DOCSLIB.ORG

Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice 3 EJRR 1|2013 Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice 3 Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice A Framework for the Responsible Use of the Nudge Approach to Behaviour Change in Public Policy Pelle Guldborg Hansen* and Andreas Maaløe Jespersen** https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00002762 . In Nudge (2008) Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein suggested that public policy-makers arrange decision-making contexts in ways to promote behaviour change in the interest of individual citizens as well as that of society. However, in the public sphere and Academia alike widespread discussions have appeared concerning the public acceptability of nudge- based behavioural policy. Thaler and Sunstein’s own position is that the anti-nudge posi- tion is a literal non-starter, because citizens are always influenced by the decision making context anyway, and nudging is liberty preserving and acceptable if guided by Libertarian https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Paternalism and Rawls’ publicity principle. A persistent and central tenet in the criticism disputing the acceptability of the approach is that nudging works by manipulating citizens’ choices. In this paper, we argue that both lines of argumentation are seriously flawed. We show how the anti-nudge position is not a literal non-starter due to the responsibilities that accrue on policy-makers by the intentional intervention in citizens’ life, how nudging is not essentially liberty preserving and why the approach is not necessarily acceptable even if satisfying Rawls’ publicity principle. We then use the psychological dual process theory underlying the approach as well as an epistemic transparency criterion identified by Thaler and Sunstein themselves to show that nudging is not necessarily about “manipulation”, nor necessarily about influencing “choice”. The result is a framework identifying four types of , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at nudges that may be used to provide a central component for more nuanced normative con- siderations as well as a basis for policy recommendations. 26 Sep 2021 at 18:53:45 I. Introduction ought to be, from the perspective of rationality, ir- , on relevant features of the decision-making context. In the last three decades, advances in behavioural In general, these behavioural insights teach us how economics and psychology have revealed how our decision-making contexts may systematically lead 170.106.40.40 decision-making and behaviour are systematically us to fail in acting on our well-informed intentions biased by the interplay of psychological with what or achieve our preferred ends. In the area of public policy-making, particularly, such advances teach us . IP address: how neglecting these insights may be responsible for * Director of The Initiative for Science, Society & Policy (ISSP); In- failures of public policy to reach intended effects, and stitute for Marketing & Management, University of Southern Den- why paying more attention to them seems likely to mark. provide a key to dealing effectively with important ** The Initiative for Science, Society & Policy (ISSP). The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers at EJRR societal challenges such as global-warming, obesity as well as Prof. Robert Sugden (UEA), Prof. Bent Greve (RUC) and epidemics, and poor economic decision-making. John Parkinson (Bangor University) and colleagues from the Insti- tute for Marketing and Management (SDU) who all have provided The seminal book that brought the idea to a helpful comments and question. https://www.cambridge.org/core broader audience was Nudge: Improving Decisions Downloaded from EJRR 1-2013 Inhalt.indd 3 26.02.2013 09:41:06 4 Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice EJRR 1|2013 About Health, Wealth and Happiness,1 written by be- “nudging” in public policy-making have been of vary- havioural economist Richard Thaler and law scholar ing success, but overall seem promising.12 Cass R. Sunstein. In their book, Thaler and Sun- However, this new undertaking in behavioural stein suggested that public policy-makers and other change has not always been met with enthusiasm. choice architects arrange decision-making contexts Both academics and public commentators have lev- in ways to promote behaviour that is in our own, eled harsh criticism – political, practical, and ethical as well as society’s general interests. The proclaimed – against the approach. In the UK, the libertarian advantage in doing this is that public policy-makers blog Spiked featuring a series of liberal academics https://doi.org/10.1017/S1867299X00002762 . might influence – in a cheap and effective way – our has even gone as far as declaring “war on nudge”.13 everyday choices and behaviours without recourse to injunctions or fiddling with incentives. That is, “nudging” seems to offer policy-makers an effective 1 Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, Nudge – Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth and Happiness (New Haven, CT: Yale Uni- way to influence