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Flooding in the Confluence Zone of the Ajay and the Kunur Rivers, West Bengal: a Hydrogeomorphological Assessment

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Flooding in the Confluence Zone of the Ajay and the Kunur Rivers, West Bengal: a Hydrogeomorphological Assessment Journal of Indian Geomorphology Volume 4, 2016 ISSN 2320-0731 Indian Institute of Geomorphologists (IGI) Flooding in the Confluence Zone of the Ajay and the Kunur Rivers, West Bengal: A Hydrogeomorphological Assessment Suvendu Roy1 and Biswaranjan Mistri2 1Department of Geography, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235 2Department of Geography, University of Burdwan, Bardhaman-713104 E-mail: [email protected] (Corresponding author) Abstract: The study investigates the major causes behind frequent flooding in the confluence zone of the Ajay and the Kunur rivers. Channel cross and long profiles are obtained from remote sensing and field survey. Hydrological parameters are calculated from channel geometry using empirical equations. Sub-basin level runoff analysis using Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method is applied to estimate discharge characteristics. Finally, subsurface basinal flow characteristics are also analysed. The results show that the flood here occurs because of an adverse combination of parameters. These include downstream narrowing of channels, sedimentation at the confluence, absence of dykes near it as well as sub-basinal landuse characteristics and subsurface flow conditions. Introduction Geomorphology is also an integrated part of In this study, the term this discipline, because fluvial system is a hydrogeomorphology, a combined term of component of hydrologic systems, and hydromorphology and geomorphology, has hydromorphology encompasses the field of been used for their potential approach to geomorphology (Vogel, 2011). Hydrological proper explanations of flood condition in any regime indicates the quantity and dynamics of area. According to Vogel (2011), water flow, with connection to the Hydromorphology is a sub-field of hydrology groundwater bodies (Balestrini et al., 2004) and it deals with the structure and evolution and can be correlate them with flood events. of Earth’s water resources. It also addresses Attributes like channel dimensions, planform, the origin and dynamics of water resource hydraulic gradient, carrying capacity etc. are systems influenced by both natural and other important parameters for analysing anthropogenic factors. Fluvial flood behaviour. Dynamic interactions FLOODING AT AJAY-KUNUR CONFLUENCE 73 between surface and sub-surface hydrology discharge of the river is about 10,000 cusecs are the current focus areas of the during the rainy season (Bhattacharya, 1972). hydrogeologists and geomorphologists for The Ajay covers about 253 km of its total investigating flood events (Steiger et al. length up to the confluence point with the 2005). Channel confluences are critical Kunur. The 5th order Kunur is one of the components of drainage system geometry, and important right bank tributaries of the Ajay, are points at which river morphology and which covers 33% area of total lower Ajay hydrology can change drastically (Stevens et basin between 131 and 20 m. Landsat 8 OLI al., 1975). Study related to flood image of 26 April, 2013 (path 139, row 44) characteristics and their causes for any indicates that the landuse/landcover of the particular confluence zone of major flood basin includes farmlands (41.74%), forests prone rivers get less attention from (31.35%), water bodies (10.35%), settlements researchers for its extremely complex (13.82%) and of barren land or unsuitable behaviour (Mosley, 1976). The present paper areas for agriculture (2.73%). reports a hydrogeomorphic study of flood Central Ground Water Board (2014) stated characteristics in the confluences of the Ajay that the majority part of the Kunur basin is and the Kunur. Its main objective is to covered by laterite aquifer (58%), which is investigate main causes of flood generation in concentrated in the upper part of the basin the confluence zone of the Ajay and the Kunur with least yield capacity of 20–60 m3 day–1. rivers. The lower portion of the basin is covered by alluvial aquifer (38%) with high yield. The Study area upper edge of the basin consists of patches of In the present study, the confluence zone sandstone, shale and fine-grained siltstone of the Ajay river and its tributary — the Kunur with coal seams. The report has also mapped — have been selected for studying flooding an eastward subsurface flow in this region characteristics (Fig. 1). The east flowing Ajay with electric conductivity of 500–2000 μS emanates from Sarwan block of Deoghar cm–1. For the present work, channel district in the Chhotanagpur plateau and meets characteristics of the Ajay from Pandaveswar the river Bhagirathi at Katwa (Jain et al., to its confluence with Kunur is also taken into 2007). The river traverses some 299 km over consideration besides the Kunur Basin (Fig. three different lithological zones. In the 1) upstream region, it passes through the Archaean gneissic complex