Tuning Reference Notes for Guitar
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ALTERED STATES of PERFORMANCE: SCORDATURA in the CLASSICAL GUITAR REPERTOIRE by COREY JAMES FLOWERS (Under the Direction Of
ALTERED STATES OF PERFORMANCE: SCORDATURA IN THE CLASSICAL GUITAR REPERTOIRE by COREY JAMES FLOWERS (Under the Direction of Michael Heald) ABSTRACT Scordatura is commonplace in the guitar repertoire, though there are relatively few resources available that explain the approach to its use, either from a performer’s or a composer’s perspective. Through examination of specific selections in the classical guitar repertoire, this document offers an introduction to various alternate tunings for the guitar, beginning with tunings used to transcribe lute and vihuela music, and progressing to modern experimentations found in the literature. Each piece on the accompanying recording provides insight into the use of these alternate tunings by highlighting specific musical characteristics that are made possible, or are idiomatic, in each tuning, such as extended ranges, open string relationships, unique chord voicings, and the ease of introducing contrasting tonal centers across a program. The CD provides a basis for aural comparison of the tunings and is a resource for performers interested in this repertoire. It also provides examples for composers and arrangers wishing to approach writing for the guitar using non-standard tunings. As additional resources, a glossary of terminology is provided, concerning tunings found in the document, as well as tunings used outside of the classical repertoire that may be useful for experimentation. An index of scordatura repertoire is provided as well, offering a broad overview of additional repertoire for further -
TOPIC 1.3: Sound
TOPIC 1.3: Sound Students will be able to: S3P-1-17 Investigate to analyze and explain how sounds are produced, transmitted, and detected, using examples from nature and technology. Examples: production of sound by a vibrating object, drums, guitar strings, cricket, hummingbird, dolphin, piezocrystal, speakers… S3P-1-18 Use the decision-making process to analyze an issue related to noise in the environment. Examples: sonic boom, traffic noise, concert halls, loudspeakers, leaf blowers… S3P-1-19 Design, construct (or assemble), test, and demonstrate a technological device to produce, transmit, and/or control sound waves for a useful purpose. Examples: sound barrier or protective headphones to reduce the effects of noise, electromagnetic speakers, echo chamber, microphone, musical instruments, guitar pickup, electronic tuner, sonar detector, anechoic chamber, communication devices… S3P-1-20 Describe and explain in qualitative terms what happens when sound waves interact (interfere) with one another. Include: production of beats S3P-1-21 Experiment to analyze the principle of resonance and identify the conditions required for resonance to occur. Include: open- and closed-column resonant lengths S3P-1-22 Experiment to calculate the speed of sound in air. S3P-1-23 Compare the speed of sound in different media, and explain how the type of media and temperature affect the speed of sound. S3P-1-24 Explain the Doppler effect, and predict in qualitative terms the frequency change that will occur for a stationary and a moving observer. S3P-1-25 Define the decibel scale qualitatively, and give examples of sounds at various levels. S3P-1-26 Describe the diverse applications of sound waves in medical devices, and evaluate the contribution to our health and safety of sound-wave- based technologies. -
Fully Automated Guitar Tuner
Fully Automated Guitar Tuner ECE 445 Final Report Benjamin Wang, Brandon Ramos, Cooper Ge Team 71 TA: Vassily Petrov 5/8/20 1 Abstract The problem we chose to address is that tuning guitars is a time consuming and undesirable task for guitar players of all levels. When tuning by ear, it is extremely hard to find the right pitch. The original solution was similar to current commercial tuners; it told you the closest approximate pitch and graphically indicated how sharp or flat you were. Our new solution is an all-in-one tuning solution with minimal user input. Rather than just displaying the input graphically, our device will automatically handle both strumming and tuning to mechanically tune the guitar. The main improvement is convenience for the user. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 1 Second Project Motivation 3 1.1 Problem Statement 3 1.2 Solution 3 1.3 High-Level Requirements 3 1.4 Visual Aid 4 1.5 Block Diagram 4 2. Second Project Implementation 6 2.1 Physical Design 6 2.1.1 Physical Design Implementation 6 2.1.2 Physical Design Implementation Analysis 7 2.2 Algorithm 8 2.2.1 Background 8 2.2.2 Algorithm Summary 9 2.2.3 Testing Results 11 Figure 2.2.3.1 Testing Results 1 11 2.2.4 Algorithm Improvements 11 Figure 2.2.4.1 Testing Results 2 12 2.3 Control Logic 12 Figure 2.3.2 Control Logic Pseudocode 13 2.4 Microcontroller 13 2.5 Audio System 14 2.5.1 Audio System Implementation 14 2.5.2 Audio System Implementation Analysis 14 2.6 Bill of Materials and Cost 15 3 Second Project Conclusions 17 3.1 Implementation Summary 17 3.1.1 Algorithm Implementation 17 3.2 Unknowns, Uncertainties and Testing Needed 18 3.3 Safety and Ethics 18 3.4 Project Improvements 19 4 Progress made on First Project 20 5 References 21 3 1 Second Project Motivation 1.1 Problem Statement It’s an unfortunate fact of life that guitars fall out of tune over time. -
