Global Conference on Animal Welfare: an OIE Initiative

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Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative

Paris, 23–25 February 2004

PROCEEDINGS The views expressed in this document are solely the responsibility of the authors and may not, under any circumstances, be regarded as stating an official position either of the Commission of the European Communities or of the Office international des épizooties.

Corrigendum Readers should note that in this CD-ROM version of the conference proceedings, as compared to the already published hard-copy (ISBN 92-894-6614-6), an additional paper by Dr. F.A. Abiola entitled "Transport and slaughter of animals: current constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa" is presented, as well as a modified version of Dr. A.B.M. Raj's paper "Cultural, religious and ethical issues". Consequently, there is no correlation between the pagination of the two published versions.

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Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004

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PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER The contribution of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission in the organisation of the ‘Global conference on animal welfare’ is gratefully acknowledged.

The realisation of the ‘Global conference on animal welfare’ has also been made possible thanks to the contribution of the governments of the United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. Contents

Foreword...... VIII Committee members ...... X

Setting the scene B. Vallat The OIE — Historical and scientific background and prospects for the future . . . . . 3 A. B. Thiermann The OIE process, procedures and international relations ...... 6 A. C. D. Bayvel The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative — Progress, priorities and prognosis . . 12

Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives J. D. Edwards The role of the veterinarian in animal welfare — A global perspective ...... 24 L. R. Estol Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum ...... 33 El bienestar de los animales, un currículum para su enseñanza en las facultades de veterinaria ...... 46 D. B. Wilkins The expectations of the international animal welfare movement ...... 62 E. Stamper Animal transportation — An industry perspective ...... 68 K. H. Brown A marketplace perspective ...... 70 R. Quintili Consumer concerns for animal welfare: from psychosis to awareness ...... 83 S. A. Rahman Animal welfare: a developing country perspective ...... 90 F. A. Abiola Transport and slaughter of animals: current constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa . . . 108 Transport et abattage des animaux: les contraintes actuelles en Afrique subsaharienne ...... 114

Applying science to animal welfare D. Fraser Applying science to animal welfare standards ...... 122 P. Le Neindre Space, environmental design and behaviour: Effect of space and environment on animal welfare ...... 134

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative V Contents

J. A. Mench Management, handling and transport of farm animals ...... 147 I. J. H. Duncan Pain, fear and distress ...... 160 B. Algers Injury and disease ...... 176 A. B. Lawrence Food, water and malnutrition: perspectives on nutrient requirements for health and welfare in farm animals ...... 185

Areas of practical application H. Wyss Animal welfare: between profit and protection ...... 201 T. Håstein Animal welfare issues relating to aquaculture ...... 212

The way forward A. B. M. Raj Cultural, religious and ethical issues ...... 225 D. J. Mellor The application of legislation, scientific guidelines and codified standards to advancing animal welfare ...... 237

Closing remarks A. C. D. Bayvel The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative — The way forward ...... 249 B. Vallat Formal closure ...... 251

Appendices Appendix I Conference programme ...... 254 Appendix II List of participants ...... 258 Appendix III Reports of discussion groups: — Land transport ...... 299 — Sea transport ...... 300 — Killing for disease control purposes ...... 302 — Slaughter of animals for human consumption ...... 303 — Animal welfare research ...... 305 — Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum ...... 306 — Communication challenges in animal welfare ...... 307

VI Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Contents

— Issues concerning animal welfare and international trade, companion animals, wildlife ...... 308 Appendix IV The OIE in summary ...... 310

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative VII Foreword

It was an honour and a privilege for the Office international des épizooties (OIE) to welcome to this global conference on animal welfare so many distinguished government officials, the chief veterinary officers of numerous OIE member countries and their delegations, eminent scientists, and private sector professionals working in the production, processing and distribution of animal products, as well as numerous animal welfare activists and members of the public keen on the worldwide promotion of new rules on the relationship between humans and animals. The OIE, as the World Organisation for Animal Health, is proud to have received a unanimous mandate from its 166 member countries to become the leading international organisation in the field of animal welfare. How has this situation come about? The OIE was created in 1924, thus before the United Nations Organisation, by 28 countries. These countries were seeking international cooperation to try to bring an end to the outbreaks of serious diseases that were ravaging their livestock. They wanted a mutual undertaking whereby infected countries would inform the others in the event of an animal health emergency so that they could take protective action. They also wanted information on the most effective methods to combat these devastating animal diseases. Today, these objectives of providing sanitary and scientific information in the veterinary field still feature among our organisation’s priority missions, in terms of diseases affecting animals alone and also those transmissible to humans. In 1994, the agreements that led to the creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) made specific provisions for the management of sanitary and phytosanitary problems (SPS agreement) relating to the risks posed by commodities in international trade. At that time, a consensus was reached that member countries’ own legislation to protect against the introduction of pathogens should be science-based and avoid imposing unjustified sanitary barriers as a hidden form of trade protection. The OIE’s standards, guidelines and recommendations were then designated as the international reference in the field of animal diseases and zoonoses. The OIE was chosen notably due to the fact that its standards are exclusively science-based. As the implementation of these standards can pose a problem for developing countries, the OIE acts out of solidarity with them by supporting the efforts they have made in animal disease surveillance and control aimed at reducing poverty, improving food safety and gaining access to international markets, from which the majority of them are currently excluded, notably for sanitary reasons. Developed countries continue to suffer occasional animal disease outbreaks, most commonly caused by the accidental introduction of pathogens, a phenomenon widely linked to the globalisation of trade. Nevertheless, the majority of the most serious animal diseases spread primarily in developing countries. Diseases are a major and persistent factor in animal suffering and combating them worldwide must be a priority for all those seeking to improve animal welfare. It was primarily with this in mind that our member countries sought to extend the OIE’s mandate to include animal welfare, even though this field is not specifically covered by the WTO agreements. Among the OIE’s other mandates are, for example, wildlife diseases and their links with diseases in other animals and with human diseases. Some emerging zoonoses are indeed linked to wild animals and the challenge facing us in this field is to fully understand these phenomena so as to combat them more effectively and preserve wildlife. Our mandates also include food safety, the OIE working closely with the Codex Alimentarius Commission to develop standards relating to the prevention of hazards during the production

VIII Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative and transport of food animals, so as to avoid risks to consumers. This is also a new field for the OIE and in due course we shall also have to examine whether inappropriate production or transport conditions can subsequently affect the safety of food products of animal origin. Other activities carried out by the OIE may also have a direct or indirect effect on animal welfare. The OIE codes, which contain standards on animal health and conditions governing international trade in animals and animal products, also include model sanitary certificates intended to accompany animals or animal products. These certificates are issued by the official veterinary services of exporting countries and provide official certification that the requirements of importing countries have been met. They are essential in order to avoid introducing diseases into importing countries. The OIE codes also specify what methods should be used in order to enable a member country to be considered free from a given animal disease. For some diseases, stamping out applied to the infected sites is sometimes unavoidable, but the OIE makes every effort to provide for the use of vaccination for disease prevention purposes, in order to limit, wherever possible, the application of stamping out. When there is no alternative to stamping out, the OIE recommends using methods designed to reduce animal suffering as far as possible. This topic was discussed in detail during the conference, as well as methods of slaughtering animals for human consumption. In the latter field, the OIE has in recent months begun organising the scientific and cultural discussions that will be needed so as to take legitimate religious and cultural concerns into account. On a more general note, the OIE’s aims in the field of animal welfare consist first and foremost of proposing guidelines for adoption by our International Committee. Member countries wishing to engage in trade in animals or animal products will then be able to use these guidelines on a bilateral basis. They can also be used as a national, regional or international foundation for negotiations within the private sector, for example when drawing up specifications between distributors or restaurant chains and producers in order to satisfy consumer requirements. Ultimately, these guidelines will also lead to a gradual harmonisation of existing national and regional legislation and in particular will lend support to the many countries that do not yet have legislation in this field, enabling them to use the OIE’s recommendations as the foundation for their future legislation. Over and above its role in providing technical recommendations, the OIE must also conduct a new mission that has not yet been undertaken at worldwide level, namely to convince all the decision-makers in its member countries of the need to take into account the human–animal relationship in favour of a greater respect for animals. This also implies an internal evolution within our organisation. While maintaining our functions of excellence and rigour in the field of technical recommendations and expertise, we must become more open than in the past to the world of education and training, the private sector, consumers and the public at large. The organisation of this global conference on animal welfare has been a momentous development in this respect.

Bernard Vallat Director-General of the OIE

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative IX Committee members

Steering Committee Dr David Bayvel Prof. Elisabetta Canali Prof. David Fraser Dr Sira Abdul Rahman Dr Herbert Schneider Ms Emma Stamper Mr David Wilkins

Organising Committee Dr Bernard Vallat Dr David Wilson Dr Jean-Luc Angot Dr Andrea Gavinelli Dr Alex Thiermann Mrs Maria Zampaglione

Liaison Committee Dr Antonio Petrini Mr Rex Horgan Mr Stéphane Berlaud Mrs Mariugenis Oudin Mr Jean-Pierre Croiziers

X Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene Setting the scene

Résumé L’OIE — Bases historiques et scientifiques et perspectives d’avenir

B. Vallat Directeur général de l’Office international des épizooties, 12, rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: OIE, Organisation mondiale de la santé animale, bien-être animal, santé animale, l’Organisation mondiale du commerce

L’Office international des épizooties (OIE) a de référence dans le monde pour procurer été créé en 1924 par 28 pays membres. Son aux pays membres les meilleures méthodes existence est donc antérieure à la création pour éliminer les maladies. des Nations unies, dont il ne fait pas partie. L’OIE a été mandaté plus récemment pour Bien que son acronyme soit conservé pour prendre en compte les maladies des animaux des raisons historiques, l’OIE s’appelle main- sauvages, mais aussi les problèmes de sécu- tenant Organisation mondiale de la santé rité sanitaire des aliments. Dans ce domaine animale, 166 pays ayant à ce jour adhéré à c’est le Codex Alimentarius qui est reconnu en l’Organisation. priorité par l’OMC, mais l’OIE élabore les L’OIE s’est initialement consacré à la trans- normes concernant tous les risques à prévenir parence de la situation zoosanitaire mon- pendant la phase d’élevage et de transport diale, établie sur la base de méthodes de dia- des animaux destinés à être consommés. gnostic et de connaissances scientifiques Il est apparu enfin à nos pays membres que incontestables. Cette mission, toujours prio- le lien entre la santé des animaux et leur ritaire, donne des outils à tous les pays bien-être était si évident que l’OIE devait membres pour se protéger de l’introduction devenir aussi la référence internationale en de pathogènes sur leur territoire, qu’ils mena- matière de protection des animaux. De plus, cent seulement les animaux ou bien l’homme d’autres activités courantes de l’OIE, comme et les animaux en même temps (zoonoses). les questions sanitaires relatives au com- Cette responsabilité a évolué à la suite de la merce international des animaux vivants, la reconnaissance de l’OIE par l’Organisation définition des normes en matière d’éradica- mondiale du commerce (OMC) en tant tion des épizooties (dépopulation des éle- qu’organisation de référence pour garantir la vages infectés, protection des autres ani- sécurité sanitaire du commerce mondial des maux par la vaccination) ou de modalités de animaux et de leurs produits (viande, lait, certification des viandes et produits après cuirs et peaux, œufs…) tout en évitant des abattage des animaux, peuvent avoir un lien barrières sanitaires injustifiées. important avec le bien-être animal. Dans ce domaine, l’OIE s’associe aux efforts Nous sommes donc maintenant mandatés qui sont faits pour aider les pays en dévelop- par nos pays membres pour préparer un pement à accéder au marché international socle de guide de bonne conduite internatio- tout en exerçant un devoir de solidarité à nal en faveur des animaux en traitant en leur égard. Ce devoir de solidarité s’ap- priorité les sujets ayant un lien avec les acti- plique à la lutte contre les maladies priori- vités évoquées ci-dessus. Nous sommes ainsi taires et à leur éradication. Ces maladies sont amenés à pénétrer aujourd’hui encore plus un puissant facteur de souffrance animale, au cœur de la relation homme-animal. L’OIE, d’augmentation de la pauvreté et de risques autrefois ouverte à un cercle d’experts et de de maladies d’origine alimentaire. L’OIE dis- spécialistes, se rapproche maintenant des pose d’un réseau de plus de 150 laboratoires consommateurs et des citoyens.

