Collective Animal Navigation and Migratory Culture: from Theoretical Models to Empirical Evidence
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How Does Season Affect Passage Performance and Fatigue of Potamodromous Cyprinids? an Experimental Approach in a Vertical Slot Fishway
water Article How Does Season Affect Passage Performance and Fatigue of Potamodromous Cyprinids? An Experimental Approach in a Vertical Slot Fishway Filipe Romão 1,* ID , José M. Santos 2 ID , Christos Katopodis 3, António N. Pinheiro 1 and Paulo Branco 2 1 CEris-Civil Engineering for Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] 2 CEF-Forest Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] (J.M.S.); [email protected] (P.B.) 3 Katopodis Ecohydraulics Ltd., 122 Valence Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3W7, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: fi[email protected]; Tel.: +351-91-861-2529 Received: 11 February 2018; Accepted: 27 March 2018; Published: 28 March 2018 Abstract: Most fishway studies are conducted during the reproductive period, yet uncertainty remains on whether results may be biased if the same studies were performed outside of the migration season. The present study assessed fish passage performance of a potamodromous cyprinid, the Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei), in an experimental full-scale vertical slot fishway during spring (reproductive season) and early-autumn (non-reproductive season). Results revealed that no significant differences were detected on passage performance metrics, except for entry efficiency. However, differences between seasons were noted in the plasma lactate concentration (higher in early-autumn), used as a proxy for muscular fatigue after the fishway navigation. This suggests that, for potamodromous cyprinids, the evaluation of passage performance in fishways does not need to be restricted to the reproductive season and can be extended to early-autumn, when movements associated with shifts in home range may occur. -
AI, Robots, and Swarms: Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies
AI, Robots, and Swarms Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies Andrew Ilachinski January 2017 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N00014-11-D-0323. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at www.dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Photography Credits: http://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/Small_Gremlins_Web.jpg; http://4810-presscdn-0-38.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ Robotics.jpg; http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-edia/image/upload/18kxb5jw3e01ujpg.jpg Approved by: January 2017 Dr. David A. Broyles Special Activities and Innovation Operations Evaluation Group Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The military is on the cusp of a major technological revolution, in which warfare is conducted by unmanned and increasingly autonomous weapon systems. However, unlike the last “sea change,” during the Cold War, when advanced technologies were developed primarily by the Department of Defense (DoD), the key technology enablers today are being developed mostly in the commercial world. This study looks at the state-of-the-art of AI, machine-learning, and robot technologies, and their potential future military implications for autonomous (and semi-autonomous) weapon systems. While no one can predict how AI will evolve or predict its impact on the development of military autonomous systems, it is possible to anticipate many of the conceptual, technical, and operational challenges that DoD will face as it increasingly turns to AI-based technologies. -
Φ-Features in Animal Cognition
φ-Features in Animal Cognition Chris Golston This paper argues that the core φ-features behind grammatical person, number, and gender are widely used in animal cognition and are in no way limited to humans or to communication. Based on this, it is hypothesized (i) that the semantics behind φ-features were fixed long before primates evolved, (ii) that most go back as far as far as vertebrates, and (iii) that some are shared with insects and plants. Keywords: animal cognition; gender; number; person 1. Introduction Bickerton claims that language is ill understood as a communication system: [F]or most of us, language seems primarily, or even exclusively, to be a means of communication. But it is not even primarily a means of communication. Rather, it is a system of representation, a means for sorting and manipulating the plethora of information that deluges us throughout our waking life. (Bickerton 1990: 5) As Berwick & Chomsky (2016: 102) put it recently “language is fundamentally a system of thought”. Since much of our system of representation seems to be shared with other animals, it has been argued that we should “search for the ancestry of language not in prior systems of animal communication, but in prior representational systems” (Bickerton 1990: 23). In support of this, I provide evidence that all the major φ-features are shared with primates, most with vertebrates, and some with plants; and that there are no φ-features whose semantics are unique to humans. Specifically human categories, including all things that vary across human cultures, seem to I’d like to thank Steve Adisasmito-Smith, Charles Ettner, Sean Fulop, Steven Moran, Nadine Müller, three anonymous reviewers for EvoLang, two anonymous reviewers for Biolinguistics and Kleanthes Grohmann for help in identifying weakness in earlier drafts, as well as audiences at California State University Fresno, Marburg Universität, and Universitetet i Tromsø for helpful discussion. -
