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An Approach to the Patient with a Dry Mouth
MedicineToday 2014; 15(4): 30-37 PEER REVIEWED FEATURE 2 CPD POINTS An approach to the patient with a dry mouth Key points • The subjective complaint of ELHAM AFLAKI MD; TAHEREH ERFANI MD; NICHOLAS MANOLIOS MB BS(Hons), PhD, MD, FRACP, FRCPA; xerostomia needs to be MARK SCHIFTER FFD, RCSI(Oral Med), FRACDS(Oral Med) differentiated from true salivary hypofunction. Dry mouth is a common and disabling problem. After exclusion of treatable • Salivary hypofunction can significantly reduce quality causes, treatment is symptomatic to prevent the consequences of salivary of life through its adverse hypofunction, such as tooth decay and infection of the oral mucosa. effects on taste, mastication, swallowing, cleansing of the erostomia, or the subjective feeling of neuropathic-induced orofacial dysaesthesia) mouth, killing of microbes a dry mouth, is a common complaint. and psychological and psychiatric disorders, and speech. It is often a consequence of salivary such as anxiety and depression. • Salivary hypofunction is a hypofunction (hyposalivation), in substantive risk factor for X which there is objective evidence of reduced NORMAL SALIVA PRODUCTION dental caries, oral mucosal salivary output or qualitative changes in saliva. Under normal physiological conditions, the disease and infection, Typically, patients complain of oral dryness salivary glands produce 1000 to 1500 mL of particularly oral candidiasis. only when salivary secretion is reduced by more saliva daily as an ultrafiltrate from the circu- • Patients should be than half.1 As saliva has a crucial role in taste lating plasma. Therefore, simple dehydration investigated for contributory perception, mastication, swallowing, cleansing reduces saliva production. The parotid glands and underlying causes, of the mouth, killing of microbes and speech, are the major source of serous saliva (60 to 65% which include drugs and abnormalities in saliva production can signif- of total saliva volume), producing the stimu- rheumatological diseases. -
Parotid Sialolithiasis and Sialadenitis in a 3-Year-Old Child
Ahmad Tarmizi et al. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette (2020) 68:29 Egyptian Pediatric https://doi.org/10.1186/s43054-020-00041-z Association Gazette CASE REPORT Open Access Parotid sialolithiasis and sialadenitis in a 3- year-old child: a case report and review of the literature Nur Eliana Ahmad Tarmizi1, Suhana Abdul Rahim2, Avatar Singh Mohan Singh2, Lina Ling Chooi2, Ong Fei Ming2 and Lum Sai Guan1* Abstract Background: Salivary gland calculi are common in adults but rare in the paediatric population. It accounts for only 3% of all cases of sialolithiasis. Parotid ductal calculus is rare as compared to submandibular ductal calculus. Case presentation: A 3-year-old boy presented with acute painful right parotid swelling with pus discharge from the Stensen duct. Computed tomography revealed calculus obstructing the parotid duct causing proximal ductal dilatation and parotid gland and masseter muscle oedema. The child was treated with conservative measures, and subsequently the swelling and calculus resolved. Conclusions: Small parotid duct calculus in children may be successfully treated with conservative measures which obviate the need for surgery. We discuss the management of parotid sialolithiasis in children and conduct literature search on the similar topic. Keywords: Sialolithiasis, Sialadenitis, Salivary calculi, Parotid gland, Salivary ducts, Paediatrics Background performing computed tomography (CT) of the neck. Sialolithiasis is an obstructive disorder of salivary ductal The unusual presentation, CT findings and its subse- system caused by formation of stones within the salivary quent management were discussed. gland or its excretory duct [1]. The resulting salivary flow obstruction leads to salivary ectasia, gland dilatation Case presentation and ascending infection [2]. -
Climbing and Rappelling: Safety Activity Checkpoints
Climbing and Rappelling: Safety Activity Checkpoints Girls (except for Girl Scout Daisies) may participate in three types of climbing: Bouldering: Climbing without a rope but at a height not greater than 6 feet off the ground. Spotters (participants who safeguard the movements of a member of the group) provide support and protect the head and upper body of a climber in case of a fall. Spotting is used on descending and ascending high elements or climbing routes and bouldering. Top roping: A climbing method in which the climb is anchored from the top of the climbing route, using belays (safety ropes to secure a person to an anchor point). The belayer (person who controls belay/safety line to prevent long and dangerous falls) may be set up at the top or the bottom of the route. Multi‐pitch climbing: For experienced climbers only; a climb on a long route that requires several pitches the length of a rope or less (a “pitch” is the rope‐length between belay stations). The climbing group climbs to the top of the first pitch. The lead climber climbs the next pitch, anchors in, and belays each remaining climber individually to the anchor. Rappelling is a means of descending by sliding down a rope. The rope runs through a mechanical device, and a safety belay is used in all rappelling activities. Rappelling is not recommended for Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies. Know where to climb and rappel. Climbing and rappelling may be done on indoor or outdoor artificial climbing walls, climbing/rappelling towers, and natural rock. -
