Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex Rm14 1Rh Archaeological Evaluation

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS LTD

ARNOLDS FARM, ONGAR ROAD, STAPLEFORD TAWNEY, ESSEX RM14 1RH

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Authors: Gareth Barlow (Fieldwork & report) Kate Higgs MA (Oxon.) (Background research)

NGR: TQ 49416 97631 Report No: 6047 District: Epping Forest Site Code: AFST20 Approved: Claire Halpin MCIfA Project No: 8400 Date: 3 June 2020

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Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

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Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

CONTENTS

PROJECT SUMMARY SHEET

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE

3 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

5 METHODOLOGY

6 DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS

7 CONFIDENCE RATING

8 DEPOSIT MODEL

9 DISCUSSION

DEPOSITION OF THE ARCHIVE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX 1 CONCORDANCE OF FINDS APPENDIX 2 SPECIALIST REPORTS

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 1 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

OASIS SUMMARY SHEET Project details Project name Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH

In May 2020, Archaeological Solutions Ltd (AS) carried out an archaeological evaluation on land at Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex RM14 1RH (NGR TQ 49416 97631; Figs. 1 & 2). The evaluation was undertaken to provide for the initial requirements of a planning condition attached to planning approval for the construction of an agricultural produce warehouse together with access, parking, landscaping and ancillary works/infrastructure (Epping Forest Council Planning Ref. EPF/3027/19). It was required by the local planning authority based on the advice of Essex County Council Historic Environment Advisor (ECC HEA).

The evaluation revealed an undated pit and a modern service trenches. No archaeological finds were present. It seems that the site has seen little use and has likely been agricultural land since the clearance of this part of the Hainault Forest.

Project dates (fieldwork) 27 May 2020 Previous work (Y/N/?) N Future work TBC P. number 8400 Site code AFST20 Type of project Archaeological evaluation/recording Site status None Current land use Agricultural land Planned development Agricultural produce warehouse Main features (+dates) Undated pit, modern service trenches. Significant finds (+dates) None Project location County/ District/ Parish Essex Epping Forest Lambourne HER/ SMR for area Essex County Council Historic Environment Record Post code (if known) - Area of site 8.75 ha. NGR TQ 49416 97631 Height AOD (min/max) c. 30m AOD Project creators Brief issued by Historic Environment Advisor of Essex County Council (ECC HEA) Project supervisor/s (PO) Archaeological Solutions Ltd Funded by PA Sparks & Sons Ltd Full title Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH. An Archaeological Evaluation Authors Barlow, G., & Higgs, K. Report no. 6047 Date (of report) June 2020

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 2 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

ARNOLDS FARM, ONGAR ROAD, STAPLEFORD TAWNEY, ESSEX, RM14 1RH ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION/RECORDING

SUMMARY

The Lambourne area has been subject to very limited previous archaeological investigation. In 1994 fieldwalking was undertaken c.750m to the north in association with proposed motorway service areas at Hill Hall (HER EEX42081; Murray & Walker 1994). The fieldwalking identified scatters of burnt and worked prehistoric flint.

The Essex HER database notes that the site lies within an area of archaeological potential, adjacent to the medieval manorial site of Arnolds Farm (HER 45712). The farm complex was formerly known as Arneways manor, and was first referenced in 1556 (Medlycott 2005). The name likely derives from an Adam Arneway who held Lambourne land in the time of Henry VI. The extant farmhouse is a 15th-century open hall with east and west cross-wings.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 In May 2020, Archaeological Solutions Ltd (AS) carried out an archaeological evaluation on land at Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex RM14 1RH (NGR TQ 49416 97631; Figs. 1 & 2). The evaluation was undertaken to provide for the initial requirements of a planning condition attached to planning approval for the construction of an agricultural produce warehouse together with access, parking, landscaping and ancillary works/infrastructure (Epping Forest Council Planning Ref. EPF/3027/19). It was required by the local planning authority based on the advice of Essex County Council Historic Environment Advisor (ECC HEA).

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 3 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

1.2 The archaeological evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief issued by ECC HEA (Brief for Trial Trenching & Excavation at Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Katie Lee-Smith, dated 6th May 2020), and a specification compiled by AS (dated 7th May 2020), and approved by ECC HEA. It followed the procedures outlined in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standards and Guidance for an Archaeological Evaluation (2014), and also adhered to the relevant sections of Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England (Gurney 2003).