citizens’ behaviour without restrict- versity Press 2008) ing freedom of choice, imposing new taxations, or 2 Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, “Libertarian Paternalism tax-reliefs. Thaler and Sunstein have coined the is not an oxymoron”, 70 The University of Chicago Law Review seemingly oxymoron term, “Libertarian Paternal- (2003), pp. 1159–1202. ism”,2 which characterizes the attractive regulation 3 Paul Dolan, Michael Hallsworth, David Halpern et al., “MIND- SPACE – Influencing behaviour through public policy. Institute for https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms paradigm that arises out of the “nudge approach” to Government”, 2010, available on the Internet at: <http://www. behavioural change in public policy-making, when instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/mindspace> (last ac- cessed on 09 January 2013) enacted to serve the interests of the citizens as these 4 Cabinet Office Behvioural Insights Team. Behavioural Insights Team are judged by themselves. Annual Update 2010–2011, 2011, available on the Internet at: Four years later, the nudge approach has achieved <http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/behavioural- insight-team-annual-update> (last accessed on 09 January 2013). widespread recognition in two of the largest West- 5 Oliver Oullier and Sarah Sauneron, “‘Green Nudges’ new incen- ern democracies. Until recently, Sunstein was an ad- tives for ecological behaviour”, 2011, available on the Internet at: visor on regulatory affairs for US President Barack <http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/en/content/policy-brief-216-nudges- green-new-incentives-green-Behaviour-march-2011> (last accessed Obama. Thaler is an advisor for UK Prime Minister on 09 January 2013). David Cameron’s Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), 6 Brigitte Piniewski, Cristiano Codagnone and David Osimo, “Nudg- popularly referred to as the “Nudge-unit.” These ef- ing lifestyles for better healtlh outcomes: Crowdsourced data and persuasive technologies for behavioural change”, 2011, available forts have led to the production of a series of reports on the Internet at: <http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub. and discussion papers aimed at public policy-mak- cfm?id=4219> (last accessed on 09 January 2013) 7 Edmund L. Andrews, “Obama Outlines Retirement Initiatives 2009”, , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at ers. The UK Institute of Government has published 3 available on the Internet at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/ the MINDSPACE report in 2010, drawing heavily us/politics/06address.html?_r=1> (last accessed on 09 January on the nudge approach; through the UK Cabinet 2013). Office, BIT has published the first, “Behavioural In- 8 James Surowiecki, “A Smarter Stimulus”, 2009, availa- 4 ble on the Internet at: <http://www.newyorker.com/talk/ sights Team Annual Update 2010–2011”; the Cen- financial/2009/01/26/090126ta_talk_surowiecki> (last accessed tre for Strategic Analysis for the Prime Minister of on 09 January 2013). 26 Sep 2021 at 18:53:45 France has published a report on “Green Nudges”;5 9 Michael M. Grynbaum, “New York Plans to Ban Sale of Big Siz- , on es of Sugary Drinks”, 2012, available on the Internet at: <http:// and the European Commission has published the www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/nyregion/bloomberg-plans-a-ban- report, “Nudging lifestyles for better health out- on-large-sugared-drinks.html?pagewanted=all> (last accessed on comes”.6 09 January 2013). 170.106.40.40 10 Cabinet Office – Behavioural Insights Team, “Applying behaviour- The impact extends beyond mere speculations. In al insights to reduce fraud, error and debt”, 2011 available on the the US, the nudge approach has been used to design Internet at: <http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/be- 7 havioural-insights-team-paper-fraud-error-and-debt> (last accessed the 401(K) pension scheme, suggested as a tax re- 09 January 2013). IP address: 8 fund system and recently, to suggest a controver- 11 Cabinet Office – Behavioural Insights Team, “Applying behavioural sial ban on super-size sodas in New York City.9 In insights to health”, 2011, available on the Internet at “http://www. cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/applying-behavioural-insight- the UK, large-scale nudge experiments have been health” (last accessed 09 January 2013). carried out by BIT to improve compliance in tax re- 12 Nudge theory trials ‘are working’ say officials, 2012, available on porting10 and to lower alcohol consumption among the Internet at: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-16943729> youth.11 Also, both in the US and the UK, nudging (last accessed on 09 January
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Randomized Experiment Using Absenteeism Information to “Nudge” Attendance