3 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

Resumen La OIE: Historia, ciencia y perspectivas del futuro

B. Vallat Director General de la Oficina Internacional de Epizootias, 12, rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: OIE, Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal, bienestar animal, sanidad animal, Organización Mundial del Comercio

La Oficina Internacional de Epizootias (OIE) Laboratorios de Referencia en el mundo para fue creada en 1924 por veintiocho países ofrecer a los países miembros los mejores miembros. Su existencia es pues anterior a la métodos para eliminar las enfermedades. creación de las Naciones Unidas y no forma Más recientemente, se ha confiado a la OIE parte de esta institución. Aunque se conserve la misión de integrar en su labor las enfer- el acrónimo por motivos históricos, la OIE se medades de los animales silvestres así como denomina actualmente Organización Mun- los problemas de seguridad sanitaria de los dial de Sanidad Animal. A fecha de hoy, 166 alimentos. En este campo, la OMC reconoce países se han afiliado a la Organización. con prioridad al Codex Alimentarius, pero la La OIE se dedicó en un inicio a la transpa- OIE elabora las normas relativas a todos los rencia de la situación zoosanitaria mundial, riesgos que se han de evitar durante la etapa establecida sobre la base de métodos de de cría y de transporte de los animales desti- diagnóstico y de conocimientos científicos nados al consumo. irrefutables. Esta misión, que sigue siendo Los países miembros han considerado, en prioritaria, facilita a todos los países miem- última instancia, que el vínculo entre la bros las herramientas de protección contra la salud de los animales y su bienestar era tan introducción de agentes patógenos en su obvio que la OIE debía convertirse en la refe- territorio, tanto si constituyen una amenaza rencia internacional en materia de protección sólo para los animales como para el hombre de los animales. Además, otras actividades y los animales al mismo tiempo (zoonosis). corrientes de la OIE, como las cuestiones Esta responsabilidad ha evolucionado tras el sanitarias relativas al comercio internacional reconocimiento de la OIE por la Organiza- de animales vivos, la definición de normas ción Mundial del Comercio (OMC) en tanto en materia de erradicación de epizootias que organización de referencia para garanti- (despoblación de fincas infectadas, protec- zar la seguridad sanitaria del comercio mun- ción de los demás animales por medio de la dial de animales y de los productos que de vacunación) o de modalidades de certifica- ellos deriven (carnes, leche, cueros y pieles, ción de las carnes y otros productos tras el huevos, etc.) y a la vez para evitar obstáculos sacrificio de los animales, pueden tener un sanitarios injustificados. vínculo importante con el bienestar animal. En este ámbito, la OIE se asocia a los esfuer- Así pues, los países miembros nos han enco- zos desplegados para ayudar a los países en mendado preparar las bases de una guía de desarrollo a acceder al mercado internacio- buena conducta internacional en favor de los nal ejerciendo un deber de solidaridad para animales tratando prioritariamente los temas con ellos. Dicho deber se aplica a la lucha que se refieren a las actividades antes men- contra las enfermedades prioritarias y a su cionadas. Todo ello nos conduce hoy día a erradicación. Estas enfermedades son un adentrarnos aún más en el centro de la rela- poderoso factor de sufrimiento animal, de ción hombre-animal. La OIE, antes abierta a aumento de la pobreza y de riesgos de enfer- un círculo de expertos y de especialistas, se medades de origen alimentario. La OIE dis- acerca ahora a los consumidores y a los ciu- pone de una red de más de ciento cincuenta dadanos.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 4 Setting the scene

Abstract The OIE — Historical and scientific background and prospects for the future

B. Vallat Director-General, Office international des épizooties, 12 rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, animal welfare, animal health, World Trade Organisation

The Office international des épizooties (OIE) its member countries with the best means of was created in 1924 by 28 member countries. eliminating diseases. Its existence therefore precedes the creation The OIE was more recently mandated to of the United Nations, an organisation to deal with diseases in wild animals and food which it does not belong. Although the safety. In this field, the Codex Alimentarius acronym has been retained for historical rea- is given priority recognition by the WTO, but sons, the OIE is now called the World Organ- the OIE drafts standards relating to all ‘ani- isation for Animal Health, with 166 member mal production food safety’ risks, including countries currently in the organisation. those related to the transport of animals des- The OIE initially worked for transparency in tined for consumption. the worldwide animal health situation, based on incontestable diagnostic methods and sci- It also became evident to our member coun- entific knowledge. This mission, which is still tries that the link between animal health and a priority, gave all member countries the animal welfare was so clear-cut that the OIE means to protect themselves against the intro- should also become the international refer- duction of pathogens on to their territory, ence organisation in the field of animal pro- whether they threatened only animals or both tection. Other day-to-day activities of the people and animals (zoonoses). OIE, such as health issues relating to international trade in live animals, the definition This responsibility was extended when the of standards for the eradication of epizootic OIE was recognised by the World Trade diseases (depopulation of infected farms, Organisation (WTO) as the reference organi- protection of other animals by vaccination) sation for guaranteeing the sanitary safety of and certification procedures for meat and world trade in animals and animal products products from slaughterhouses, could also (meat, milk, leather and skins, eggs, etc.), have a strong link with animal welfare. whilst avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers. We have now been mandated by our mem- In this field, the OIE is supporting efforts to ber countries to prepare the basis for an help developing countries to access inter- international guide to good practice for ani- national markets as part of its duty of solidar- mals, giving priority to issues associated ity towards them. This obligation of solidar- with the abovementioned activities. ity applies to combating and eradicating priority diseases. Such diseases are a major We have therefore had to delve deeper into factor affecting animal suffering, poverty the heart of the relationship between animals and the risk of food-borne diseases. The OIE and humans. The OIE, formerly open only to has a network of more than 150 reference a circle of experts and specialists, is now laboratories throughout the world to provide moving closer to consumers and citizens.

5 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

The OIE process, procedures and international relations

A. B. Thiermann President, Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission, Office international des épizooties, 12 rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary Among the several primary objectives of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), is the setting of animal health standards for safeguarding international trade. In order for countries and their stakeholders to maximise the benefits of globalisation, they must become familiar with, and must adhere to, the rights and obligations set out by the World Trade Organisation, under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO-SPS). Under the obligations of this agreement, countries must adhere to the standards, guidelines and recommendations established by the OIE, on matters related to animal health and zoonoses. Countries are also encouraged to actively participate in the standard-setting process of the OIE. Only after implementing these requirements and after strengthening the veterinary infrastructures, including surveillance and monitoring systems, will countries be able to fully benefit from these new international trade rules. For the purpose of this conference, it is important to be familiar with the standard-setting process within the OIE. Animal welfare is not one of the disciplines identified by the SPS agreement for purposes of international trade. However, animal welfare is an important subject within the work plan of the OIE, and one that needs to be addressed in the same scientific manner as the development of guidelines for the protection of animal health. This paper will attempt to explain the mechanisms employed by the OIE to accomplish this objective. Keywords: animal welfare, Office international des épizooties, World Trade Organisation, guidelines, standards

Globalisation is becoming a force that is revo- Historically, the General Agreement for Tar- lutionising international trade and in particu- iffs and Trade (GATT) had been working on lar that of animals and animal products. This the reduction and elimination of tariffs and increase in agricultural trade has promising subsidies in trade. During the Uruguay benefits towards the improvement of coun- Round of the 1980s and early 1990s, the GATT tries’ and peoples’ economies. During the turned its attention to agriculture and particu- 1990s, the international community made sig- larly the sanitary aspects of agricultural trade. nificant progress towards improved fairness One of the most significant outcomes of the and transparency on how to conduct interna- Uruguay Round was the transformation of tional trade in a way that ensures safety in the the GATT into the WTO, and the signing in protection of public, animal and plant health, 1994 of the Agreement on the Application of while avoiding unjustified restrictions. How- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This ever, in order to fully benefit from these new agreement sets out the legal framework for in- trade opportunities, countries have to adapt ternational trade that is safe for the health of their infrastructures to the modern rules of the the public, animals and plants. As the WTO is game. In order to accomplish this, there will be not a scientific and technical organisation, it a greater demand for closer collaboration and recognises and relies on three relevant stan- interdependence between the private and the dard-setting organisations for delivering public sector. The future of governments and these standards. For purposes of animal the competitiveness of their industries will de- health, including zoonoses, the WTO recog- pend on how well the structures and opera- nises the OIE standards, guidelines and rec- tions can adapt to meet the requirements set ommendations as the foundation for a coun- out by the WTO-SPS agreement. try’s sanitary measures.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 6 Setting the scene