Planning Policy Context

1.3 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019) states that those parts of the historic environment that have significance because of their historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest are heritage assets. The NPPF aims to deliver sustainable development by ensuring that policies and decisions that concern the historic environment recognise that heritage assets are a non-renewable resource, take account of the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits of heritage conservation, and recognise that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. The NPPF requires applications to describe the significance of any heritage asset, including its setting that may be affected in proportion to the asset’s importance and the potential impact of the proposal.

1.4 The NPPF aims to conserve England’s heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, with substantial harm to designated heritage assets (i.e. listed buildings, scheduled monuments) only permitted in exceptional circumstances when the public benefit of a proposal outweighs the conservation of the asset. The effect of proposals on non-designated heritage assets must be balanced against the scale of loss and significance of the asset, but non-designated heritage assets of demonstrably equivalent significance may be considered subject to the same policies as those that are designated. The NPPF states that opportunities to capture evidence from the historic environment, to record and advance the understanding of heritage assets and to make this publicly available is a requirement of development management. This opportunity should be taken in a manner proportionate to the significance of a heritage asset and to impact of the proposal, particularly where a heritage asset is to be lost.

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE

2.1 The site lies within the parish of Lambourne, which is located within the district of Epping Forest and county of Essex (Fig. 1). Other than the extent of its parish, Lambourne exists only as a historic dispersed settlement of Lambourne, with its hall and church located 2.1km to the south-west of the site. The site is also situated 1.8km to the south-west of the hamlet of Stapleford Tawney and 6km to the south-east of Epping.

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 4 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

2.2 The site comprises a roughly rectangular plot of land, which covers an area of 8.75 hectares (Fig. 2). It lies to the immediate west of Arnolds Farm and along the northern frontage of Ongar Road, which passes between Abridge and Passingford Bridge. To the north and west of the site is agricultural land. The site is currently occupied by a storage area associated with Arnolds Farm.

3 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

3.1 The parish of Lambourne is situated within a varied and undulating landscape, which is consistent with its location within the valley of River Roding (Fig. 1). The river flows east to westwards to form the northern boundary of the parish and runs around Arnolds Farm only 450m to the east, north and west of the site. The surrounding area therefore has a variable relief, with both the site and Arnolds Farm standing on a spur of land at c. 30m AOD, overlooking the River Roding.

3.2 The site is located on a solid geology of clay, silt and sand of the London Clay Formation, which dates to the Palaeogene period (BGS 2015). The outcrop of land upon which it lies is also overlain by a drift geology of Quaternary clay and silt of the Roding Silt Member (ibid.). Soils of the area comprise those of the Windsor Association, which are described as slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged clayey soils mostly with brown subsoils (SSEW 1983).

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Prehistoric

4.1 The site lies close to the course of the River Roding, which would have been conductive to early settlement and exploitation from the early prehistoric period onwards. Known prehistoric remains from the vicinity of the site are relatively limited, possibly reflective of the scarcity of previous archaeological investigation. A field survey at Hill Hall and c.750m to the north found a small sherd of prehistoric pottery and burnt and worked flints, possibly dating to the late Neolithic period (HER 16745).

4.2 Cropmarks of two ring ditches are recorded along Ongar Road and c.700m to the west of the site (HER 49156). Further undated cropmarks of probable field systems and field boundaries, which may prove to be late prehistoric, are recorded at Stapleford Aerodrome, Ongar Road and Lambourne (HERs 17164, 17166 & 18100). Further westwards, Iron Age hill forts associated with the local Trinovantes tribe are known as Ambresbury Banks and Loughton Camp (Medlycott 2005).

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 5 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

Romano-British

4.3 Excavations at Hill Farm and 2km to the west of the site found a Roman Villa complex, located on the northern bank of the River Roding (Brooks 1977). The scheduled villa comprises a complex of substantial buried masonry buildings and includes remnants of a hypocaust system and tessellated floor. The course of the Roman London to Great Dunmow road also lies 3km to the west of the site.

Anglo-Saxon

4.4 Place-name evidence suggests an Anglo-Saxon origin for Lambourne, which probably derives from the Old English for ‘loam-stream’ in reference to the River Roding (Reaney 1935). No Anglo-Saxon remains are recorded in the vicinity of the site and it is likely that the area was heavily wooded, forming the northern part of Hainault Forest. The Domesday Survey records Lambourne as having belonged to Leofsi in 1066 (Rumble 1983).

