DOCSLIB.ORG

Growing Succulents As Houseplants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growing Succulents As Houseplants Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. Success with Cacti Coming to terms… and Other Succulents … “cactus” vs. “succulent” as Houseplants Gymnocalycium saglione Agave patonii var. compacta Rebutia donaldiana Haworthia baccata Succulent: Cactus: any plant that has modified organs any plant that is scientifically (leaves, stems, or roots) for the classified as a member of the primary purpose of water storage to plant family Cactaceae. survive periods of drought. All cacti are succulents. Succulence occurs to varying Not all succulents are cacti: only degrees in about 55 families of plants. about 20%. areoles 1 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. 2 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. Leaf Succulents Stem Succulents Lithops bromfeldii Adromischus alveolatus Haworthia schuldtiana whitesloaniana Caralluma socotrana Euphorbia persistens Rebutia arenacea 3 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. Interrelated Factors for the Root Succulents Healthy Growth of Succulent Plants Light Temperature Air Soil Water Nutrients Brachystelma pachypodium Container Fockea edulis “caudiciform” plants Othonna cacaloides Interrelated Factors for the LIGHT is the most essential element Healthy Growth of Succulent Plants for good growth of succulent plants, Light but is often the most difficult Temperature requirement to provide. Air Soil Water Nutrients Container Othonna cacaloides Lithops julii var. fulleri Rebutia heliosa var. heliosa LIGHT: factors to consider: Generally, the best TEMPERATURE for growth is 75-90 degrees. • Intensity • Tolerances vary. • Angle • Some are hardy. • Direction • Some cacti require a • Duration (photoperiod) cool winter for good • Match light to plant needs. flowering. Artificial lights: intensity is the key to success. Conophytum uvaeforme Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi 4 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. AIR movement is beneficial; SOIL promotes root health and cold drafts are not. provides support for the plant. Humidity should be low; 40-50% or less. Pachypodium saundersii Pachypodium brevicaule Trichodiadema densum Use a well-drained SOIL MIX. • Roughly 50% potting Landscape soil and 50% Baked clay gravel drainage material: sponge rock (Perlite) coarse sand Poultry grit poultry grit horticultural pumice Horticultural • Debate over peat. pumice Perlite • Avoid vermiculite. Echinocereus triglochidiatus in the Mojave Desert Improper WATERING is the recipe for failure. • Under-watering results in poor growth. • Over-watering can be a disaster. • Water regularly during the growing season. • Water lightly & infrequently during dormancy. • But some plants are winter Aloe erinacea growers! 5 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. OVER-WATERING can result in NUTRIENTS are required for root rot and loss of plant. healthy plants and flowering. • Well-drained soil mix. • Most succulents live in • Good root-to-soil ratio. nitrogen-poor soils. • Use 1/4-1/2 strength • Appropriate sized pot. soluble houseplant • Active growth and fertilizers. warm, sunny weather • Fertilize only during result in rapid active growth periods. evapotranspiration. • High phosphorous Rebutia albiflora Golden Rules of Watering: fertilizers promote flowering and healthy • If at all moist, don’t. Avonia quinaria var. alstonii roots. • If in doubt, don’t. (=Anacampseros alstonii) The CONTAINER is the frame Secondary Considerations for the for your painting. Healthy Growth of Succulent Plants • Porous vs. non-porous. Repotting. • Shallow vs. deep. Recognizing growth • Square vs. round. periods. • Utilitarian vs. aesthetic. Pests and diseases. • MUST have drain holes. Migrating plants. DO NOT over-pot; balance Sources of plants. pot size with root system. Adenia glauca More information. Rebutia verticillacantha var. albispina REPOTTING should normally When REPOTTING: be done every 2-3 years. • Inspect roots. • Better growth. • If necessary, allow • Promotes root health. roots to dry. • Replenishes nutrients. • Use slightly damp soil. • Improves soil structure. • Do not water for 7-10 • Removes salts. days after repotting; then water cautiously for first month. Disocactus flagelliformis Repot at the beginning of Astrophytum capricorne the growing season. 6 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. Not all succulents have the Cacti and succulents are not same GROWTH PERIODS. immune to PESTS and DISEASES. • Most grow in summer. • Mealybugs. • Some grow in spring • Spider mites. and/or fall. • Whiteflies. • A few are winter • Aphids. growers. • Root rots. • Some are opportunists. • Stem rots. • Viruses. • Physiological diseases. Pelargonium rapaceum • “The blahs” (check the roots!). Aloe jacksoni MIGRATING PLANTS • Plants can be wintered indoors and spend the summer in the sun. • When moving out, expose to full sun gradually. • When outside, protect Echinocereus pentalophus from prolonged cool, wet weather. Check for • When in for the winter, hitchhikers! provide as much light as possible. SOURCES of PLANTS SOURCES: How to pick a healthy plant. • Garden centers. • Avoid