DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversity and Zoogeography of the Fairy Shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) on the Indian Subcontinent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversity and Zoogeography of the Fairy Shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) on the Indian Subcontinent Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-017-3122-6 CHALLENGES IN ANOSTRACAN RESEARCH Diversity and zoogeography of the fairy shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) on the Indian subcontinent Sameer M. Padhye . Mihir R. Kulkarni . Henri J. Dumont Received: 21 December 2016 / Revised: 1 February 2017 / Accepted: 11 February 2017 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 Abstract The Indian subcontinent has a specific two zoogeographic ‘‘zones,’’ viz., a Northern (NZ) biogeographical history, but has remained understud- zone and the rest of the subcontinent (RS) comprising ied with respect to invertebrates like the Anostraca. In the Central (CZ) and South (SZ) zones by Unweighted this study, we discuss the anostracan diversity and Pair-Group Method using arithmetic averages cluster- zoogeography on the subcontinent. We collected all ing and Analysis of Similarity. Complementarity pertinent literature and considered nineteen biocli- index shows that no fauna is shared between NZ and matic variables along with altitude and its terrestrial RS, while CZ and SZ share 50% of the species. ecoregions. The study area was overlaid with Principal Component analysis shows that NZ and RS 10,000 km2 grids, and five hundred random GIS data differ somewhat from one another climatically. NZ points per grid were extracted for analysis besides the and RS have different ecoregions with montane and species locality data. Species richness estimators temperate grasslands commonly observed in NZ while predict at least 3–4 more species to the existing list the latter comprising tropical forests, implying differ- of 19 species. The beta diversity measure bsim reveals ences in soil geochemistry which is crucial for anostracan distribution. Guest editors: Federico Marrone, D. Cristopher Rogers, Paola Zarattini & Luigi Naselli-Flores / New Challenges in Keywords Artemia Á Biogeography Á Anostracan Research: a Tribute to Graziella Mura Chirocephalus Á Himalayas Á Streptocephalus Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3122-6) contains supple- mentary material, which is available to authorized users. S. M. Padhye H. J. Dumont Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India H. J. Dumont S. M. Padhye (&) Department of Ecology and Hydrobiology, Jinan Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, University, Guangzhou, China Karve Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India e-mail: [email protected] M. R. Kulkarni Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India 123 Hydrobiologia Introduction biogeographical patterns (Mani, 1974; Briggs, 2003), making it an interesting landmass to study. Recently, Anostraca (‘fairy shrimps’) are typical of temporary patterns in the branchiopod genus Daphnia were waterbodies, high mountain lakes, and salt water lakes studied, and altitude and latitude were shown to (Dumont & Negrea, 2002; Brendonck et al., 2008; determine its zoogeography (Padhye et al., 2016). Rogers, 2015) around the world. Even though local distribution records of fairy Zoogeographical studies of Anostraca on a large shrimps from the subcontinent are available, a com- scale are few (Rogers, 2015) in contrast to studies on prehensive zoogeographical analysis is still missing. specific countries: Botswana (Brendonck & Riddoch, Against this background, we put forth a first species ´ 1997); Morocco (Thiery, 1991); South Africa (Hamer richness estimate of fairy shrimps from the region to ´ & Brendonck, 1997); Mexico (Maeda-Martınez et al., approximate the number of missing species and assess 1997) Russia (partim) (Vekhov, 1993), Thailand (and the diversity and distribution patterns of Anostraca other South East Asian countries) (Rogers et al., using species occurrence along with environmental 2013). Distinct bioregions have been identified in variables. North America and Australia by analyzing species occurrence and species assemblage data, availability of habitats, soil geochemistry, and dispersal patterns Materials and methods (Rogers, 2014a, b, c; Rogers & Timms, 2014). Rogers (2015) proposed a conceptual model for Anostracan Study area biogeography with probable causes (such as resource monopolization and island biogeography dynamics) The region covers the countries bound by the for the extant distributional patterns of these animals. Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains, viz., India, The Indian subcontinent currently represents a gap Pakistan, Afghanistan (partim), Nepal, Sri Lanka, in the knowledge of anostracan species diversity and Bangladesh, and Bhutan. There exists a broad spec- distribution. Bond (1934) provided the first data for all trum of physical variables like altitude (0–8000 ? m large branchiopods including fairy shrimps from the a.s.l.), temperature and precipitation within the study region in the form of a few maps. This was followed by area. Most of this region has a characteristic season, a review (rather a checklist) by Battish (1983) listing viz., ‘monsoon,’ where it rains on average for species per region with comments on their localities. 3–4 months of the year (more in some areas) (Mani, Belk & Esparza (1995) presented distribution records 1974). For more details, see Padhye et al. (2016). of 15 species of Anostraca from the Indian subconti- nent (barring Afghanistan), primarily discussing (1) Data collection authenticity of records of some species and (2) taxonomical identities of Indian streptocephalids and Locality data were gathered from published Anostraca thamnocephalids. Velu & Munuswamy (2005) taxo- literature from the region (see Supplementary Mate- nomically re-evaluated all Indian Streptocephalus rial—Appendix 1) and collections of authors from the briefly, presenting distributional records. Selvarajah western region of India. Articles from predatory & Costa (1979) presented locality data for strepto- journals were avoided as far as possible. We found cephalids of Sri Lanka while Kazmi & Sultana (2014) no information of Anostraca from Bangladesh and published a checklist of Anostraca of Pakistan with Bhutan, and only a single incidence of one species was distributional comments. Rogers & Padhye (2015) obtained from Nepal. GIS data on each locality were have recently presented a list of valid Anostraca then obtained from Google Earth portal. Grids of area species occurring in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. nearly 10,000 sq. km. (http://earth-info.nga.mil/ Some reports focus on local habitats and/or single GandG/coordsys/index.html) were used for deter- species within the region (Mathur & Sidhu; Baid, mining the zoogeographic regions by data extraction 1958; Qadri & Baqai, 1956; Tiwari, 1958, 1965; of species locality data across these grids (names of the Manca & Mura, 1997; Rogers & Padhye, 2014; grids given in Fig. 1a). Standard grids of a uniform Padhye et al., 2015). The Indian subcontinent has a area were used to avoid sampling errors related to complex geography and geology resulting in different variable area sizes. Broader resolution (in area) was 123 Hydrobiologia Fig. 1 a Grids used for data analysis (The numbers in each grid indicate longitude while the alphabets indicate latitude); b altitudinal ranges of the anostracan species reported from the subcontinent (Pa Artemia: Parthenogenetic Artemia populations) selected due to the distribution pattern of the locality 1994). Species incidence data (coded as 1: presence; 0: data in the study area (as many parts of the study area absence) from all the localities across the subcontinent had no occurrence data). As a result, most of the grids were used, and each locality was considered as a (more than 90%) had at least one occurrence datum. distinct sample. We selected sample-based estimators To test the differences if/any in the environmental such as Chao2, Jackknife2, and Bootstrap indices for conditions across different grids (of our study area), our data to estimate the true species number. Five data of 19 climatic variables, with altitude and hundred randomizations per sample were carried out terrestrial ecoregions, were extracted from (1) BIO- to obtain standard deviations (SD) around the mean. CLIM dataset (http://www.worldclim.org; Hijmans Determination of the zoogeographical regions for et al., 2005) at ten-minute spatial resolution and (2) Anostraca of the Indian subcontinent was done using ‘Terrestrial Biomes’ shapefile (maps.tnc.org/gis_- the methods given by Kreft & Jetz (2010). It is based data.html) for