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Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils Humberto Blanco-Canqui,* Clark J

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Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils Humberto Blanco-Canqui,* Clark J Reprinted from the Soil Sdum'u Soduly II{America JIJ/Jn.al Volume 66. no. 5. Sept.-Oct. 2002 677 South Segoe Rd.. Madison. WI 53711 USA Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils Humberto Blanco-Canqui,* Clark J. Gantzer, Stephen H. Anderson, E. E. Alberts, and F. Ghidey ABSTRACT surements (Mallants et aI., 1997). Samples based on Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K...) is an essential parameter the REV often reflect the natural boundary conditions for understanding soil hydrology. This study evaluated the K... of in (Gupta et aI., 1993), and diminish disturbance and com- situ monoliths and intact cores and compared the results with other paction of soil during sampling (Vepraskas and Wil- studies for Missouri claypan soils. These K... values were used as liams, 1995). runoff. model inputs to assess the impact of K... variation on simulated Soil texture is generally known to affect Kat. Clay runoff. Lateral in situ K... of the topsoil was determined on 250 by soils typically have low Ksa,values (Bouma, 1980;Jami- 500 by 230 mm deep monoliths. These values were compared with son and Peters, 1967). This is of interest in the midwest the K.., of 76 by 76 mm diam. intact cores with and without bentonite to seal macropores. Mean (:t SO) lateral in situ K... was 72 :t 0.7 USA because about 4 million ha of claypan soils exist mm h-l and mean intact core K... without bentonite was 312 :t 58 in this region (Jamison et aI., 1968). These soils have mm h-l. The mean intact core K... without bentonite was significantly an argillic horizon 130 to 460 mm deep, with clay con- larger than the lateral in situ K... (P = 0.03). The lateral in situ K... tents >450 g kg-I and are very slowly permeable al- was not different from core K.., with bentonite (71 :t 1.1 mm h-I). though published data are limited (Jamison and Pe- The intact core K... with bentonite differed from previous studies by ters, 1967). 10 times. This was attributed to the variations in soil depth to claypan, Because of the argillic horizon, cIaypan soils may macropore presence, and methodology. The impact of using an effec. perch water and create lateral flow. A study of claypan tive hydraulic conductivity (Kerr) computed from measured K.., on hydrology suggests that runoff rates may be equal to intact cores without bentonite underestimated the Water Erosion rainfall under saturated conditions (Saxton and Whitaker, Prediction Project (WEPP) si~ulated runoff by 28% for a measured runoff event of 40 mm. The core K.., with bentonite was correlated with 1970). Furthermore, studies of runoff and rainfall data measured runoff from long.term erosion.runoff plots. A quadratic from the McCredie rainfall-erosion plots near Kingdom regression explained 95% of the variability between measured and City, MO, indicate that lateral flow known as interflow simulated runoff. may be a significant component of the total runoff dur- ing springtime when precipitation is usually the most intense and the erosion rates are the highest (Minshall ATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY is an essential and Jamison, 1965; Ghidey and Alberts, 1998). To date, Sparameter for understandmg soIl water movement. detailed in situ lateral Ksalstudies have not been con- It is a fundamental input for modeling runoff, drainage, ducted for Missouri claypan soils because measurements and movement of solutes in soils (Mallants et aI., 1997). are costly and time-consuming (Blevins et aI., 1996). While Kalis widely studied, questions remain about Lateral Ksa,measurements are also limited elsewhere how sample size and boundary conditions influence (Ahuja and Ross, 1983; Wallach and Zaslavsky, 1991). its determination. The need for in situ lateral Ksa,determination for Mis- Reports have found that measurements on small sam- souri claypan soils has been recognized because of the ples «I00-mm diam.) tend to give higher Ksa,values probability of interflow (Jamison et aI., 1968;Wilkinson than do measurements on larger samples (Bagarello and and Blevins, 1999). Information on in situ lateral Ksa, Provenzano, 1996). The values of small samples are also through the horizons above the claypan is important for questioned because samples are too small to embody a determining their ability to conduct water laterally and representative elementary volume (REV) of soil. The assessing runoff and erosion. REV is.a conceptual unit representing the smallest vol- Many have characterized the vertical Ksa,for claypan ume of a soil unit (Mallants et aI., 1997). Its actual soils (Doll, 1976; Zeng, 1994). However, most of the dimensions are ill defined. Bouma (1980) suggests three measurements were made only for the surface horizons REV sizes for Ksa,determinations: 100 cm" for sand. (Jamison and Peters, 1967; McGinty, 1989), therefore, 1000 cm3 for silt, and 10000 cm3 for clay soils. As a studies of Ksa,variations with depth are few. Because sample size increases, variability in Ka, values is ex- of their hydrologic attributes, claypan soils probably pected to decrease. have quite different effective Ksa,values with depth from The use of the REV is thought to reduce the sample- other Alfisols. The information on Ka,depth distribu- size dependence of Ksa"and thus facilitate better mea- tion would be valuable in eXplaining the claypan hydrol- ogy and for characterization of variability in horizons H. Blanco-Canqui. C.J. Gantzer. and S.H. Anderson. Oep. of Soil and of low and high permeability required for accurate Atmospheric Sciences. Univ. of Missouri-Columbia. 