for about 195 km, Previous works over the patches of Gondwana sedimentary There are several studies on the topic of rocks for the subsequent 32 km and over the flood and its characteristics in the lower Ajay quaternary sediments for the rest of its course Basin (AB). Mukherjee (1985) stated that the (Bhattacharya, 1972). The catchment area of confluence zone of the Ajay and the Kunur in the river is long and narrow. The slope of the the lower AB have experienced nine to ten main river is flatter than that of the tributaries major floods in 17 years (1959–1975). and the slope in the plain of West Bengal in Choudhuri (1995) indicated that the lower much flatter than that in its upper reaches. The reaches of the Ajay and the Kunur are river is a meandering one with variable widths frequently inundated during the rainy season ranging from ~1,200 to 125 m. The average for their incapability to accommodate 74 JOURNAL OF INDIAN GEOMORPHOLOGY: VOLUME 4, 2016 Figure 1. Location map of the study area showing Kunur sub-basins and location of profiles across the Ajay. The inset shows the position of cross profiles close to the outfall of the Kunur. discharge due to sedimentation in the depression in the right bank of the Ajay (Roy, riverbed. Mukhopadhyay (2010) reported 2012). All the previous studies have mainly flood dynamics and related problems in the focused on spatial and temporal scale analyses lower AB and pointed that embankments on of floods and its impact on the local riverine both the banks of lower Ajay is one of the landscape. Fundamental causes of the flood in major factors for flood generation in the area. the lower AB are less studied. The factors During 18th and 19th century normal such as the role of groundwater flow, depth of floodwater used to remain within the groundwater table, land use pattern and runoff embankments because the channel of Ajay characteristics of catchment areas are was deeper than the present. Mukherjee significant factors of flood generation, which (2002) and Mukhopadhyay (2010) discussed need detailed investigation. spatial and temporal variations of flood in the area under review. The present study area Methods and materials within the lower AB falls under high or severe For fluvio-geomorphological analysis, flood prone area (Mukhopadhyay, 2010; channel dimension based calculations are Molla, 2010). Other important causes of flood used. Fourteen cross-sections have been in the study area are breaching of obtained for both the rivers (Ajay: 8, Kunur: embankment (Mukhopadhyay, 2009 and 6). 30-m ASTER DEM in conjugation with 2010), discontinuous embankment (Molla, 15-m Landsat 8 OLI Band 8 data of 26 April 2011; Roy and Dutta, 2012) and topographical 2013 (path 139, row 44) have been used for FLOODING AT AJAY-KUNUR CONFLUENCE 75 obtaining the cross-sections of the Ajay. In v=k(R2/3h×s1/2) /n ........... Eq.2 case of the Kunur, field measurements have where, k is a dimensionless constant (=1 been carried out for cross-sections and in metric units and 1.46 in English units), Rh longitudinal profile with the help of Auto is the hydraulic radius (defined as the cross- Level. sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter, The shape of the open channel but commonly approximated by mean (rectangular, circular, semi-circular, channel depth), s is the longitudinal slope, and trapezoidal, and triangular) is an important n is Manning’s roughness coefficient, which dimension for the channel morphological is a dimensionless number that defines the analysis. The channel of the Kunur is flow resistance of a unit area of bed surface trapezoidal. A trapezoidal open channel cross (Manning, 1891; Bloom, 2009). The section is shown in the Fig. 2a along with the Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) is usually parameters used to specify its size and shape. estimated from a table given by Chow (1964) These parameters are b, the bottom width; B, or by comparing photographs illustrating the width of the water surface; l, the wetted channels of known roughness (Simons and length measured along the sloped side; y, the Richardson, 1963) (Fig. 2b). water depth; and α, the angle of the side slope For hydromorphological assessment, from the vertical. several literatures based on hydrogeology, The hydraulic radius for the trapezoidal maps, groundwater flow diagram and cross-section is often expressed in terms of borehole data have been collected. Runoff water depth, bottom width, and side slope (y, characteristic of any basin is an important b, and z) as follows. parameter for basin-scale flood analysis. To Area of the trapezoid = Cross-sectional estimate the spatial variation of runoff in the area (A) = y(b+B) /2=(y/2)(b+B). ...... Eq. 1 Kunur Basin, Soil Conservation Service The wetted perimeter (P) for the (SCS) curve number method has been applied trapezoidal cross-section has been calculated here individually for the nine sub-basins (A-I) usingtheequation(P=b+2l),andhydraulic (Fig. 1). The SCS curve number method is a radius (Rh) of a trapezoidal cross-section is simple, widely used and efficient method for calculated with the equation (Rh = A/P).
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