a set of 500 random points (generated on a distance index called bsim which is calculated using a random number generator) across individual using the species incidence data extracted across grids, grid cell, respectively. Random points and non-local- and calculates the distinctness if/any between the grids ity data were used so that (1) any sample number bias from the study area. It is given by the formula: across the grids would be nullified and (2) each grid a b ¼ 1 À ; would be sufficiently represented for better determi- sim minðÞþb; c a nation of the inherent environment. where a = number of shared species; b and c are the Data analysis number of species unique to each grid cells. For calculation of this index, a data matrix was Species richness was estimated using nonparametric created using the grid cells and species occurrence per methods to evaluate true species richness from sam- grid in form of a presence–absence matrix where rows ple-based data (Chao, 1987; Colwell
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Ephippia belonging to Ceriodaphnia Dana, 1853 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia Thomas A. Hegna and Alexey A. Kotov ABSTRACT The first fossil ephippia (cladoceran exuvia containing resting eggs) belonging to the extant genus Ceriodaphnia (Anomopoda: Daphniidae) are reported from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) freshwater Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Strzelecki Group), South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. They represent only the second record of (pre-Quater- nary) fossil cladoceran ephippia from Australia (Ceriodaphnia and Simocephalus, both being from Koonwarra). The occurrence of both of these genera is roughly coincident with the first occurrence of these genera elsewhere (i.e., Mongolia). This suggests that the early radiation of daphniid anomopods predates the breakup of Pangaea. In addi- tion, some putative cladoceran body fossils from the same locality are reviewed; though they are consistent with the size and shape of cladocerans, they possess no cladoceran-specific synapomorphies. They are thus regarded as indeterminate diplostracans. Thomas A. Hegna. Department of Geology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA. ta- [email protected] Alexey A. Kotov. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia and Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str.18, Kazan 420000, Russia. alexey-a- [email protected] Keywords: Crustacea; Branchiopoda; Cladocera; Anomopoda; Daphniidae; Cretaceous. Submission: 28 March 2016 Acceptance: 22 September 2016 INTRODUCTION tions that the sparse known fossil record does not correlate with a meager past diversity. The rarity of Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) are small, the cladoceran fossils is probably an artifact, a soft-bodied branchiopod crustaceans and are a result of insufficient efforts to find them in known diverse and ubiquitous component of inland and new palaeontological collections (Kotov, aquatic communities (Dumont and Negrea, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Fig. Ap. 2.1. Denton Tending His Fairy Shrimp Collection
    Fig. Ap. 2.1. Denton tending his fairy shrimp collection. 176 Appendix 1 Hatching and Rearing Back in the bowels of this book we noted that However, salts may leach from soils to ultimately if one takes dry soil samples from a pool basin, make the water salty, a situation which commonly preferably at its deepest point, one can then "just turns off hatching. Tap water is usually unsatis- add water and stir". In a day or two nauplii ap- factory, either because it has high TDS, or because pear if their cysts are present. O.K., so they won't it contains chlorine or chloramine, disinfectants always appear, but you get the idea. which may inhibit hatching or kill emerging If your desire is to hatch and rear fairy nauplii. shrimps the hi-tech way, you should get some As you have read time and again in Chapter 5, guidance from Brendonck et al. (1990) and temperature is an important environmental cue for Maeda-Martinez et al. (1995c). If you merely coaxing larvae from their dormant state. You can want to see what an anostracan is like, buy some guess what temperatures might need to be ap- Artemia cysts at the local aquarium shop and fol- proximated given the sample's origin. Try incu- low directions on the container. Should you wish bation at about 3-5°C if it came from the moun- to find out what's in your favorite pool, or gather tains or high desert. If from California grass- together sufficient animals for a study of behavior lands, 10° is a good level at which to start.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of Anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) Inferred from Nuclear 18S Ribosomal DNA (18S Rdna) Sequences