The WTO-SPS agreement recognises rights, tives of the measure rather than comparing obligations and special provisions as well as measures for sameness. dispute-settlement procedures. Under rights, Under the assessment of risk and the deter- the WTO recognises that each country has the mination of the appropriate level of sanitary sovereign right to determine its own level of protection, the agreement indicates that protection when establishing sanitary mea- members must ensure that their sanitary sures on imports. However, these rights are measures are based on an assessment, appro- accompanied by clear obligations. The im- priate for the circumstances, taking into porting country, if it chooses to deviate from account the risk-assessment techniques existing international standards and recom- developed by the relevant standard-setting mendations when establishing its sanitary organisations, the OIE in this case. This pro- measures, has to justify these actions through cess is aimed at minimising negative trade a transparent and scientifically-based risk effects, it has to utilise all available scientific analysis process. Countries adhering to inter- evidence and it must be done in a consistent national standards and recommendations manner. Members shall take into account as when developing their import policies do not relevant economic factors the potential dam- have to justify these through a risk analysis. age in terms of loss of production or sale in Countries must also ensure that sanitary mea- the event of the entry, establishment and sures are applied only to the extent necessary spread of disease, the cost of control or erad- to protect animal health and do not constitute ication, and the relative cost-effectiveness of arbitrary or unjustified discrimination be- alternative approaches to limiting risks. tween members. Sanitary measures applied However, the economic impact on national on imports cannot be more restrictive than producers such as loss of revenue resulting those applied at a national level. from competition by the imports cannot be Among the more important special provi- considered in the risk determination. sions of the WTO-SPS agreement, are those on Under regionalisation, the agreement indi- harmonisation, equivalence, assessment of cates that sanitary measures must be adapt- risk and appropriate level of protection, re- ed to the geographical and ecological charac- gionalisation, transparency and notification. teristics of an area or region, taking into Recommendations on the implementation of account the level of prevalence of a disease. all these provisions are found in the so-called It specifies that members shall recognise dis- horizontal chapters of the OIE code. ease-free areas and areas of different health Possibly the most important of all special pro- status within the territory of a country. How- visions of the agreement is the one on har- ever, it is the responsibility of the exporting monisation. Under harmonisation, the agree- country to provide the necessary evidence in ment encourages its members to harmonise order to demonstrate objectively to the their sanitary measures on as wide a basis as importing country that such an area is safe, possible, by basing them on international and is likely to remain safe. For this purpose, standards, guidelines and recommendations, reasonable access shall be given to the where they exist, thereby conferring extreme importing country for inspection and testing. importance to the standards set by the OIE. The OIE provides detailed recommendations on how to apply these provisions of region- Under equivalence, the agreement indicates alisation and more recently on compartmen- that countries shall accept the measures of talisation, which is a separation of animal other members as equivalent, even if these sub-populations on the basis of management differ from their own and from those applied practices rather than geographical factors. by others trading in the same product. For this purpose, the exporting country must Under transparency and notification, the objectively demonstrate to the importing agreement indicates that members are re- country that the proposed measures achieve quired to notify changes in their sanitary mea- its level of protection. The intent of this pro- sures, such as changes in import regulations, vision is to encourage trading partners to in a timely manner. For this purpose, each focus their attention on the desired objec- country has to notify the WTO with enough

7 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

time prior to these entering into force, except on diseases of mammals, birds and bees. The for urgent circumstances, so that exporting Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests countries can adapt their products to meet the and Vaccines complements the Code. The new requirements. Countries basing the im- Aquatic Animal Health Code (Fish Code) port measures on international standards do contains the standards on diseases of fish, not have to notify the WTO. Each country mollusks and crustaceans, and it is comple- must also establish a single enquiry point mented by the Diagnostic Manual for Aquat- which is responsible for providing answers to ic Animal Diseases. all reasonable questions regarding regulatory These codes contain, in addition to disease- changes and specific sanitary requirements. specific standards, recommendations on hori- In order for a country to benefit from the zontal topics such as import risk assessment, provisions of the WTO-SPS agreement, when regionalisation, surveillance and monitoring, conducting international trade in animals and evaluation of veterinary services, as well and animal products, it must have a high- as obligations and ethics in international quality veterinary service, with a robust trade. In the future work plan, the Code Com- surveillance and monitoring system, in order mission has identified the following priorities to provide assurances of its sanitary status for this coming year: guiding principles in an- and to minimise and manage risks. How- imal welfare, review of existing disease chap- ever, recently most veterinary services have ters for inclusion of food safety recommenda- experienced decreases in their infrastructure tions, and further harmonisation of the Ter- due to budgetary cuts, shifts in priorities restrial Code with the Aquatic Code. from animal health towards food safety, as Countries and their stakeholders can improve well as suffering from the successes of eradi- their participation and maximise their bene- cation of diseases in those cases where the fits in international trade by working closely services have been funded primarily through and more strategically with their OIE dele- eradication campaigns. Veterinary authori- gates. Draft standards and texts are dis- ties must therefore look for alternative tributed during the course of the year by the approaches to strengthening their veterinary OIE to the delegates. These delegates and services. The accreditation of private veteri- their veterinary services can then set up narians and para-veterinarians for specific mechanisms for sharing these with interested functions has often been used in order to stakeholders and specialists interest groups, strengthen existing infrastructures. and then receive input to be included in the Countries should actively participate in all ma- national response to the OIE. While standards jor objectives of the OIE. The more important are only adopted during the international ones include: (a) ensuring transparency in re- committee meeting in May of each year, the porting of the animal health status worldwide; most profitable opportunity for submission of (b) safeguarding world trade in animals and comments is in response to the Code Com- animal products by establishing standards; (c) mission reports during the course of the year. contributing to the expertise and encouraging While I have described the scope and the pro- solidarity in the control and eradication of ani- cedures applied within the OIE for the pur- mal diseases; and (d) improving the overall poses of developing animal health standards, veterinary infrastructures. We are now looking these need to be taken into account when de- at a new objective requiring active participa- veloping guidelines on animal welfare. It is tion by all interested stakeholders. It is our ex- the international recognition earned by the pectation that, among the outcomes of this con- OIE and the scientific approach in developing ference, we will have stakeholder recommen- standards that will provide the foundation for dations as to how to jointly advance this im- the development and acceptance of science- portant objective within the OIE process. based animal welfare guidelines by all OIE The standards, guidelines and recommenda- member countries. These guidelines and rec- tions set by the OIE can be found in several ommendations will become the foundation official documents. The Terrestrial Animal for bilateral trade agreements between OIE Health Code (Code) contains the standards member countries.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 8 Setting the scene

Résumé L’OIE: fonctionnement, procédures et relations internationales

A. B. Thiermann président de la commission des normes sanitaires pour les animaux terrestres, Office international des épizooties, 12, rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, santé animale, Office international des épizooties, Organisa- tion mondiale du commerce, lignes directrices, normes

Il s’avère important de préparer le terrain en sanitaires de l’Organisation mondiale du vue de la conférence mondiale sur le bien- commerce, découlent des normes établies être animal en décrivant les procédures ser- par l’OIE. Les autorités vétérinaires des vant à l’établissement des normes ainsi que 166 pays membres de l’OIE participent acti- les relations internationales de l’OIE. L’OIE vement au développement et à la mise à jour est reconnu mondialement comme chef de de normes internationales. Celles-ci sont dis- file pour le développement et la dissémina- cutées et adoptées chaque année par les tion de lignes directrices et de recommanda- membres lors de la session générale. tions en matière de bien-être animal. Cette Le directeur général de l’OIE, en s’appuyant reconnaissance est due principalement à son sur ces fondements et cette infrastructure, a rôle officiel en tant qu’organisation chargée habilité un groupe d’experts en santé ani- de l’établissement de normes concernant la male, internationalement reconnus, pour for- santé animale et les zoonoses, dans le cadre mer un groupe de travail sur le bien-être ani- de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce mal. Ce groupe consultatif a apporté son (OMC). Il existe un lien étroit entre la santé aide à l’OIE et a identifié un plan de travail animale et le bien-être des animaux. prioritaire pour les prochaines années. Bien qu’actuellement, il n’y ait pas d’accord sur Lors de la conférence, les procédures concer- les obligations internationales entre les parte- nant l’établissement de normes en santé ani- naires commerciaux quant à la façon d’aborder male seront décrites de façon détaillée, et on le bien-être animal, les vétérinaires et profes- expliquera la façon dont les pays membres sions connexes ont l’obligation professionnelle participent et fournissent des commentaires. d’aborder ce thème. Les normes de l’OIE en Le thème du bien-être animal a suscité beau- matière de santé animale fournissent des re- coup d’intérêt, non seulement de la part des commandations spécifiques sur la manière pays membres, mais également de la part d’éradiquer les maladies et de prévenir la d’autres personnes concernées qui étaient transmission d’agents pathogènes résultant du jusqu’à ce jour familiers avec l’OIE et ses commerce. Ces recommandations sont déjà uti- activités. Par conséquent, on devra examiner lisées comme fondement de l’établissement de la façon dont ce vaste auditoire, y compris méthodes appropriées pour l’élevage animal. les représentants d’organisations non gou- Les droits et obligations concernant le com- vernementales (ONG), pourra être incorporé merce international, tels que définis dans dans le développement actif de lignes direc- l’accord sur les mesures sanitaires et phyto- trices sur le bien-être animal.

9 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

Resumen La OIE: funcionamiento, procedimientos y relaciones internacionales

A. B. Thiermann Presidente de la Comisión de Normas Sanitarias para los Animales Terrestres, Oficina Internacional de Epizootias, 12, rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, Oficina Internacional de Epizootias, Organi- zación Mundial del Comercio, directrices, normas

Es importante disponer el escenario para la Los 166 países miembros de la OIE partici- conferencia sobre el bienestar animal descri- pan activamente, por medio de los Jefes de biendo los procedimientos de normalización los Servicios Veterinarios, en la elaboración y y las relaciones internacionales de la OIE. En actualización de normas internacionales. su calidad de organismo líder responsable de Cada año, durante la sesión general, los paí- la elaboración y difusión de directrices y reco- ses miembros proceden a la deliberación y mendaciones sobre el bienestar animal, la OIE adopción de las propuestas. se ha ganado el reconocimiento internacional. Tomando en cuenta estas bases y la infraes- Esto se debe principalmente a su papel oficial tructura, el Director General de la OIE con- como instancia de reglamentación en materia vocó a un grupo de expertos en bienestar de sanidad animal y de zoonosis de conformi- animal de renombre internacional para cons- dad con la Organización Mundial del Comer- tituir el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Bienestar cio (OMC). Existe un fuerte vínculo entre la de los Animales. Este grupo asesor ha brin- sanidad y el bienestar de los animales. dado una orientación a la OIE y ha identifi- Aunque actualmente no existe ninguna obli- cado un plan de trabajo con prioridades para gación reconocida a nivel internacional sobre los próximos años. cómo tratar el bienestar animal en el marco Durante la presentación, se dará una des- del comercio internacional, los veterinarios y cripción detallada del proceso de reglamen- otros profesionales de campos afines tienen tación zoosanitaria y se explicará la manera la obligación de abordar esta cuestión. Las en que los países miembros formulan obser- normas zoosanitarias de la OIE brindan reco- vaciones y participan. El tema del bienestar mendaciones específicas sobre cómo luchar animal ha despertado un interés considera- contra las enfermedades y erradicarlas, y ble no sólo entre los países miembros, sino cómo evitar la transmisión de agentes pató- también entre las partes interesadas, que genos como consecuencia del comercio. No ahora están familiarizadas con la OIE y sus obstante, ya se pueden considerar como el actividades. En consecuencia, será necesario fundamento para una zootecnia apropiada. estudiar la manera de incorporar a esta Los derechos y obligaciones del comercio audiencia cada vez más numerosa, incluidas internacional estipulados en el Acuerdo de las ONG y los representantes del sector Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (MSF) se industrial, en la elaboración activa de direc- rigen por las normas establecidas por la OIE. trices para el bienestar animal.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 10 Setting the scene

Abstract The OIE process, procedures and international relations

A. B. Thiermann President, Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission, Office international des épizooties, 12 rue de Prony, F-75017 Paris; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: animal welfare, Office international des épizooties, World Trade Organisation, guidelines, standards

It is important to set the stage for the confer- the standards set by the OIE. The 166 mem- ence on animal welfare by describing the ber countries of the OIE actively participate, standard-setting procedures and internation- through their Chief Veterinary Officers, in al relations of the OIE. The OIE has gained the development and updating of interna- the international recognition as the leading tional standards. These are then discussed organisation responsible for developing and and adopted each year by the members dur- disseminating guidelines and recommenda- ing the general session. tions on animal welfare. This has been It is on this foundation and infrastructure obtained primarily due to its official role as that the Director-General of the OIE con- the standard-setting organisation for animal vened a group of internationally recognised health and zoonoses under the World Trade experts on animal welfare to form the Ani- Organisation (WTO). There is a strong link- mal Welfare Working Group. This advisory age between animal health and the well- group has provided guidance to the OIE and being of animals. has identified a prioritised work plan for the While there are currently no internationally next several years. agreed obligations on how to address animal During the presentation, there will be welfare between trading countries, there is a detailed descriptions of the animal health professional obligation by veterinarians and standard-setting process as well as an expla- other related professionals to address the sub- nation on how members provide comments ject. The OIE standards on animal health pro- and participate. The subject of animal wel- vide specific recommendations on how to fare has attracted considerable interest not control and eradicate diseases and on how to only from members, but also from other prevent the transmission of pathogens as a re- stakeholders, now familiar with the OIE and sult of trade. However, these already serve as its activities. Therefore, there will be a need the foundation for proper animal husbandry. to examine how this broader audience, The rights and obligations for international including NGOs and industry representa- trade set out in the WTO’s Sanitary and Phy- tives, can be incorporated in the active tosanitary (SPS) Agreement are guided by development of animal welfare guidelines.

