Shaking the Foundations of Biopolitics
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Forensic Medicine
YEREVAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY AFTER M. HERATSI DEPARTMENT OF Sh. Vardanyan K. Avagyan S. Hakobyan FORENSIC MEDICINE Handout for foreign students YEREVAN 2007 This handbook is adopted by the Methodical Council of Foreign Students of the University DEATH AND ITS CAUSES Thanatology deals with death in all its aspects. Death is of two types: (1) somatic, systemic or clinical, and (2) molecular or cellular. Somatic Death: It is the complete and irreversible stoppage of the circulation, respiration and brain functions, but there is no legal definition of death. THE MOMENT OF DEATH: Historically (medically and legally), the concept of death was that of "heart and respiration death", i.e. stoppage of spontaneous heart and breathing functions. Heart-lung bypass machines, mechanical respirators, and other devices, however have changed this medically in favor of a new concept "brain death", that is, irreversible loss of Cerebral function. Brain death is of three types: (1) Cortical or cerebral death with an intact brain stem. This produces a vegetative state in which respiration continues, but there is total loss of power of perception by the senses. This state of deep coma can be produced by cerebral hypoxia, toxic conditions or widespread brain injury. (2) Brain stem death, where the cerebrum may be intact, though cut off functionally by the stem lesion. The loss of the vital centers that control respiration, and of the ascending reticular activating system that sustains consciousness, cause the victim to be irreversibly comatose and incapable of spontaneous breathing. This can be produced by raised intracranial pressure, cerebral oedema, intracranial haemorrhage, etc.(3) Whole brain death (combination of 1 and 2). -
Death & Decomposition Part II
Death & Decomposition Part II Review: Why is TSD/PMI so important? Review: What happens in the Fresh (1st) Stage of Decomposition? STAGE 2: Bloat ⦿ 0-10 days ⦿ Putrefaction: bacterially-induced destruction of soft tissue and gas formation › Skin blisters and marbling › Build-up of fluids from ruptured cells and intestines Putrefaction – the gross stuff ➢ Decomposition that occurs as a result of bacteria and other microorganisms ➢ Results in gradual dissolution of solid tissue into gases and liquids, and salts Putrefaction ➢ Characteristics: ○ Greenish discoloration ○ Darkening of the face ○ Bloating and formation of liquid or gas-filled blisters ○ Skin slippage Putrefaction ➢ Begins about 36 hours after death ➢ Further destruction is caused by maggots and insects ➢ Above 40 F, insects will feed until the body is skeletonized Influences of Putrefaction ➢ Heavy clothing and other coverings speed up the process by holding in body heat ➢ Injuries to the body surface promote putrefaction ○ provide portals of entry for bacteria Marbling Stage 3: Active Decay ➢ 10-20 days after death ➢ Body begins to collapse and black surfaces are exposed ➢ Bloated body collapses and leaves a flattened body ➢ Body fluids drain from body Active Decay Active Decay: Destruction of Tissue • Severe decomp can result in complete destruction of soft tissue Active Decay: Advanced Decomposition Stage 4: Dry Decay ➢ 20-365 days after death ➢ Remaining flesh on body is removed and body dries out ➢ Body is dry and continues to decay very slowly due to lack of moisture ➢ -
Three End-Of-Life Cases: Resolving Their Moral Dilemmas
Vol. 33:2 Summer 2017 Three End-of-Life Cases: Resolving Their Moral Dilemmas RENÉ E MIRKES, OSF, PHD An organization of Roman Catholic physicians presented a set of questions to guide moral assessment of three end-of-life cases. The questions for each scenario highlight a corresponding ethical dilemma: (Case #1) the determination of brain death by neurological criteria; (Case #2) the decision to withhold or withdraw artificial nutrition and hydration from an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) (formerly referred to as persistent vegetative state, [PVS]) patient; and (Case #3) the administration of pain medication that hastens death. To adjudicate the moral concern raised in each of these clinical cases, the following moral analyses appeal to the natural law perspective summarized in the Ethical & Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services1 and in