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A Test of Photovoice and the Zaltman Metaphor

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A Test of Photovoice and the Zaltman Metaphor TEST PATTERN: A TEST OF PHOTOVOICE AND THE ZALTMAN METAPHOR ELICITATION TECHNIQUE AND A SEARCH FOR PATTERNS IN LANDSCAPE ENCLOSURE PREFERENCES by KATHERINE LINCOURT (Under the Direction of KATHERINE MELCHER) ABSTRACT Landscape architects may be able to improve communication with clients and community members and generate better data for research and design projects by changing the way they use the images and photographs generated by others. This thesis explores two methods that rely on images generated by and interpreted by study participants: Photovoice and the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET). To test the methods a problem was generated from Christopher Alexander et al.’s (1977) Pattern Language and nine study participants were evenly divided into three arms (ZMET, Photovoice, and a control group using language-based interviewing) and asked about their perceptions and preferences for ‘gardens’ and ‘enclosure’ (Pattern 173 – Garden Wall). The interviews were coded to create themes, which are discussed relative to Pattern 173 and the design of enclosed garden spaces. Additional information is provided on my experience with the methods, the impact of changes to the methods, participants’ responses to the study arms, and suggestions for researchers. Implications for landscape architecture and potential future applications for the methods are discussed. INDEX WORDS: Landscape Architecture, Zaltman, ZMET, Consumer Research, Subconscious, Values, Photovoice, Participatory Research, Photography, Interviews, Pattern Language, Enclosure TEST PATTERN: A TEST OF PHOTOVOICE AND THE ZALTMAN METAPHOR ELICITATION TECHNIQUE AND A SEARCH FOR PATTERNS IN LANDSCAPE ENCLOSURE PREFERENCES by KATHERINE LINCOURT BA, Boston University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2011 © 2011 Katherine Lincourt All Rights Reserved TEST PATTERN: A TEST OF PHOTOVOICE AND THE ZALTMAN METAPHOR ELICITATION TECHNIQUE AND A SEARCH FOR PATTERNS IN LANDSCAPE ENCLOSURE PREFERENCES by KATHERINE LINCOURT Major Professor: Katherine Melcher Committee: Douglas Pardue Ian Firth Melissa Freeman Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2011 iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Frances Hopkins, Victor Wiley, and Drew Hicks. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a landscape architecture student, I’ve enjoyed seeing how different personalities and world views are expressed in the projects that are turned in. It’s interesting to see the designs that people come up with, but it’s more interesting when they belong to people you know and you get to witness the process of creation. In coming up with an idea for thesis, I decided I wanted to try to somehow get at this hidden side of the images we create… Though I’m not sure how much of this original intent is obvious from the research that follows, I think it is only right to acknowledge it here with special thanks to all of my amazing classmates. (I feel very blessed to have gotten to spend this time with you, and I will sincerely miss getting to see you all everyday!!) What is good in this thesis belongs to you. Thanks so much for your help, time, patience, and ideas about enclosure. You guys are the best!! Thanks also to my professors and, of course, the members of my thesis committee, especially Katherine Melcher, for all of their help and support. Finally, all of my love and thanks to my family and my friends… I couldn’t do anything without you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix FORWARD .....................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................2 A basic framework ...................................................................................................5 This study .................................................................................................................7 2 PHOTOVOICE ............................................................................................................12 Theory ....................................................................................................................13 Methodology & analysis ........................................................................................16 Previous use ...........................................................................................................18 3 THE ZALTMAN METAPHORE ELICITATION TECHNIQUE (ZMET) ...............20 Theory ....................................................................................................................21 Methodology ..........................................................................................................26 Analysis..................................................................................................................28 Previous use ...........................................................................................................29 vii 4 THE STUDY ...............................................................................................................31 Study design ...........................................................................................................33 5 STUDY RESULTS ......................................................................................................39 The themes .............................................................................................................40 6 METHOD RESULTS ..................................................................................................61 Participants and their ratings ..................................................................................61 My experience with the methods ...........................................................................64 Study limitations ....................................................................................................72 7 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................74 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................82 APPENDICES A SUPPORTING TEXT ..................................................................................................91 B STUDY DOCUMENTS ..............................................................................................99 C ADDITIONAL QUOTES AND IMAGES ................................................................108 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Image creation and image interpretation ...........................................................................6 Table 2: SHOWeD vs. PHOTO .....................................................................................................18 Table 3: ZMET concepts & premises ............................................................................................22 Table 4: The 11 ZMET steps .........................................................................................................27 Table 5: Questions used during the Photovoice interview.............................................................35 Table 6: Positive and negative feelings related to enclosure .........................................................41 Table 7: Uses for enclosure - in general and in studio ...................................................................43 Table 8: Environmental conditions and enclosure .........................................................................57 Table 9: Participant time by study arm ..........................................................................................62 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Tuning Signals ..................................................................................................................1 Figure 2: Test Card F .......................................................................................................................2 Figure 3: Test Card A ....................................................................................................................12 Figure 4: Test Card B .....................................................................................................................20 Figure 5: SMPTE color bars ..........................................................................................................31 Figure 6: ITA Picasso test card ......................................................................................................39 Figure 7: Rest and activity .............................................................................................................45 Figure 8: Landscape clearing .........................................................................................................45 Figure 9: Urban clearing ................................................................................................................46
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