11 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative — Progress, priorities and prognosis

A. C. D. Bayvel Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary After inclusion of animal welfare as an important strategic initiative in the OIE third strategic plan, for the period 2001–05, an initial issues and options background paper was commissioned to assist in defining the degree and scope of OIE involvement. This paper was considered by an international ad hoc expert group and a permanent international animal welfare working group and was subsequently established to define and coordinate OIE animal welfare activities. The working group drafted a mission statement plus policies and guiding principles, developed a work programme for 2003 and reviewed the scope, drafted terms of reference and identified potential members for four separate ad hoc groups to address initial priority areas. Encouraging progress has been made over a relatively short two-year time period and recommendations made have been fully supported by all OIE member countries at the 2002 and 2003 annual general session meetings. The challenge is now to maintain this momentum and harness the support of all appropriate stakeholders. A commitment to consultation with and communication to all interested parties both within and external to the OIE will be critical to future success. Keywords: animal welfare, animal health, Office international des épizooties, public policy, standards, trade policy, trade barriers, World Trade Organisation

Animal welfare has emerged as a significant role or a responsibility for the provision of international public policy issue over the last expert advice on animal welfare, although a two to three decades. The debate regarding number of organisations and agencies have a the role of animal welfare in international significant interest in the area. By the late trade has also attracted considerable atten- 1990s, there was thus growing support for tion, in political and policy circles, since the the proposal that the OIE could be an appro- conclusion of the Uruguay Round in 1994 priate, established intergovernmental organ- and the formation of the WTO (2–9), (12–18). isation to address animal welfare issues and There is an unfortunate tendency to underes- seek agreement on international standards. timate the importance of animal health in re- In recognition of the increasing scientific, lation to animal welfare. The prevention and political and public attention being given to control of epizootic disease, in all species, animal welfare, the topic was identified as makes a major contribution to animal welfare, an important emerging issue during the and veterinarians, in general, and the OIE, in preparation of the 2001–05 OIE third stra- particular, plays a vital role in this regard. The tegic plan (4). At the 69th session of the OIE OIE animal health code includes a chapter on International Committee in 2001, approval minimum animal welfare standards for trade was given to the Director-General’s work and a standard-setting role has also been programme to implement the recommenda- played in respect of animal transportation. tions of the strategic plan. In this pro- The publication, Animal welfare and veterinary gramme, it was agreed to establish a new services, was included in the OIE scientific and department specifically responsible for inter- technical review series in 1994 (11). national trade in animals and animal prod- Historically, there has been no single interna- ucts, which would provide extra resources to tional organisation with a standard-setting address new topics including food safety

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 12 Setting the scene

and animal welfare. It was agreed that initial ing principles to underpin future stan- scoping documents would be commissioned dards and recommendations. to assist in defining the degree and scope of — Animal health is a vital input to animal OIE involvement with these new topics. welfare but not the sole determinant. At the 70th general session in 2002, specific — Non-veterinary scientific input is important. recommendations concerning the scope, priorities, policies, functions and modus — Science-based incremental change is operandi for the OIE’s involvement in ani- important. mal welfare were presented. These were — Stakeholder involvement (both industry fully endorsed by all 162 member countries and NGOs) is important. and are described, in detail, in Resolution XIV (1). These recommendations were based — The nature and magnitude of the commu- on the work of an ad hoc international nications challenge and expectations have expert group. In recognition of the need to been considered. approach this new area of activity in a disci- — A permanent working group needs to be plined manner, and the need to involve rele- established so progress is made regarding vant stakeholders, the recommendations these recommendations. specifically included the following. A permanent animal welfare working group — The OIE should develop a detailed vision was established to define and coordinate OIE and strategy to recognise the complex animal welfare activities and first met in Oc- nature of animal welfare issues. tober 2002. The group’s initial priority was is- — The OIE should then develop policies and sues relating to the use of animals in agricul- guiding principles to provide a sound ture and aquaculture, with transportation, foundation from which to elaborate spe- humane slaughter and killing for disease con- cific recommendations and standards. trol purposes to be addressed first, followed by housing and management issues. — The OIE should establish a working group on animal welfare to define and The working group developed a work pro- coordinate activities and the working gramme for 2003, which addressed the fol- group should advise on specific tasks to lowing issues: be carried out by ad hoc groups. — the development of statements of mission, — In consultation with the OIE, the working guiding principles and policies for adop- group should develop a detailed operation by the international committee; tional plan for the initial 12 months, — the development of expertise and stake- addressing the priority issues identified. holder databases; — The working group and its ad hoc groups — hosting of an OIE global animal welfare con- should consult with non-governmental ference scheduled for late February 2004; organisations (NGOs) having a broad — development of terms of reference, scope international representation and make use and membership of ad hoc groups, with of all available expertise and resources, meetings of four ad hoc groups during including those from academia, the 2003 proposed; research community, industry and other relevant stakeholders. — increasing awareness of animal welfare in undergraduate teaching; In making its recommendations, the ad hoc group made the following important obser- — increasing awareness of animal welfare vations. research needs and funding requirements; — Animal welfare is a complex issue with — promoting collaboration among academic important scientific, ethical, economic, and research institutions; cultural and political dimensions. — developing a communications plan ad- — There is a need to develop a vision, mis- dressing both internal and external audi- sion and strategy plus policies and guid- ences; and lastly,

13 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

— identification of future activities and emerg- Guiding principles for animal welfare ing issues (e.g. animal biotechnology and aquaculture). The draft guiding principles follow. The working group developed a work pro- — There is a critical relationship between ani- gramme for 2003 and reviewed the scope, mal health and animal welfare. drafted terms of reference, and identified po- — The internationally recognised ‘five free- tential members for four separate groups cov- doms’ (freedom from hunger, thirst and ering land transport, sea transport, humane malnutrition; freedom from fear and dis- slaughter (including religious slaughter) and tress; freedom from physical and thermal humane killing for disease control purposes. discomfort; freedom from pain, injury Initial meetings of all four groups have now and disease; and freedom to express nor- taken place. The working group also recom- mal patterns of behaviour) provide valu- mended that the OIE continue to work with able guidance in animal welfare. the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Animal Transport Association — The internationally recognised ‘three Rs’ (ATA) on air transport issues. (reduction in numbers of animals, refine- ment of experimental methods and re- In the area of communication, the OIE has is- placement of animals with non-animal sued a number of press releases and is pro- techniques) provide valuable guidance for gressively adding relevant animal welfare in- the use of animals in science. formation to the OIE website. Members of the working group have also submitted articles to — The scientific assessment of animal welfare veterinary and agriculture publications and a involves diverse elements which need to paper entitled ‘Science-based animal welfare be considered together, and selecting and standards: The international role of the Office weighing these elements often involves international des épizooties’ was presented at value-based assumptions which should be the April 2003 UFAW conference on ‘Science made as explicit as possible. in the service of animal welfare’ (4). — The use of animals in agriculture and sci- The following draft mission statement, guiding ence, and for companionship, recreation principles and policies have been prepared. and entertainment, makes a major contribution to the well-being of people. OIE mission — The use of animals carries with it a duty to ensure the welfare of such animals to The draft mission is: the greatest extent practicable. — to provide international leadership in ani- — Improvements in farm animal welfare can mal welfare through the development of often improve productivity and hence science-based standards and guidelines, lead to economic benefits. the provision of expert advice and the pro- — Equivalent outcomes (performance crite- motion of relevant education and research. ria), rather than identical systems (design The OIE will achieve this mission through: criteria), should be the basis for compari- — promotion of science-based understand- son of animal welfare standards and ing of animal welfare; guidelines. — utilisation of appropriate expertise; Policies — consultation with all relevant stakeholders; In undertaking its animal welfare role, the — recognition of regional and cultural di- OIE seeks to adhere to the following draft mensions; policies. — liaison with academic and research insti- — It will make appropriate use of inter- tutions; and lastly national scientific expertise in the devel- — use of communication tools appropriate opment of animal welfare guidelines and to all relevant audiences. standards.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 14 Setting the scene

— In addition to the use of established con- The need for international leadership in sultation processes, the OIE will consult respect of animal welfare policy and stan- with NGO and industry stakeholder dards has been evident for some time and is interests, which can demonstrate a broad- likely to be an expanding core role for the based international approach to issues. OIE in the decades ahead. International scientific and professional organisations such — It will encourage the teaching of animal as the International Society for Applied welfare and animal ethics in veterinary Ethology (ISAE) and World Veterinary Asso- and other undergraduate curricula around ciation (WVA) have confirmed their interest the world. in working closely with the OIE, as have — It will encourage the identification of ani- international industry and animal welfare mal welfare research needs and the provi- advocacy organisations. Other organisations sion of public and private sector funds to such as the FAO and World Bank are also address these needs. taking an interest in animal welfare and in March 2003, the Government of the Philip- — It will encourage science-based methods pines hosted an intergovernmental meeting to assess animal welfare outcomes. attended by 25 countries to discuss the pos- — The OIE’s initial priorities for animal wel- sible development of a United Nations Dec- fare will be animals in agriculture and laration on Animal Welfare. aquaculture particularly relating to trans- There is also, of course, a significant increase port, humane slaughter, and humane in interest in animal welfare at university un- killing for disease control purposes. dergraduate and postgraduate level, and the — It will take into account regional and cul- establishment of animal welfare chairs in uni- tural dimensions. versities in Canada, the USA, the EU, New Zealand and Australia, over the last few — It will use communication tools appropri- decades, has provided academic and research ate to audiences. direction to this interest. Progress in the area In pursuing this important initiative, partic- of animal welfare will, of course, be a case of ular attention is being given to the following ‘evolution not revolution’ based on the princi- specific points: ple of incremental change management (10). It is vitally important that all such changes be — the important OIE international leader- science-based and validated, be implemented ship role; over realistic time frames and take account of — that the OIE is aware of the importance of economic and cultural factors. involvement of a broad range of stake- The OIE has made encouraging progress holders; over a relatively short two-year period. The — that the OIE recognises the need to ensure challenge is now to maintain this momen- standards are relevant to all member tum and harness the support of all OIE countries; member countries and stakeholders. A commitment to consultation with, and communi- — the widespread support from internation- cation to, all interested parties both within, al industry groups, NGOs and inter- and external to, the OIE will be critical to national science organisations; success. — the major scientific and communications challenge which this initiative presents; Acknowledgements — that adequate resourcing is essential to The contribution made by members of both maintain initial momentum and ensure the OIE international ad hoc expert group and early achievements; the OIE permanent animal welfare working — that the OIE sees future standards con- group (Drs Fraser, Gavinelli, Rahman, Reda tributing to improved animal welfare and Masiga) plus staff members of the OIE internationally and that are valuable for Central Bureau (Drs Kamakawa, Thiermann bilateral agreements. and Wilson) is gratefully acknowledged.