gimmicks. • Chain stores. • Has it had good light? • Friends. • Uniform shape. • Specialist mail-order nurseries. • Uniform color. • e-bay. • Avoid scarred plants. • Web sites: • Is it well rooted? www.cactus-mall.com/ • Check for pests. But please don’t Dorstenia foetida dig up the desert! Notocactus sp. 7 Growing Succulents as Houseplants. Dan Mahr. Southwestern Wisconsin Master Gardeners. March 2018. Plants That Can Tolerate Lower Light Plants That Can Tolerate Lower Light Mostly Small Species That Live Under Shrubs Mostly Small Species That Live Under Shrubs Cacti Succulents • Rebutia • Haworthia • Gymnocalycium • Gasteria • Lobivia • Small Aloes • Mammillaria • Sansevieria • Madagascar Euphorbias Haworthia starkiana Gasteria ellaphieae Lobivia tiegeliana var. pusilla MORE INFORMATION WORDS OF CAUTION! • Books. Many cacti and other • Journals. succulents have fierce spines or • Societies. highly toxic • Nurseries. chemicals to protect • The web. themselves from predation. Use caution when handling plants, and protect children and Euphorbia persistens Euphorbia obesa pets. Enjoy your plants! Rebutia senilis 8.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indoor Plants Or Houseplants
    Visit us on the Web: www.gardeninghelp.org Indoor Plants or Houseplants Over the past twenty years houseplants have grown in popularity. Offered in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors and textures, houseplants beautify our homes and help soften our environment. They have been scientifically proven to improve our health by lowering blood pressure and removing pollutants from the air we breathe. When selecting a houseplant, choose reputable suppliers who specialize in growing houseplants. Get off to a good start by thoroughly examining each plant. Watch for brown edges and spindly growth with elongated stems and large gaps between new leaves. Inspect leaves and stem junctions for signs of insect or disease problems. Check any support stakes to make sure they are not hiding broken stems or branches. Finally, make sure the plant is placed in an area that suits its optimal requirements for light, temperature and humidity. Where to Place Your House Plants With the exception of the very darkest areas, you can always find a houseplant with growth requirements to match the environmental conditions in your home. The most important factors are light intensity and duration. The best way to determine the intensity of light at a window exposure area is to measure it with a light meter. A light meter measures light in units called foot-candles. One foot-candle is the amount of light from a candle spread over a square foot of surface area. Plants that prefer low light may produce dull, lifeless-looking leaves when exposed to bright light. Bright light can also cause leaf spots or brown-tipped scorched margins.
    [Show full text]
  • General Houseplant Care
    Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes GENERAL HOUSEPLANT CARE Caring for houseplants can be a mysterious since it does not supply a constant and and slightly confusing project for both the uniform amount of moisture in the air. To beginning and the experienced indoor raise humidity, potted plants can be set in gardener. This is further complicated by the glass or plexi-glass enclosures, which diversity of plants which are available, all of simulate a greenhouse. There should be which appear to have specific requirements openings so that the pots can be removed for for growth. General plant care is more watering and other care and to allow for straightforward when one considers the good air circulation. Another solution is to basic needs of every plant- water, soil, set the pots on moist gravel in plastic trays. fertilizer, and light. The gravel should be deep enough so that water will saturate the stones on the bottom Most plants will do well in bright indirect and leave the upper levels dry. In this way, light or curtain-filtered sunlight. Very hot the pot will never come in direct contact afternoon sun in summer can scald leaves. with the water. Bowls of water can also be Plants should be kept away from cold set in and among the potted plants to help windowpanes or direct sources of heat such increase the humidity in the air circulating as radiators, wood stoves, television sets, or directly around the plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Two Species of Ferocactus: Interactions Between Cactus-Specialist Bees and Their Host Plants