other philosophical resources, both Catholic and secular. CASE #1 An 18-year-old involved in a motorcycle accident was brought to the emergency room with massive head trauma and life support. A brain angiogram showed no blood flow, and a neurological examination revealed no brainstem reflexes as well as persistent apnea. Blood pressure medication was required for heart rate and blood pressure control. Since the patient was an organ donor, the organ recovery team was called in after he was declared brain dead. Discussion (1) When and how do we declare a person dead? What is the difference between theological and scientific definitions of death? (A) A living human being is a substantial union of a (mammalian) body and a rational soul. We are not spiritual beings who use or have bodies. -
Disposable Life and Neoliberal Capitalism in Two Novels of the Central American Diaspora, the Tattooed Soldier and the Ordinary Seaman
Byrne 1 Profit over People: Disposable Life and Neoliberal Capitalism in Two Novels of the Central American Diaspora, The Tattooed Soldier and The Ordinary Seaman Matthew Byrne Abstract In this thesis, I demonstrate how neoliberal capitalism undergirding post-Modernity produces disposable brown labor in two US Central American novels from the diaspora: Francisco Goldman’s The Ordinary Seaman (1997) and Héctor Tobar’s The Tattooed Soldier (1998). In both novels, the narrative structures orient the subjectivities of undocumented immigrants/refugees within the framework of a neoliberal US economic order. Using the decolonial theories of Aníbal Quijano (the coloniality of power), Achille Mbembe (necropolitics), and Nelson Maldonado-Torres (the coloniality of Being) as interrogatory tools, I argue that neoliberalism sanitizes multilateral violence against brown bodies in U.S. social spaces. Here, these diasporic subjects are relegated to warring spaces and forced to imbibe dominant neoliberal patterns of power as a means of survival, contributing to their own invisibility. Their lives made unimportant in the eyes of the law, US Central Americans appear disciplined to remain complacent in these novels, unable to challenge the terms of their exclusion. As a transgressive medium, literature from the Central American diaspora not only exposes but also problematizes these social truths and inequalities, which are part and parcel of neoliberal, neocolonial systems of oppression. Introduction Byrne 2 Héctor Tobar’s first novel, The Tattooed Soldier (1998), and Francisco Goldman’s second, The Ordinary Seaman (1997), both detail a transformative and traumatic moment in the lives of US Central Americans: forced migration to the United States. Largely a post- 1980 phenomenon (Zong and Batalova), the Central American diaspora was driven by war and economic insecurity, stemming from a constellation of interlocking social issues plaguing the region. -
Creaturely Mimesis: Life After Necropolitics in Chris Abani’S Song for Night
This is a repository copy of Creaturely Mimesis: Life After Necropolitics in Chris Abani’s Song for Night. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112385/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Durrant, SR orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-9715 (2018) Creaturely Mimesis: Life After Necropolitics in Chris Abani’s Song for Night. Research in African Literatures, 49 (3). pp. 178-205. ISSN 0034-5210 https://doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.49.3.11 This article is protected by copyright. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Research in African Literatures. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Creaturely Mimesis: Life After Necropolitics in Chris Abani’s Song for Night.1 SAM DURRANT Leeds University [email protected] The calculus governing cultural and political practices no longer has as its goal the subjection of individuals so much as the seizure of power over life itself. -
Zombies, Global Biopolitics, and the Reproduction of Structural Violence