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 (2002) 535–544 www.academicpress.com Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences Peter H.H. Weekers,a,* Gopal Murugan,a,1 Jacques R. Vanfleteren,a Denton Belk,b and Henri J. Dumonta a Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium b Biology Department, Our Lady of the Lake University of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA Received 20 February 2001; received in revised form 18 June 2002 Abstract The nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) of 27 anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) belonging to 14 genera and eight out of nine traditionally recognized families has been sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The 18S rDNA phylogeny shows that the anostracans are monophyletic. The taxa under examination form two clades of subordinal level and eight clades of family level. Two families the Polyartemiidae and Linderiellidae are suppressed and merged with the Chirocephalidae, of which together they form a subfamily. In contrast, the Parartemiinae are removed from the Branchipodidae, raised to family level (Parartemiidae) and cluster as a sister group to the Artemiidae in a clade defined here as the Artemiina (new suborder). A number of morphological traits support this new suborder. The Branchipodidae are separated into two families, the Branchipodidae and Ta- nymastigidae (new family). The relationship between Dendrocephalus and Thamnocephalus requires further study and needs the addition of Branchinella sequences to decide whether the Thamnocephalidae are monophyletic. Surprisingly, Polyartemiella hazeni and Polyartemia forcipata (‘‘Family’’ Polyartemiidae), with 17 and 19 thoracic segments and pairs of trunk limb as opposed to all other anostracans with only 11 pairs, do not cluster but are separated by Linderiella santarosae (‘‘Family’’ Linderiellidae), which has 11 pairs of trunk limbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Island of Olkhon (Lake Baikal, Russia) and the Zoogeography of East Asian Spinicaudata
    Jpn. J. Limnol., 60 : 585-606, 1999 A New Spinicaudatan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Island of Olkhon (Lake Baikal, Russia) and the Zoogeography of East Asian Spinicaudata Hidetoshi NAGANAWA ABSTRACT A spinicaudatan branchiopod crustacean, Baikalolkhonia tatianae gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Baikal region in Russia. The genus is assigned to the family Cyzicidae STEBBING,1910, based on the absence of a frontal organ on the head, the absence of triangular epipodal laminae on the thoracopods, and the presence of a pair of large frontal spines on the telson. The main distinguishing characteris- tic is that the epipodal upper corners of many anterior thoracopods (including even the first pair) are transformed into "sausage-like organs." Since such epipodal processes have been until now unknown in the Cyzicidae, the diagnosis of the family is emended, and 2 newly defined subfamilies, Baikalolkhoniinae and Cyzicinae, are proposed. Up to the present, 11 species belonging to 7 genera in 4 families of Spinicaudata (Cyclestheriidae, Cyzicidae, Leptestheriidae, and Lim- nadiidae) are known from the neighboring regions of East Asia, includ- ing the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan. The list of species and the key to the species are provided. Their distribution defines 4 zoogeographical provinces, and the species diversity clearly shows a latitudinal gradient in a similar pattern to the European fauna. Key words : Baikalolkhoniinae, Lake Baikal, Spinicaudata, zoo- geography INTRODUCTION The "Large Branchiopods" of the order Spinicaudata of the freshwater fauna of Asia were partly treated by HU (1989). In total, 19 nominal species are known from China (UENO, 1927b, 1940; ZHANG et al., 1976; HU, 1985- 1993 ; SHEN and DAI, 1987 ; SHU et al., 1990), including several synonymic taxa (more details are given below in the section List of East Asian Spinicaudata).