Origins of Six Species of Butterflies Migrating Through Northeastern
diversity Article Origins of Six Species of Butterflies Migrating through Northeastern Mexico: New Insights from Stable Isotope (δ2H) Analyses and a Call for Documenting Butterfly Migrations Keith A. Hobson 1,2,*, Jackson W. Kusack 2 and Blanca X. Mora-Alvarez 2 1 Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 0H3, Canada 2 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; [email protected] (J.W.K.); [email protected] (B.X.M.-A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Determining migratory connectivity within and among diverse taxa is crucial to their conservation. Insect migrations involve millions of individuals and are often spectacular. However, in general, virtually nothing is known about their structure. With anthropogenically induced global change, we risk losing most of these migrations before they are even described. We used stable hydrogen isotope (δ2H) measurements of wings of seven species of butterflies (Libytheana carinenta, Danaus gilippus, Phoebis sennae, Asterocampa leilia, Euptoieta claudia, Euptoieta hegesia, and Zerene cesonia) salvaged as roadkill when migrating in fall through a narrow bottleneck in northeast Mexico. These data were used to depict the probabilistic origins in North America of six species, excluding the largely local E. hegesia. We determined evidence for long-distance migration in four species (L. carinenta, E. claudia, D. glippus, Z. cesonia) and present evidence for panmixia (Z. cesonia), chain (Libytheana Citation: Hobson, K.A.; Kusack, J.W.; Mora-Alvarez, B.X. Origins of Six carinenta), and leapfrog (Danaus gilippus) migrations in three species. Our investigation underlines Species of Butterflies Migrating the utility of the stable isotope approach to quickly establish migratory origins and connectivity in through Northeastern Mexico: New butterflies and other insect taxa, especially if they can be sampled at migratory bottlenecks. -
A Salmon-Like Approach to MANET Routing
SRA: A Salmon-Like Approach to MANET Routing Filomena de Santis and Daniele Mastrangelo Dipartimento di Informatica e Applicazioni, University of Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Wireless mobile ad-hoc networks are characterized by the lack of physical connections. Due to the mobility of nodes, interferences, multipath propagations and path losses, they do not exhibit a fixed topology; hence, dynamic routing protocols are required. In recent years, new approaches inspired by nature have been tried: among them, particular interest has been raised by ants and bees colonies. The characteristics inherited by the collective behaviors of social insects empower algorithms with features such autonomy, self-organization, adaptivity, robustness, and scalability. Here, we propose a salmon-based approach, that, although different since salmons do not show evidence of social behaviors, suggests interesting cues to solve the routing problem when observing salmons in their way from the birth river to the sea, and back at the spawning time. Keywords: Wireless communications, mobile ad-hoc networks, routing algorithms, bio-inspired paradigms of computation. 1 Introduction Advances in wireless communication technology have strongly encouraged the use of low-cost and powerful wireless transceivers in mobile applications. As compared with wired networks, mobile networks exhibit unique features: recurrent network topology changes, link capacity fluctuations, critical bounds to their performances. Mobile networks can be classified into infrastructure networks and mobile ad hoc networks [1]. In an infrastructure mobile network, mobile nodes communicate through wired access points that work in the node transmission range and create the backbone of the network. -
Individual Versus Collective Cognition in Social Insects
Individual versus collective cognition in social insects Ofer Feinermanᴥ, Amos Kormanˠ ᴥ Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel. Email: [email protected] ˠ Institut de Recherche en Informatique Fondamentale (IRIF), CNRS and University Paris Diderot, 75013, Paris, France. Email: [email protected] Abstract The concerted responses of eusocial insects to environmental stimuli are often referred to as collective cognition on the level of the colony.To achieve collective cognitiona group can draw on two different sources: individual cognitionand the connectivity between individuals.Computation in neural-networks, for example,is attributedmore tosophisticated communication schemes than to the complexity of individual neurons. The case of social insects, however, can be expected to differ. This is since individual insects are cognitively capable units that are often able to process information that is directly relevant at the level of the colony.Furthermore, involved communication patterns seem difficult to implement in a group of insects since these lack clear network structure.This review discusses links between the cognition of an individual insect and that of the colony. We provide examples for collective cognition whose sources span the full spectrum between amplification of individual insect cognition and emergent group-level processes. Introduction The individuals that make up a social insect colony are so tightly knit that they are often regarded as a single super-organism(Wilson and Hölldobler, 2009). This point of view seems to go far beyond a simple metaphor(Gillooly et al., 2010)and encompasses aspects of the colony that are analogous to cell differentiation(Emerson, 1939), metabolic rates(Hou et al., 2010; Waters et al., 2010), nutrient regulation(Behmer, 2009),thermoregulation(Jones, 2004; Starks et al., 2000), gas exchange(King et al., 2015), and more. -