humanities Article Vulnerable Life: Zombies, Global Biopolitics, and the Reproduction of Structural Violence Steven Pokornowski Division of Communications and Languages, Rio Hondo College, 3600 Workman Mill Rd., Whittier, CA 90601, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-568-908-3429 Academic Editor: Myra Mendible Received: 1 June 2016; Accepted: 17 August 2016; Published: 25 August 2016 Abstract: This essay offers an intervention in biopolitical theory—using the term “vulnerable life” to recalibrate discussions of how life is valued and violence is justified in the contemporary bioinsecurity regime. It reads the discursive structures that dehumanize and pathologize figures in U.S. zombie narratives against the discursive structures present in contemporary legal narratives and media reports on the killing of black Americans. Through this unsettling paralleling of structures, the essay suggests how the current ubiquity of zombies and the profusion of racial tension in the U.S. are related. In the process, the essay emphasizes the highly racialized nature of the zombie itself—which has never been the empty signifier it is often read as—and drives home just how dangerous the proliferation of postracial and posthuman discourses can be if they serve to elide historical limitations about the highly political determinations of just who is quite human. Keywords: biopolitics; race; zombies; postracial; posthuman; #BlackLivesMatter; violence 1. Introduction: The Mattering of Lives, Life that Matters, and the Justification of Violence The zombie’s recent cultural ubiquity parallels, and is in some measure symptomatic of, an increasingly visible racial tension in the U.S. That is not to say that such deaths as those of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Sandra Bland, to name just a few of those recently in need of memorialization, are a new phenomenon; nor is it to say that the structural disenfranchisement and systemic inequity that created the tense policing situations and rampant economic and political inequality in Ferguson, or Baltimore, or Chicago are new, either [1,2]1. -
Trans Necropolitics a Transnational Reflection on Violence, Death, and the Trans of Color Afterlife
5 Trans Necropolitics A Transnational Reflection on Violence, Death, and the Trans of Color Afterlife C. RILEY SNORTON AND JIN HARITAWORN IN THIS jOINTLY AUTIIORED ARTICLE, C. RILEY SNOitTON AND JIN HARITAWORN bring a transnational perspective to bear on systemic forms of often deadly violence experienced by trans people of color. They suggest that postcolonial theorist Achille Mbembes concept of"necropolitics:· which describes a form of power that some fraction of a population for death even while it deems other fractions suitable for life enhancing investment, accurately reOects the circumstances of trans of color existence. l11ey assert that value extracted from the deJths of trans people of color vitalizes projects as diverse as inner·city gentrification, anti-immigrant and anti-muslim moral panics. homonationalism, and white trJnsnormative community formation. Snorton, assistant professor of Communications Studies at Northwestern University, first offers an account of the 1995 death ofTyra Hunter, an African-American trans woman from Washington D.C., and of the many uses to which her death subsequently has been put. Sociologist lin Haritaworn, assistant Environment at York University, then traces how trans of color bodies such as Hunters have circulated in contemporary Berlin. In general, Haritaworn claims, the lives of trans people of color in the global North and West arc celebrated, and their deaths memorialized, in ways that serve the white citizenry and mask necropolitical violence waged against gender variant people from the global South and East. The concept of an afterlife has a particular resonance for transgender studies. It provides a framework for thinking about how trans death opens up political and social life-worlds across various times and places. -
Fermentation of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides by Human Colonic Bacteria
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society ( 1996), 55,899-9 12 899 Symposium 2 Fermentation of non-digestible oligosaccharides by human colonic bacteria BY GLENN R. GIBSON, ANNE WILLEMS, SALLY READING AND M. DAVID COLLINS Department of Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BZ The principal substrates for colonic bacterial growth are dietary carbohydrates which have escaped digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These may be starches, dietary fibres, other non-absorbable sugars, sugar alcohols and oligosaccharides. In the large intestine, saccharolytic bacteria are able to metabolize carbohydrates for increased energy and