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ABOX pretreatment () Annual dose (dose rate) (luminescence/ESR 23, 238 dating) 98, 110 Abu Hureyra, Syria 38–9 Annual layers in 148–56 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 5, 20–3, climatic instability, dating of 151–2 38, 40–1, 43, 46–54, 74, 101–2, 188, 204, errors in ice-core 150–1 237–9, 242 human impact on , dating of 155–6 Accuracy in dating 5–6 ice-core chronologies 149–50 Acheulian culture 112–13, 120, 209, rapid climatic change, dating of 152–4 211, 225 variations in atmospheric trace gases, Additive dose () 96–7 dating of 154–5 Africa 41–2, 62–4, 191, 193, 209, 211–12, Anomalous fading (luminescence dating) 99 224, 226 79, 148–9, 154, 201, 240–1 Algae 133, 141–2 Aragonite 112, 119, 158 Alpha particles 8 Archaeomagnetic measurements 219 Aluminium-26 (26Al) 78 Arctica islandica 160–2, 242 Amino acid diagenesis 186–7 Argentina 117–18, 229 Amino Acid 184–95 –Argon Dating, see Argon- Dating aminostratigraphy based on non-marine Argon-Isotope Dating 58–66, 113–14, 119, molluscs 189–91 205, 211–12, 238, 243 applications of 188–95 applications of 61–6 early humans, dating using ostrich argon–argon dating, principles of 59 eggshell 191–3 artefacts and cultural traditions, last shoreline, dating and dating of 211–12 correlation of 189 assumptions of and problems with 59–61 principles of 184–7 early Pleistocene hominids, dating of 62 problems with 187–8 eruption of Vesuvius, dating of 65 radiocarbon dating of amino acids 31 isochron technique 61 sea-level change, dating of 192, 194–5 modern humans, dating of 63–4 Amino acid ratios (AARs) 186–9 potassium–argon dating, principles of 58–9 Aminostratigraphy 188 Stonehenge stone axe, dating of 66 Aminozones 189, 192, 194 , dating of 117, 204–5, 243 Anglian glaciation 233 Toba eruption, dating of 113–14 Anions 7 Astronomical theory of 15

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Astronomical timescale 4, 16, 150, 201–2, 241 Carbon-14 (14C) (cosmogenic Atomic mass number 7 ) 78, 240 Atomic number 7 compensation depth (CCD) 201 Atomic orbitals 7 Cariaco Basin, Venezuela 32, 34, 36, 140–1 Atoms 7, 18 Cation-ratio dating 167 Australia 158–9, 189 Cations 7 Australian slide method (luminescence Caucasus 112, 170 dating) 96 Chemical remanent magnetism (CRM) 220 Australopithecus 225 Chile 103, 243 China 72–3, 110, 157–8, 201, 229, 233–4 Baffin Island 88, 90 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) 79–85, 223 Bahamas 34–5, 54, 192–4 Chrysophytes 133 Baltic Ice Lake 136 Circle of confidence (geomagnetic Baltic Sea 136, 147 dating) 221 Bangladesh 91 Clast disintegration index (CDI) (soils) Barham Soil 231–3 177, 178 Bayesian analysis 35–7, 55 Climatostratigraphy 9 -10 (10Be) 78–81, 223, 230 Clovis culture 47 Beta counting (radiocarbon dating) 19–20 Collagen 31 Beta particles 8 Colombia 118–19 Biomolecular dating 243–4 Complacent rings () 123 Bishop Ash 211 , , see EPICA ice Blombos Cave, South Africa 104–6 core, Antarctica Bolivia 243 Constant initial concentration (CIC) model Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 12, 240 (210Pb dating) 86 Bone 31, 47–8, 69, 72, 110, 180–4, 186, 238 Constant rate of supply (CRS) model Borrobol Tephra 209 (210Pb dating) 86 Brazil 103–4 Coral 32, 68, 70–2, 109, 113, 158–60, 239, 242 Breccia 225, 235 Cordillera Vilcanota Ice-Cap, Peru 178–80 Bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)125–6, flux 18, 27–8 129, 131 Cosmogenic Radionuclide Dating Bronze Age 139 (CRN dating) 77–84, 178, 239–40 Brunhes–Matuyama geomagnetic alluvial deposits, dating of 84 boundary 216, 221, 223 applications of 80–4 Brunhes Normal polarity 216 landslides, dating of 82–4 Buddha Cave, China 157–8 glacial advances, dating of 80–2, 178 Bull Lake glaciation 77, 176 principles of 77–9 sources of error in 79–80 Caesium-137 (137Cs) 86–8 CRONUS (Cosmic-Ray Produced Nuclide -41 (41Ca) 240 Systematics) 240 CALIB (radiocarbon calibration) 33, 239 Cross-dating Calibration corals 158 geomagnetism 219 dendrochronology 123 radiocarbon timescale 12, 32–7, 128, varve 135 140–1, 240 Cryptotephra, see Microtephra Campani tephra 119 Canada 88, 90, 128–9, 148, 170–1 D-amino acids 185 Carbon, stable of 18, 43, Damage tracks/trails 139–40, 160 (Fission Track Dating) 114 (in ice cores) 151, 154–6 Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles 152, 222 bindex.fm Page 281 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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Daughter deficient (Uranium-Series Dating) 68 principles 109–10 Daughter excess (Uranium-Series Dating) 68 sources of error 110 Daughter nuclide 8, 68 Toba eruption, dating of 113–14 Dead Sea Scrolls 49 Electrons 7 Decalcification 228 Elementary (sub-atomic) particles 7 Decay constant 9 Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) (for Declination (geomagnetism) 215 tephra) 204 Deepwater formation 28 England 40, 88, 111, 126, 130, 156, 188, 216, Dendrochronology 4, 27, 32–4, 122–33, 218, 228, 230–4 231, 239–40 EPICA , Antarctica 149–51, 241 applications of 127–33 Epimerisation (amino acids) 186, 187 archaeological evidence, dating of 130, 132 Epipalaeolithic 38 dendrochronological series 125–7 Equivalent dose (Luminescence/ESR precipitation record, dating of 128–9 dating) 95, 109 principles of 122–3 Ethiopia 62–4 problems with 123–5 External detector method (fission track radiocarbon calibration 32–4 dating) 115 temperature record, dating of 128, 131 volcanic activity, dating of 129–30 False rings (dendrochronology) 124 Dendroclimatology 4, 122, 128–9 Farmdale Geosol 228 108–9 Feldspar 59, 92, 95, 98–100 Detrital remanent magnetism (DRM) 215 Fennoscandian 4, 136, 147, Diagenesis 184, 195 222–4 Diamict 134 Ferricrete 71, 92 Diatoms 87, 92, 133, 135 Field reversals (geomagnetism) 216 Diffuse porous wood 122 Finland 51, 82–3, 127, 221–2 Digital imaging techniques (varve Fission Track Dating 114–19, 211–13 chronology) 135 applications of 116–19 Dipole 213–15 fossiliferous deposits, dating of 117–18 Distal 202 glacial events, dating of 116–17 Dmanisi, Georgia 62 obsidian artefacts, dating of 118–19 DNA 52, 243–4 principles of 115–16 Dose rate, see Annual dose (dose rate) problems with 116 (Luminescence/ESR dating) tephras, dating of 211–13 Dye-3 ice core 130 Fixed points () 142 Floating chronology Eccentricity of the earth’s orbit 15 dendrochronology 123, 240 Ecuador 118–19 varves 140 Eemian interglacial 108–9 Flint 95, 102, 109 Electrical conductivity (in glacier ice) 150, 153 Fluoride dating of bone 182–4 Electron paramagnetic dating, see Electron Spin Foraminifera 43, 45, 54, 201 Resonance (ESR) Dating Fort Selkirk tephra 211 Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) Fractionation 16, 25–6, 54 (for tephra) 204, 205 