Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Functional groups are the characteristic groups in organic molecules that give them their reactivity. In the formulae below, R represents the rest of the molecule and X represents any halogen atom. Hydrocarbons Halogen-containing groups Oxygen-containing groups Nitrogen-containing groups Sulfur-containing groups Phosphorus-containing groups H H O O O R1 R2 O O R1 C C R2 C C 1 C C 2 R C C C R R R X R OH C C 1 O 2 3 4 1 2 R R H H R R R H R R R OH ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE ARENE HALOALKANE ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE KETONE CARBOXYLIC ACID ACID ANHYDRIDE Naming: -ane Naming: -ene Naming: -yne Naming: -yl benzene Naming: halo- Naming: -ol Naming: -al Naming: -one Naming: -oic acid Naming: -oic anhydride e.g. ethane e.g. ethene e.g. ethyne e.g. ethyl benzene e.g. chloroethane e.g. ethanol e.g. ethanal e.g. propanone e.g. ethanoic acid e.g. ethanoic anhydride O O O O O O O R1 C C 2 N 3 R N C C 1 2 R R1 R C R N+ R C N N+ 1 2 R R 3 4 2 – O O – R X R OR R R R R NH2 O O R O ACYL HALIDE ESTER ETHER EPOXIDE AMINE AMIDE NITRATE NITRITE NITRILE NITRO Naming: -oyl halide Naming: -yl -oate Naming: -oxy -ane Naming: -ene oxide Naming: -amine Naming: -amide Naming: -yl nitrate Naming: -yl nitrite Naming: -nitrile Naming: nitro- e.g. ethanoyl chloride e.g. ethyl ethanoate e.g. methoxyethane e.g. ethene oxide e.g. ethanamine e.g. ethanamide e.g. ethyl nitrate e.g. ethyl nitrite e.g. ethanenitrile e.g. nitromethane R3 R1 N N O N N O N O R N+ R C N R2 S S R2 – R C 1 N R SH 1 2 1 S R O C N N O R R R R R1 R2 R2 R3 NITROSO IMINE IMIDE AZIDE CYANATE ISOCYANATE AZO COMPOUND THIOL SULFIDE DISULFIDE Naming: nitroso- Naming: -imine Naming: -imide Naming: -yl azide Naming: -yl cyanate Naming: -yl isocyanate Naming: azo- Naming: -thiol Naming: sulfide Naming: disulfide e.g. nitrosoethane e.g. ethanimine e.g. succinimide e.g. phenylazide e.g. methyl cyanate e.g. methyl isocyanate e.g. azoethane e.g. methanethiol e.g. dimethyl sulfide e.g. dimethyl disulfide O O O O O O O O S S S N P 3 S S S S S R2 R C R C C C R1 R R1 R2 R1 R2 R OH R OH R1 O N S R H R1 R2 R2 SULFOXIDE SULFONE SULFINIC ACID SULFONIC ACID SULFONATE ESTER THIOCYANATE ISOTHIOCYANATE THIAL THIOKETONE PHOSPHINE Naming: sulfoxide Naming: sulfone Naming: -sulfinic acid Naming: -sulfonic acid Naming: -yl sulfonate Naming: thiocyanate Naming: isothiocyanate Naming: -thial Naming: -thione Naming: phosphane e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide e.g. dimethyl sulfone e.g. benzenesulfinic acid e.g. benzenesulfonic acid e.g. methylmethanesulfonate e.g. ethyl thiocyanate e.g. ethyl isothiocyanate e.g. ethanethial e.g. propanethione e.g. methylphosphane | | Ci © Andy Brunning/Compound Interest 2020 - www.compoundchem.com Twitter: @compoundchem FB: www.facebook.com/compoundchem This graphic is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 licence. BY NC ND.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Allium Discoloration: the Nature of Onion Pinking and Garlic Greening
Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 22, Special Issue Allium Discoloration: The Nature of Onion Pinking and Garlic Greening R. KUBEC1*, M. HRBÁČOVÁ1, R. A. MUSAH2 and J. VELÍŠEK1 1Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic, *E-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Chemistry, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, USA Abstract: Precursors involved in the formation of pink and green-blue pigments during onion and garlic process- ing, respectively, have been studied. It has been confirmed that the formation of both pigments is of a very similar nature, with (E)-S-(1-propenyl)cysteine sulfoxide (isoalliin) serving as the primary precursor. Upon disruption of the tissue, isoalliin and other S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides are enzymatically cleaved, yielding prop-1-enyl- containing thiosulfinates [CH3CH = CHS(O)SR; R = methyl, allyl, propyl, 1-propenyl], among others. The latter compounds subsequently react with amino acids to produce the pigments. Whereas the onion and leek-related propyl, prop-1-enyl and methyl derivatives can form pink, pink-red and magenta compounds, those containing the allyl group yield dark blue products after reacting with glycine at pH 5.0. Keywords: Allium; garlic; onion; discoloration; pigment INTRODUCTION sulfoxide (isoalliin, 1). Isoalliin is the major free amino acid occurring in onion and it is also present During processing of garlic (Allium sativum L.), as a minor S-substituted cysteine sulfoxide deriva- onion (A. cepa L.) and leek (A. porrum L.) intensely tive in garlic. The key role of isoalliin in the dis- colored pigments are often formed. In the case of coloration of garlic was later confirmed by L�� garlic, green, blue-green or blue compounds are [5].