growth with short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and a variety of other metabolites, such as the electron-sink products lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, H, and succinate, being produced. The majority of human large intestinal micro-organisms, have a strictly anaerobic metabolism, whilst numbers of facultative anaerobes are many orders of magnitude lower than those of the obligate anaerobes. Of the culturable flora, numerically predominant anaerobes are Gram-negative rods belonging to the genus Bacteroides. Other groups which have hitherto been identified as quantitatively significant include bifidobacteria, clostridia, eubacteria, lactobacilli, Gram-positive cocci, coliforms, methanogens and dissimilatory sulphate- reducing bacteria. Generally, the various components of the large intestinal microbiota may be considered as exerting either pathogenic effects or they may have potential health- promoting values. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are considered to belong to the latter group. Bacteria in the colon respond largely to the available fermentable substrate, and there is currently some interest in the use of diet to specifically increase groups perceived as health promoting. Non-digestible oligosaccharides seem to have this (prebiotic) potential. -
Part 3 Metabolism of Proteins and Nucleic Acids Частина 3 Обмін Білків І Нуклеїнових Кислот
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ'Я УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний медичний університет PART 3 METABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Self-Study Guide for Students of General Medicine Faculty in Biochemistry ЧАСТИНА 3 ОБМІН БІЛКІВ І НУКЛЕЇНОВИХ КИСЛОТ Методичні вказівки для підготовки до практичних занять з біологічної хімії (для студентів медичних факультетів) Затверджено вченою радою ХНМУ Протокол № 1 від 26.01.2017 р. Approved by the Scientific Council of KhNMU. Protocol 1 (January 26, 2017) Харків ХНМУ 2017 Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids : self-study guide for students of general medicine faculty in biochemistry. Part 3: / Comp. : O. Nakonechna, S. Stetsenko, L. Popova, A. Tkachenko. – Kharkiv : KhNMU, 2017. – 56 p. Compilers Nakonechna O. Stetsenko S. Popova L. Tkachenko A. Обмін білків та нуклеїнових кислот : метод. вказ. для підготовки до практ. занять з біологічної хімії (для студ. мед. ф-тів). Ч 3. / упоряд. О.А. Наконечна, С.О. Стеценко, Л.Д. Попова, А.С. Ткаченко. – Харків : ХНМУ, 2017. – 56 с. Упорядники О.А. Наконечна С.О. Стеценко Л.Д. Попова А.С. Ткаченко - 2 - SOURCES For preparing to practical classes in "Biological Chemistry" Basic Sources 1. Біологічна і біоорганічна хімія: у 2 кн.: підруч. Біологічна хімія / Ю.І. Губ- ський, І.В. Ніженковська, М.М. Корда, В.І. Жуков та ін. ; за ред. Ю.І. Губського, І.В. Ніженковської. – Кн. 2. – Київ : ВСВ «Медицина», 2016. – 544 с. 2. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія : підруч. / Ю.І. Губський – Київ– Вінниця: Нова книга, 2007. – 656 с. 3. Губський Ю.І. Біологічна хімія / Губський Ю.І. – Київ–Тернопіль : Укр- медкнига, 2000. – 508 с. 4. Гонський Я.І. -
Necropolitics in Refugee Governance
November, 2018 Granite Journal Granite Journal Print Issue on Migration of Asylum seekers and refugees Necropolitics in Refugee Governance Beth Wallace Department of Politics & International Relations, University of Aberdeen Abstract In recent years, patterns of [ir]regular migration have become ubiquitous across much of the world – spawning the controversial term ‘refugee crisis’. In engaging with the work of Achille Mbembe, who coined the postcolonial theory of ‘necropolitics’, I attempt in this short article to build upon existing scholarly literature on necropolitics and biopower in relation to refugee camps as a distinct form of exclusionary and violent refugee governance. This article uses the empirical case study of the ‘Calais Jungle’ to show how such geographical spaces are a neo-colonial device that function to exclude ‘Others’ in maintaining national sovereignty and borders against a culturally imaged ‘threat’. [ K e y w o r d s ] : Refugees; Necropolitics; Biopower; ‘Refugee Crisis’; Exclusionary. [to cite] Wallace, Beth (2018). "Necropolitics in Refugee Governance" Granite Journal: a Postgraduate Interdisciplinary Journal: Issue 2 pages 9-17 Granite Journal Issue no 2 pp 9-17 ISSN 2059-3791 © Wallace, November 2018 9 Granite Journal INTRODUCTION “If violence is done against those who are unreal, then, from the perspective of violence, it fails to injure or negate those lives since those lives are already negated. But they have a strange way of remaining animated and so must be negated again (and again)” (Butler, 2004: 33) In recent years, the eponymous ‘Refugee Crisis’ has become somewhat of a spectacle in both academic discourse and media alike. The UNHCR (2018) states that there are 68.5 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide – of which, 25.4 million are recognised as refugees. -