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Status of Anostraca in Pakistan
    Int. J. Biol. Res., 2(1): 1-7, 2014. UPDATED STATUS OF ANOSTRACA IN PAKISTAN Quddusi B. Kazmi1* and Razia Sultana2 1Marine Reference Collection and Resource Center; University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan 2Food & Marine Resources Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Karachi; Karachi-75270, Pakistan *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Previously, nine species of the order Anostraca have been reported from Pakistan viz, Branchinella hardingi (Qadri and Baqai, 1956), B. spinosa (H. Milne Edwards, 1840) (now Phallocryptus spinosa), Streptocephalus simplex, 1906, S. dichotomus Baird, 1860, S. maliricus Qadri and Baqai, 1956, S. lahorensis Ghauri and Mahoon, 1980, Branchipus schaefferi Fischer, 1834, Chirocephalus priscus Daday, 1910 and Artemia sp. In the present report these Pakistani species are reviewed. Streptocephalus dichotomus collected from Pasni (Mekran), housed in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA (cat no. 213712) is inserted herein and another specimen of Streptocephalus sp., from a new locality, collected from Kalat not yet reported, is illustrated and described in this report, thus extending genus range further Northward. The need for further surveys directed towards getting the knowledge necessary in order to correctly understand and manage temporary pools- the elective habitat of large branchiopods is stressed. KEYWORDS: Anostraca, Brianchiopoda, Pakistan, Present status INTRODUCTION Anostraca is one of the four orders of Crustacea in the Class Branchiopoda. It is the most
    [Show full text]
  • From Small Scales to Large Scales –The Gulf of Finland Science Days
    Gulf of Finland Co-operation From small scales to large scales –The Gulf of Finland Science Days 2017 9th-10th October 2017 Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn Photo: Riku Lumiaro Photo: Gulf of Finland Contents Co-operation ORAL PRESENTATIONS V. Andreeva, E. Voyakina* Phytoplankton structure in eastern part of Gulf of Finland A. Antsulevich*, S. Titov Development of the program for combined restoration of European pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and salmonid fishes local populations in two rivers inflowing to the Gulf of Finland in nature protected areas of Leningrad Oblast. R. Aps*, M. Fetissov, F. Goerlandt, P. Kujala, A. Piel, J. Thomas Systems approach based maritime traffic safety management in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) J. Kotta*, R. Aps, M. Futter, K. Herkül Assessing the environmental impacts and nutrient removal potential of mussel farms in the northeastern Baltic Sea J. Björkqvist*, O. Vähä-Piikkiö, L. Tuomi, V. Alari A spatially extensive validation of three different wave models in the Helsinki coastal archipelago A. Ivanchenko, D. Burkov* The state and environmental consequences of pollution air pool of the Gulf of Finland transport emissions K. Rubtsova, T. Mironenko, E. Daev* Preliminary assessment of water and sediment pollutions in littoral zone of the Kotlin Island. P. Ekholm*, M. Ollikainen, E. Punttila, S. Puroila, A. Kosenius Reducing agricultural phosphorus load by gypsum: results from the first year after amendment M. Fetissov*, R. Aps, P. Heinla, J. Kinnunen, O. Korneev, L. Lees, R. Varjopuro Ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning – impact on navigational safety from offshore renewable energy developments V. Fleming-Lehtinen*, H. Parner, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents 2
    Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists (SAFIT) List of Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Taxa from California and Adjacent States including Standard Taxonomic Effort Levels 1 March 2011 Austin Brady Richards and D. Christopher Rogers Table of Contents 2 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Acknowledgments 5 2.0 Standard Taxonomic Effort 5 2.1 Rules for Developing a Standard Taxonomic Effort Document 5 2.2 Changes from the Previous Version 6 2.3 The SAFIT Standard Taxonomic List 6 3.0 Methods and Materials 7 3.1 Habitat information 7 3.2 Geographic Scope 7 3.3 Abbreviations used in the STE List 8 3.4 Life Stage Terminology 8 4.0 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species 8 5.0 Literature Cited 9 Appendix I. The SAFIT Standard Taxonomic Effort List 10 Phylum Silicea 11 Phylum Cnidaria 12 Phylum Platyhelminthes 14 Phylum Nemertea 15 Phylum Nemata 16 Phylum Nematomorpha 17 Phylum Entoprocta 18 Phylum Ectoprocta 19 Phylum Mollusca 20 Phylum Annelida 32 Class Hirudinea Class Branchiobdella Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata, Subclass Acari 35 Subphylum Crustacea 47 Subphylum Hexapoda Class Collembola 69 Class Insecta Order Ephemeroptera 71 Order Odonata 95 Order