    Functional Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Ecology 2005 Pollination of two species of Ferocactus: interactions 19, 727–734 between cactus-specialist bees and their host plants M. E. MCINTOSH Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1041 E. Lowell Street; BioSciences West, Room 310, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Summary 1. Resolving the controversy over the prevalence of generalization in plant–pollinator interactions requires field studies characterizing the pollination effectiveness of all a plant’s floral visitors. Herein, the pollination effectiveness of all visitors to two species of barrel cactus (Ferocactus) was quantified. 2. Flowers of both species were pollinated almost exclusively by cactus-specialist bees: 99% (F. cylindraceus (Engelm.) Orcutt) and 94% (F. wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. and Rose) of all seeds produced in this study resulted from cactus bee visits. 3. For F. cylindraceus, the cactus-specialist Diadasia rinconis was the most abundant visitor. For F. wislizeni, three cactus-specialists (including D. rinconis) plus generalists in the family Halictidae (which did not act as pollinators) each accounted for a quarter of all visits. 4. Diadasia rinconis visits to F. wislizeni flowers were more effective (per-visit) than visits by the other two cactus-specialists. 5. Pollen-collecting and nectar-collecting visits were equally effective. Nectar-collecting visits were the most abundant. 6. Apart from the non-pollinating halictids, floral visitors surprisingly did not include commonly co-occurring generalist bees. 7. These data suggest that, just as apparently specialized flowers may be visited by a diverse assemblage of generalists, so apparently generalized flowers may be visited predominantly by specialists, and that these specialists may perform virtually all of the pollination.
    [Show full text]
  • Houseplant Care
    222 W. Lake St. Bloomingdale 2400 Randall Rd. Carpentersville 630-529-9394 847-428-6767 HouseplantCare, Feeding and Growth Learning to Water Lighting The water needs of most houseplants are quite simple. Most plants like bright light in the home. East and • Don’t wait until the plant wilts, it is hard on the west windows have excellent lighting for plants. Be plant. cautious of plants in direct light as they may dry out • Do not let the plant sit in water. The soil will remain quicker from being in the sun. When situating plants, soggy causing the roots to rot. consider the outdoor landscape. A large tree may shade • Roots need air too, so be cautious not to keep plants south windows making it bright light in summer and too wet. direct light in winter. To check soil moisture insert your fi nger about an inch into the soil. Check plants weekly. As a general guide- Every plant has specifi c requirements, and are best line if the soil feels dry, you need to water. However, placed by light requirements rather than how the plant some plants prefer the soil wetter than others. Cactus looks in the spot. only need water when the soil dries out. Never allow Repotting watering to become a weekly “Saturday” routine. The Repotting is the topic of much speculation and myth. frequency of watering will change with the season and Most houseplants do not mind being root bound, and the plants growth. Most plants will only need to be some actually won’t fl ower unless they are.
    [Show full text]
  • Cactus (Opuntia Spp.) As Forage 169
    Cactus (Opuntia spp.) as forage 169 Food •••A.gricultv,.. Org•nU.taon or United -N••lon• FAO Cactus (Opuntiaspp.) PLANT PRODUCTION as forage AND PROTECTlON PAPER 169 Ed~ed by Candelario Mondragon-Jacobo lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (INIFAP) Mexico and Salvador Perez-Gonzalez Universidad Aut6noma de Queretaro Mexico Coordinated for FAD by Enrique Arias Horticultural Crops Group Stephen G. Reynolds Grassland and Pasture Crops Group FAO Plant Production and Protection Division and Manuel D. sanchez Feed Resources Group FAO Animal Production and HeaHh Division Produced within the frameworl< of the FAO International Technical Cooperation Networl< ot on Cactus Pear ••u nttttd• NaUon• Rome,2001 Reprinted 2002 The designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, country territory or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or of their affiliated organization(s). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-104705-7 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Create a High Desert Cactus Garden
    Care and Maintenance Located at The cactus garden will need very little maintenance TexasA&M AgriLife Research Center once established and little or no watering will be 1380 A&M Circle needed. Cacti will be able to survive on rainfall un- El Paso, TX 79927 less the area is experiencing an extended period of drought. A little supplemental water, however, will increase the rate of growth and can result in more attractive looking plants. Just be sure not to over GARDENING IN THE DESERT SOUTHWEST PUBLICATION SERIES water. Do not water cacti during the winter months. Cacti may be fertilized sparingly in the spring with a half-strength solution. A liquid bloom-boosting fertilizer is preferred. Create a High Desert Directions: From the West, Airport/Downtown El Paso on I-10: Take exit 34, Loop 375 / Americas Avenue, 8 miles Cactus Garden from Airway Blvd. This is the first exit after Zaragosa Road. Stay on Gateway East and go under Americas. Just past where traffic is merging onto Gateway East from Americas Avenue, turn right on A&M Circle at the green sign that says “Texas A&M Research Center”. From the East on I-10: Take exit 34, Loop 375 / Americas Avenue. This is the first exit after Eastlake Dr. Stay on Gateway West (the access road paralleling the freeway) and go under Americas Avenue. Immediately after that, bear right on the cloverleaf that takes you to Americas Ave- nue south. Cross the bridge and immediately take the exit for I- 10 east / Van Horn. You will be on Gateway East.