    February 2017 Making an Impact A randomized experiment using absenteeism information to “nudge” attendance Todd Rogers Harvard Kennedy School Teresa Duncan ICF International Tonya Wolford School District of Philadelphia John Ternovski Shruthi Subramanyam Harvard Kennedy School Adrienne Reitano School District of Philadelphia Key findings This randomized controlled trial, conducted in collaboration with the School District of Philadelphia, finds that a single postcard that encouraged guardians to improve their student’s attendance reduced absences by roughly 2.4 percent. Guardians received one of two types of message: one encouraging guardians to improve their student’s attendance or one encouraging guardians to improve their student’s attendance that also included specific information about the student’s attendance history. There was no statistically significant difference in absences between students according to which message their guardians received. The effect of the postcard did not differ between students in grades 1–8 and students in grades 9–12. U.S. Department of Education At ICF International Institute of Education Sciences Thomas W. Brock, Commissioner for Education Research Delegated the Duties of Director National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance Audrey Pendleton, Acting Commissioner Elizabeth Eisner, Acting Associate Commissioner Amy Johnson, Action Editor Felicia Sanders, Project Officer REL 2017–252 The National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE) conducts unbiased large-scale evaluations of education programs and practices supported by federal funds; provides research-based technical assistance to educators and policymakers; and supports the synthesis and the widespread dissemination of the results of research and evaluation throughout the United States. Febr uar y 2017 This report was prepared for the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) under Contract ED-IES-12-C-0006 by Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic administered by ICF International.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudge Me Right: Personalizing Online Security Nudges to People’S Decision-Making Styles
    Computers in Human Behavior 109 (2020) 106347 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computers in Human Behavior journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh Full length article Nudge me right: Personalizing online security nudges to people’s decision-making styles Eyal Peer a,*, Serge Egelman b,c, Marian Harbach b, Nathan Malkin c, Arunesh Mathur d, Alisa Frik b,c a Federmann School of Public Policy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel b International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA c Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA d Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, USA ABSTRACT Nudges are simple and effective interventions that alter the architecture in which people make choices in order to help them make decisions that could benefit themselves or society. For many years, researchers and practitioners have used online nudges to encourage users to choose stronger and safer passwords. However, the effects of such nudges have been limited to local maxima, because they are designed with the “average” person in mind, instead of being customized to different individuals. We present a novel approach that analyzes individual differences in traits of decision-making style and, based on this analysis, selects which, from an array of online password nudges, would be the most effective nudge each user should receive. In two large-scale online studies, we show that such personalized nudges can lead to considerably better outcomes, increasing nudges’ effectiveness up to four times compared to administering “one-size-fits-all” nudges. We regard these novel findings a proof-of-concept that should steer more researchers, practitioners and policy-makers to develop and apply more efforts that could guarantee that each user is nudged in a way most right for them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stronger Nudge Evaluation Report
    The Stronger Nudge Evaluation Report July 2020 Flo Farghly, Jo Milward, Matthew Holt, Pantelis Solomon, Will Sandbrook Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 3 1. Executive summary ................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Overview of the project ..................................................................................... 4 1.2 Evaluation approach ......................................................................................... 4 1.3 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 5 2. Overview of the project ........................................................................................... 6 2.1 Project context .................................................................................................. 6 3. Evaluation approach ............................................................................................... 9 3.1 Project aims ...................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Impact evaluation methodology ........................................................................ 9 3.3 The Sample .................................................................................................... 10 3.4
    [Show full text]
  • Good Vibrations: Can a Digital Nudge Reduce Digital Overload?