15 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

References impact on food choice — The final report. Centre for Food Economics Research, University of (1) Anon (2002). OIE General Assembly Meet- Reading, United Kingdom. ing Resolution No XIV, OIE, Paris, France. (10) Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (2001). ‘Inte- (2) Bayvel, A. C. D. (1993). ‘Animal welfare — A grating practical, regulatory and ethical threat or an opportunity for research, farm- strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare’. ing and trade’. Proceedings of the NZ Society of Australian veterinary journal, 79, pp. 762–768. Animal Production, 53, pp. 223–225. (11) Moss, R. (1994). ‘OIE scientific and technical (3) Bayvel, A. C. D. (September 2000). ‘Animal review’, 13 (1), Animal welfare and veteri- welfare and the international trade environ- nary services. ment’. Workshop on safeguarding animal health in global trade, Hannover. (12) RSPCA (1998). Agenda 2000: The future for farm animal welfare in the European Union. (4) Bayvel, A. C. D. (2004). ‘Science-based animal welfare standards; the international role (13) RSPCA (2000). Unpublished proceedings of of the Office International des Epizootes’, a conference on the impact of the World Animal welfare (in press). Trade Organisation on farm animal welfare, 24 October 2000, London, United Kingdom. (5) Blandford, D. and Fulponi, L. (1999). ‘Emerg- ing public concerns in agriculture: Domestic (14) RSPCA and Eurogroup for Animal Welfare policies and international trade commit- (1999). Food for thought: Farm animal welfare ments’. European review on agricultural eco- and the WTO. nomics, 26 (3), pp. 409–424. (15) RSPCA and Eurogroup for Animal Welfare (6) Bowles, D. (summer 2000). ‘Is the World Trade (1998) and The Humane Society of the Unit- Organisation a friend or foe to high animal ed States (b). Conflict or concord: Animal wel- welfare standards’. Awselva newsletter, 4 (1). fare and the World Trade Organisation. (7) Brooman, S. and Legge, D. (2000). ‘Animal (16) Swinbank, A. (April 2000). Ethics, trade and welfare vs free trade — Free trade wins: An the WTO. University of Reading Agricultural examination of the animal welfare implica- Economics Society, Annual Conference, Uni- tions of Rv Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries versity of Manchester. and Food’. Animal welfare, 9, pp. 81–85. (17) Webster, A. J. F. (2001). ‘Farm animal wel- (8) Charnovitz, S. (summer 1998). ‘The moral fare: the five freedoms and the free market’. exception in trade policy’. Virginia journal of The veterinary journal, 161, pp. 229–237. international law, 38 (4). (18) Winter, M. European agricultural policy and (9) Harper, G. C. and Henson, S. J. (2001). Con- farm animal welfare food policy, 23 (3/4), sumer concerns about animal welfare and the pp. 305–323.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 16 Setting the scene

Résumé L’initiative stratégique de l’OIE dans le domaine du bien-être animal: les progrès, les priorités et les attentes

A. C. D. Bayvel Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Biosecurity Authority, Box 2526, Wellington, Nouvelle-Zélande; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, santé animale, Office international des épizooties, politique publique, normes, politique commerciale, obstacles au commerce, Organisation mondiale du commerce

Eu égard à l’intérêt accru que suscite le bien- compte la nature complexe des questions être animal auprès des scientifiques, des liées au bien-être animal; politiques et du public, ce sujet a été défini • l’OIE doit élaborer les politiques et les comme étant un nouvel enjeu important lors principes directeurs constituant la base de la préparation du troisième plan straté- du développement de recommandations gique de l’OIE 2001-2005. Le programme de et normes spécifiques; travail du directeur général visant à appliquer les recommandations du plan straté- • l’OIE doit créer un groupe de travail sur le gique a été entériné pendant la 69e session bien-être animal chargé de définir et coor- du comité international de l’OIE en 2001. Il a donner les activités. Le groupe de travail été convenu dans le cadre du programme de doit émettre un avis sur les tâches spéci- créer un nouveau service spécialement char- fiques incombant aux groupes ad hoc; gé du commerce international des animaux • le groupe de travail doit élaborer en et des produits d’origine animale, qui per- concertation avec l’OIE un schéma direc- mettra de disposer de moyens supplémen- teur détaillé pour les douze premiers taires pour aborder de nouveaux sujets, mois portant sur les questions prioritaires notamment la sécurité sanitaire des aliments et le bien-être animal. Il a été décidé que des identifiées; documents d’orientation initiaux seront • le groupe de travail et ses groupes ad hoc commandés pour aider à définir le degré et doivent se concerter avec les organisa- la portée de l’intervention de l’OIE sur ces tions non gouvernementales (ONG) nouveaux thèmes. offrant une large représentativité interna- Des recommandations spécifiques concer- tionale et s’appuyer sur toutes les compé- nant le champ d’action, les objectifs prio- tences et ressources disponibles, notam- ritaires, les politiques, la finalité et les moment dans les milieux universitaires, de la dalités de l’intervention de l’OIE dans le recherche, des filières de production et domaine du bien-être animal ont été présen- d’autres parties prenantes. e tées lors de la 70 session générale de 2002. Un groupe de travail permanent sur le bien- Ces recommandations s’inspirent du travail être animal a été créé pour définir et coordon- accompli par un groupe ad hoc d’experts ner les activités de l’OIE dans le domaine du internationaux et ont été totalement approu- bien-être animal; il s’est réuni pour la pre- vées par l’ensemble des 162 pays membres. mière fois en octobre 2002. Le groupe de tra- Compte tenu de la nécessité d’aborder ce vail a rédigé un exposé des missions ainsi que nouveau domaine d’activité de manière dis- des politiques et principes directeurs, élaboré ciplinée et d’impliquer les parties prenantes, un programme de travail pour 2003; il a exa- on relève parmi les recommandations que: miné le champ d’action, élaboré un projet de • l’OIE doit élaborer un projet et une straté- mandat de quatre groupes ad hoc et identifié gie détaillés permettant de prendre en leurs membres potentiels. Ces groupes s’inté-

17 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

resseront au transport par voie terrestre, au L’OIE a accompli des progrès encourageants transport par voie maritime, à l’abattage dans en deux ans, soit un laps de temps relative- des conditions décentes (y compris l’abattage ment court. La difficulté consiste désormais rituel) et à l’élimination à des fins sanitaires. à maintenir cette dynamique et à tirer parti Les réunions préliminaires des quatre du soutien de l’ensemble des parties pre- groupes ont eu lieu. Les recommandations du nantes et des pays membres de l’OIE. La groupe de travail, ainsi que la proposition de volonté d’agir en concertation avec toutes les tenir une conférence mondiale sur le bien-être parties intéressées et de communiquer avec animal ont été pleinement approuvées lors de elles sera essentielle pour la réussite de cette la 71e session générale de 2003. entreprise.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 18 Setting the scene

Resumen Iniciativas estratégicas de la OIE para el bienestar animal: progresos, prioridades y pronósticos

A. C. D. Bayvel Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Biosecurity Authority, Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, sanidad animal, Oficina Internacional de Epi- zootias, política pública, normas, política comercial, obstáculos al comercio, Organización Mundial del Comercio

Como reconocimiento al creciente interés índole compleja de las cuestiones relacio- científico, político y público que despierta el nadas con el bienestar de los animales; bienestar de los animales, el tema de esta con- • la OIE debía adoptar, en consecuencia, ferencia se identificó como una cuestión políticas y principios directores que ofre- emergente importante durante los preparati- cieran unas bases sólidas para la formula- vos del tercer plan estratégico de la OIE 2001- ción de recomendaciones y normas espe- 2005. En la sesión nº 69 del Comité Internacio- cíficas; nal de la OIE en el año 2001, se adoptó el programa de trabajo propuesto por el Director • la OIE debía establecer un grupo de traba- General para implementar las recomendacio- jo sobre el bienestar de los animales para nes del plan estratégico. En dicho programa, definir y coordinar las actividades; este se acordó establecer un nuevo departamento grupo de trabajo debía asesorar a los gru- responsable concretamente del comercio in- pos ad hoc en tareas específicas que les ternacional de animales y de sus productos serían encargadas; derivados, lo que ofrecería recursos adiciona- • en consulta con la OIE, el grupo de traba- les para tratar nuevos temas incluyendo la se- jo debía establecer un plan operativo guridad sanitaria de los alimentos y el bienes- detallado para las doce primeros meses tar de los animales. Se acordó así mismo en- que abordara las cuestiones prioritarias cargar la redacción de documentos de ámbito identificadas; y, por último, inicial para ayudar a definir el grado y alcance • el grupo de trabajo y sus grupos ad hoc del compromiso de la OIE sobre estos nuevos debían consultar con las organizaciones temas. no gubernamentales que tuviesen una En la sesión general nº 70, en 2002, se formu- amplia representación internacional y laron recomendaciones específicas relativas emplear todos los conocimientos y recur- al alcance, prioridades, políticas, funciones y sos disponibles, incluidos aquellos de los modus operandi de la implicación de la OIE en medios académicos y de investigación, de pro del bienestar animal. Estas recomenda- la industria y demás partes interesadas. ciones estaban basadas en el trabajo de un Para definir y coordinar las actividades de la grupo ad hoc de expertos internacionales y OIE en este ámbito, se estableció un grupo fueron refrendadas en su totalidad por los de trabajo permanente sobre el bienestar de 164 países miembros. Al reconocerse la nece- los animales cuya primera reunión se celebró sidad de enfocar esta nueva área de activi- en octubre de 2002. El grupo de trabajo dad de manera disciplinada e involucrar a redactó una declaración de cometido, políti- las partes interesadas pertinentes, las reco- cas y principios rectores, elaboró el progra- mendaciones específicas sostenían que: ma de trabajo para 2003 y examinó su alcan- • la OIE debía desarrollar una visión y ce, redactó los términos de referencia e iden- estrategia detalladas para reconocer la tificó a los eventuales miembros de los cua-