302 Anheuser- flow studies. Busch Natural Resources Building. Columbia. MO 65211; E.E. Al- Because the Ka, values may vary by measurement berts. USOA-ARS. and F. Ghidey. Oep. of Biological Engineedng. method (Bouma, 1980;Bagarello and Provenzano, 1996; Univ. of Missouri. Columbia. 269 Agricultural Engineering Building. Columbia. MO 65211. Contribution of the Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal. No. 13159 Received 25 July 2001. *Corresponding author Abbreviations: EC. electrical conductivity: K"t. effective hydraulic ([email protected]). conductivity: K",t.saturated hydraulic conductivity: REV. representa- tive elementary volume: SAR. Na adsorption ratio: WEPP. Water Published in Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:1596-1602 (2002). Erosion Prediction Project. 1596 BLANCO-CANQUI ET AL.: SATURA TED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND CLA YPAN SOILS 1597 Mallants et aI., 1997), the available Ksatdata on these MATERIALS AND METHODS soils need. to be studied to determine their consistency InstaUation of Soil Monoliths for Lateral and uniformity by method. Data from such measure- in situ Ksa. Measurements ments should be statistically the same to be used for ~ hydrologic prediction and modeling. This study was conducted at the Midwest Research Claypan I Since knowledge of Ksatis essential for the use of' Farm (McCredie) near Kingdom City, MO. A 10 by 30 m water flow models, it is useful to evaluate the influence area under long-term (>28 yr) continuous fescue (Festuca I arundinacea Schreb.) and blue grass (Poa pratensis L.) was ~ of measured Ksalon modeled runoff. One modeling ap- chosen. The soil is a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic, ~ proach for erosion/runoff prediction is the WEPP. This Aeric Vertic Epiaqualf) formed in loess developed over glacial ~ model has been extensively used for runoff prediction till on a slope of about 3%. The mineralogy of the argillic since 1995 when it was publicly released by the USDA- horizon consists of 38% montmorillonite, 34% quartz, 21% I ARS. Although Ksatis not the only factor that affects kaolinite, and 7% illite. Selected soil properties are presented in Table 1. I runoff, the WEPPmodel incorporates the estimated ,I values of hydraulic conductivity as an important soil Three in situ monoliths' 250 mm wide by 500 mm long by attribute to predict runoff (Flanagan and Nearing, 230 mm deep (the depth to cIaypan) were constructed. Depth to the cIaypan was determined by obtaining 20-mm diam. soil 1995). The WEPP uses Kef!values for surface layers, samples using a hand probe. These samples were studied in and internally computes Ksatvalues for subsurface soil the field for changes in texture and color to determine the layers. Studies indicate that runoff predictions are sensi- depth. Mean (:,::SD) depth was 230:':: 7 mm (n > 100). Each tive to the initial Kef!values (Ghidey et aI., 1999). monolith site was wet for 12 h and then allowed to drain 24 h The objectives of this study are to: (i) measure lateral to soften the soil sufficiently while reducing puddling during in situ Ksatofthe 0- to 230-mm depth (above the claypan) construction. A trench was dug around each monolith to form . using 250 mm wide by 500 mm long soil monoliths, (ii) a rectangular soil block with intact bottom. measure the Ksatwith and without bentonite of 76-mm The monolith set-up had three compartments: (i) water diam. soil cores taken at lOO-mm intervals to a depth supply pit, (ii) soil monolith, and (iii) water collection pit. Two 6.3-mm steel. plates 500 by 700 mm were installed verti- of 2 m, (iii) compare the core Ksatvs. lateral in situ Ksah cally along the two sides of the monolith, which allowed a (iv) compare previously measured Ksatdata for Missouri loo-mm of additional length of steel plate at each end. The claypan soils with results of this study, and (v) compare additional length allowed for construction of a water supply measured runoff vs. WEPP predicted runoff using mea- pit and a water collection pit. Two plates 250 by 500 mm sured Kef!as a model input to illustrate the benefit of were installed vertically at each end of the border to form a using measured Kerfvalues. rectangular box. The steel plates extended from 150mm above Table 1.
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