[Show full text]
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
The Structure of the Stereoisomeric Trithianes 1 E. Capaigne and Walter M. Budded, Indiana University When acetaldehyde is treated with hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride, trithioacetaldehyde is formed, and originally (1) three different isomers; a, m.p. 101°; /3; m.p. 125-6°, and 7; m.p. 81°; were isolated. It was possible to convert a into p by heating with iodine or acetyl chloride. Since the trithiane ring was assumed to be planar, only two isomers, cis-cis (I) and cis-trans (II) should exist. Suyver (2) demon- strated that a eutectic mixture of 60% a and 40% p isomer melts sharply at 75-76° and it was generally conceded that this is the explana- tion of the 7-isomer. It is still reported in the handbooks, however, and crops up as justification for different structures of the trithiane ring. In 1947, Schonberg and Barakat (3), disturbed by the ready interchange of a to jS forms in a cylic system in which tautomerism is presumably impossible, proposed the following theory: "The three carbon atoms and the three sulfur atoms in 1, 3, 5- trithiane molecules do not lie in one plane, but may be regarded as 'boat' and 'chair' structures, the interconversion then being readily explained. According to this explanation, the a- and /3-forms of trithioacetaldehyde, for example, are either both cis- or both trans- forms; the isomeric change is due to a change of 'boat' into 'chair' structures, or vice versa. This new theory demands a greater number of isomers than have, so far, been isolated, but it is not thereby neces- sarily invalidated, for some isomers (7-forms) have occasionally been described, which have been attributed inter alia to polymorphism or the occurrence of eutectic mixtures.
[Show full text]
Second Tranche HTS Subheading Product Description 2710.19.30
Second Tranche HTS Subheading Product Description 2710.19.30 Lubricating oils, w/or w/o additives, fr. petro oils and bitumin minerals (o/than crude) or preps. 70%+ by wt. fr. petro oils 2710.19.35 Lubricating greases from petro oil/bitum min/70%+ by wt. fr. petro. oils but n/o 10% by wt. of fatty acid salts animal/vegetable origin 2710.19.40 Lubricating greases from petro oil/bitum min/70%+ by wt. fr. petro. oils > 10% by wt. of fatty acid salts animal/vegetable origin 3403.19.10 Lubricating preparations containing 50% but less than 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals 3403.19.50 Lubricating preparations containing less than 50% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils from bituminous minerals 3403.99.00 Lubricating preparations (incl. lubricant-based preparations), nesoi 3811.21.00 Additives for lubricating oils containing petroleum oils or oils obtained from bituminous minerals 3811.29.00 Additives for lubricating oils, nesoi 3901.10.10 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94 and having a relative viscosity of 1.44 or more, in primary forms 3901.10.50 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94, in primary forms, nesoi 3901.20.10 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more and having a relative viscosity of 1.44 or more, in primary forms 3901.20.50 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more, in primary forms, nesoi 3901.30.20 Ethylene copolymer: Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene terpoly w/ < 50% deriv of vinyl acetate, exc polymer aromatic/mod
[Show full text]
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0220346A1 Heller Et Al
US 20140220346A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0220346A1 Heller et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 7, 2014 (54) MODULAR POLYMER HYDROGEL (22) Filed: Dec. 4, 2013 NANOPARTICLES AND METHODS OF THER MANUFACTURE Related U.S. Application Data (60) Provisional application No. 61/733,366, filed on Dec. (71) Applicants: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer 4, 2012. Center, New York, NY (US); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Publication Classification Cambridge, MA (US) (51) Int. Cl. (72) Inventors: Daniel A. Heller, New York, NY (US); A647/48 (2006.01) Jasmine Wallas, New York, NY (US); A614.9/00 (2006.01) Yair Levi, Cambridge, MA (US); (52) U.S. Cl. George W. Pratt, Waban, MA (US); CPC ......... A61K 47/4823 (2013.01); A61K 49/0054 Daniel G. Anderson, Sudbury, MA (2013.01); A61K 49/0073 (2013.01) (US); Robert Langer, Newton, MA USPC .............................. 428/402:536/51:536/112 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignees: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer In certain embodiments, a nano-sized vehicle (e.g., a nanogel Center, New York, NY (US); comprising nanoparticles) is provided herein for drug deliv Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ery with tunable biodistribution, low toxicity, and degradabil Cambridge, MA (US) ity, and with demonstrated targeting to bone. The composi tion is useful, for example, in the treatment of bone disease, particularly bone metastases from cancers such as breast, (21) Appl. No.: 14/097,212 prostate, or lung cancer. Patent Application Publication Aug. 7, 2014 Sheet 1 of 36 US 2014/0220346 A1 N Patent Application Publication Aug. 7, 2014 Sheet 2 of 36 US 2014/0220346 A1 8],'04- Patent Application Publication Aug.
