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DZONE.COM/GUIDES Dear Reader, Table of Contents 3 Executive Summary Welcome to DZone’s latest Guide (and the last one ever!) on BY KARA PHELPS Databases: Evolving Solutions and Toolsets. We’ve come a long way in 4 Key Research Findings the world of databases. Hierarchical databases entered the playing BY JORDAN BAKER field first in the late 1960s, paving the way for network and then 7 The Multiple Facets of Time Series: From Operations Optimization to Business Strategy relational databases in the 1970s, which quickly gained traction. BY DANIELLA PONTES Entity-relationship databases came soon after, followed by semantic, 12 Handling Dynamic Connected Data in Graphs object-oriented, and object-relational databases. Today, semi- BY MAX DE MARZI structured XML databases still take the stage. 14 AgensGraph: A Graph DB Helping to Solve World Hunger Now, we can’t function without databases. 82% of people from BY JO STICHBURY our DZone Guide to Databases survey have 10 or more years of 18 Performance Tuning and Monitoring Traditionally Falls to the Database Administrator experience with databases, showing just how much they have BY MONICA RATHBUN permeated developers’ everyday lives. However, developers are 24 Cross-Platform Deployments in Azure With BASH still not containerizing their databases as much as you might think. BY KELLYN POT’VIN-GORMAN Only 10% of our survey respondents say they have containerized 32 Executive Insights on the State of Databases all of their databases — down from 13% in 2018. Still, 23% say they BY TOM SMITH expect containers will transform database technology over the next 36 Databases Solutions Directory five years, so it will be interesting to see how this number changes in 43 Diving Deeper Into Databases coming years. Also according to our survey, 46% of our survey respondents use MySQL in non-production environments, with PostgreSQL coming in second at 44%. However, 39% said they personally most enjoy DZone is... working with PostgreSQL and only 30% prefer working with MySQL. BUSINESS & PRODUCT MARKETING EDITORIAL But perhaps the most significant rivalry is between SQL and NoSQL. Matt Tormollen Susan Wall Mike Gates CEO CMO Content Team Lead SQL databases are considered relational databases, whereas NoSQL Terry Waters Aaron Tull Kara Phelps Interim General Manager Dir. of Demand Gen. Editorial Project Manager databases are non-relational or distributed databases. The many Jesse Davis Waynette Tubbs Jordan Baker EVP, Technology differences between the two make it very interesting to explore why Dir. of Marketing Comm. Publications Associate Kellet Atkinson Media Product Manager Colin Bish Tom Smith developers choose one over the other. You’ll be able to see which one Member Marketing Spec. Research Analyst Andre Lee-Moye Suha Shim developers prefer and which one suits their needs more. Content Coordinator Acquisition Marketing Mgr. SALES Kendra Williams Lauren Ferrell Cathy Traugot Content Coordinator DZone’s 2019 Guide to Databases: Evolving Solutions and Toolsets Sr. Director of Media Sales Content Marketing Mgr. Chris Brumfield Lindsay Smith dives into more data like this as well as database performance, graph Sales Manager Content Coordinator databases, and handling dynamic data in both SQL and graphs. We’ll Jim Dyer Sarah Sinning Sr. Account Executive Staff Writer also look into time series data and Azure on Linux with databases. Tevano Green Sr. Account Executive PRODUCTION Brett Sayre Chris Smith Thanks for reading, and we hope you enjoy! Account Executive Director of Production Alex Crafts Billy Davis Key Account Manager Production Coordinator Craig London Naomi Kromer Key Account Manager Sr. Campaign Specialist WRITTEN BY LAUREN FERRELL Jordan Scales Michaela Licari Sales Development Rep. Campaign Specialist CONTENT COORDINATOR, DEVADA THE DZONE GUIDE TO DATABASES PAGE 2 OF 44 DZONE.COM/GUIDES it with a specialized time-series database, compared to just 12% of respondents who claimed to do so with their time-series data when asked the same question last year. Respondents who Executive persist their time-series data with a relational database fell from 64% to 56% this year. Respondents using a non-time-series- specific NoSQL database for this data also declined — from 19% Summary to 16% this year. IMPLICATIONS Adoption of specialized time-series databases appears to be BY KARA PHELPS EDITORIAL PROJECT MANAGER, PUBLICATIONS, DEVADA gaining momentum among organizations that rely on time-series At the foundation of software development, databases are data. In a corresponding way, the use of SQL and NoSQL databases essential building blocks. New developers often learn database for time-series data also seems to have fallen over the past year. technology first. Applications rely on databases to deliver data from an ever-increasing array of sources — securely, at scale, RECOMMENDATIONS If you work with time-series data, it may be worth it to look into with little to no latency. To prepare for the DZone’s 2019 Guide how specialized time-series databases might fit your particular to Databases, we surveyed 639 tech professionals to learn how use case, if you haven’t already done so. For an introduction or they’re using database technology every day, and how they a refresher, check out “What the Heck Is Time-Series Data (And expect databases to change in the near future. Let’s dig into some Why Do I Need a Time-Series Database)?” We’re also featuring an key results. article on implementing time-series databases later in this guide. SQL Maintains Royalty Status The Future Is in Stream Processing/Real-Time DATA Analytics 98% of survey respondents said they use at least some SQL DATA on a regular basis. 