France 52–3, 102–3, 189–91, 206, 209 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating Fungi 141–2 109–14, 238–9 applications of 110–14 Gamma rays 8 coral, dating of 113 Gauss Normal polarity epoch 216 early humans, dating of 112–13 Geochemical fingerprinting (of tephra) 204 Hoxnian Interglacial, dating of 111–12 Geomagnetic field 27–8 bindex.fm Page 282 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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Georgia 62 Isochron technique Geosols, see Palaeosols Argon-Isotope Dating 61 Germany 38, 122, 127, 137–9, Uranium-Series Dating 70–1 205–6, 209 Isomeric forms (amino acids) 185 Ghana 100 Isothermal remanent magnetism (IRM) GISP2 ice core, 34–5, 43, 45, 219–20 74–5, 130, 148–51, 153 Isotopes 8, 18 Glacials (definition) 9 Italy 48, 118, 206, 209 Gley, gleying 230, 235 Glow curve (Luminescence Dating) 95 Japan 52–3, 102, 140, 202, 206 Gran Dolina site, Spain 223–4 Jaramillo Normal polarity event 216 Grass cuticles 43, 55 Java 62 Greenhouse Trace Gases (GTGs) 154–5 Jomon culture, Japan 53, 102 GRIP ice core, Greenland 12, 43, 45, 149–50, Jostedalsbreen 144 152, 205, 223 Growth curve (Lichenometry) 142–3 Kaharoa Tephra 37, 207–9 Guliya ice cap 79 Kenya 62

Half-life 9 L-amino acids 185 Hard-water effect (radiocarbon) 29 Laacher See Tephra 205–6 Hawaii 71–3 Lake Suigetsu 140–1 -3 (3He) 78 Laschamp magnetic reversal 223 Herto, Ethiopia 63–4 Laser ICP-MS 238 Holocene (definition) 1, 15 Lateglacial 12, 209, 228, 239–40 Hominids 62, 63, 72, 209–10 Lateglacial Interstadial 12, 228 Homo erectus 62, 72 Laurentide ice sheet 3, 47, 108 Homo ergaster 62 165 Homo heidelbergensis 72 -210 (210Pb) Dating 85–90, 238 Homo sapiens 62–4, 72, 211, 244 applications 87–9 Hoxnian Interglacial 111–12 human impact, dating of 88–9 Howiesons Poort industry 192 lake sediment/temperature record, Hydration layer (obsidian) 173 dating of 88, 90 Hydroxyapatite 31 marine sediments, dating of 91 principles 85–6 Iceland 202–4, 206–7, 209–10 problems 86 Inclination (geomagnetism) 215 Leptons 7 India 52 Lichenometry 141–7 Indian Ocean 197 principles of 142 Industrial effect (on radiocarbon levels) 28 problems with 142–3 Infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) Lime mortar 51 (luminescence dating) 97–8, 108, 238 Lipids 55 INTCAL98 calibration (radiocarbon) 32–4 Little 128, 143–4, 146–7, INTCAL04 calibration (radiocarbon) 239 157–8, 168, 170, 180 (definition) 9 Loch Lomond 12, 203 International Tree-Ring Data Bank 95, 119, 201, 229, 233–4 (ITRDB) 127 Loess Plateau, China 229, 233–4 Interstadials (definition) 9 Luminescence Dating 94–109 , ionisation 7 applications of 100–9 Ireland 122, 126 burnt flint, dating of 95, 102–3 Iron Age 100, 139, 147 coastal dunes, dating of 104–7 bindex.fm Page 283 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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first humans in South America, -21 (21Ne) 78 dating of 103–4 Nepal 168–9 fluvial deposits, dating of 107–8 Netherlands Antilles 113 iron smelting, dating of 100–1 Neutrons 7 marine deposits, dating of 108–9 New Guinea 174–5 optically stimulated luminescence/optical New Zealand 37, 166, 174, 177, 202, 206, dating (OSL), principles of 96–9 239–40, 243 pottery, dating of 101–2 Normal polarity 216 sources of error 99–100 North America, see Canada; United States of thermoluminescence (TL), America principles of 94–6 North 27, 43, 45, 49–50, 151, 160, 209, 222, 233–4, 242–3 Magnetostratigraphy 216–20 North Atlantic Ash Zone II 242 Marine reservoir (radiocarbon) 26–7 NorthGRIP ice core 148–9, 241, 243 Master chronology (Dendrochronology) 123 Norway 74–5, 143–7, 204, 223 Matuyama–Gauss geomagnetic Norwegian Sea 27 boundary 216, 221 Nucleons 8 Matuyama Reversed polarity epoch 190, 216 Nuclides 8 Medieval Warm Period 128, 157