Therapeutic Alternatives in the Management of Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaws
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021 Mar 1;26 (2):e195-207. ORN management Journal section: Oral Surgery doi:10.4317/medoral.24132 Publication Types: Review Therapeutic alternatives in the management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. Systematic review Gisela CV Camolesi 1, Karem L. Ortega 2, Janaina Braga Medina 3,4, Luana Campos 5,6, Alejandro I Lorenzo Pouso 7, Pilar Gándara Vila 8, Mario Pérez Sayáns 8 1 DDS. Assistant Professor of Specialization in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery at Foundation for Scientific and Technological Devel- opment of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil 2 PhD, DDS. Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil 3 DDS. Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil 4 Division of Dentistry, Mario Covas State Hospital of Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil 5 PhD, DDS. Department of Post-graduation in Implantology, University of Santo Amaro, School of Dentistry. São Paulo, Brazil 6 Oral medicine, Brazilian Cancer Control Institute. São Paulo, Brazil 7 DDS. Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain 8 PhD, DDS. Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Universi- dade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain Correspondence: Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain [email protected] Camolesi GCV, Ortega KL, Medina JB, Campos L, Lorenzo Pouso AI, Gándara Vila P, et al. Therapeutic alternatives in the management of os- Received: 03/07/2020 Accepted: 28/09/2020 teoradionecrosis of the jaws. Systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. -
Dental Management of the Head and Neck Cancer Patient Treated
Dental Management of the Head and Neck Cancer Patient Treated with Radiation Therapy By Carol Anne Murdoch-Kinch, D.D.S., Ph.D., and Samuel Zwetchkenbaum, D.D.S., M.P.H. pproximately 36,540 new cases of oral cavity and from radiation injury to the salivary glands, oral mucosa pharyngeal cancer will be diagnosed in the USA and taste buds, oral musculature, alveolar bone, and this year; more than 7,880 people will die of this skin. They are clinically manifested by xerostomia, oral A 1 disease. The vast majority of these cancers are squamous mucositis, dental caries, accelerated periodontal disease, cell carcinomas. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced taste loss, oral infection, trismus, and radiation dermati- stage: 62 percent have regional or distant spread at the tis.4 Some of these effects are acute and reversible (muco- time of diagnosis.2 The five-year survival for all stages sitis, taste loss, oral infections and xerostomia) while oth- combined is 61 percent.1 Localized tumors (Stage I and II) ers are chronic (xerostomia, dental caries, accelerated can usually be treated surgically, but advanced cancers periodontal disease, trismus, and osteoradionecrosis.) (Stage III and IV) require radiation with or without che- Chemotherapeutic agents may be administered as an ad- motherapy as adjunctive or definitive treatment.1 See Ta- junct to RT. Patients treated with multimodality chemo- ble 1.3 Therefore, most patients with oral cavity and pha- therapy and RT may be at greater risk for oral mucositis ryngeal cancer receive head and neck radiation therapy and secondary oral infections such as candidiasis. -
Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia: a Multicentric Retrospective Study in Brazilian Population
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021 May 1;26 (3):e292-8. Malignant transformation and oral leukoplakia Journal section: Oral Cancer and Potentially malignant disorders doi:10.4317/medoral.24175 Publication Types: Research Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a multicentric retrospective study in Brazilian population João Mateus Mendes Cerqueira 1,2, Flávia Sirotheau Corrêa Pontes 2, Alan Roger Santos-Silva 1, Oslei Paes de Almeida 1, Rafael Ferreira e Costa 3, Felipe Paiva Fonseca 3, Ricardo Santiago Gomez 3, Nicolau Conte Neto 2, Ligia Akiko Ninokata Miyahara 1,2, Carla Isabelly Rodrigues-Fernandes 1, Elieser de Melo Galvão Neto 2, Anna Luíza Damaceno Araújo 1, Márcio Ajudarte Lopes 1, Hélder Antônio Rebelo Pontes 1,2 1 Oral Diagnosis Department (Pathology and Semiology), Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil 2 Service of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil 3 Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Correspondence: Department of Surgery and Oral Pathology João de Barros Barreto University Hospital Mundurucus Street, nº 4487 Zip Code 66073-000, Belém, Pará, Brazil [email protected] Received: 19/07/2020 Cerqueira JMM, Pontes FSC, Santos-Silva AR, Almeida OPd, Costa RF, Accepted: 28/10/2020 Fonseca FP, et al. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a multi- centric retrospective study in Brazilian population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021 May 1;26 (3):e292-8. Article Number:24175 http://www.medicinaoral.com/ © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - pISSN 1698-4447 - eISSN: 1698-6946 eMail: [email protected] Indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded Journal Citation Reports Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed Scopus, Embase and Emcare Indice Médico Español Abstract Background: Among the oral potentially malignant disorders, leukoplakia stands out as the most prevalent. -