Alternate Tuning Guide
1 Alternate Tuning Guide by Bill Sethares New tunings inspire new musical thoughts. Belew is talented... But playing in alternate Alternate tunings let you play voicings and slide tunings is impossible on stage, retuning is a between chord forms that would normally be nightmare... strings break, wiggle and bend out impossible. They give access to nonstandard of tune, necks warp. And the alternative - carry- open strings. Playing familiar fingerings on an ing around five special guitars for five special unfamiliar fretboard is exciting - you never know tuning tunes - is a hassle. Back to EBGDAE. exactly what to expect. And working out familiar But all these "practical" reasons pale com- riffs on an unfamiliar fretboard often suggests pared to psychological inertia. "I've spent years new sound patterns and variations. This book mastering one tuning, why should I try others?" helps you explore alternative ways of making Because there are musical worlds waiting to be music. exploited. Once you have retuned and explored a Why is the standard guitar tuning standard? single alternate tuning, you'll be hooked by the Where did this strange combination of a major unexpected fingerings, the easy drone strings, 3rd and four perfect 4ths come from? There is a the "new" open chords. New tunings are a way to bit of history (view the guitar as a descendant of recapture the wonder you experienced when first the lute), a bit of technology (strings which are finding your way around the fretboard - but now too high and thin tend to break, those which are you can become proficient in a matter of days too low tend to be too soft), and a bit of chance. -
DADGAD Tuning and Using Partial Capos
2 DADGAD Tuning and Using Partial Capos All four of the guitars I used to record One Size Does Not Fit All (pictured on the recording cover) were tuned to DADGAD intervals, that is the string above the bass string, the 5th string, is a fifth above the bass note, the next string, the 4th, is a fourth above that (an octave above the bass string), the 3rd string is a fourth above the 4th string, the 2nd is a second above the 3rd, and the 1st string is a fourth above the 2nd (or an octave above the 4th string). With the bass note at D, the strings then are tuned D, A, D, G, A and D, but if the bass note is a C then the strings are tuned C, G, C, F, G and C (the 5th string here, G, is a fifth above the bass C, the 4th string is a fourth above that, or an octave above the bass string, and so on.) So, when the bass string is tuned to B♭ applying the same intervals yields a tuning of B♭FB♭E♭FB♭. Shorthand could describe the intervals by the numbers: 54424. DADGAD, also called open Dsus4 tuning, is easier to pronounce than EADGBE, intervals 44434 (which is why everyone calls it “standard tuning”!), but try pronouncing CGCFGC or, worse, B♭FB♭E♭FB♭! Worse yet is the tuning you get when you put a full capo on the second fret of a DADGAD-tuned guitar, EBEABE—try pronouncing that one a few times and the men in the white coats may show up to haul you away! So, I commonly refer to these tunings (you’ll see why in a moment) as “C-gad” or “B♭-gad.” To tune to DADGAD from “standard” tuning, EADGBE, just drop the 1st, 2nd, and 6th string pitches by one whole step, that is tune the bass E down to D, and similarly tune the two high strings down one whole step. -
Pedagogical Practices Related to the Ability to Discern and Correct
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Pedagogical Practices Related to the Ability to Discern and Correct Intonation Errors: An Evaluation of Current Practices, Expectations, and a Model for Instruction Ryan Vincent Scherber Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES RELATED TO THE ABILITY TO DISCERN AND CORRECT INTONATION ERRORS: AN EVALUATION OF CURRENT PRACTICES, EXPECTATIONS, AND A MODEL FOR INSTRUCTION By RYAN VINCENT SCHERBER A Dissertation submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2014 Ryan V. Scherber defended this dissertation on June 18, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: William Fredrickson Professor Directing Dissertation Alexander Jimenez University Representative John Geringer Committee Member Patrick Dunnigan Committee Member Clifford Madsen Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Mary Scherber, a selfless individual to whom I owe much. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this journey would not have been possible without the care and support of my family, mentors, colleagues, and friends. Your support and encouragement have proven invaluable throughout this process and I feel privileged to have earned your kindness and assistance. To Dr. William Fredrickson, I extend my deepest and most sincere gratitude. You have been a remarkable inspiration during my time at FSU and I will be eternally thankful for the opportunity to have worked closely with you. -