Biopolitics at the Crossroads of Sexuality and Disaster: the Case of Haiti
Biopolitics at the Crossroads of Sexuality and Disaster: The Case of Haiti Rosalind Petchesky SPW Working Paper, N. 8, 2012 1 !"#$%&'"()'&*%+",%!$-(./0&1%2"/031%4.&3'%"5%6'$%7/"8./%7$59$,%7.:% ;$:",&%<==>% !"#$%&'()*+,#(-./0(123"4,#(5676( % % TheBiopolitics 2011 global at context:the Crossroads of Sexuality and Disaster: ?(&'",@The(8*3,(9,:;"#:( Case of Haiti % Sexuality and geopolitics 6$3'503./%,$A0*0"5@ (<=*&*(8"=>&:( ( SelectedRosalind texts Petchesky from the Newsletter N. 10 ( Available at http://www.sxpolitics.org/?p=7393 ( Sexuality Policy Watch (SPW) !$-(./0&1%2"/031%4.&3'%B!24C% BrazilianSexuality secretary Policy Watch (SPW) 9#*?%=%*&(@,2#,3*#%*3((Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA) 9#*?%=%*&(A&3,#:%@2%+=%&*#B(<ACD(<@@"2%*3%"&(E<9A<FAv. PresidenteBrazil secretariat Vargas, 446/ 13o andar Rio de Janeiro/RJ( – 20.071-907 – Brazil <G.()#,@%:,&3,(H*#'*@0(II/J(7KL(*&:*#(Phone:Brazilian +55 21Interdisciplinary 2223-1040 Fax: AIDS +55 Association 21 2253 (ABIA)-8495 M%"(:,(N*&,%#"JMN(O(56.6P7QR6P(O(9#*?%=(E-mail:Av. [email protected] Vargas, 446/ Website: 13o andar www.sxpolitics.org Rio de Janeiro/RJ – 20.071-907 – Brazil )S"&,T(UVV(57(555KQ76I6( Phone: +55 21 2223-1040 Fax: +55 21 2253-8495 W*XT(UVV(57(55VKQYIRV(E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sxpolitics.org ZQ[*%=T(American*:[%&\@X+"=%3%2@."#' secretariat ( Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health !,4@%3,T(]]].@X+"=%3%2@."#'( DepartmentUS secretariat of Sociomedical Sciences ( Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health -
Governing the Dead
HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Governing the dead Governing the dead Governing ‘This is an important, original, diverse collection of studies that the dead broach the boundaries and intersections between the private and the public, between grieving and governing, and between nature, Sovereignty and the politics humanity and the state.’ Ben Kiernan, Director, Genocide Studies Program, Yale University, and of dead bodies author of Blood and Soil Edited by FINN STEPPUTAT In most of the world, the transition from life to death is a time when states and other forms of authority are intensely present. Focusing on the relationship between bodies and sovereignty, Governing the dead explores how, by whom and with what effects dead bodies are governed in conflict and non-conflict contexts across the world, including an analysis of the struggles over ‘proper burials’; the repatriation of dead migrants; abandoned cemeteries; exhumations; ‘feminicide’; the protection of dead drug-lords; and the disappeared dead. Mapping theoretical and empirical terrains, this volume suggests that the management of dead bodies is related to the constitution and membership of states and non-state entities that claim autonomy and impunity. ST This volume is a significant contribution to studies of death, E PPUTAt ( PPUTAt power and politics. It will be useful at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in anthropology, sociology, law, criminology, political science, international relations, genocide studies, history, cultural studies and philosophy. Ed. Finn Stepputat is a Senior Researcher in Peace, Risk and Violence at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) ) ISBN 978-0-7190-9608-2 9 780719 096082 www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Cover design: www.riverdesign.co.uk Governing the dead HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Human remains and violence aims to question the social legacy of mass violence by studying how diff erent societies have coped with the dead bodies resulting from war, genocide and state-sponsored brutality.