31% of respondents said they use SQL In a new question this year, survey takers were asked to choose only. Just 2% reported using NoSQL only. The majority of which technology or trend they believe will have the biggest respondents (65%) reported using a blend of SQL and NoSQL impact on database technology within the next five years. 11% in their typical projects. chose data protection and the rising consumer demand for privacy; 18% chose blockchain; 23% chose containers; the largest IMPLICATIONS group (30%) chose stream processing/real-time analytics. SQL databases continue to outpace NoSQL in terms of adoption. When asked why their resources are arranged as they are, 27% IMPLICATIONS of survey respondents reported that it best suits the current All of these trends are poised to change the face of database knowledge of developers at their organization. It’s possible that technology in the near future. Many tech professionals with developer teams simply continue to go with what they know. knowledge of the space believe that stream processing (also known as real-time analytics or streaming analytics) will lead RECOMMENDATIONS the most transformation. Your SQL skills aren’t falling out of favor anytime soon. SQL will keep its place in a developer’s toolbox for the foreseeable RECOMMENDATIONS future. The large user base also means that any organization in Stream processing is invaluable when insights need to be need of SQL database assistance will easily find knowledgeable extracted from large volumes of data in real time. The amount developers to bring onboard. of data in the world continues to grow exponentially, and the modern enterprise demands any new information to be acted The Rise of Time Series upon instantaneously. It makes sense that stream processing DATA is becoming an essential part of database management. If When asked how their company persists time-series data, 22% of you’re interested in the concept, take a look at our Refcard on respondents who actually use time-series data said they persist Understanding Stream Processing. THE DZONE GUIDE TO DATABASES PAGE 3 OF 44 DZONE.COM/GUIDES • Respondents reported using four main programming lan- Key Research guage ecosystems – 79% said Java – 74% reported client-side JavaScript – 41% work with Node.js Findings – 41% told us the use the Python ecosystem • Despite the above ecosystem usage rates, Java proved the most popular primary programming language by far, with BY JORDAN BAKER PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATE, DEVADA 55% of respondents using Java in this capacity. SQL vs. NoSQL: The Battle Continues The choice between SQL and NoSQL databases is one of the most divisive questions in the field of database engineering at the mo- Demographics ment. In fact, over half (65%) reported using a mixture of SQL and NoSQL databases in their projects. The most popular database con- For this year's DZone Database survey, we received 639 respons- figuration among all respondents turned on out to be using mostly es with a 62% completion percentage. Based on these answers, SQL with some NoSQL (44%), with another 31% of survey takers we compiled some basic demographic information about the reporting to use only SQL. And, while plenty of developers are work- respondents. ing with both SQL and NoSQL databases in their code, only 2% of • 82% of respondents have 10 or more years of experience respondents reported using NoSQL only. Unlike in our survey from 2018, this year we included an option to report an even division of • Respondents work in three main roles: resources between SQL and NoSQL databases. Among respondents, – 35% are developers/engineers 11% claimed to divide their resources in this way. When asked why – 23% work as architects they use databases in the way they do, most respondents said it – 22% are developer team leads was either to best organize data to suit their needs (42%) or to • 61% of survey takers work for enterprise-level organizations best suit the current knowledge of developers at their organization (27%). This last point could prove crucial in understanding why SQL – 23% for organizations sized 100-999 databases continue to hold an edge over NoSQL databases, at least – 20% for organizations sized 1,000-9,999 in terms of adoption rates.