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Guide to Identification of Aphids and Their Natural Enemies

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Guide to identifi cation of aphids and their natural enemies Cristina Navarro Campos Ferrán García-Marí www.belchim.co.uk Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 1 9/02/2015 11:02:29 introduction Belchim Crop Protection has been serving agriculture Damage can be direct – from physical feeding damage for almost 30 years. We have developed this guide with and loss of sugar or via transmission of phytopathogenic a view to increasing the knowledge of economically viruses. important crop pests and their natural enemies. For these reasons, aphids have the potential to cause a More than 4000 species of aphid have been identifi ed great deal of harm to crops if not controlled by natural in 10 distinct families. Although there is great variety predators and chemical insecticides. in colour, shape, size and food-source, there are several features in common; This guide has been produced with the assistance of Cristina Navarro Campos and Ferran Garcia-Mari, All aphids feed on plant sap using sucking mouthparts. both researchers at the Agroforestery Institute of the Mediterranean. We would like to express our deepest High reproductive capacity can result in very rapid gratitude for them making the development of this tool population increases. This gives them the potential to possible. be extremely destructive. These aphids will often form large colonies. Some aphids (eg Rosy apple aphid – Dysaphis plantaginea) feed on only a few specifi c species. This is known as host specifi city. Other aphids (eg Black bean aphid – Aphis fabae) are polyphagous and can feed on many species of plants. Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 2 9/02/2015 11:02:52 Aphids Natural Enemies Apple aphid Aphis pomi 3 14-spot ladybird Propylea 14-punctata 23 Bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi 4 7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata adult 24 Black bean aphid Aphis fabae 5 7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata larva 25 Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae 6 Adonis ladybird Adonia variegata 26 Buckthorn potato aphid Aphis nasturtii 7 Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea adult 27 Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii 8 Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea larva 28 Currant lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribis-nigri 9 Lady beetle Scymnus spp. adult 29 Glasshouse potato aphid Aulacorthum solani 10 Lady beetle Scymnus spp. larva 30 Grain aphid Sitobion avenae 11 Marmalade hoverfl y Episyrphus balteatus adult 31 Green bug Schizaphis graminum 12 Marmalade hoverfl y Episyrphus balteatus larva 32 Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus bursarius 13 Migrant hoverfl y Eupeodes corollae 33 Mealy cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae 14 Parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult 34 Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum 15 Parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummy 35 Peach potato aphid Myzus persicae 16 Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult 36 Plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni 17 Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva 37 Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae 18 Rose grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum 19 Rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea 20 Willow carrot aphid Cavariella aegopodii 21 1 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 3 9/02/2015 11:02:52 Aphids 2 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 4 9/02/2015 11:02:53 Aphis pomi Apple aphid Dark head Black Legs and cauda and antennae pale siphunculi with black tips Body colour green or yellow-green Dark head Main crops attacked: apple Remarks: specifi c Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.2-2.2 mm Return to contents page 3 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 5 9/02/2015 11:03:44 Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry oat aphid Red area at base of siphunculi and Antennae short, cauda not reaching base of siphunculi Body colour brown-green shape oval Apterae have a coating of wax Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks specifi c to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV) potatoes (can spread PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.4 mm Return to contents page 4 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 6 9/02/2015 11:03:56 Aphis fabae Black bean aphid Antennae pale yellow with black tip Siphunculi black with paler cauda Legs pale yellow with black tarsus Body colour matt black often with white wax markings Main crops attacked: beans, sugar beet Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, bean (BLVR, BYMV), pea (PEMV), beet (BYV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3 mm Return to contents page 5 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 7 9/02/2015 11:04:02 Hyperomyzus lactucae Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid Long pale antennae Faint green line on upper abdomen Prominent fi nger- shaped cauda Green line on upper abdomen Main crops attacked: currants, potato, lettuce Damage: direct feeding, potato (PVY) Size of apterae: 2.0-3.2 mm © Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 6 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 8 9/02/2015 11:04:10 Aphis nasturtii Buckthorn potato aphid Antennae approx. half body length Pale siphunculi Body colour yellow-green, no dark bands and no wax powder Main crops attacked: potato, beet, lettuce, sunfl ower Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA) Size of apterae: 1.1-2.4 mm © Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 7 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 9 9/02/2015 11:04:14 Aphis gossypii Cotton aphid Antennae pale yellow with dark tip Siphunculi Legs pale yellow black with with dark femur tip paler cauda and tarsus Body colour variable, from black to light-green Dark grey or green patches Major crops attacked: cucurbits Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, cucurbits & ornamentals (several viruses) Size of apterae: 0.9-1.8 mm Return to contents page 8 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 10 9/02/2015 11:04:19 Nasonovia ribis-nigri Currant lettuce aphid Antennae long Siphunculi Transverse with dark tip dark marks Body shiny. Pale yellow, green or red With transverse dark marks on abdomen Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: specifi c to lettuce Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.3-2.7 mm Return to contents page 9 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 11 9/02/2015 11:04:26 Aulacorthum solani Glasshouse potato aphid Pale siphunculi Green or red with dark tips patch at base of siphunculi Long antennae Body colour green, pear-shaped Main crops attacked: potato, glasshouse ornamentals Damage: potato (PLRV – poor transmission), beet (BYV), cucumber (CMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3.0 mm © Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 10 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 12 9/02/2015 11:04:37 Sitobion avenae Grain aphid Siphunculi long and black Cauda 3/4 the length of siphunculi Antennae uniformly dark Body colour variable: yellow green-dark brown Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specifi c to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 1.3-3.3 mm Return to contents page 11 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 13 9/02/2015 11:04:42 Schizaphis graminum Green bug Antennae dark, not reaching base of siphunculi Dark green dorsal longitudinal band Siphunculi paler than body with black tip, half as long as distance between their bases Body colour apple-green, oval Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specifi c Damage: cereals (BYDV) Size of apterae: 1.3-2.1 mm Return to contents page 12 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 14 9/02/2015 11:04:44 Pemphigus bursarius Lettuce root aphid No siphunculi Surrounded by white waxy residue Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: found on the roots of lettuce Damage: direct feeding, lettuce (LMV) Size of apterae: 2.0-2.2 mm © Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 13 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 15 9/02/2015 11:04:46 Brevicoryne brassicae Mealy cabbage aphid Siphunculi short and dark Cauda broad and triangular Body colour green covered with white-greyish waxy powder Main crops attacked: brassicae Remarks: specifi c to brassicae Damage: direct feeding, brassicas (TuMV, CaMV) Size of apterae: 1.9-2.7 mm Return to contents page 14 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 16 9/02/2015 11:04:49 Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid Long legs Red eyes Long cauda Long and slender siphunculi Main crops attacked: peas, alfalfa Damage: bean (BLRV), pea (PEMV, PSbMV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 2-5 mm © Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 15 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 17 9/02/2015 11:05:01 Myzus persicae Peach potato aphid Siphunculi and cauda light green Long convergent siphunculi with dark tip Body colour light green, sometimes pink or red Sometimes with dark green longitudinal bands Main crops attacked: potatoes, sugar beet, lettuce, brassicas and legumes Remarks: polyphagous Damage: brassicas (TuYV, CaMV), beet (BYV, BMYV, BChV), potato (PLRV, PVA, PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.3 mm Return to contents page 16 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 18 9/02/2015 11:05:07 Hyalopterus pruni Plum aphid Body shape elongate Siphunculi small and thin, shorter than cauda Body colour pale blue green with green areas covered with white waxy powder Main crops attacked: plum Remarks: specifi c to plum Damage: direct feeding, plum (plum pox virus – weak transmission) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.6 mm Return to contents page 17 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 19 9/02/2015 11:05:17 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato aphid Red eyes Long pointed siphunculi Body colour green, sometimes pink or yellow Body rather large, spindle-shaped Main crops attacked: rose, potato Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA), beet (BYV, BMYV) Size of apterae: 2.0-4.0 mm Return to contents page 18 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 20 9/02/2015 11:05:31 Metopolophium dirhodum Rose grain aphid Dark dorsal longitudinal band Antennae with dark tip on each segment, extending beyond base of pale siphunculi Body colour yellow-green to pink Main crops attacked: cereals, maize Remarks: specifi c Damage:
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  • Parasitoids Induce Production of the Dispersal Morph of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon Pisum