Plecoptera 112 Order Hemiptera 126 Order Megaloptera 139 Order Neuroptera 141 Order Trichoptera 143 Order Lepidoptera 165 2 Order Coleoptera 167 Order Diptera 219 3 1.0 Introduction The Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists (SAFIT) is charged through its charter to develop standardized levels for the taxonomic identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates in support of bioassessment. This document defines the standard levels of taxonomic effort (STE) for bioassessment data compatible with the Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) bioassessment protocols (Ode, 2007) or similar procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Expansion of the Genus Cercopagis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Onychopoda) in the Baltic Sea, with Notes on the Taxa Present and Their Ecology
    Hydrobiologia 429: 207–218, 2000. 207 © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Further expansion of the genus Cercopagis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Onychopoda) in the Baltic Sea, with notes on the taxa present and their ecology Elena Gorokhova1;∗, Nikolai Aladin2 & Henri J. Dumont3 1Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 109 61 Stockholm, Sweden Present address: Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, U.S.A. Fax: [+1] 480-965-2519. E-mail: [email protected] 2Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 3Laboratory of Animal Ecology, University of Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Received 5 May 1999; in revised form 10 September 1999; accepted 20 September 1999 Key words: Cercopagis, invasion, Baltic Sea, depth, temperature, salinity, morphological variations Abstract The onychopod cladoceran Cercopagis that recently invaded the Baltic Sea is reported from new zones of the north- ern Baltic proper. Because of successful survival and an expanding distribution range, the addition of Cercopagis to the Baltic fauna is considered to be permanent. What has previously been cited as Cercopagis pengoi encompasses the morphology of several other species, subspecies and forms. Either a number of morphologically similar species is present, or there is a number of spurious species in Cercopagis. The last hypothesis is favoured. The spatial distribution pattern of Cercopagis, as well as that of total zooplankton, was correlated with depth. Deep (>100 m) and shallow (<10 m) stations had significantly lower abundance than stations of intermediate depth (<100 m). An overview of the distribution of C. pengoi group in fresh and brackish waters suggests a high tolerance to environmental factors, but with differences among taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Orden CTENOPODA Manual
    Revista IDE@-SEA, nº 69 (30-06-2015): 1-7. ISSN 2386-7183 1 Ibero Diversidad Entomológica @ccesible www.sea-entomologia.org/IDE@ Clase: Branchiopoda Orden CTENOPODA Manual CLASE BRANCHIOPODA Orden Ctenopoda Jordi Sala1, Juan García-de-Lomas2 & Miguel Alonso3 1 GRECO, Institut d’Ecologia Aquàtica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona (España). [email protected] 2 Grupo de Investigación Estructura y Dinámica de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Universidad de Cádiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n. 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz, España). 3 Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona (España). 1. Breve definición del grupo y principales caracteres diagnósticos El orden Ctenopoda es un pequeño grupo de crustáceos branquiópodos con más de 50 especies a nivel mundial presentes especialmente en aguas continentales, excepto dos géneros (Penilia Dana, 1852 y Pseudopenilia Sergeeva, 2004) que habitan en aguas marinas. Se caracterizan por su pequeño tamaño, por una tagmosis poco aparente, diferenciando una región cefálica y una región postcefálica (ésta recu- bierta por un caparazón bivalvo), por sus toracópodos (o apéndices torácicos) homónomos (o sea, sin una diferenciación marcada entre ellos), y por no presentar efipio para proteger los huevos gametogenéticos (al contrario que los Anomopoda; véase Sala et al., 2015). Al igual que los Anomopoda, los primeros restos fósiles inequívocos de Ctenopoda pertenecen al Mesozoico (Kotov & Korovchinsky, 2006). 1.1. Morfología En general, el cuerpo de los Ctenopoda es corto, con una forma más o menos elipsoidal o ovalada, y comprimido lateralmente. La cabeza suele ser grande, no está recubierta por un escudo o yelmo cefálico (en contraposición con los Anomopoda), y concede protección a los órganos internos, principalmente el ojo compuesto, el ojo naupliar (no presente en todas las especies), y parte del sistema nervioso.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of the American Horseshoe Crab, (Limulus Polyphemus): a Regional Assessment
