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1 1 ^^L#/Walei a *KJ Status of I ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE TOT975 Porak&R, >1Asonpi '.'

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IRJJ . W; i ,, ' IK l R 2 I V>&M4 MiWwWfc T M< :i.ik:aia (HKCfrlNCIAl/j _ ., r rJ VIRONMENT CANADA 6 "••-. • iS- Jftfa^hffl** i/RUPERT/ § O 0 DI.GBY-IRHV-: / hays .J :•:. I• ISj.AND, • • Sktiena SKIP o MOUNTAIN Khyer '•'!' ,; ^ ', ' -oPoriwJ'orl Edward ft wir.d. K ...!'.», •••- THE SKEENA RIVER ESI Y Carthew FV-. BALMORAL $ \\ ' PEAK •PPon i •••: ./ Essington 1 1 ^^l#/Walei A *KJ status OF i ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE TOT975 PoraK&r, >1asonPI '.',. "[''•".::,• ' y v, Isl.,;,: MaLton '• • [HunnSunn > . Enle. \ M n• —• ' iJ55 ' 'O -TilCKKl- i.CKKl / Ja ' KENNEDY ** KINNEDY ; P 0 R C H E R ISLAND \ %K4> Qf ; s I a n iv 7 1 -M57 Kennedy i - ": 5 A .cA :—; — & V v Qona X. Kitm«r «"" P 0 R C H E R ISLAND f Gibson 131 EGERIA SPECIAL ^yAR¥SERIES:Na3 i MOUNTAIN BATJUSIDE /^ pQlnl A C.2500-— MOUNTAIN / A ""• ', ,,,„ .* : <& . ANCHOR s I LerwickPI A ! . sod PITT ENVIRONMENT CANADA R.OI^cmma. THE SKEENA RIVER ESTUARY STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE TO 1975 REPORT OF THE ESTUARY WORKING GROUP DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT REGIONAL BOARD PACIFIC REGION By LINDSAY M. HOOS Under the Direction of Dr. M. Waldichuk Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Environment Institute West Vancouver, B.C. With A Geology Contribution by Dr. John L. Luternauer Geological Survey of Canada Vancouver, B.C. and A Climatology Section by the Scientific Services Unit Atmospheric Environment Service Vancouver, B.C. Special Estuary Series No.3 Aerial photo of the Skeena River estuary showing De Horsey Island on the right (B.C. Government Air Photo). 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents i List of Figures iv List of Tables vi List of Appendices vii Abbreviations and Symbols ix Preface xii Acknowledgements xix Summary xx 1. Introduction 1 2. Geology and Soils 7 (i) General geological setting 7 (ii) On-going geological studies 13 (iii) Soils 15 3. Climatology I7 (i) General description I7 (ii) Climatological records I7 (iii) Temperature 20 (iv) Precipitation 20 (v) Wind 23 (vi) Fog 23 (vii) Other parameters 23 (viii) Air pollution potential 26 4. Hydrology and Water Quality 28 (i) Hydrology 2& (ii) Water quality .. 32 5. Oceanography 39 (i) Introduction 39 (ii) Effects of delta physiography on water- flow patterns 41 (iii) Effects of river runoff 44 1. Salinity 44 2. Temperature 52 3. Turbidity 53 4. Currents 54 11. Page (iv) Tides and tidal exchange 55 (v) Waves 58 (vi) Navigability of the Skeena River estuary . 59 (vii) Summary 60 6. Invertebrate Biology 64 (i) Freshwater invertebrates 64 1. Benthos 64 2. Plankton 66 (ii) Marine invertebrates 67 1. Benthos 67 2. Plankton 75 (iii) Invertebrate fisheries resource 77 7. Fish 79 (i) General discussion 79 1. Salmon 79 (a) Sockeye salmon 80 (b) Pink salmon 81 (c) Coho salmon 81 (d) Chum salmon 82 (e) Chinook salmon 83 2. Steelhead 83 3. Resident freshwater species 84 4. Marine species 85 (ii) The fisheries resource 88 1. Commercial fishing 89 2. The sport fishery 4 95 3. Indian food fishery 99 8. Flora 101 (i) Aquatic vegetation 101 1. Freshwater phytoplankton 101 2. Benthic algae 102 3. Vascular aquatic vegetation 106 (ii) Terrestrial vegetation 108 9. Wildlife 117 (i) Waterfowl 117 (ii) Marshbirds and shorebirds 119 (iii) Gulls 119 ill. Page (iv) Other water birds 120 (v) Raptorial birds 120 (vi) Other bird species 121 (vii) Mammals 122 (viii) Wildlife and human interactions 125 10. Land Use 129 (i) Historical perspective 129 1. General history of settlement 129 2. History of transportation 137 (ii) Present land use trends 139 11. Pollution 145 (i) Water pollution 145 1. Domestic sewage 145 2. Fish processing 149 3. Pulp mills 154 4. Log handling and log storage 163 5. Chemical industry 164 6. Wastes from recreational activities .. 165 7. Shipping wastes 165 8. Mining 167 9. Cement operations 170 (ii) Air pollution 170 12. Proposed Port Development 173 (i) Historical perspective 173 (ii) Environmental studies 177 (iii) Present status 179 13. Conclusion 184 14. Appendices 186 15. Glossary 275 (i) Glossary index 276 (ii) Glossary 277 16. Bibliography 293 (i) Bibliography index 294 (ii) Bibliography 295 17. Author Index 398 (i) Author index table of contents 399 (ii) Author index 400 IV. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Pa&e 1.1. Skeena River drainage basin 2 1.2. The Skeena River estuary 3 2.1. Skeena River estuary and delta front sediment sample locations and continuous seismic profile tracklines 14 3.1. Locations of climatological stations on the Skeena River estuary 19 3.2. Prince Rupert, B.C. (1955-1962) wind rose - percentage frequency by direction 24 3.3. Lawyer Island, B.C. (Oct. 1969 - Nov. 1972) wind rose - percentage frequency by direction 25 4.1. Discharge hydrograph for 1970, Skeena River at Usk (Station 083 F001) 29 5.1. Chart of the Prince Rupert area showing locations of stations occupied during September, 1961 (No. 1-18), and during April, 1962 (No. 1-30) 42 5.2. Surface salinity pattern (°/ ) in the Skeena River estuary during normal river discharge conditions, August 10- 19, 1948 45 5.3. Percentage of fresh water in upper 60 feet during normal river conditions, Skeena River estuary, August 10-19, 1948 46 5.4. Percentage of fresh water in upper 60 feet during freshet conditions, Skeena River estuary, June 8-18, 1948 47 5.5. Freshwater concentration (%) in section through main channel of Skeena River, September 7, 1948 49 5.6. Sections through Porpoise Harbour and Wainwright Basin showing vertical distribu tions of salinity, temperature, and density (fit) during September, 1961 50 V. LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd). Figure Page 8.1. Flora Bank eelgrass distribution (July 25, 1971) 1°7 8.2. Vegetation zones of potential bulk-loading sites m 9.1. Mouth of the Skeena River showing hauling- out sites of the harbour seal 126 11.1. Locations and types of effluent discharges to the Skeena estuary 146 VI. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1. Skeena River estuary - available weather data (Atmospheric Environment Service, 1972) . 18 3.2. Skeena River estuary - climate summary (Atmospheric Environment Service, 1972) 21 4.1. Other Skeena River flow records measured at Usk, British Columbia (Water Survey of Canada, 1972) 30 5.1. Shoals and banks near the mouth of the Skeena River which represent navigational hazards 61 11.1. Producing mines of the Skeena drainage basin together with pertinent information on annual production (B.C. Dept. Mines, Petrol. Res., 1972) 169 Vll . LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1.1. Sources of information 187 1.2. On-going research of the Skeena River and its estuary 189 4.1. Skeena River estuary available streamflow data 191 5.1. Oceanographic data for Inverness Passage to the mouth of the Skeena River, on April 18, 1962 (Waldichuk, et al., 1968) 192 5.2. Oceanographic data for Inverness Passage to the mouth of the Skeena River, on October 22, 1964 (Waldicuk, et at., 1968) 195 6.1. List of freshwater and marine benthic in vertebrate organisms of the Skeena River system and estuary, as compiled from the available literature 198 6.2. List of freshwater and marine zooplanktonic organisms of the Skeena River system and estuary, as compiled from the available literature 211 7.1. Skeena River anadromous fish escapement data (1962-1974) (Fisheries Service, 1972; Zyblut, pers. comm.) 214 7.2. List of fish species of the Skeena River system and estuary, including trawl species, as compiled from the available literature .. 215 8.1. List of floral species of the Skeena River system, its estuary, and its terrestrial habitats as compiled from the available literature 219 9.1. Species lists of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles of the Skeena River estuary and lower Skeena valley, as compiled from the available literature 236 Vlll. LIST OF APPENDICES (cont'd). Appendix Page 11.1. Water pollution sources in the Skeena River and its estuary (Environmental Protection Service, 1975) 245 11.2. Mining claims (to 1972) in the Skeena River drainage basin, falling within the Omineca and Skeena mining districts (B.C. Dept. Mines, Petrol Res., 1972) 259 11.3. Air pollution sources on the Skeena River estuary (Environmental Protection Service, 1975) 268 IX. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS asl above sea level ADTON air dry ton CH alcohol group Cd cadmium Ca02 calcium dioxide CaO calcium oxide carb. carbon co2 carbon dioxide CO carbon monoxide c Celsius (or centigrade) cm centimeters cm/sec centimeters per second C12 chlorine cio2 chlorine dioxide Cu copper cfs cubic feet per second m3 m cubic meters 0 degrees «t density (sigma t) EPS Environmental Protection Service e.g. example F Fahrenheit fm fathoms ft feet BOD5 five day biochemical oxygen demand Au gold > greater than 1I2S hydrogen sulphide IGD Imperial gallons per day km kilometers kts knots Pb lead < less than X. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (cont'd). Me2S metalic sulphide Me2S2 metalous sulphide MeSH metal sulphydryl compound m meters (8m2 = 8.2 meters 5m8 = 5.8 meters 4m0 = 4.0 meters 4m6 = 4.6 meters) CH3SH methyl sulphydryl compound mi. miles M.P.H. miles per hour meq/1 milliequivalents per liter mg/1 milligrams per liter mill. million M/100ml million per 100 milliliters minutes min. minutes mpn most probable number n.mi. nautical miles TLM 96 ninty-six hour median lethal tolerance level N03 nitrate N02 nitrite N north // number ounces P.E.I, Pacific Environment Institute ppm parts per million °/oo parts per thousand °/o percent P04 phosphate PCB Pollution Control Branch lb. pounds XI. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (cont'd) NaCl salt or sodium chloride sat. saturation Ag silver Na2S04 sodium sulphate sp.
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