19 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

tro grupos de trabajo. Estos grupos aborda- de los animales se aprobaron en su totalidad rán las cuestiones del transporte terrestre, en la sesión general nº 71, en 2003. del transporte marítimo, del sacrificio en La OIE ha realizado avances prometedores condiciones decentes (incluido el sacrificio en un período relativamente corto de dos religioso) y la reducción de la población a fin años y el reto ahora consiste en conservar de controlar las enfermedades. Las reuniones este ímpetu y aprovechar el soporte de todos iniciales de los cuatro grupos se celebraron los países miembros de la OIE y de todas las según lo previsto, y las recomendaciones for- partes interesadas. Un compromiso de con- muladas junto con la propuesta de celebrar sulta y de comunicación con todas las partes una conferencia mundial sobre el bienestar interesadas será vital para el éxito.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 20 Setting the scene

Abstract The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative — Progress, priorities and prognosis

A. C. D. Bayvel Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal welfare, animal health, Office international des épizooties, public policy, standards, trade policy, trade barriers, World Trade Organisation

In recognition of the increasing scientific, rate specific recommendations and stan- political and public attention being given to dards; animal welfare, the topic was identified as • that the OIE should establish a working an important emerging issue during the group on animal welfare to define and preparation of the 2001–05 OIE third stra- coordinate activities and the working tegic plan. At the 69th session of the OIE group should advise on specific tasks to International Committee in 2001, approval be carried out by ad hoc groups; was given to the Director-General’s work programme to implement the recommenda- • that in consultation with the OIE, the tions of the strategic plan. In this pro- working group should develop a detailed gramme, it was agreed to establish a new operational plan for the initial 12 months, department specifically responsible for inter- addressing the priority issues identified; national trade in animals and animal prod- and lastly, ucts, which would provide extra resources to • that the working group and its ad hoc address new topics including food safety groups should consult with non-govern- and animal welfare. It was agreed that initial mental organisations (NGOs) having a scoping documents would be commissioned broad international representation and to assist in defining the degree and scope of make use of all available expertise and OIE involvement with these new topics. resources, including those from academia, At the 70th general session in 2002, specific the research community, industry and recommendations concerning the scope, pri- other relevant stakeholders. orities, policies, functions and modus A permanent animal welfare working group operandi for the OIE’s involvement in ani- was established to define and coordinate mal welfare were presented. These recom- OIE animal welfare activities and first met in mendations were based on the work of an ad October 2002. The working group drafted a hoc international expert group and were mission statement plus policies and guiding fully endorsed by all 164 member countries. principles, developed a work programme for In recognition of the need to approach this 2003 and reviewed the scope, drafted terms new area of activity in a disciplined manner, of reference, and identified potential mem- and the need to involve relevant stakehold- bers for four separate ad hoc groups. These ers, the recommendations specifically groups will address land transport, sea included the following: transport, humane slaughter (including religious slaughter) and population reduction • that the OIE should develop a detailed for disease control purposes. Initial meetings vision and strategy to recognise the com- of all four groups have taken place. These plex nature of animal welfare issues; working group recommendations, plus a • that the OIE should then develop policies proposal to hold a global animal welfare and guiding principles to provide a conference were fully endorsed at the 71st sound foundation from which to elabo- general session in 2003.

21 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Setting the scene

The OIE has made encouraging progress OIE member countries and stakeholders. A over a relatively short two-year time period commitment to consultation with, and com- and the challenge is now to maintain this munication to, all interested parties will be momentum and harness the support of all critical to success.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 22 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

The role of the veterinarian in animal welfare — A global perspective

J. D. Edwards World Veterinary Association, Rosenlunds Allé 8, DK-2720 Vanlose; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary The veterinary profession is dedicated to animal welfare. In many countries, veterinarians make a very special declaration when they graduate and they spend their professional lives working under a code of ethical behaviour that emphasises their commitment to animal welfare. There have been significant societal changes in the last century. These have resulted in increased demands for animal products and at the same time increasing expectations for the welfare of animals. In this paper a major focus will be on the veterinary role in animal welfare and the challenges that veterinarians face. Keywords: veterinarian, ethics, five freedoms, societal expectation, obligation, economic perspective

The veterinary obligation The profession has a responsibility to take active steps to safeguard animal welfare. Fol- The World Veterinary Association (WVA) has lowing the promises taken at registration, developed a number of policies that relate to veterinary surgeons should assess the wel- animal welfare. These have been developed fare aspects of all husbandry systems, and through a process of global consultation with make appropriate recommendations. its members. In addition, the WVA has been actively working with global organisations The BVA maintains that animal welfare such as the Office international des épizooties should be based on scientific, veterinary, ecological, ethical and ethological considera- to ensure that the veterinary profession is actions. Although recognising that neither sen- tively involved in the development of official timent nor economic factors can be entirely animal welfare policies. divorced from welfare, they should never be Whilst recognising that human welfare in paramount in its consideration. many cases requires dominance over ani- In Europe, the Danish Veterinary Association mals, the British Veterinary Association (DVA) has as an objective in its constitution to (BVA) believes that this should be exercised improve the welfare and well-being of animals. with responsibility and with due considera- It works nationally as well as internationally tion and compassion for the animals con- (within Europe) with animal welfare issues. cerned. The DVAis represented in the national commit- The BVA believes that the five freedoms (as tee which is a governmental body where gov- set out by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Coun- ernment and non-governmental organisations cil(2)) are essential to the welfare of any ani- (NGOs) meet to discuss national and inter- mal kept in captivity: national regulations on animal welfare to clarify 1. freedom from hunger or thirst or discuss the official Danish position. The DVA is represented in a permanent governmental re- 2. freedom from thermal or physical discom- view group with other NGO representatives as fort well as consumers and scientists. The task of the 3. freedom from pain, injury and disease group is to analyse various animal welfare issues and make statements on what is ethically 4. freedom from fear and distress acceptable and what is unacceptable in society. 5. freedom to indulge in normal behaviour The DVA is also represented in a small govern- patterns. mental advisory group which advises govern-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 24 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

ment on regulations needed for the introduc- • providing high quality medical care for tion of new species for farming purposes. The animals; and DVA is represented in the specialist group that • participating in educational efforts aimed supports the legal system in court cases on vio- at promoting the well-being of animals. lations of animal welfare regulations. In New Zealand, veterinarians are required to The DVAcalls stakeholders and specialists on a use their ‘knowledge and skills for the benefit regular basis to develop policies on animal of society through the enhancement of animal welfare. The most recent three papers written health and welfare, the relief of animal suffer- have involved the keeping of horses which will ing, the promotion of public health and the now lead to a Danish regulation; the legal posi- advancement of veterinary knowledge’. tion of the cat in society, which may lead to a regulation with mandatory identification of In New Zealand, the code of professional domestic cats to distinguish them from stray conduct (4) states that the role of veterinari- cats, and other protective measures for cats; ans in society is: and a review on keeping pigs leading to a num- • to prevent and relieve animal suffering; and ber of recommendations to improve farming, transport and slaughtering procedures. • to maintain and enhance the health, productivity and well-being of animals. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has a long-term concern for, and com- This is reinforced in the guiding principles of mitment to, the welfare, humane treatment and the code of professional conduct by ‘veterinar- care of animals. Consequently, the AVMA de- ians have a special duty towards animal wel- velops position statements for use by members fare and to alleviate animal suffering’. The first of the profession, and to provide information section of the code which is devoted to animal for the general public, that address the well- welfare, states that veterinarians ‘must pro- being of animals. Current scientific knowledge, mote a standard of care that ensures that the professional judgement, and ethical, philosoph- needs of animals are met by themselves and ical, and moral values inherent to the veterinary those in charge... of the care of the animals’. profession provide the basis for these positions. There are global differences in animal welfare Animal welfare is a human responsibility that practices that are based on cultural perspec- encompasses all aspects of animal well-being, tives and beliefs. The veterinary profession including proper housing, management, nu- must respect the different practices, but base trition, disease prevention and treatment, re- its recommendations and practices on the sci- sponsible care, humane handling, and when ence of animal welfare. Veterinarians must necessary, humane slaughter. promote animal welfare based on science. Veterinarians may observe cases of animal neglect or abuse. When these situations cannot be Society resolved through education, it is the responsi- Society has an expectation that a profession- bility of the veterinarian to report such cases al approach is applied to the management to the appropriate authorities. Disclosure may and maintenance of animal welfare. The vet- be necessary to protect the health and welfare erinary profession interprets this as its soci- of animals and people and in some States, etal obligation to meet this expressed need. there is legal protection for those veterinarians involved. The societal views on animal welfare are changing and there is an increasing awareness In their publication, The veterinary role in ani- of the values accorded animals. This has been mal welfare (1), the American Veterinary Medi- driven by two major developments: the rapid cal Association encourages all veterinarians urbanisation of the human population over to offer their time and special expertise to pro- the last half century coupled with increasing mote animal welfare. This may include: affluence. Urban populations are removed • playing a key role in the development of from animals used to provide feed for them. guidelines and standards that ensure proper They mostly do not understand how animals stewardship of animals; are kept and increasingly people do not un-

25 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

derstand how food is derived from animals. this decline — as well as markets developing Urban people keep companion animals that for higher-priced ‘welfare friendly’ products. tend to be treated more like members of the Examples include changes to improve the family, and this has led to the expectation that cages for laying hens, to banning tethering all animals are well treated. Furthermore, the and crating of pigs, and the measures taken increasing affluence of many urban popula- to improve transportation and the price pre- tions places increasing pressure on this. They miums for ‘free-range’ and organic livestock no longer need to pursue simply the cheapest products. possible food products but seek additional various ‘quality’ characteristics (including Veterinary expertise safety, origin and environmental provenance) of which animal welfare standards is one. Veterinarians have a long and very intense training that gives them an extensive range The intensification of animal production of expertise. The range of veterinary skills industries over the last 50 years in an effort includes: to meet the economies of scale required to feed the rapidly growing human population • anatomy and physiology; consequent on the developments in animal • behaviour; production technology and the competitive pressures to achieve lower production costs • nutrition; has seen spectacular improvements in ani- • health and illness, that is, what is normal mal health and production, but it has been and what is abnormal. accompanied in some cases by increasing challenges to the welfare of the farmed ani- This enables veterinarians to have an ex- mals. This has been very well expressed by tremely good understanding of what an ani- Professor John McInerney (3) from the Uni- mal needs, what it is being exposed to, how it versity of Exeter and the Farm Animal Wel- is reacting and what is required to return it to fare Council in England. He has described a good welfare state and be maintained at that the conflicts and choices between animal level. welfare and productivity from an economic When veterinarians enter their profession at perspective (Figure 1). These conflicts and graduation, they accept the challenge to look choices are encountered by veterinarians in after not only their clients’ interests. They their daily work. make the commitment to ensure that good animal welfare is achieved. Veterinarians From a personal perspective, each member of must recognise the conflicting pressures of society will view this in their own way (Figure global demand for food and the societal 2). Given their particular values and prefer- expectation that animals will be treated in an ences, each would choose a point somewhere acceptable manner in production. between ‘maximal’ welfare (B) which emphasises the animals’ interest and ‘minimal’ wel- The range of veterinary involvement in the fare (D) which is dominated by the human welfare of animals encompasses: economic interest. The ‘producer view’ is rep- • the use of animals for companionship, resented as closer to this latter point, but not work, production, teaching, research, recre- because livestock farmers have little concern ation and sport; for animal welfare. Rather, it is because there are no explicit financial rewards for high ani- • knowledge of the relevant animal welfare mal welfare. All the economic signals for com- legislation; mercial success (and survival) force a focus on • advising clients, employees, co-workers achieving high animal productivity. and any other people that they come into The declines in animal welfare standards contact with; have now been recognised (especially in sec- • procedures involving animals; tors such as intensive pig and poultry pro- • handling animals; duction) and there are active lobbying and legislation programmes that are redressing • wild and domestic animal management;