    Rev Fish Biol Fisheries DOI 10.1007/s11160-016-9461-y REVIEWS Conservation status of the American horseshoe crab, (Limulus polyphemus): a regional assessment David R. Smith . H. Jane Brockmann . Mark A. Beekey . Timothy L. King . Michael J. Millard . Jaime Zaldı´var-Rae Received: 4 March 2016 / Accepted: 24 November 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Horseshoe crabs have persisted for more available scientific information on its range, life than 200 million years, and fossil forms date to 450 history, genetic structure, population trends and anal- million years ago. The American horseshoe crab yses, major threats, and conservation. We structured (Limulus polyphemus), one of four extant horseshoe the status assessment by six genetically-informed crab species, is found along the Atlantic coastline of regions and accounted for sub-regional differences in North America ranging from Alabama to Maine, USA environmental conditions, threats, and management. with another distinct population on the coasts of The transnational regions are Gulf of Maine (USA), Campeche, Yucata´n and Quintana Roo in the Yucata´n Mid-Atlantic (USA), Southeast (USA), Florida Atlan- Peninsula, Me´xico. Although the American horseshoe tic (USA), Northeast Gulf of Me´xico (USA), and crab tolerates broad environmental conditions, Yucata´n Peninsula (Me´xico). Our conclusion is that exploitation and habitat loss threaten the species. We the American horseshoe crab species is vulnerable to assessed the conservation status of the American local extirpation and that the degree and extent of risk horseshoe crab by comprehensively reviewing vary among and within the regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of Chinese Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda)
    Zootaxa 3904 (1): 001–027 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:56FD65B2-63F4-4F6D-9268-15246AD330B1 Annotated Checklist of Chinese Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Part I. Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda and Anomopoda (families Daphniidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, Ilyocryptidae) XIAN-FEN XIANG1, GAO-HUA JI2, SHOU-ZHONG CHEN1, GONG-LIANG YU1,6, LEI XU3, BO-PING HAN3, ALEXEY A. KOTOV3, 4, 5 & HENRI J. DUMONT3,6 1Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Southern Road of East Lake, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 3 Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. 4A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia 5Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str.18, Kazan 420000, Russia 6Corresponding authors. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Approximately 199 cladoceran species, 5 marine and 194 freshwater and continental saltwater species, live in China. Of these, 89 species are discussed in this paper. They belong to the 4 cladoceran orders, 10 families and 23 genera. There are 2 species in Leptodoridae; 6 species in 4 genera and 3 families in order Onychopoda; 18 species in 7 genera and 2 families in order Ctenopoda; and 63 species in 11 genera and 4 families in non-Radopoda Anomopoda. Five species might be en- demic of China and three of Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Animals and Plants Described As New from Colorado in 1912, 1913, and 1914
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Co Bee Lab 6-1-1915 Animals and Plants Described as New from Colorado in 1912, 1913, and 1914 T. D. A. Cockerell University of Colorodo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_co Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Cockerell, T. D. A., "Animals and Plants Described as New from Colorado in 1912, 1913, and 1914" (1915). Co. Paper 547. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_co/547 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Bee Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Co by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reprinted from University of Colorado Studies, Vol. XI, No. 4, Boulder, Colo., June 1915 ANIMALS AND PLANTS DESCRIBED AS NEW FROM COLORADO IN 1912., 1913, AND 1914 BY T. D. A. COCKERELL The present list of new forms described from Colorado is in continu­ ation of that given in the University of Colorado Studi es, Vol. IX, May, 1912, pp. 75-89 . Every species described as new, the descrip­ tion based wholly or in part on Colorado specimens, is included. For the year 1914, it has seemed best to include everything in the volumes of periodicals bearing that date, although some of the last numbers were not actually issued until early in 1915. The abbreviations are the same as those of the former list; t. 1.= type locality, while extinct species are marked t. The size of the list is surprising, and shows the richness of Colorado in new materials, as well as the activity of workers.
    [Show full text]