Medieval

4.5 In 1086, Domesday Book records that the manor of Lambourne was held by David, as part of the Honour of Count Eustace of Boulogne, but on his death the following year it reverted to the Crown, then to a bastard line of the count (Rumble 1983). It is suggested that the portion of the later parish which comprised the manor of Arneways, now Arnolds Farm, originally formed part of the manor of Battles Hall in neighbouring Stapleford Abbots (Medlycott 2005). By the late medieval period, Arnolds was one of the eight principal manors within Lambourne (ibid.).

4.6 The Essex HER database notes that the site lies within an area of archaeological potential, adjacent to the medieval manorial site of Arnolds Farm (HER 45712). The farm complex was formerly known as Arneways manor, and was first referenced in 1556 (Medlycott 2005). The name likely derives from an Adam Arneway who held Lambourne land in the time of Henry VI. The extant farmhouse is a 15th century open hall with east and west cross-wings, but is not a listed building.

4.7 The site also forms part of the medieval and post-medieval dispersed settlement in Lambourne parish, with its hall and church located 2.1km to the south-west of the site (HER 45717). The parish and village comprise a number of dispersed farmsteads and dwellings, including the Grade II listed Patch Park, which is a late medieval hall house located to the south-west (HER 34042), the Grade II* listed Bons Farmhouse, which is a late medieval timber framed house to the south-east (HER 34061) and the medieval manor of Pryors (HER 45713). The field survey at Hill Hall and 750m to the north revealed a very small number of abraded medieval pottery sherds, dating to the 11th - 14th centuries (HER 16746)

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 6 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

Post-medieval and later

4.8 The parish of Lambourne remained predominantly agricultural in character throughout the post-medieval and early modern periods, and was regarded as being undeveloped and unprosperous due to the absenteeism of most of its landowners (Medlycott 2005; Powell 1956). The field survey at Hill Hall and c.750m to the north revealed a uniform, thin scatter of post-medieval pottery, glass, clay pipe stem and fragments of iron objects (HER 16747).

4.9 To the immediate south of the site, on the southern frontage of Ongar Road, lies the site of Stapleford Tawney WWII airfield, which was an RAF airfield operational between 1934 and 1953 (HER 16633). It opened in 1934 as a civil airfield for Hillman's Airways who built 3 hangars, and at the outbreak of WWII the airfield was requisitioned for 12 protected aircraft pens, becoming a night fighter satellite station for North Weald housing mainly Hurricanes. The airfield complex also incorporates Dispersed Site No 4 and WAAF site at Lambourne Place (HER 16635) and a Ground Defence Site Patchwork (HER 16637), both dating to WWII.

The site

4.10 The site is adjacent to and to the immediate west of the medieval manorial site of Arnolds Farm (HER 45712). The farm complex was formerly known as Arneways manor, and was first referenced in 1556 (Medlycott 2005). The name likely derives from an Adam Arneway who held Lambourne land in the time of Henry VI, under the Earl of Oxford, who held the neighbouring manor of Battles in Stapleford Abbots. This tenure suggests that Arneways was originally part of Battles manor. The extant farmhouse, which stands 75m to the east, is a 15th century open hall with east and west cross-wings, but is not a listed building. It has been successively added to and altered in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

4.11 The history and development of Arnolds Farm remains relatively unexplored, particularly given the 15th century date of the extant farmhouse. The HER database for Arnolds Farm (HER 45712) records that the farm is shown on Chapman and Andre’s map of Essex, which dates to 1777 (Fig. 4). However, the earliest cartographic source to depict the site comprises a ‘map of the farm called Arnolds in Lambourne’, which dates to 1746 (Fig. 3; Ref. T/M 277/1). In the late post-medieval period, the site clearly lay to the immediate west of the farm, and formed part of the field (#B) known as ‘Rook Tree Mead’. Both the 1777 map (Fig. 4) and all subsequent Ordnance Survey maps consistently depict the site as undeveloped agricultural land.

5 METHODOLOGY

5.1 The ECC HEA advice required trial trenching of the length and breadth of the proposed new warehouse building and the proposed parking area. A cross-shaped trench was required within the warehouse building footprint, and the trenches were 30m and 25m x 1.8m (Trenches 2 and 3; Fig. 2). A trench

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 7 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020 was also be located in the new parking area in the eastern part of the site. It was to be ‘L’ shaped but a c.2.5m high bund along the eastern side of the site caused Trench 1 to be altered to a T-shape with its eastern arm adjacent to the western edge of the bund (Fig. 2).