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 26 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

• emergencies; for the benefit of animal welfare and society. The demographics and demands of the hu- • clinical and hospital services; man population over the last 50 years and the • animal slaughter plants and processing foreseeable future are placing a major focus on industries; animal welfare for people around the world. • live animal transport; Veterinarians have an obligation to address animal welfare issues to meet the societal ex- • regulatory services; pectation being expressed most forcefully by • active involvement in animal welfare or- the increasingly affluent urban population. ganisations such as the World Society for The challenge for all veterinarians is to ac- the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and the tively participate and contribute to the ad- Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to An- vancement of animal welfare for all animals imals (SPCA) in a number of countries. on this planet. So how do we as veterinarians maximise both animal welfare and productivity to sat- Acknowledgements isfy the societal demand for good animal welfare and the global demand for food? I acknowledge my colleagues around the world, in particular Dr Lars Holsaae (DVA), We work on behalf of both constituencies in Helena Cotton (BVA), Dr Arthur Tennyson the area of farming production animals and (AVMA), Dr Gail Golab (AVMA) and in partic- yet in any one farming situation we also work ular, Professor John McInerney for his most rel- for a farmer who has an economic need to op- evant portrayal of the conflicts and choices erate a successful, commercially sustainable faced every day by veterinarians and for his business. This means that we must look at specific input into the preparation of this paper. strategies that will attempt to satisfy all the stakeholders. We need to increase overall production efficiency in the context of global de- References mand. We need to ensure that the animals are (1) American Veterinary Medical Association (2003). well looked after and that their welfare is not The veterinary role in animal welfare, 1931 N. compromised beyond an acceptable level. Meacham Rd., Suite 100, Schaumburg, IL. 60173, We should be trying to improve animal wel- United States of America. fare whenever we can. We should be helping (2) Webster, A. J. F. (2001). ‘Farm animal welfare: the farmer stay in business to meet not just the five freedoms and the free market’. The the demands for his or her personal need to Veterinary Journal, 161, pp. 229–237. make a living, but to also meet the overall (3) McInerney J. P. (2002). ‘Livestock improve- demand for animal products from that area ment corporation lecture — Animal welfare: of land or water. ethics, economics and productivity’. Proceed- This requires the veterinarian to take a bal- ings of the New Zealand society of animal production, 62, pp. 340–347. anced view of all the needs to be met and advise the farmer accordingly. Remember (4) Veterinary Council of New Zealand (2003). that the veterinarian has an obligation to Handbook, code of professional conduct and annu- maintain and where needed, improve animal al report 2002. ISSN 1174-202X, Bateson Pub- welfare. This may require veterinarians to lishing Limited, Wellington, New Zealand. introduce and/or supervise new technolo- gies. The graphs (Figures 3 to 5) from McIn- erney demonstrate this challenge.

Conclusion Veterinarians belong to the only profession that has a holistic animal welfare expertise because of their extensive education. Their professional ethics oblige veterinarians to work

27 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Figure 1: ‘Desired’ or ‘appropriate’ welfare (point E): Conflicts and choices between animal welfare This is human-centred (i.e. determined by human pref- and productivity erences). Some trade-offs are made between animal welfare and .B meeting human interests. Costs to the animals occur because: • we initiate and manage their lives; ? • we subject them to things they would not choose; . .E and, A • in most cases, we kill them when it suits us. Husbandry conditions leave us feeling broadly comfortable with how animals are treated. They correspond to an overall image of the desired or W appropriate welfare standard acceptable in our society. min .D [‘cruelty’] . Represents the economic optimum position defined in C its widest sense. ‘Minimal’ welfare (point D): livestock productivity This is human-centred. (human benefit) Major trade-offs are made between animal welfare and human interests. The husbandry conditions are at the lower limit that is ‘Natural’ welfare (point A): socially acceptable — below it the animals are regard- Animal-centred. ed as being subject to cruelty. Presumably what the animal itself would choose. This is the boundary beyond which the exploitation of Animal free to act as its natural instincts dictate — feed- animals would be regarded universally in society as ing pattern, social grouping, mating behaviour, rearing being unacceptable. young, establishing and maintaining territory, aggres- The concept of minimal welfare is practically the most sion and imposing social dominance, and the like. amenable to definition and specification — its stan- Clearly inconsistent with domestication and commer- dards are embodied in much formal legislation and cial production. related legal instruments designed to safeguard animal ‘Maximal’ welfare (point B): welfare. Animal-centred. Welfare breakdown (point C): The best conditions attainable are offered within the The animals’ production is extended to the extreme of (unnatural) environment of domestication. its biological capability. Apart from some restrictions on natural behaviour, the Pushing the animals beyond this point would cause best possible food, shelter, space, physical comfort, catastrophic breakdowns in health and productivity. health, safety, social interaction, etc. are provided. This leads ultimately to collapse of the livestock pro- Farm animals are treated as well as we would treat our duction system. children. Not a realistic benchmark for economic livestock production.

Figure 2: Figure 3: Personal values and preferences in the definition Improving welfare implies some reduction in of ‘appropriate’ welfare productivity

‘liberal’ view .B . . ‘producer’ Different individuals view G would choose different . h A. . positions depending on ‘welfare improvement’ their personal values and . preferences w .F W . min .D [‘cruelty’] . .C productivity loss

l p livestock productivity (human benefit) livestock productivity

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 28 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Figure 4: New technology can improve welfare with no Figure 5: loss in productivity Improving both welfare and productivity

increased welfare with potential increase in both no loss in productivity . welfare and productivity .

livestock productivity livestock productivity

29 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Résumé Le rôle des vétérinaires dans le bien-être animal — Une perspective mondiale

J. D. Edwards World Veterinary Association, Rosenlunds Allé 8, DK-2720 Vanlose; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: médecin vétérinaire, éthique, five freedoms, devoir, perspective économique

La profession vétérinaire s’attache à protéger santé et de productions animales, mais elle le bien-être animal. Le respect d’un code de s’est toutefois accompagnée dans certains cas comportement éthique qui souligne leur d’une dégradation des normes en matière de adhésion à cette cause est une constante bien-être animal. Les vétérinaires sont confron- dans la vie professionnelle des vétérinaires. tés quotidiennement à l’antagonisme et au choix entre bien-être animal et productivité. La société estime qu’il faudrait que l’organisation et le maintien du bien-être animal Les vétérinaires doivent rechercher des stra- relèvent d’une approche professionnelle. La tégies susceptibles de satisfaire toutes les profession vétérinaire considère donc que parties prenantes. Nous devons augmenter répondre à ce besoin exprimé s’inscrit parmi la production globale dans le contexte de la ses obligations envers la société. demande mondiale. Nous devons veiller à ce que l’on prenne soin des animaux et à ce que Ces cinquante dernières années, l’intensifica- l’atteinte à leur bien-être ne dépasse pas un tion des systèmes industriels de production niveau acceptable. animale, s’efforçant de répondre aux besoins d’économies tarifaires permettant de satisfaire Tous les vétérinaires sont mis au défi de par- les besoins alimentaires d’une population hu- ticiper activement et de contribuer à l’amé- maine en augmentation rapide, a vu des pro- lioration du bien-être de tous les animaux de grès considérables s’accomplir en matière de la planète.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 30 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Resumen El papel del veterinario en el bienestar animal: perspectiva global

J. D. Edwards World Veterinary Association, Rosenlunds Allé 8, DK-2720 Vanløse; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: veterinario, ética, five freedoms, obligación, perspectiva económica

La profesión veterinaria está dedicada al bie- casos se ha acompañado de un declive en las nestar de los animales. En su ejercicio profe- normas de bienestar animal. Los veterinarios sional, los veterinarios trabajan según un hacen frente a conflictos y elecciones entre código de conducta ética que resalta de su bienestar animal y productividad en su labor compromiso con el bienestar animal. diaria. La sociedad espera que se aplique un enfoque Así pues, a los veterinarios nos corresponde profesional a la gestión y mantenimiento del buscar estrategias con miras a satisfacer a bienestar animal. Para la profesión veterina- todas las partes interesadas. Necesitamos ria, esto se traduce como una obligación social mejorar la producción general en el marco de para satisfacer esta necesidad manifestada. la demanda mundial. Necesitamos garantizar que los animales reciban un cuidado ade- La intensificación en los sectores de produc- cuado y que su bienestar no se vea compro- ción animal durante los últimos cincuenta metido más allá de un nivel aceptable. años, en un esfuerzo por lograr las econo- mías de escala requeridas para alimentar a la El reto que se impone a todos los veterina- población humana en rápido crecimiento, ha rios es participar de manera activa y contri- asistido a mejoras espectaculares en la sani- buir al avance del bienestar de todos los ani- dad y producción animales, pero en algunos males en este planeta.