[Show full text]
TR-470: Pyridine (CASRN 110-86-1) in F344/N Rats, Wistar Rats, And
NTP TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF PYRIDINE (CAS NO. 110-86-1) IN F344/N RATS, WISTAR RATS, AND B6C3F1 MICE (DRINKING WATER STUDIES) NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 March 2000 NTP TR 470 NIH Publication No. 00-3960 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health FOREWORD The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program, NCI, was transferred to the NIEHS. The NTP coordinates the relevant programs, staff, and resources from these Public Health Service agencies relating to basic and applied research and to biological assay development and validation. The NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. The studies described in this Technical Report were performed under the direction of the NIEHS and were conducted in compliance with NTP laboratory health and safety requirements and must meet or exceed all applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations. Animal care and use were in accordance with the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals.
[Show full text]
Heats of Formation of Certain Nickel-Pyridine Complex Salts
HEATS OF FORFATION OF CERTAIN NICKEL-PYRIDINE COLPLEX SALTS DAVID CLAIR BUSH A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June l9O [4CKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness and gratitude to Dr. [4. V. Logan for his help and encour- agement during this investigation. The writer also wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. E. C. Gilbert for helpful suggestions on the con- struction of the calortheter, and to Lee F. Tiller for his excellent drafting and photostating of the figures and graphs. APPROVED: In Charge of ?ajor Head of Department of Chemistry Chairrian of School Graduate Comrittee Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented /11 ' Typed by Norma Bush TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND i INTRODUCTION 2 EXPERIMENTAL 5 Preparation of the Compounds 5 Analyses of the Compounds 7 The Calorimeter Determination of the Heat Capacity 19 Determination of the Heat of Formation 22 DISCUSSION 39 41 LITERATURE CITED 42 TABLES I Analyses of the Compounds 8 II Heat Capacity of the Calorimeter 23 III Heat of Reaction of Pyridine 26 IV Sample Run and Calculation 27 V Heat of Reaction of Nickel Cyanate 30 VI Heat of Reaction of Nickel Thiocyanate 31 VII Heat of Reaction of Hexapyridinated Nickel Cyanate 32 VIII Heat of Reaction of Tetrapyridinated Nickel Thiocyanate 33 IX Heat of Formation of the Pyridine Complexes 34 FI GURES i The Calorimeter 10 2 Sample Ijector (solids) 14 2A Sample Ejector (liquids) 15 3 Heater Circuit Wiring Diagram 17 4 heat Capacity of the Calorimeter 24 5 Heat of Reaction of Pyridine 28 6 Heat of Reaction of Hexapyridinated Nickel Cyanate 35 7 Heat of Reaction of Tetrapyridinated Nickel Thiocyanate 36 8 Heat of Reaction of Nickel Cyanate 37 9 Heat of Reaction of Nickel Thiocyanate 38 HEATS OF FOW ATION OF CERTAIN NICKEL-PYRIDINE COMPLEX SALTS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Compounds of pyridine with inorganic salts have been prepared since 1970.