Methane (CH4)150–1, 154–6, 241–2 Obliquity of the ecliptic 15 Mexico 45–7 Obsidian 63, 118–19 Microseismic timer (rock surface Obsidian Dating 173 weathering) 167 Obsidian Hydration Dating (OHD) Microtephra 203 172–6 Middle Stone Age (Africa) 104, 106–7, applications of 174–6 191–2, 209, 211 archaeological site, dating of 174–5 Midnight Dome Tephra 213 fluvial sediments, dating of 175 Mineral carbon error (radiocarbon) 29 principles of 172–3 Mineral magnetic potential 216, 219–20 problems with 173–4 Mineral magnetic properties (soils) 228 Olduvai Normal polarity event 216, 221 Mineral magnetic susceptibility (MS) 219–20 Optical dating, see Luminescence Dating Missing rings (Dendrochronology) 124 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), Mitochondria 55 see Luminescence Dating Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 244 Orbital tuning 150, 201, 241 analysis 244 Ostrich eggshell 186, 191–2 Molluscs 30–1, 40, 45–7, 70–1, 108–10, OxCal (radiocarbon calibration) 36 112–13, 160–2, 186–8, 189–91, 238 isotope 198–202 Mongolia 128 dating the isotopic record 199–201 geomagnetic excursion 223 problems with 201–2 , dating of 80–2, 143–6 Oxygen isotope (δ18O) record Mount Toba 62, 113–14, 205 in coral 159 Mousterian industry 103, 119 in glacier ice 43, 45, 79–80, 150, 152 Multi-collector inductively coupled-plasma in molluscs 160 mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) 69, 238 in ocean sediments 9–12, 43, 45, 72, Multi-parameter layer counting 111–12, 194 (in ice cores) 150 in carbonate 74–5 Oxygen isotope stages (MOI stages) Natural remanent magnetism (NRM) 215 10–12, 77, 103, 111–13, 118–19, Neanderthals 244 189–90, 199–202, 205, 213, 221, Neapolitan Yellow Tuff 209 228, 233 bindex.fm Page 284 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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Pacific Ocean 72, 158, 198 Precision in dating 5–6 Palaeodose (Luminescence/ESR Dating) 96, 109 Profile development index (PDI) (soils) 176, 178 Palaeomagnetic Dating 213–26 Proteins 184 applications of 221–6 Protons 7 correlations between ice sheet fluctuations Proximal tephras 202 and ice-core records 222–4 climate record (definition) 159 first humans in Europe, dating of 223–4 Pumice 63, 65 lake sediments, dating of 221–2 Pyroclastic rocks 202, 235 problems with 220–1 Sterkfontein hominid, dating of 225–6 Quelcayya Ice-Cap, Peru 178–80 Palaeomagnetic timescale 199, 216–17 Quarks 7 Palaeomagnetism 213–26 Quartz 79, 95, 98–100, 104, 109, 113–14, 119 Palaeosecular variations (PSV) (geomagnetism) 216–19, 221–2 Racemisation (amino acids) 186 Palaeosols 31–2, 118, 225–34 7–8 Parent nuclide 8 chain decay 8 Partial bleach method simple decay 8 (Luminescence Dating) 96 supported decay 8 Partial rings (Dendrochronology) 124 unsupported decay 9 Patagonia 62 Radiocarbon Dating 17–55, 101–2, 128, PDB limestone standard 25–6 140–1, 182–4, 188, 204, 231, 238–40, 242 Pearlette Ashes 211 applications