Predictors of Osteoradionecrosis Following Irradiated Tooth Extraction
Khoo et al. Radiat Oncol (2021) 16:130 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-021-01851-0 RESEARCH Open Access Predictors of osteoradionecrosis following irradiated tooth extraction Szu Ching Khoo1, Syed Nabil1, Azizah Ahmad Fauzi2, Siti Salmiah Mohd Yunus1, Wei Cheong Ngeow3 and Roszalina Ramli1* Abstract Background: Tooth extraction post radiotherapy is one of the most important risk factors of osteoradionecrosis of the jawbones. The objective of this study was to determine the predictors of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) which were associated with a dental extraction post radiotherapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records and dental panoramic tomogram (DPT) of patients with a history of head and neck radiotherapy who underwent dental extraction between August 2005 to October 2019 was conducted. Results: Seventy-three patients fulflled the inclusion criteria. 16 (21.9%) had ORN post dental extraction and 389 teeth were extracted. 33 sockets (8.5%) developed ORN. Univariate analyses showed signifcant associations with ORN for the following factors: tooth type, tooth pathology, surgical procedure, primary closure, target volume, total dose, timing of extraction post radiotherapy, bony changes at extraction site and visibility of lower and upper cortical line of mandibular canal. Using multivariate analysis, the odds of developing an ORN from a surgical procedure was 6.50 (CI 1.37–30.91, p 0.02). Dental extraction of more than 5 years after radiotherapy and invisible upper cortical line of mandibular canal= on the DPT have the odds of 0.06 (CI 0.01–0.25, p < 0.001) and 9.47 (CI 1.61–55.88, p 0.01), respectively. -
Paediatric Surgery: a Comprehensive Text for Africa
CHAPTER 39 Salivary Gland Diseases in Children and Adolescents Sunday Olusegun Ajike Kokila Lakhoo Introduction Table 39.1: Classification of salivary gland diseases in children. Salivary glands are found in and around the oral cavity, and they are Nonneoplastic tumours divided into major and minor salivary glands. The major salivary Congenital/developmental glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands; the minor Agenesis/aplasia, hypogenesis/hypoplasia salivary glands are located in the lips, buccal mucosa, palate, and throat. Generally, salivary gland diseases are not common in the paediat- Aberrant/ectopic salivary gland ric population. The classification of salivary gland diseases is very Haemangioma complex because it encompasses different entities; however, precise Lympangioma classification and terminology are necessary for accurate diagnosis Inflammatory and infection. and management. As in adults, diseases of the salivary glands may be Acute sialadentis nonneoplastic or neoplastic (tumours) (Table 39.1). The pattern of inci- dence in the paediatric population differs greatly from that in the adult Mumps, cytomegalovirus, Coxasackie A or B or parainfluenza virus) group. Most salivary gland lesions in children are either inflammatory Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated salivary glands or vascular in origin. Of the developmental salivary gland diseases, Recurrent parotitis in children (RPC) haemangiomas are the most common. In the African paediatric popula- Autoimmune tion, mumps is the most common in the inflammatory/infection group, Sjogren’s syndrome but in the developed world, only sporadic cases of mumps are now reported, and rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common nonodonto- Cysts genic mesenchymal tumours in children. Ranula mucocele (mucous retention cyst) Neoplastic changes in the paediatric population are very rare Salivary gland dysfunction compared to the inflammatory groups. -
Unusual Cancer in Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Case Report Unusual cancer in primary Sjögren syndrome Wen-Sen Lai MD Feng-Cheng Liu MD PhD Chih-Hung Wang MD PhD Hsin-Chien Chen MD PhD jgren syndrome (SS) is the second most common secondary SS described in the literature to date.3 Here Sautoimmune disease, affecting mainly middle-aged we describe a case of NPC in a patient with primary SS. women. The disease might occur alone (primary SS) or in association with other autoimmune diseases such Case as rheumatoid arthritis (secondary SS). The important A 58-year-old woman with a 2-year history of symp- symptoms of SS, dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes tomatic dry eye and mouth was diagnosed with pri- (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), result from lymphocytic infl- mary SS. Initial general physical examination revealed tration and destruction of the exocrine glands, particu- conjunctival congestion and mucosal atrophy of the larly the salivary and lacrimal glands.1 Patients with tongue with atrophic glossitis. Laboratory serologic SS have an elevated risk of developing malignant neo- analysis showed positive titres for antinuclear anti- plasms, particularly hematologic malignancies, with bodies (1:1280, speckled) and anti–Sjgren syndrome most being non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma.2 Other can- antigens A and B (>240 U/mL and 172 U/mL, respec- cers, such as oral cancer, breast cancer, and thymoma, tively). Screening for SS showed decreased salivary might also occur in patients with SS. However, the coex- gland function and globular sialectasis on parotid istence of SS with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) sialography. Results of a Schirmer test during the oph- has rarely been reported, with only one case involving thalmologic examination were positive for dry eyes, and a labial salivary gland biopsy (Figure 1) revealed focal chronic sialadenitis characterized by intense lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (focus score >2; EDITOR’S KEY POINTS >100 lymphocytes/4 mm2 of glandular tissue). -