[Show full text]
Selected Reactions of Thiocarbonyl Compounds Oac O Ncy Oac CN 2 Shyam Krishnan Me Meo Monday, June 12, 2006 Me H Me N O H 8 P.M
OH S Me S O O N SEt TBSO Ph O Me Me N OH BnO S Selected Reactions of Thiocarbonyl Compounds OAc O NCy OAc CN 2 Shyam Krishnan Me MeO Monday, June 12, 2006 Me H Me N O H 8 p.m. N O Me 147 Noyes H O O O HN O H H S Me S S H H BnO BnO N N i) ICH2CO2Et, CHCl3 S ii) PPh , DABCO, 3 CO2Et CHCl3, reflux (92% yield) I I OMe OMe Selected Reactions of Thiocarbonyl Compounds 1) Thiocarbonyl compounds: nomenclature and structural properties 2) Methods of Synthesis 3) Reactions of thiocarbonyl compounds and their application in the synthesis of functionalized molecules 1) Reactions of carbanions derived from Thiocarbonyl compounds. 2) Carbanion addition to the thiocarbonyl group. 3) Reactions with electrophiles - the Eschenmoser sulfide contraction. 4) Radical mediated reactions. 5) [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements - the thio-Claisen rearrangement. 6) [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. 7) [3+2] Dipolar cycloadditions. 8) Summary and future directions. Reviews: General review: Metzner, P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 204, 127. General review: Metzner, P. Synthesis 1992, 1185. Synthesis of heterocycles: Jagodzinski, T.S. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 197. Radical chemistry: Crich, D.; Quintero, L. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1413. Photochemistry: Coyle, J. D. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 5393. Thiocarbonyl Compounds Structures, Nomenclature and Stability Thiocarbonyl compounds possess a carbon-sulfur double bond Thiocarbonyl compounds with at least one organic group bound to the thiocarbonyl carbon: O S S S S S S R H R R' R OR R NR2 R SR R R' Thioaldehyde Thioketone Thionoester Thioamide Dithioester Sulfine/Thiocarbonyl oxide Typically display greater reactivity than their carbonyl (oxygen) analogs • Larger covalent radius of sulfur vs oxygen (104.9 nm vs 70.2 nm), less efficient overlap in S3p-C2p π-bond • Dissociation energy of C=S (115 kcal/mol) is significantly lower than for C=O (162 kcal/mol).
[Show full text]
United States Patent Office Patented Jan
3,071,593 United States Patent Office Patented Jan. 1, 1963 2 3,071,593 O PREPARATION OF AELKENE SULFES Paul F. Warner, Philips, Tex., assignor to Philips Petroleum Company, a corporation of Delaware wherein each R is selected from the group consisting of No Drawing. Filed July 27, 1959, Ser. No. 829,518 5 hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl 8 Claims. (C. 260-327) groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the combined R groups having up to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of Suit This invention relates to a method of preparing alkene able compounds are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, iso sulfides. Another aspect relates to a method of convert butylene oxide, a-amylene oxide, styrene oxide, isopropyl ing an alkene oxide to the corresponding sulfide at rela O ethylene oxide, methylethylethylene oxide, 3-phenyl-1, tively high yields without refrigeration. 2-propylene oxide, (3-methylphenyl) ethylene oxide, By the term "alkene sulfide' as used in this specifica cyclohexylethylene oxide, 1-phenyl-3,4-epoxyhexane, and tion and in the claims, I mean to include not only un the like. substituted alkene sulfides such as ethylene sulfide, propyl The salts of thiocyanic acid which I prefer to use are ene sulfide, isobutylene sulfide, and the like, but also 5 the salts of the alkali metals or ammonium. I especially hydrocarbon-substituted alkene sulfides such as styrene prefer ammonium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, and oxide, and in general all compounds conforming to the potassium thiocyanate. These compounds can be reacted formula with ethylene oxide in a cycloparaffin diluent to produce 20 substantial yields of ethylene sulfide and with little or S no polymer formation.
[Show full text]
The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: a Review
Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 739501, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739501 Review Article The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: A Review Shunzheng Zhao, Honghong Yi, Xiaolong Tang, Shanxue Jiang, Fengyu Gao, Bowen Zhang, Yanran Zuo, and Zhixiang Wang Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Correspondence should be addressed to Honghong Yi; [email protected] Received 16 May 2013; Accepted 19 June 2013 Academic Editors: S. Niranjan, L. Wang, and Q. Wang Copyright © 2013 Shunzheng Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Catalytic hydrolysis technology of carbonyl sulfide (COS) at low temperature was reviewed, including the development of catalysts, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanism of COS hydrolysis. It was indicated that the catalysts are mainly involved metal oxide and activated carbon. The active ingredients which can load on COS hydrolysis catalyst include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and nanometal oxides. The catalytic hydrolysis of COS isa first-order reaction with respect to carbonyl sulfide, while the reaction order of water changes as the reaction conditions change. The controlling steps are also different because the reaction conditions such as concentration of carbonyl sulfide, reaction temperature, water-air ratio, and reaction atmosphere are different. The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is base-catalyzed reaction, and the forceof thebasesitehasanimportanteffectonthehydrolysisofcarbonylsulfide.