of 37–55 Pedogenesis and 176–80 Arctica islandica, dating of 242 principles of 176–7 bone, dating of 31, 47, 182–4, 188 problems with 177 buried soil, dating of 231 Pedogenic carbonate 74–7 calibration 29, 32–6, 128, 140–1, 240 Pedogenic processes 227–8 charcoal, dating of 38–9 Pedostratigraphic unit, contamination 24–5 see Soil-stratigraphic units decay curve 19 Peptide bonds (amino acids) 185 DNA, dating of 51–2 Peptides/peptide chains (amino acids) 185 documents, dating of 49–51 Periglacial trimline 168–70 foraminifera, dating of 43, 45 Perlite (obsidian) 172 hair, dating of 51–2 Peru 178–80, 243 iron artefacts, dating of 52 Phenocrysts 114, 120 isotopic enrichment 23 ‘Piltdown Man’ 182 isotopic fractionation 25–6, 54 Pinedale Glaciation 176 laboratory intercomparisons 24 Pitstone Soil 228 lake sediments, dating of 29–30, 41–2 Plant biomarkers 43, 55 lime mortar, dating of 51 Pleistocene (definition) 1, 15 long-term variations in 14C production 27–9 Polarity changes (geomagnetism) 215, 216 marine reservoir effects 26–7 Polarity events 216 measurement 19–23 Polarity excursions 216 molluscs, dating of 45–7 Polymers 238, 244 peat, dating of 41 Pompeii, Italy 65 plant macrofossils, dating of 38–9, 204 Population method (Fission Track Dating) 115 pottery, dating of 52–3, 101–2 Potassium–Argon Dating, see Argon-Isotope principles 18–19 Dating rock art, dating of 53–4 Pottery 52–3, 94, 101–2 shell, dating of 30–1 Precession of the equinoxes 15 soil, dating of 31–2 bindex.fm Page 285 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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sources of error 24–9 Shroud of Turin 48–9 textiles 48–9 Siberia 128 wiggle-match dating 37 Silicon-32 (32Si) Radiocarbon plateaux 28 dating of marine sediments 91 Radiolaria 87, 92 principles and problems 86–7 Regeneration method Single aliquot regeneration method (Luminescence Dating) 96, 97 (Luminescence Dating) 99, 104, 108 Remanent magnetism 215 Single-crystal laser fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating 59 Reservoir effect (radiocarbon) 30 Soil chronofunctions 177 Residence (radiocarbon) 26–7, 31 Soil chronosequences 176 Reversed polarity 190, 216 Soil development indices 176–8 Ring porous wood 122 Soil fabric 228 Ring-width indices (Dendrochronology) 123, 125 Soil forming processes, see Pedogenic processes Rock , dating of 144–5 Soil micromorphology 228 Rock Surface Weathering 166–72 Soil profile 235 applications of 168–72 Soil-stratigraphic units 228 archaeological features, relative Solar wind 28, 54 dating of 170–2 South Africa 104–6, 191–2, 224–6 glacier fluctuations, relative dating of 168, 169 South America 103–4, 116–19, 148, 178–80, periglacial trimlines, relative 202, 243 dating of 168–70, 171 Spain 52–3, 223 problems with 167–8 Spallation 77, 79 surface weathering features 166–7 SPECMAP oxygen isotope curve 194, 201 Rock varnish 167–8 34–5, 54–5, 70, 74, 95, 150, Rockland Tephra 205 186, 239 Russia 101 annual banding in 156–8 climatic variability, dating of 157–8 209 precipitation record, dating of 158–60 Salpausselkä 82–3 (definition) 9 Sangamon Soil 228, 229 Standardisation (Dendrochronology) 123 Sanidine 58–9, 65, 92 Sterkfontein Cave, South Africa 224–6 Saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation Stonehenge 66 (SIRM) 220 Sumatra 62, 113 Scandinavian ice sheet, see Fennoscandian ice Surface