    Good Vibrations: Can a Digital Nudge Reduce Digital Overload? Fabian Okekey, Michael SobolevyΦ, Nicola DellyΨ, Deborah Estriny yCornell Tech, ΦTechnion, Ψe Jacobs Institute [fno2;ms3377;nixdell;de226]@cornell.edu ABSTRACT Snapchat, and more, have become an integral part of people’s ev- Digital overuse on mobile devices is a growing problem in every- eryday lives, helping them to share their thoughts, connect with day life. is paper describes a generalizable mobile intervention friends and families, receive news updates, and enjoy many forms that combines nudge theory and negative reinforcement to create of digital entertainment. However, research has shown that tech- a subtle, repeating phone vibration that nudges a user to reduce nology burdens people with the pressure of continual availability their digital consumption. For example, if a user has a daily Face- [2, 37], the need to constantly check in [38, 47], and the ease to book limit of 30 minutes but opens Facebook past this limit, the procrastinate on work, studies, and personal goals [22, 39, 52]. As user’s phone will issue gentle vibrations every ve seconds, but the a result, many people desire to reduce or limit their technology vibration stops once the user navigates away from Facebook. We use [21]. A number of studies have suggested completely abandon- evaluated the intervention through a three-week controlled experi- ing social media [3], using feature phones instead of smartphones ment with 50 participants on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform [31], calling users daily to reect on their social media habits [6], with ndings that show daily digital consumption was successfully limiting usage through personal productivity tools [16, 25], and reduced by over 20%.
    [Show full text]
  • A Behavioural Insights Checklist for Designing Effective Communications Practitioners’ Playbook
    RESPONSE A behavioural insights checklist for designing effective communications Practitioners’ Playbook Playbook | Behaviour change | 1 Foreword Whether it’s getting an individual, group or population to start, stop or change a behaviour, behavioural insights have proved to be powerful tools in helping central and local governments around the globe to achieve their desired goals. The dissemination of behavioural science knowledge into operational behavioural science teams or hubs within the public sector has led Paul Dolan to an expansion in the innovative application Professor of Behavioural Science London School of Economics of behavioural approaches. There is always more that can be done, of course, and local Paul is Professor of Behavioural Science, governments need to find ways to truly embed Head of Department in Psychological behavioural insights capability across their and Behavioural Science and Director of the Executive MSc in Behavioural entire workforce. Amongst other things, this will Science at the London School of enable them to respond quickly and efficiently to Economics. His research interests are in the measurement of happiness and in challenges as and when they occur. changing behaviour through changing the contexts within which people make choices. Paul has published over 100 While there are some excellent behavioural peer reviewed papers and is author science frameworks, guides and training of Sunday Times best-selling books “Happiness by Design”, and “Happy Ever available, context matters (I use those two words After”. He has worked extensively with a lot). Making communications more effective policy-makers, including being seconded lies at the heart of successful behaviour change to the Cabinet Office to help set up the Behavioural Insights Team, otherwise initiatives and there is a real business need known as the “Nudge Unit”.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Recommendations for the Design of Nudges Towards a Sustainable Society
    Master's Degree Thesis Strategic Recommendations for the Design of Nudges towards a Sustainable Society. Nell Goepel Maíra Rossini Rahme Frida Svanhall Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden 2015 Examiner: Dr. Henrik Ny Ph.D. Supervisor: Professor Karl-Henrik Robèrt Primary advisor: M.Sc. Patricia Lagun Mesquita Secondary advisor: M.Sc. Rachael Gould Strategic Recommendations for the Design of Nudges towards a Sustainable Society. Nell Goepel, Maíra Rossini Rahme, Frida Svanhall School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden 2015 Thesis submitted for completion of Master of Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden. Abstract: Even though most people support the sustainability agenda, human behavior continues to play a major role in driving the long-term global trends comprising today's Sustainability Challenge. Raising awareness and public intention to act sustainably is not translating into meaningful change in sustainable behavior and legislation is time and cost intensive to implement. Another approach, that acts in the gap between intention and action, is cost and time efficient, and provides non-invasive guidance to decisions is nudge. This research analyzes guides for designing nudges and the current practices of nudge designers to discover its potential to guide human behavior towards sustainability. Using the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development the researchers conclude that nudging can effectively create incremental changes towards sustainable behavior. The researchers see strong potential for nudging to have a greater impact within the Sustainability Challenge if scaled up and out. To do this, a strategic approach is required which considers the Earth’s complexity and preserves freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychology at Queen's
    SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY AT QUEEN’S A UNIQUE STUDY ABROAD EXPERIENCE Semester one Semester two Level 1 classes 1006 Using Psychology in Everyday Life 1: Using Psychology in Everyday Life 2: The module will cover aspects of everyday life seen The module will cover how psychology may improve from a psychological point of view. This should individual performance and provide interventions to offer fresh insights into familiar phenomena and overcome individual problems in everyday behaviours. encourage students to question some common The module will outline the role psychology has sense beliefs. Students will also be given the in designing and implementing interventions to opportunity to undertake an experiment to gain influence individual performance and behaviour. experience of research in psychology in a practical The module will explore the psychology behind the setting. Lectures will discuss real-world and behaviour(s) and how effective programmes are in everyday situations and explore how psychology influencing and changing behaviour. The module contributes to our understanding of them and will offer fresh insights into the causes of and how it is applied in everyday life. The topics are solutions to everyday psychological and behavioural presented by members of the course team who have issues experienced by the individual. The topics are a specific interest and knowledge of their topic. presented by members of the course team who have a specific interest and knowledge of their topic. Semester one Semester two Level 2 classes 2065 Social Psychology & Individual Differences: 2065 Conceptual Issues in Psychology & Perception: This module develops the topics of social This module develops the topics of conceptual psychology and individual differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudge-Approach and the Perception
    NUDGE-APPROACH AND THE PERCEPTION OF HUMAN NATURE, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE By Weronika Koralewska Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Political Science Supervisor: Professor Andres Moles CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary (2016) Abstract This thesis analyzes how the nudge-approach perceives human nature, social problems and the role of the state, with the stress on how it shifts the focus from the broader, holistic context, to the situation of the chooser's individual decision. This research remains in line with the assumption that ideas themselves matter and that power per se, being intertwined with knowledge and language, with which we describe reality, has a diffused nature. Investigating the theoretical underpinnings of the nudge-approach together with contrasting them with different theories, the analysis shows the distinctiveness of the nudge-approach. In addition, the thesis suggests what the nudge-approach overlooks. CEU eTD Collection i Table of contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ ii List of tables .............................................................................................................................. iii Introduction ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioural Science of Online Harm and Manipulation, and What to Do About It
    The behavioural science of online harm and manipulation, and what to do about it An exploratory paper to spark ideas and debate Elisabeth Costa and David Halpern The Behavioural Insights Team |The behavioural science of online harm and manipulation, and what to do about it 1 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Lucie Martin, Ed Flahavan, Andrew Schein and Lucy Makinson for outstanding research assistance. This paper was improved by lively discussions and useful comments from Elspeth Kirkman, Cass Sunstein, Tony Curzon-Price, Roger Taylor, Stephen Dunne, Kate Glazebrook, Louise Barber, Ross Haig, Aisling Colclough, Aisling Ni Chonaire, Hubert Wu, Nida Broughton, Ravi Dutta-Powell, Michael Kaemingk, Max Kroner Dale, Jake Appel, Matthew Davies, Flo Farghly, Toby Park, Carolin Reiner, Veronika Luptakova, Ed Fitzhugh and Pantelis Solomon. © Behavioural Insights Ltd. Not to be reproduced without the permission of the Behavioural Insights Team 2 The Behavioural Insights Team |The behavioural science of online harm and manipulation, and what to do about it Contents 03 Executive summary 11 1. Introduction 12 2. Challenges 13 2.1. The potential to exploit consumer biases online 16 2.2. Understanding and accepting the ‘terms of engagement’ online 18 2.3. Trust simulations 20 2.4. Attention wars 21 2.5. Predicting our preferences 24 2.6. More than markets: morals, ethics and social networks 24 Patterns of association 25 Economy of regard 26 Civility and online harassment 26 Mental health 28 2.7. Emerging problems 28 Fake news and deep fakes 28 Personalised pricing and price discrimination 29 Biased algorithms and AI tools 30 New monopolies 32 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudge Theory