[Show full text]
Total Synthesis of (+)-Leinamycin
Total Synthesis of (+)-Leinamycin Tohru Fukuyama *,•õ and Yutaka Kanda •õ †Department of Chemistry, Rice University, TTokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co .,Ltd., Abstract : A total synthesis of (+)-leinamycin (I), a unique sulfur-containing antitumor antibiotic, is described. The present synthesis features a stereocontrolled construction of the macrolactam followed by a spiroannulation of the hitherto unprecedented dithiolanone ring. 1. Introduction Leinamycin (1) has recently been isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. by a Kyowa Hakko group and has been shown to exhibit potent antitumor activities against experimental tumors (ref. 1). Leinamycin preferentially inhibits DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis and causes single strand scission of plasmid DNA in vitro in the presence of thiol cofactors (ref. 2). The relative configuration of leinamycin was determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis (ref. 3). The absolute configuration was deduced as shown on the basis of the fact that partially racemized D-alanine was obtained by acid hydrolysis of leinamycin (ref. 4). The unique structural features of leinamycin include the 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety which is fused in a spiro fashion to an 18-membered lactam and the extensively conjugated thiazole ring. No other natural products with such an unusual dithiolanone moiety have been isolated to date. These synthetically challenging structural features combined with the interesting antitumor activities prompted us to initiate synthetic studies on leinamycin at the beginning of 1989. Completion of our first total synthesis of leinamycin was achieved at the end of 1992 and has recently been reported as a communication (ref. 5, 6). Leinamycin 2.
[Show full text]
House Fly Attractants and Arrestante: Screening of Chemicals Possessing Cyanide, Thiocyanate, Or Isothiocyanate Radicals
House Fly Attractants and Arrestante: Screening of Chemicals Possessing Cyanide, Thiocyanate, or Isothiocyanate Radicals Agriculture Handbook No. 403 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Contents Page Methods 1 Results and discussion 3 Thiocyanic acid esters 8 Straight-chain nitriles 10 Propionitrile derivatives 10 Conclusions 24 Summary 25 Literature cited 26 This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. ¿/áepé4áaUÁí^a¡eé —' ■ -"" TMK LABIL Mention of a proprietary product in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other products not mentioned. Washington, D.C. Issued July 1971 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents House Fly Attractants and Arrestants: Screening of Chemicals Possessing Cyanide, Thiocyanate, or Isothiocyanate Radicals BY M. S. MAYER, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service ^ Few chemicals possessing cyanide (-CN), thio- cyanate was slightly attractive to Musca domes- eyanate (-SCN), or isothiocyanate (~NCS) radi- tica, but it was considered to be one of the better cals have been tested as attractants for the house repellents for Phormia regina (Meigen).
[Show full text]
In This Handout, All of Our Functional Groups Are Presented As Condensed Line Formulas, 2D and 3D Formulas and with Nomenclature Prefixes and Suffixes (If Present)
In this handout, all of our functional groups are presented as condensed line formulas, 2D and 3D formulas and with nomenclature prefixes and suffixes (if present). Organic names are built on a foundation of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Those examples are presented first and you need to know those rules. The strategies can be found in Chapter 4 of our textbook (alkanes: pages 93-98, cycloalkanes 102-104, alkenes: pages 104-110, alkynes: pages 112-113 and combinations of all of them 113-115). After introducing examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and combinations of them, the functional groups are presented in order of priority. A few nomenclature examples are provided for each of the functional groups. Examples of the various functional groups are presented on pages 115-135 in the textbook. Two overview pages are on pages 136-137. Some functional groups have a suffix name when they are the highest priority functional group and a prefix name when they are not the highest priority group, and these are added to the skeletal names with identifying numbers and stereochemistry terms (E and Z for alkenes, R and S for chiral centers and cis and trans for rings). Several low priority functional groups only have a prefix name. A few additional special patterns are shown on pages 98-102. The only way to learn this topic is practice (over and over). The best practice approach is to actually write out the names (on an extra piece of paper or on a white board, and then do it again). The same functional groups are used throughout the entire course.
[Show full text]