exposure dating 77 sheet Sweden 127–8, 133, 136–7, 147, 182, 184 Sclerochronology 121, 160–2, 241–2 Swedish Time Scale (Varve Chronology) 136 palaeoenvironmental record from coral, Syria 38–9 dating of 158 palaeoprecipitation record from coral, Talus 147 dating of 158–9 Tandem accelerator 21–2 sclerochronology from Arctica Teeth 70, 109, 110–12, 238 islandica 160–1 Teleconnections (Varve Chronology) 135 clam-ring master chronology 162 Tephra 37, 55, 115, 116, 117, 202–13, 242–3 Schmidt hammer (rock surface 202–13, 242–3 weathering) 167–71 applications of 207–13 Scotland 66, 82–4, 168–9, 171, 203 artefacts and cultural traditions, Secondary mass spectrometry (SIMS) 173 dating of 209–11 Secular variations (geomagnetism) 215 dating of tephras 204–5 Sensitive rings (Dendrochronology) 123 early and middle pleistocene glaciations, Sheep Creek Tephra 213 dating of 211–13 bindex.fm Page 286 Wednesday, March 23, 2005 3:21 AM

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Tephrochronology (Continued) Farm Soil 231–3 first human impact in New Zealand, Varve Chronology 4, 32, 34, 88, 90, 132–41 dating of 207–9 applications 135–41 Lateglacial events, dating of 209–10 calibrating the radiocarbon timescale problems with 205–7 32, 34, 140 Tephrostratigraphy 202 climatic and environmental changes, Terminations 199, 209, 242 dating of 139–40 Testate amoebae (rhizopods) 41, 55 lake sediment/temperature record, The Netherlands 104, 105 dating of 88, 90 Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) nature of varved sediments 133–5 (Uranium-Series Dating) 69, 72, 74, 238 patterns of deglaciation, dating of 136, 137 Thermohaline circulation 27, 54 prehistoric land-use changes, dating of 136–7 Thermoluminescence Dating (TL), sources of error 135 see Luminescence Dating Valence 7 Thermoremanent magnetism (TRM) 215 Vedde Ash 203 Tibet 79, 110, 148 Venezuela 32, 140 Time-stratigraphic correlation 197 Ventilation (in ocean waters) 28, 54 Time-transgression 198 Vesuvius 65 Total bleach method Vinland Map 49–51 (Luminescence Dating) 96 Visual stratigraphy (in ice cores) 149–50 Trapped Charge Dating 94 Vostok ice core, Antarctica 150–1, Travertine 70–1, 92 154–6, 241–2 Treugolnaya Cave, Caucasus 112 Tufa 40, 55, 71 Wales 130, 132 Tuff 63, 66, 92, 113, 115 Wave-length dispersive spectrometry (for Turning points (geomagnetism) 219 tephra) 204 Weathering rind 166 Uncertainty Principle 16 Weichselian Glacial 190 Uniformitarianism 3, 15 Welded soil 229 United States of America 52, 71–2, 74–6, Whole-rock aminostratigraphy 192, 194 80–2, 84, 107–8, 122, 125, 127, Wiggle-match dating 37, 140, 207, 239 144, 146, 158–60, 162, 166, 174, Windermere Interstadial 12 176–7, 178–9, 182–3, 188, 205, Wisconsinan glaciation 80–2, 229 211, 213, 219, 228–9 Uranium-Series (U-series) Dating 32–5, Xenocrysts 59, 65, 92 66–77, 192–4, 238, 242 X-radiography (of coral) 158 applications of 71–7 X-ray analysis (of tephras) 204 calibration of radiocarbon timescale X-ray densitrometry 32–5 Dendrochronology 123 daughter nuclides 68 Varve Chronology 135 fluvial terraces, dating of 74–7 hominid remains, dating of 72, 74 Yarmouth Soil 228 isochron technique 70–1 Stadial 12, 82, 152–4, principles of 67–9 203, 240 problems with 69–71 Yukon 62, 211, 213 sea-levels, dating of 71–3, 192–4 speleothem, dating of 34–5, 74 Zhoukoudian Cave, China 72 Ussher timescale 3 Zonal soils 225