Hammered Dulcimer Owners Guide.Indd
H D O’ G Dusty Strings Company Founded in 1978, Dusty Strings is a company of dedicated instrument build- ers whose love of wood, fi ne craftsmanship, and music results in some of the fi nest hammered dulcimers and harps available. We invite you to write or call us any time with questions you may have, or simply to let us know about yourself and your dulcimer. We hope your Dusty Strings hammered dulcimer will provide you with many years of musical enjoyment. © 1998 Dusty Strings 3450 16th Ave. W. • Seattle, WA 98119 • (866) 634-1656 www.dustystrings.com Contents Introduction and History .......................................................................................1 Anatomy of the Hammered Dulcimer ....................................................................2 Maintenance and Care of Your Dulcimer ............................................................... 2 String Maintenance .........................................................................................2 String Types .................................................................................................... 3 Replacing Broken Strings ................................................................................ 3 Restringing the Whole Dulcimer..................................................................... 4 String Buzzes ...................................................................................................4 Finish ..............................................................................................................5 General -
1 Basic Tuning for the Autoharp Introduction Setting the Foundation
Basic Tuning for the Autoharp There are many options in tuning, especially for an autoharp. The more experienced player has learned that there are different tuning possibilities in addition to what is referred to as "standard" tuning. However, the beginner should understand and employ the basics, especially when expecting to play with other instruments in a jam. It is simply not true that all other instruments use purely "standard" tuning, but in a group situation, virtually all players depend upon various devices which provide or measure a standard reference pitch. The autoharper's life is easiest when owning and using an electronic tuner. However, there are more traditional methods for obtaining satisfactory results, in the absence of an electronic tuner and special expertise. A pitch pipe, tuning fork, or other instrument already "in tune" are useful references to obtain the foundation pitch(s) for autoharp tuning. In this attempt to provide a method for tuning we will provide two approaches. The first will be a basic guide to using an electronic tuner. The second will be a method for tuning by ear with a reference pitch. Introduction The typical autoharp has 36 or 37 strings with a pitch range of 3 octaves plus a fifth interval. For example, the standard chromatic autoharp starts on F for the lowest note and ranges to C at the highest note. The "middle" octave is the principal melody octave around which most arrangements are built. This octave should be tuned first as the "foundation" for all other octaves. The middle octave begins at 2-3 strings above the corner at the tuning pin end, where the strings become progressively shorter. -
Catalogo 2017.Pdf
ACCESSORIESWOODWINDS DESIGNED FOR MUSICIANS BY MUSICIANS At D’Addario, our favorite word is “innovation,” and we live and breathe it every day. We love when we have one of those moments that make us ask, why hasn’t anybody done this sooner? One problem we continually struggled to solve was getting a strap onto acoustic guitars with end-pin jacks. We knew there had to be a better way, so we set out to find it—enter the Acoustic CinchFit. The CinchFit loops through the end of any instrument strap and eliminates the need to modify your strap, providing added security to make attaching and removing the strap a “cinch.” The CinchFit’s magnetic clamping action allows easy application as well as removal and utilizes the weight of the instrument to remain locked onto the end-pin so your guitar is always held securely…problem solved. Over the years, we’ve also added many innovative advancements to the electronic tuner market. This year, we take our technology back to the basics with our release of the Eclipse Tuner—a high- priced tuner in performance at a low-cost price point. Available in six colors, these tuners feature an intuitive vertical display with two swivel points for limitless positioning on any instrument. The display’s 360-degree rotation also allows it to be used by left- and right-handed musicians and mounted on the front or discretely behind the headstock. Lastly, to complement our newest innovations, this year we welcome the return of The Beatles picks and straps. Once again, we are offering our top-selling woven and vegan straps along with picks in 10-packs and commemorative tins. -
18Th Century Quotations Relating to J.S. Bach's Temperament