    Nudge Theory http://www.businessballs.com/nudge-theory.htm Nudge theory is a flexible and modern concept for: • understanding of how people think, make decisions, and behave, • helping people improve their thinking and decisions, • managing change of all sorts, and • identifying and modifying existing unhelpful influences on people. Nudge theory was named and popularized by the 2008 book, 'Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness', written by American academics Richard H Thaler and Cass R Sunstein. The book is based strongly on the Nobel prize- winning work of the Israeli-American psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. This article: • reviews and explains Thaler and Sunstein's 'Nudge' concept, especially 'heuristics' (tendencies for humans to think and decide instinctively and often mistakenly) • relates 'Nudge' methods to other theories and models, and to Kahneman and Tversky's work • defines and describes additional methods of 'nudging' people and groups • extends the appreciation and application of 'Nudge' methodology to broader change- management, motivation, leadership, coaching, counselling, parenting, etc • offers 'Nudge' methods and related concepts as a 'Nudge' theory 'toolkit' so that the concept can be taught and applied in a wide range of situations involving relationships with people, and enabling people to improve their thinking and decision- making • and offers a glossary of Nudge theory and related terms 'Nudge' theory was proposed originally in US 'behavioral economics', but it can be adapted and applied much more widely for enabling and encouraging change in people, groups, or yourself. Nudge theory can also be used to explore, understand, and explain existing influences on how people behave, especially influences which are unhelpful, with a view to removing or altering them.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudge Theory: Should Career Development Practitioners Have a Position?
    Nudge theory: should career development practitioners have a position? Item Type Article Authors Moore, Nicki Citation Moore, N. (2019). 'Nudge theory: should career development practitioners have a position?' Career Matters, 7(3). Publisher Career Development Institute Journal Career Matters Rights CC0 1.0 Universal Download date 26/09/2021 11:46:05 Item License http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/624312 PROFESSIONAL The CDI Code of Ethics (CDI, 2019) acts as a lens through which to view Nudge DEVELOPMENT Theory and ensure its appropriate use when developing and delivering career & PRACTICE development services. NUDGE THEORY: SHOULD CAREER DEVELOPMEnt PRActITIONERS HAVE A POSITION? new interest in Nudge Theory (Thaler and Sunstein, thinking but leave human decision-makers fallible. Whilst 2009) has left me both excited and wary about how they can be useful in decision making, they can also lead A to biases. are issues here for career development practitioners to consider.easy it is to influence the behaviour of others. There These biases can lead to negative consequences and have implications for career decision making, social justice Trainee career development practitioners need to be and social equity. If you only experience failure as a child, able to demonstrate that they ‘understand [their] role your decisions may be based on the option which you think you are least likely to fail at. If you fail a maths test NICKI MOOre the role of career development in social mobility and the when you were young, you might believe you are bad at TAKES A FreSH raisingin influencing of aspiration’ and informing (CDI, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • A Menu for Change
    A Menu for Change Using behavioural science to promote sustainable diets around the world The Behavioural Insights Team / A Menu for Change 2 The Behavioural Insights Team / A Menu for Change Toby Park, Head of Energy & Sustainability, The Behavioural Insights Team [email protected] Acknowledgements This report has benefitted from several individuals’ contributions. With particular thanks for substantive research support and contributions to early content and the structure of the report, to Emma Garnett (University of Cambridge) and Brittney Titus (University of Oxford), both supporting us while at placement at BIT. With thanks also to Elisabeth Costa (BIT), Dr Filippo Bianchi (BIT), Dr Jessica Barker (BIT), and Dr Christian Reynolds (University of Sheffield) for their valuable feedback and comments. This is a long report. We hope you’ll read it cover-to-cover, but if not, it’s written to allow you to dip into individual sections. Look out for the short orange descriptions at the beginning of each chapter to keep track of where you are. Sections 1.1-1.2 introduce the problem, and make the rationale for shifting global diets. This will be familiar ground for environmental scientists. Section 1.3 looks at the current state, and emerging trends, in diets around the world, and Section 1.4 highlights the many historical occasions when diets have radically changed through technological innovation or deliberate intervention from government and industry. Section 1.5 acknowledges the sensitivities of this topic, and offers some reflections on how we might navigate public and political consent. We don’t have all the answers here but give a series of recommendations for building public support and developing effective policy.
    [Show full text]