5.2 The trenches were mechanically excavated under close archaeological supervision using a mechanical 360º excavator with a toothless ditching bucket.

5.3 The archaeological evaluation comprised the inspection of the subsoil and natural deposits for archaeological features, the examination of spoil heaps and the recording of soil profiles. Encountered features and deposits were cleaned by hand and recorded using pro forma recording sheets, drawn to scale and photographed as appropriate. The excavated spoil was checked for finds.

6 DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS

Individual trench description is presented below:

Trench 1 (Figs. 2 - 3)

Sample section 1A 0.00 = 30.05m AOD 0.00 – 0.20m L1000 Topsoil. Firm, mid yellow brown sandy silt. 0.20 – 0.34m L1001 Subsoil. Firm, pale yellow brown sandy silt. 0.34m+ L1002 Natural deposits. Firm, pale brown yellow sandy silt with very occasional small and medium rounded flints.

Sample section 1B 0.00 = 30.01m AOD 0.00 – 0.21m L1000 Topsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.21 – 0.36m L1001 Subsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.36m+ L1002 Natural deposits. As Sample Section 1A.

Sample section 1C 0.00 = 30.21m AOD 0.00 – 0.22m L1000 Topsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.22 – 0.38m L1001 Subsoil/’C’ Horizon. As Sample Section 1A. 0.38m+ L1002 Natural deposits. As Sample Section 1A.

Description: Trench 1 contained an undated pit (F1003) and a modern service trench (F1005).

Pit F1003 was sub-circular in plan (0.50 x 0.43 x 0.29m). It had vertical sides and a concave base. Its fill (L1004) was a firm, mid grey brown clay silt with occasional small and medium rounded flints. It contained no finds.

Service Trench F1005 was linear (2.00+ x 0.48 x 0.30+m), orientated northwest – southeast. It had vertical sides and its base was unseen.

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 8 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

Excavation ceased once the feature was established to be of modern date. Its fill (L1006) was mixed patches of loose/uncompacted mid yellow brown sandy silt and pale brown yellow clay silt with occasional small and medium rounded flints. It contained modern (20th century) CBM (1568g).

Trench 2 (Figs. 2 - 3)

Sample section 2A 0.00 = 30.15m AOD 0.00 – 0.23m L1000 Topsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.23 – 0.34m L1001 Subsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.34m+ L1004 Natural deposits. As Sample Section 1A.

Sample section 2B 0.00 = 30.39m AOD 0.00 – 0.24m L1000 Topsoil. As Sample Section 1A. 0.24 – 0.37m L1003 Made Ground. 0.37m+ L1004 Natural deposits. As Sample Section 1A.

Sample section 2C 0.00 = 31.72m AOD 0.00 – 0.42m L1007 Dark brown manure. 0.42 – 1.10m L1008 Bund, Topsoil. Firm mid yellow brown sandy silt. 1.10 – 1.60m L1009 Made ground. Mixed patches of firm, pale yellow brown clay and mid brown grey silty clay. It contained modern (20th century) CBM (769g). 1.60m+ L1002 Natural deposits. As Sample Section 1A.

Description: Trench 2 contained no archaeological features or finds. Modern service trenches were present.

8 DEPOSIT MODEL

8.1 Uppermost was Topsoil L1000, a 0.20m thick layer of firm, mid yellow brown sandy silt. Below L1000 was a 0.11m – 0.16m thick subsoil (L1001) of firm, pale yellow brown sandy silt. At the base of the sequence the natural deposit (L1002) of firm, pale brown yellow sandy silt was encountered at a depth of 0.34m – 0.38m below the current ground surface.

9 DISCUSSION

9.1 The Essex HER database notes that the site lies within an area of archaeological potential, adjacent to the medieval manorial site of Arnolds Farm (HER 45712). The farm complex was formerly known as Arneways manor, and was first referenced in 1556 (Medlycott 2005). The name likely derives from an Adam Arneway who held Lambourne land in the time of Henry VI. The extant farmhouse is a 15th-century open hall with east and west cross-wings.

