Vernacular house Northern section of Projects 9, 2, 3, 1, 16 (and southern section of Projects 15 and 20) Modern wall rawn by Title showingWoodlands cultural heritage remains Vernacular cottage Scale 1:2500 @ A3 KOM Indication of scheme extents Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number Project GlanmireHouse Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works ate 30/4/18 Checked by FB 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland Vernacular house and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no. J3239 Fig. 3c Rev. N

Projects 12 & 5

Riverstown demesne Ornamental lake RMP CO064-150 Project 15

Riverstown House (RPS 00395 / NIAH 20906414/ RMP CO064-051 Projects 6 & 8

Entrance

Community Hall Copperalley Bridge (NIAH 20906335) (NIAH 20906417)

Vernacular terrace

House (NIAH 20906416) Riverstown Bridge Riversdale Projects 4 & 7 (RPS 00394 / demesne NIAH 20906415/ RMP CO064-111)

Castle Jane Glyntown demesne Bridge

Distillery (RMP CO075-003) EGEND Project 15 Ruined Original wall surviving in good condition house Original wall surviving in poor condition Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number Original wall that has been repaired 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 Project 14 Modern wall Title Northern section of Project 15 and Projects 6/4 & 4/7, showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A3 Drawn by KOM

Indication of scheme etents Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works Date 30/4/18 Checked by FB

Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no J3239 Fig 3d Rev Project 14

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Coach house (RMP CO075-069/ NIAH 20907502) Glyntown Ho. demesne

Glanmire Ho. demesne Project 14

Mill (RPS 00484 / NIAH 20907504/ RMP CO075-001

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Original wall surviving in poor condition Project 15 Original wall that has been repaired

Modern wall

Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number Indication of scheme etents 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016

Title Central section of Project 15 and Project 14, showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A4 rawn by KOM

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RC Church (RPS 00391/ NIAH 20906334) Riverstown demesne

Projects 12 & 5

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Modern wall

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Title Projects 12 & 5, showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A4 rawn by KOM

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Riverstown demesne Project 13

Mill (RPS 00389/ RMP CO063-094)

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Original wall surviving in good condition

Original wall surviving in poor condition

Original wall that has been repaired

Modern wall

Indication o scheme etents Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016 Title Project 13, showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A4 rawn by KOM

Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works ate 30/4/18 Checked by FB

Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no J3239 Fig 3g Rev N

Project 10 Lota Houe (RMP CO074-026/ RPS 00477/ NIAH 20864025/26) Lota Ho. demesne

LEGEN

Original wall surviving in good condition

Original wall surviving in poor condition Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence number Original wall that has been repaired 2016/06/CCMA/CorkCountyCouncil Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2016

Modern wall Title Project 10, showing cultural heritage remains Scale 1:2500 @ A4 rawn by KOM

Indication o scheme etents Project Glanmire Road Improvements & Sustainable Transport Works ate 30/4/18 Checked by FB

Client AECOM & Cork County Council Job no. J3239 Fig. 3h Rev. Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 1: Modern walling adjacent to Dunkettle Road, facing southeast Plate 2: Original section of Richmond Demesne wall, facing east

Plate 3: Richmond demesne wall, facing north Plate 4: Richmond demesne wall, facing east

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 5: Richmond demesne wall and house, facing northeast

Plate 7: Detail of southern gate pillar, facing south Plate 6: Secondary entrance into Richmond demesne, facing east

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 8: Richmond demesne wall, facing northeast

Plate 9: Original entrance into Richmond (RPS 01305), facing north Plate 10: Detail of southern wall (RPS 01305), facing east

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 11: Entrance (RPS 01305), facing east Plate 12: Recessed walls of entrance (RPS 01305), facing east

Plate 13: Vernacular house on the Dunkettle Road, facing southeast Plate 14: Modified vernacular house on the Dunkettle Road, facing southeast

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 15: Ballinglanna demesne wall, facing east Plate 16: Ballinglanna demesne wall, facing north

Plate 17: Gated entrance, facing north Plate 18: Location of realigned road, facing southwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 20: Wall along northern side of Dunkettle Road, facing northwest

Plate 19: Stream, facing south, as it passes beneath the Dunkettle Road Plate 21: RPS 01015/6, facing northeast

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 22: Vernacular structure, facing east Plate 23: RPS 00820, facing northeast

Plate 24: Principal entrance to Dunkettle House, facing southwest Plate 25: Detail of entrance, facing west‐southwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 26: Gate lodge (RPS 01406), facing west‐southwest Plate 27: Surviving sections of Dunkettle demesne wall, facing west

Plate 28: Northeast corner of Dunkettle demesne, facing west‐southwest Plate 29: Woodville Lodge, facing west‐northwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 30: Woodlands demesne wall, facing west Plate 31: Former Woodlands House, facing southwest

Plate 32: Vernacular house, facing west Plate 33: Rectory entrance and gate lodge, facing southwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 34: Detail of post box Plate 35: Former demesne wall associated with Woodlands, facing northwest

Plate 36: Glanmire Lodge, facing southeast Plate 37: Wall on the western side of the road, facing northwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 38: Wall to the south of Glnamire Bridge, facing west Plate 39: Glanmire Bridge (RMP CO075‐048, RPS 00483), facing southeast

Plate 40: River Glashaboy, facing north‐northwest Plate 41: Terrace of structures in Glanmire, facing south‐southwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 42: Glanmire House (RPS 00472) and demesne wall, facing north Plate 43: Glanmire House demesne wall, facing west

Plate 44: Glanmire House demesne wall, showing phases of construction, facing east‐northeast Plate 45: Route of proposed greenway to west of school, facing north

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 46: Copperalley Bridge, facing southeast Plate 47: Riverstown demesne wall and Copperalley Bridge, facing west

Plate 48: Entrance into Riverstown House, facing east Plate 49: Section of Riverstown demesne wall, facing northwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 50: Original entrance avenue to Riverstown demesne, facing north Plate 51: Riversdale demesne wall, facing northwest

Plate 52: Proposed crossing point of the Glashaboy River, facing southwest Plate 53: Glyntown demesne wall, facing northwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 54: Glyntown demesne wall (revetment), facing northeast

Plate 56: Glyntown Bridge, facing south Plate 55: Ruined house adjacent to distillery, facing southeast

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES Glanmire Road Improvements & Archaeological and Built Heritage Assessment Sustainable Transport Works, Co. Cork

Plate 57: Riverstown Bridge (RMP CO064‐111/ RPS 00394), facing northeast Plate 58: Boundary walls leading up to Riverstown Bridge, facing west‐southwest

IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY LTD PLATES