Jemds.Com Original Article
Jemds.com Original Article MR SIALOGRAPHY AND CONVENTIONAL SIALOGRAPHY IN SALIVARY GLAND AND DUCT PATHOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Amarnath Chellathurai1, Sathyan Gnanasigamani2, Shivashankar Kumaresan3, Suhasini Balasubramaniam4, Kanimozhi Damodarasamy5, Komalavalli Subbiah6, Sivakumar Kannappan7, Balaji Selvaraj8 1Professor and HOD, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 2Associate Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 3Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 4Associate Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 5Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 6Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 7Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. 8Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND MR Sialography has become an alternative method for imaging the salivary gland and duct. MRI is a non-invasive technique with advantages of superior tissue discrimination and multiplanar facility. MRI has no radiation hazard as compared to the conventional sialography and CT sialography; 3D CISS sequence gives details of salivary gland ducts and sialoliths. AIM To compare the accuracy of the conventional sialography and MR Sialography in the diagnosis of salivary gland and duct pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was -
A Short and Somewhat Personal History of Yukon Glacier Studies in the Twentieth Century GARRY K.C
ARCTIC VOL. 67, SUPPL. 1 (2014) P. 1 – 21 http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4355 A Short and Somewhat Personal History of Yukon Glacier Studies in the Twentieth Century GARRY K.C. CLARKE1 (Received 7 January 2013; accepted in revised form 22 July 2013; published online 21 February 2014) ABSTRACT. Glaciological exploration of Yukon for scientific purposes began in 1935, with the National Geographic Society’s Yukon Expedition led by Bradford Washburn and the Wood Yukon Expedition led by Walter Wood. However, Project “Snow Cornice,” launched by Wood in 1948, was the first expedition to have glacier science as its principal focus. Wood’s conception of the “Icefield Ranges Research Project” led the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) to establish the Kluane Lake Research Station on the south shore of Kluane Lake in 1961. Virtually all subsequent field studies of Yukon glaciers were launched from this base. This short history attempts to document the trajectory of Yukon glacier studies from their beginnings in 1935 to the end of the 20th century. It describes glaciological programs conducted from AINA camps at the divide between Hubbard Glacier and the north arm of Kaskawulsh Glacier and at the confluence of the north and central arms of Kaskawulsh Glacier, as well as the galvanizing influence of the 1965 – 67 Steele Glacier surge and the inception and completion of the long-term Trapridge Glacier study. Excluded or minimized in this account are scientific studies that were conducted on or near glaciers, but did not have glaciers or glacier processes as their primary focus. -
March 2016 Version 2
March 2016 Version 2 Preface This Activity Safety Guideline for Canyoning is published by the Tourism Industry Association of New Zealand (TIA) with support from WorkSafe New Zealand. The guideline was developed in association with experts from the canyoning sector and other relevant technical experts. More information about the guideline development process can be found at www.supportadventure.co.nz/activity- specific-good-practice-information/activity-safety-guidelines The guideline is a web-based document and will be reviewed and updated as required. The current version is available at www.supportadventure.co.nz/activity-specific-good-practice- information/activity-safety-guidelines Users should periodically check the date and version number of the current online document to ensure that their printed copies are up-to-date. Activity Safety Guidelines are the result of a recommendation from the final report of the 2009/10 government review of risk management and safety in the adventure and outdoor commercial sector in New Zealand. The variety of activities provided by these sectors is referred to broadly as adventure activities, and include activities provided by adventure tourism operators and outdoor education centres. More information about the government review can be found at www.supportadventure.co.nz/about-site-and-government-safety-review TIA, WorkSafe New Zealand, and the canyoning community have made every effort to ensure that the information contained in this guideline is reliable. We make no guarantee of its accuracy or completeness and do not accept any liability for any errors. We may change, add to, delete from, or otherwise amend the contents of this publication at any time without notice.