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 9 © Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2020

9.2 The presence of a subsoil and the absence of plough scars suggest that the majority of the site has not been truncated except on its eastern side beneath the bund where there was evidence of modern disturbance.

9.3 The evaluation revealed an undated pit and a modern service trenches. No archaeological finds were present. It seems that the site has seen little use and has likely been agricultural land since the clearance of this part of the Hainault Forest.

DEPOSITION OF THE ARCHIVE

Archive records, with an inventory, will be deposited with Epping Museum. The archive will be quantified, ordered, indexed, cross referenced and checked for internal consistency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Archaeological Solutions would like to thank Mr Peter Sparks of PA Sparks & Sons Ltd for commissioning and funding the programme of archaeological evaluation and for all his assistance. AS is also grateful to Mr David Cook for all his assistance with the site works.

AS would also like to thank the staff of the Essex Record Office (ERO), based in Chelmsford. AS is also grateful to Ms. Maria Medlycott for provision of the historic settlement assessment report.

AS is also pleased to acknowledge the advice and input of Ms Katie Lee- Smith, Essex County Council Historic Environment Advisor.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

British Geological Survey (BGS) 2015 British Geological Survey, Geology of Britain Viewer, http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html

Brooks, R. T. 1977 The Roman Villa at Hill Farm, Abridge, in; Essex Journal. Vol. 12, pp. 51 - 61

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2014 Standards and Guidance for an Archaeological Evaluation. CIfA, Reading

Gurney, D. 2003 Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England. East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 14

Medlycott, M. 2005 Lambourne and Abridge Historic Settlement Assessment Report. Essex County Council

Murray, J. & Walker, C. 1994 Proposed Motorway Service Areas, Hill Hall, Theydon Mount. An Archaeological Evaluation (fieldwalking). Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust (HAT, now AS) unpublished report

Powell, W. R. 1956 A History of the County of Essex. Vol. IV. Institute of Historic Research, London

Reaney, P. H. 1935 Place-names of Essex. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Rumble, A. (ed.) 1983 Domesday Book – Essex. Phillimore & Co., Chichester

Soil Survey of England and Wales (SSEW) 1983 Soils of South East England (sheet 4). SSEW, Harpenden

Soil Survey of England and Wales (SSEW) 1983 Soil Survey of England and Wales: Legend for the 1:250,000 Soil Map of England and Wales. SSEW, Harpenden

APPENDIX 1 CONCORDANCE OF FINDS

Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney, Essex, RM14 1RH 12 Concordance of Finds AFST20 - P8400 Arnolds Farm, Stapleford Tawney

Feature Context Segment Trench Description Spot Date Pot Pottery CBM A.Bone Other Material Other Other (Pot Only) Qty (g) (g) (g) Qty (g) 1005 1006 1 Fill of Service Trench 1568 1009 2 Made Ground 769

APPENDIX 2 SPECIALIST REPORTS

The Ceramic Building Materials Andrew Peachey

The evaluation recovered a total of five fragments (2337g) of modern CBM in a moderately fragmented condition. Service Trench F1005 contained three fragments (1568g) of Fletton brick, and Made Ground L1009 two fragments (769g) of pantile, all manufactured in the 20th century, likely post-dating 1920.

The Environmental Samples Dr John Summers

During the archaeological evaluation at Arnolds Farm, Stapleford Tawney, a single bulk sample for environmental archaeological assessment was taken and processed from undated pit fill L1004 (F1003). The sample contained no remains of archaeological origin, and was found to contain only modern rootlets and uncharred (likely modern) seeds of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). This demonstrates that no carbonised remains from past human activity were deposited within this feature.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC INDEX (P8400)

1 2 General site overview General site overview

3 4 Trench 1 looking north Trench 1 looking east

5 6 Sample section 1A looking west Sample section 1B looking east

7 8 Sample section 1C looking north Pit F1003 in Trench 1 looking south

9 10 Service Trench F1005 in Trench 1 looking south- Trench 2 looking west east

11 12 Sample section 2A looking north Sample section 2B looking east

13 Modern services in Sample section 2C looking north

SITE

Reproduced from the2012 Ordnance Survey 1:25000 map with the Archaeological Solutions Ltd permission of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Ó Crown copyright Fig. 1 Site location plan Archaeological Solutions Ltd Scale 1:25,000 at A4 Licence number 100036680 Arnolds Farm, Ongar Road, Stapleford Tawney(P 8400)