    [Show full text]
  • Succulent Container Gardening 101
    SUCCULENT CONTAINER GARDENING 101 MATERIALS—What you need! Container-- Be creative! Small piece of coco fiber, paper towel, or landscaper’s cloth to cover the drainage hole Expanded shale, or gravel for drainage Succulent/cactus soil Chopstick, bbq skewer, spoon, a small brush and other utensils for hard to reach areas Plants: Succulents, cacti, or sedum Optional: o Decorative gravel, stones or sand to achieve that finished look! o Charcoal used to keep containers with no drainage hole sweet and fresh. CARING FOR SUCCULENTS—True love! Soil: Succulents and cacti thrive in well draining, porous soils. Gravel or expanded shale can be added to the bottom of the container to help increase drainage. A basic, sandy potting soil mixed with vermiculite makes a great succulent mix! Light: Succulents do very well in bright, indirect light-- most succulents will burn in direct sunlight. Although there are types of cacti that, in their natural environment thrive in full sun, we are mostly dealing with artificial growing conditions; therefore the plants need some protection. Succulents and cacti grow well in a variety of places; a covered porch or patio, in a bright room, or in the shade of other plants. Water: There are a couple of basics when it comes to watering succulents. 1. Never let the container sit in a saucer of water. If your container does not have a drainage hole, you will need to water less. 2. Never water a container that does not feel dry (your finger is a great tool when testing moisture!). As a general rule, water once a week in the summer, or in warm conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Clover's Cactus Transplant Data Review
    PETITION TO LIST THE Clover’s Cactus (Sclerocactus cloverae) UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Clover’s cactus. Photo: Robert Sivinski Petition Submitted to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Acting through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Petitioner: WildEarth Guardians Address correspondence to: Taylor Jones [email protected] (720) 443-2615 May 29, 2020 INTRODUCTION WildEarth Guardians (Guardians) respectfully requests that the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) list Clover’s cactus (Sclerocactus cloverae) as “threatened” or “endangered” under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531- 1544). Guardians also requests that the Service designate critical habitat for the species concurrent with listing. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT AND IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS The ESA, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544, was enacted in 1973 “to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, [and] to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species.” 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). The protections of the ESA only apply to species that have been listed as endangered or threatened according to the provisions of the statute. The ESA delegates authority to determine whether a species should be listed as endangered or threatened to the Secretary of Interior, who has in turn delegated authority to the Director of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. As defined in the ESA, an “endangered” species is one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” 16 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Houseplant Care 101
    LEAFY 101 101 HOUSEPLANT CAREHOUSEPLANT HOUSEPLANT CAREHOUSEPLANT Page 2 Page 3 LEAFY INTRODUCTION Have you stepped into a home, and everything just felt “right”? The air is fresh, sunlight trickles in through a window, and bunches of leafy green plants bask joyfully in the sun’s warm glow. The room abounds with life, vitality, and energy, but with an unmistakable aura of calm and relaxation. The furniture might all be from Ikea, but something about the room feels so unique and personal, unlike any place you’ve been before. 101 101 That feeling of admiration and calm you experience is what happens when wellness, home décor, and lifestyle collide. CAREHOUSEPLANT Houseplants have been a part of décor, wellness, and lifestyle for a long time, and lots of people have used them to beautify a space, bring a little nature inside, and express their personality. Humans have always sought beautiful, calming, vibrant spaces, especially in HOUSEPLANT CAREHOUSEPLANT their homes, which explains why houseplants have gained such tremendous popularity. At Leafy, we’ve been San Francisco Bay Area’s indoor plant experts for years, and it’s a thrill to be on the frontlines of the houseplant revival. The more we help people discover the joy of plants, the more people we want to help! We started as a brick and mortar store, then expanded into online ordering and shipping nationwide to keep up with demand. But we wanted to take it one step further by empowering people not just with our vibrant, healthy Leafy plants, but with the knowledge to select and care for them properly.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson
    Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson http://www.tucsoncactus.org/c-s_database/index.html Item ID: 1 Item ID: 2 Family: Cactaceae Family: Cactaceae Genus: Ferocactus Genus: Echinocactus Species: wislizenii Species: grusonii Common Name: Fishhook Barrel Common Name: Golden Barrel Habitat: Various soil types from 1,000 Cactus to 6,000 feet elevation from grasslands Habitat: Located on rolling hills to rocky mountainous areas. and cliffs. Range: Arizona, southwestern New Range: Limited to small areas in Mexico, limited extremes of western Queretaro, Mexico. The popula- Texas, Sonora, northwest Chihuahua tion had become very low in num- and northern Sinaloa, Mexico bers over the years but is just Care: An extremely easy plant to grow now beginning to increase due to in and around the Tucson area. It re- protective laws and the fact that Photo Courtesy of Vonn Watkins quires little attention or special care as this plant is now in mass cultiva- ©1999 it is perfectly at home in almost any tion all over the world. garden setting. It is very tolerant of ex- Photo Courtesy of American Desert Care: The Golden Barrel has slow- Description treme heat as well as cold. Cold hardi- Plants ly become one of the most pur- This popular barrel cactus is noted ness tolerance is at around 10 degrees chased plants for home landscape for the beautiful golden yellow farenheit. Description in Tucson. It is an easy plant to spines that thickly surround the Propagation: Propagation of this cac- This plant is most recognized by the grow and takes no special care.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Conservation of the Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl in Arizona
    United States Department of Agriculture Ecology and Conservation Forest Service Rocky Mountain of the Cactus Ferruginous Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-43 Pygmy-Owl in Arizona January 2000 Abstract ____________________________________ Cartron, Jean-Luc E.; Finch, Deborah M., tech. eds. 2000. Ecology and conservation of the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl in Arizona. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-43. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 68 p. This report is the result of a cooperative effort by the Rocky Mountain Research Station and the USDA Forest Service Region 3, with participation by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Bureau of Land Management. It assesses the state of knowledge related to the conservation status of the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl in Arizona. The population decline of this owl has been attributed to the loss of riparian areas before and after the turn of the 20th century. Currently, the cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl is chiefly found in southern Arizona in xeroriparian vegetation and well- structured upland desertscrub. The primary threat to the remaining pygmy-owl population appears to be continued habitat loss due to residential development. Important information gaps exist and prevent a full understanding of the current population status of the owl and its conservation needs. Fort Collins Service Center Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1396 E-mail rschneider/[email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm Mailing Address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 W. Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098 Cover photo—Clockwise from top: photograph of fledgling in Arizona by Jean-Luc Cartron, photo- graph of adult ferruginous pygmy-owl in Arizona by Bob Miles, photograph of adult cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl in Texas by Glenn Proudfoot.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop Ecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear
    CROP ECOLOGY, CULTIVATION AND USES OF CACTUS PEAR Advance draft prepared for the IX INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON CACTUS PEAR AND COCHINEAL CAM crops for a hotter and drier world Coquimbo, Chile, 26-30 March 2017 CROP ECOLOGY, CULTIVATION AND USES OF CACTUS PEAR Editorial team Prof. Paolo Inglese, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; General Coordinator Of the Cactusnet Dr. Candelario Mondragon, INIFAP, Mexico Dr. Ali Nefzaoui, ICARDA, Tunisia Prof. Carmen Sáenz, Universidad de Chile, Chile Coordination team Makiko Taguchi, FAO Harinder Makkar, FAO Mounir Louhaichi, ICARDA Editorial support Ruth Duffy Book design and layout Davide Moretti, Art&Design − Rome Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Rome, 2017 The designations employed and the FAO encourages the use, reproduction and presentation of material in this information dissemination of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any product. Except where otherwise indicated, opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food material may be copied, downloaded and Agriculture Organization of the United and printed for private study, research Nations (FAO), or of the International Center and teaching purposes, or for use in non- for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas commercial products or services, provided (ICARDA) concerning the legal or development that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO status of any country, territory, city or area as the source and copyright holder is given or of its authorities, or concerning the and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]