Social Relationships in a Small Habitat-Dependent Coral Reef Fish: an Ecological, Behavioural and Genetic Analysis
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Rueger, Theresa (2016) Social relationships in a small habitat-dependent coral reef fish: an ecological, behavioural and genetic analysis. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/46690/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/46690/ Social relationships in a small habitat- dependent coral reef fish: an ecological, behavioural and genetic analysis Thesis submitted by Theresa Rueger, March 2016 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Marine and Environmental Science & ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Declaration of Ethics This research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted in compliance with the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, 7th Edition, 2004 and the Qld Animal Care and Protection Act, 2001. The proposed research study received animal ethics approval from the JCU Animal Ethics Committee Approval Number #A1847. Signature ___31/3/2016___ Date i Acknowledgement This thesis was no one-woman show. There is a huge number of people who contributed, directly or indirectly, to its existence. I had amazing support during my field work, by fellow students and good friends Tiffany Sih, James White, Patrick Smallhorn-West, and Mariana Alvarez-Noriega. -
Stigmergic Landmark Foraging
Stigmergic Landmark Foraging Nyree Lemmens Karl Tuyls Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, MICC, Faculty of Industrial Design, Eindhoven Maastricht University University of Technology P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Maastricht, The Netherlands Eindhoven, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT through unfamiliar worlds. Instead, for navigation, they use a strat- In this paper, we describe a nature-inspired optimization algorithm egy named Path Integration (PI). Bees are able to compute their based on bee foraging behavior. This algorithm combines the high present location from their past trajectory continuously and, as a performance of bee path-integration navigation with ant-like stig- consequence, can return to their starting point by choosing the di- mergic behavior in the form of landmarks. More precisely, each rect route rather than retracing their outbound trajectory [15, 21]. individual landmark can be created at any walkable state in the For recruitment, bees employ a direct strategy by dancing in the environment and contains a collection of direction markers with nest. Their dance communicates distance and direction towards a which visiting agents can find their way in an unknown environ- destination [27]. ment. A landmark can either be represented by an agent or any In previous research, we introduced a foraging algorithm in- other information distributing object (e.g., a RFID). Essentially, we spired by bees and compared it to an Ant System [17]. Our compar- implement ant recruitment behavior based on pheromone. How- ison showed that the bee-inspired, non-pheromone-based algorithm ever, instead of using attracting or repelling pheromone in every clearly outperformed the ant-inspired, pheromone-based algorithm state of the environment, we only update directional information at in relatively unobstructed environments; more precisely, the bee al- key locations in the environment. -
Natal Fidelity: a Literature Review in Relation to the Management of the New Zealand Hoki (Macruronus Novaezelandiae) Stocks
New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/34 September 2011 ISSN 1175-1584 (print) ISSN 1179-5352 (online) Natal fidelity: a literature review in relation to the management of the New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) stocks P.L. Horn Natal fidelity: a literature review in relation to the management of the New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) stocks P.L. Horn NIWA Private Bag 14901 Wellington 6241 New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/34 September 2011 Published by Ministry of Fisheries Wellington 2011 ISSN 1175-1584 (print) ISSN 1179-5352 (online) © Ministry of Fisheries 2011 Horn, P.L. (2011). Natal fidelity: a literature review in relation to the management of the New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) stocks. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/34 This series continues the informal New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document series which ceased at the end of 1999. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Horn, P.L. (2011). Natal fidelity: a literature review in relation to the management of the New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) stocks. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/34 A review of published literature on natal fidelity (a behaviour whereby a fish always returns to spawn on the spawning ground where it originated) is presented here. The aim of the review was to determine which species exhibit natal fidelity, and what methods were used to determine this characteristic. The likely applicability of any of the methods as a means to investigate natal fidelity in hoki was evaluated. Currently, two possible life history model structures for hoki are considered. One assumes natal fidelity; the other assumes that fish "choose" a spawning ground at random for their first spawning and always return to it in following years. -
Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels
Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) Cresci, Alessandro https://scholarship.miami.edu/view/delivery/01UOML_INST/12356199980002976 Cresci, A. (2020). Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) (University of Miami). Retrieved from https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031453189802976/01U OML_INST:ResearchRepository Open 2020/05/11 19:16:33 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MAGNETIC AND CELESTIAL ORIENTATION OF MIGRATING EUROPEAN GLASS EELS (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) By Alessandro Cresci A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida May 2020 ©2020 Alessandro Cresci All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy MAGNETIC AND CELESTIAL ORIENTATION OF MIGRATING EUROPEAN GLASS EELS (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) Alessandro Cresci Approved: ________________ _________________ Josefina Olascoaga, Ph.D. Joseph E. Serafy, Ph.D. Professor of Physical Oceanography Research Professor Ocean Sciences Marine Biology and Ecology ________________ _________________ William E. Johns, Ph.D. Evan K. D’Alessandro, Ph.D. Professor of Physical Oceanography Lecturer and Director, M.P.S Ocean Sciences Marine Biology and Ecology ________________ ________________ Howard I. Browman, Ph.D. Caroline M.F. Durif, Ph.D. Principal Research Scientist Principal Research Scientist Institute of Marine Research Institute of Marine Research ________________ Guillermo Prado, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School CRESCI, ALESSANDRO (Ph.D., Ocean Sciences) Magnetic and Celestial Orientation of Migrating (May 2020) European Glass Eels (Anguilla anguilla) Abstract of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Josefina Olascoaga. -
Biological Opinion on U.S. Navy SURTASS LFA Sonar Activities 2019
Biological Opinion on U.S. Navy SURTASS LFA Sonar Activities Consultation No. OPR-2019-00120 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Consultation History ........................................................................................................ 3 2 The Assessment Framework ................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Evidence Available for the Consultation ......................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Approach to Assessing Effects to Marine Mammals ................................................ 9 2.1.2 Approach to Assessing Effects to Sea Turtles ........................................................ 24 3 Description of the Proposed Action ................................................................................... 25 3.1 The Navy’s Proposed Action ......................................................................................... 26 3.2 Description of the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) Low Frequency Active (LFA) Sonar System ................................................................................... 28 3.2.1 Passive Sonar System Components ........................................................................ 29 3.2.2 Active -
Marine Ecology Progress Series 548:181
Vol. 548: 181–196, 2016 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published April 21 doi: 10.3354/meps11623 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPEN ACCESS Isotopes and genes reveal freshwater origins of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha aggregations in California’s coastal ocean Rachel C. Johnson1,2,*, John Carlos Garza1,3, R. Bruce MacFarlane1,4, Churchill B. Grimes1,4, Corey C. Phillis5,8, Paul L. Koch6, Peter K. Weber7, Mark H. Carr2 1Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 3Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 4Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 5Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 6Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA 7Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA 8Present address: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1121 L St. Suite 900, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA ABSTRACT: The ability of salmon to navigate from the ocean back to their river of origin to spawn acts to reinforce local adaptation and maintenance of unique and heritable traits among salmon populations. Here, the extent to which Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the same freshwater breeding groups associate together in the ocean at regional and smaller-scale aggre- gations prior to homeward migration is evaluated.