    Parasitoids Induce Production of the Dispersal Morph of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon Pisum

    OIKOS 98: 323–333, 2002 Parasitoids induce production of the dispersal morph of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum John J. Sloggett and Wolfgang W. Weisser Sloggett, J. J. and Weisser, W. W. 2002. Parasitoids induce production of the dispersal morph of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. – Oikos 98: 323–333. In animals, inducible morphological defences against natural enemies mostly involve structures that are protective or make the individual invulnerable to future attack. In the majority of such examples, predators are the selecting agent while examples involving parasites are much less common. Aphids produce a winged dispersal morph under adverse conditions, such as crowding or poor plant quality. It has recently been demonstrated that pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, also produce winged offspring when exposed to predatory ladybirds, the first example of an enemy-in- duced morphological change facilitating dispersal. We examined the response of A. pisum to another important natural enemy, the parasitoid Aphidius er6i, in two sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, two aphid clones both produced the highest proportion of winged offspring when exposed as colonies on plants to parasitoid females. In all cases, aphids exposed to male parasitoids produced a higher mean proportion of winged offspring than controls, but not significantly so. Aphid disturbance by parasitoids was greatest in female treatments, much less in male treatments and least in controls, tending to match the pattern of winged offspring production. In a second set of experiments, directly parasitised aphids produced no greater proportion of winged offspring than unparasitised controls, thus being parasitised itself is not used by aphids for induction of the winged morph.