18 th century quotations relating to J.S. Bach’s temperament Written by Willem Kroesbergen and assisted by Andrew Cruickshank, Cape Town, October 2015 (updated 2nd version, 1 st version November 2013) Introduction: In 1850 the Bach-Gesellschaft was formed with the purpose of publishing the complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) as part of the centenary celebration of Bach’s death. The collected works, without editorial additions, became known as the Bach- Gesellschaft-Ausgabe. After the formation of the Bach-Gesellschaft, during 1873, Philip Spitta (1841-1894) published his biography of Bach.1 In this biography Spitta wrote that Bach used equal temperament 2. In other words, by the late 19 th century, it was assumed by one of the more important writers on Bach that Bach used equal temperament. During the 20 th century, after the rediscovery of various kinds of historical temperaments, it became generally accepted that Bach did not use equal temperament. This theory was mainly based on the fact that Bach titled his collection of 24 preludes and fugues of 1722 as ‘Das wohltemperirte Clavier’, traditionally translated as the ‘Well-Tempered Clavier’ . Based on the title, it was assumed during the 20 th century that an unequal temperament was implied – equating the term ‘well-tempered’ with the notion of some form of unequal temperament. But, are we sure that it was Bach’s intention to use an unequal temperament for his 24 preludes and fugues? The German word for ‘wohl-temperiert’ is synonymous with ‘gut- temperiert’ which in turn translates directly to ‘good tempered’. -
The Use of Scordatura in Heinrich Biber's Harmonia Artificioso-Ariosa
RICE UNIVERSITY TUE USE OF SCORDATURA IN HEINRICH BIBER'S HARMONIA ARTIFICIOSO-ARIOSA by MARGARET KEHL MITCHELL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MUSIC APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE aÆMl Dr. Anne Schnoebelen, Professor of Music Chairman C<c g>'A. Dr. Paul Cooper, Professor of- Music and Composer in Ldence Professor of Music ABSTRACT The Use of Scordatura in Heinrich Biber*s Harmonia Artificioso-Ariosa by Margaret Kehl Mitchell Violin scordatura, the alteration of the normal g-d'-a'-e" tuning of the instrument, originated from the spirit of musical experimentation in the early seventeenth century. Closely tied to the construction and fittings of the baroque violin, scordatura was used to expand the technical and coloristlc resources of the instrument. Each country used scordatura within its own musical style. Al¬ though scordatura was relatively unappreciated in seventeenth-century Italy, the technique was occasionally used to aid chordal playing. Germany and Austria exploited the technical and coloristlc benefits of scordatura to produce chords, Imitative passages, and special effects. England used scordatura primarily to alter the tone color of the violin, while the technique does not appear to have been used in seventeenth- century France. Scordatura was used for possibly the most effective results in the works of Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (1644-1704), a virtuoso violin¬ ist and composer. Scordatura appears in three of Biber*s works—the "Mystery Sonatas", Sonatae violino solo, and Harmonia Artificioso- Ariosa—although the technique was used for fundamentally different reasons in each set. In the "Mystery Sonatas", scordatura was used to produce various tone colors and to facilitate certain technical feats. -
Speed Tuning
Hammered Dulcimer Speed Tuning Basics Tuning wrenches: T wrench Gooseneck Tuning Physics Tension Sympathetic vibrations Friction o across bridge(s) o tuning pins (stiction?) Momentum (motion impetus) Leverage Treble Bridge: Electronic Tuners Purchasing make sure it’s chromatic (even if your dulcimer is not) sensitivity - try before you buy! meter vs. lights – easy to see, read look for fast note recognition slop popular brands: Korg, Sabine, Snark SN-2 Using pickups – microphone vs. tranducers o attach to tuning pins, bridge, etc. – experiment! o will probably need to move around several times as you tune use a guitar pick - pluck/pick gently consider making a damper block o damp the strings around where pickup is attached o damp the strings on the opposite side of the treble bridge being tuned use your ears too! Jon Weinberg, All Rights Reserved Page 1 www.JonWeinberg.com Hammered Dulcimer Speed Tuning Jon’s Tuning Recommendations 1. Tune your instrument at least once weekly – don’t let it get way out of tune 2. Always carry your tuning wrench and tuner with your Dulcimer! 3. First raise, then lower string pitch a little loosens pin friction, helps erase detent where pin was last positioned gives you more room to tune up without overshooting pitch 4. Always tune up! Start low, turn slowly while softly plucking continuously, then stop turning when proper pitch reached use turning momentum to reduce the effects of pin friction 5. Leverage leverage - turn your wrench with your locked arm, not your wrist 6. Use a guitar pick and pluck gently to reduce sympathetic vibrations makes it easier for your tuner to hear the string you’re tuning reduces tension equalization across treble bridge strings 7.