31 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Abstract The role of the veterinarian in animal welfare — A global perspective

J. D. Edwards World Veterinary Association, Rosenlunds Allé 8, DK-2720 Vanlose; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: veterinarian, ethics, five freedoms, societal expectation, obligation, economic perspective

The veterinary profession is dedicated to been accompanied in some cases by a animal welfare. Veterinarians spend their decline in animal welfare standards. The professional lives working under a code of conflicts and choices between animal welfare ethical behaviour that emphasises their com- and productivity are encountered by veter- mitment to animal welfare. inarians in their daily work. Society expects that a professional approach Veterinarians must look at strategies that be taken to the management and mainte- will attempt to satisfy all the stakeholders. nance of animal welfare; the veterinary pro- We need to increase overall production in fession considers that it has an obligation to the context of global demand. We need to society to meet this expectation. ensure that the animals are well looked after and that their welfare is not compromised The intensification of animal production beyond an acceptable level. industries over the last 50 years (in an effort to meet the economies of scale required to The challenge for all veterinarians is to feed the rapidly growing human popula- actively participate and contribute to the tion), has seen spectacular improvements in advancement of animal welfare for all ani- animal health and production, but it has mals on this planet.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 32 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum

L. R. Estol Carrera de Veterinaria, University of Salvador (USAL), Campus ‘Nuestra Señora del Pilar’, B1630AHU, C.C. 198, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary This document describes the background to animal welfare teaching in Argentina, reviewing the history of this new discipline being taught in some veterinary schools and faculties, which has emerged as a cross-cutting discipline with a multidisciplinary syllabus. Keywords: animal welfare, curriculum, teaching, faculties of veterinary medicine

The concept of animal welfare was born in fessional skills of students, the professors the 1980s at a workshop held in England were notified that they must comply with which brought together possibly the only the following: spokespersons on the subject at the time (1) (a) the World Veterinary Association’s ani- One of the questions to emerge even then, mal welfare and ethology policies; posed by Professor Wood-Gush, (School of (b) the Spanish version of the Canadian Agriculture of Edinburgh University, United Council on Animal Care’s ‘Guide to the Kingdom), has still not been answered: Where care and use of experimental animals’ (2); should animal welfare go in the veterinary curriculum? Should it be linked with the other (c) the Universal Declaration for the Welfare subjects or should it be taught separately? of Animals by the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) (3); The first ever unit in academe to be created specifically for teaching and researching into (d) national legislation on animal protec- animal welfare was the Colleen Macleod tion (4). Animal Welfare Chair in the Department of This subject or syllabus was designed as a Clinical Veterinary Medicine of the Universi- tool to help students to acquire attitudes and ty of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in develop skills by understanding their ethical 1986, held by Professor Donald ‘Don’ Broom. responsibility towards animals other than The syllabus for the creation of a veterinary humans. This allows knowledge to create science degree course at Argentina’s Univer- these attitudes and skills. The main aim of sity of Salvador (USAL) was presented and this knowledge is to make students: approved in 1993. At that time it was the first 1. appreciate the moral value of animals; veterinary school, not only in the country but also on the continent, to make animal welfare 2. acknowledge that animals have the capa- a compulsory subject, and currently it is sub- city to suffer and feel pain; ject to the same requirements for obtaining 3. understand that we have an obligation to the degree as any of the other 36 subjects in determine or recognise this pain, in order the veterinary science syllabus. In general, to alleviate or remove it. teaching at USAL is divided into two four- month periods. Animal welfare is taught dur- Animal welfare should not be taught by ing the first period (in 2004, from 19 March to focusing on a particular species or discipline, 25 June) at a rate of one 4-hour class a week for which is why the following three basic 15 weeks, making a total of 60 hours. premises must be borne in mind. To ensure that all professors apply the con- 1. Some animal welfare aspects are common cept of animal welfare so as to build the pro- to all species (pain).

33 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

2. Some aspects, developed in one species Council of Deans of Veterinary Science (1) (cattle) or breeding type (laboratory ani- teaching must include at least the following mal), can be applied to other species or aspects: systems (euthanasia). ‘To train students scientifically and technically 3. The knowledge contributed to animal to enable them to understand and resolve welfare by the various disciplines (such as problems relating to the health, welfare and physiology, pathology or medicine) cros- production of land and aquatic animals; pub- ses the dividing line between species lic health; food protection, quality and tech- (medicine of small animals, large animals, nology and environmental protection.’ (6) laboratory animals and so forth). In this context, and analysing the core subjects Historically, part of the objection many in each of the thematic areas (basic sciences, teaching institutions have to incorporating higher education and general education), the animal welfare as a specific subject has been Council of Deans proposes that the subject of based on the hypothesis that animal welfare, animal welfare should come under the head- like ethics, is a conceptual part of all subjects, ing of general education, along with deontol- making it unnecessary to distinguish it as a ogy, forensic medicine, legislation, technical separate subject. English and rural and urban sociology. These subjects, as a whole, would account for be- This is not the case, as pointed out by the tween 5 and 10 % of a proposed minimum to- World Veterinary Association in its policies tal of 3 600 teaching hours. on animal welfare and ethology, which state the following: It is interesting to note that the abovementioned document, which demonstrates how little is known about animal welfare when ‘C. Animal welfare one analyses the course content of each of in veterinary education. the subjects, includes animal welfare as a In order to establish an informed position on subheading of sociology, without giving any animal welfare, appropriate to the veterinary description of a core syllabus. professions, it is considered essential to have ‘Rural and urban sociology: general sociol- this subject dealt with in undergraduate edu- ogy. Its contribution to the profession. cation. Changes in Argentina’s rural environment. For this purpose the following principles Social structure. Groups. Family. Special should be adopted. types of sociology: Latin American, Argentine and rural. Colonisation in Argentina. Urban (a) The subject of animal welfare should be and rural society. Animal welfare’ (7). incorporated as a discipline in its own Although this document is incomplete by right within the veterinary curriculum. any standards, it does nevertheless represent (b) The overall scientific discipline of animal a step forward out of the historical ignorance welfare should incorporate applied as- most universities have of the subject, at least pects of ethology, bioethics and the con- in Argentina. cepts of suffering and well-being. It is very important to heed the views of (c) The subject should be given at the preclin- PANVET, the Pan-American Veterinary Sci- ical level of veterinary education, al- ence Association, as expressed by its then though it is recognised that it must have President, Francisco Trigo Tavera: extensions into the clinical level’ (5). ‘Panvet has coordinated and spearheaded In Argentina, animal welfare has recently veterinary medicine on the continent for been included in a proposal on the profile more than 50 years, in addition to organising defining the future teaching of veterinary sci- the biannual veterinary sciences congresses. ence. In the opinion of Argentina’s National Panvet’s mission is to serve the continent’s

(1) This council includes all Argentina’s State-run universities but excludes all its private universities, such as the University of Sal- vador (USAL), even for analysing academic issues.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 34 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

veterinary profession by promoting its rights (b) the ability to observe states of health and and setting out its obligations and quality illness in these animals and to diagnose standards. It promotes the development of these states; veterinary sciences in the areas of human (c) the ability to communicate with those and animal health, animal welfare and ani- responsible for caring and treating animal production and productivity’ (8). mals, or with colleagues via scientific In seeking to set out veterinary quality stan- reports. dards, it promotes the development of ani- Attitudes should be moulded on the job. mal welfare, on an equal standing with pro- These attitudes must be learned and not pas- duction and productivity. sively acquired, and it is the responsibility of In the European Union, the FVE (Federation every professor (all of whom should be of Veterinarians of Europe) and the EAEVE imbued with the concept of animal welfare) (European Association of Establishments for to influence the students’ entire career, to Veterinary Education) have started to study enable them to think properly and to adopt the teaching of key subjects such as the well- the correct attitude (12). being of livestock during transport, and the Animal welfare is specifically mentioned in interaction between these animals and the the following. environment, in order to meet the requirements of international trade, modern tech- • Knowledge of the doctor of veterinary nology and European Union policy (4). medicine (knowledge of the processes of medico-surgical care). To apply funda- We must consider these aspects in relation to mental knowledge of medicine, surgery professional accreditation, which is under- and scientific methodology to diagnose stood to mean the recognition of an individ- and treat diseases in animal species useful ual’s level of knowledge and skills for prac- to man: tising his or her profession. This is an issue that has preoccupied society for thousands ■ promotion of animal welfare. of years, starting in Babylonia in 2100 BC (in • Skills and expertise of the doctor of veteri- accordance with King Hammurabi’s Laws, a nary medicine (to possess intellectual skills ‘veterinarian’ was fined in the first ever and expertise to identify, resolve and pre- recorded case of punishment for malprac- vent problems relating to the health of ani- tice) and in the Kahun papyrus in 1900 mal species useful to man, based on assess- BC (10). ing situations and taking decisions):

The ‘Standard profile for accrediting a pan- ■ skills and expertise in the process of American veterinarian’ (11) was drawn up to medico-surgical care; establish the precise framework for the ■ ability to resolve behavioural problems accreditation of the veterinary profession in in order to promote animal welfare. Latin America. This profile specifies the knowledge, skills, expertise, values and atti- • Values and attitudes of the doctor of veteri- tudes to be used as the reference framework nary medicine (to possess ethical principles for the evaluation process. and to display attitudes that contribute to the welfare of society and of animals in or- According to this profile, knowledge is der to meet professional objectives): understood to mean: ■ Values: (a) the ability to seek information; ◆ respect for life, health and death, un- (b) the recognition of the existence of a prob- der all circumstances, and recognition lem; of an animal’s capacity to feel pain; (c) the ability to resolve that problem. ■ Attitudes: Skills are understood to mean: ◆ commitment to contributing to ani- (a) the ability to handle different species of mal and human welfare in carrying animal; out their professional activities;

35 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

◆ equanimity in accepting the pain and from the Department of Ethology, Wildlife distress that diseases produce in pa- and Laboratory Animals, also in the tients and their owners; UNAM’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. ◆ patience to treat animals with understanding; Six universities in Colombia have expressed their interest in animal welfare as a possible ◆ empathy: sensitivity to pain and dis- subject. They include the University of San tress. Martín (leading professor in the country: Dr It is striking to note that this knowledge, and Néstor Calderón), the UDCA, the National these abilities, skills, values and attitudes fail University, the University of Tolima, the Uni- to make specific mention of ethical education. versity of Los Llanos, and the Cooperative So, taking as an example the entire syllabus University of Colombia (Prof. Dr Héctor of the University of Salvador, it is my opin- Aníbal Delgado). ion that the subjects of philosophy and ethics Furthermore, the same desire to develop ani- should be made just as compulsory for a vet- mal welfare has been expressed by the erinarian as anatomy or surgery. If we con- National University of Chile, the National sider the clinical aspect of animal welfare, it University of Quito in Ecuador, Peru’s Alas is the physiological, behavioural or immune Peruanas University and its Mayor de San response indicators that enable me to ascer- Marcos University, as well as Paraguay’s tain an animal’s state of well-being. How- National University Asunción (14). ever, it is the ethical and moral aspect, which In Brazil, the expert primatologist, Professor should include religious, cultural and socio- Milton Thiago de Mello, founded the first logical considerations, which will enable us national chair of animal welfare in Brasilia in to take a decision, often based on clinical 1999. observations, on how to handle the animal. Thanks to the efforts of the WSPA, animal It is important to develop a teaching system welfare is currently taught at Castelo Branco based on conceptual thinking. Many profes- University in Rio de Janeiro, as part of ‘Envi- sors erroneously tend to emphasise individ- ronmental planning and sustainable develop- ual aspects and few seek to promote those ment; at Estácio de Sá University in Rio de concepts which, in the field of animal wel- Janeiro, as a compulsory subject in ‘Ethology fare, can serve as ‘bridges’ between the dif- and animal welfare’; at André Arcoverde ferent fields of biological science. The teach- Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, as part of ‘Deon- er’s role is to help students to acquire atti- tology and ethics’; at the Faculty of Agro- tudes, to develop abilities based on their Environmental Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Chair knowledge about animals and on moral val- of ‘Alternative animal science’ (optional disci- ues and the capacity to suffer, and a profes- pline); at Plínio Leite University in Rio de sional obligation to determine the existence Janeiro, as part of ‘Ecology’ (compulsory dis- of pain and to alleviate it. cipline); Fluminense Federal University in Rio Let us take a look at a few institutions de Janeiro, offers two lectures as part of the responsible for researching or teaching ani- subject of ‘Ethics’; at the Grande Rio Universi- mal welfare in Latin America, North Amer- ty (Unigranrio) in Rio de Janeiro on ‘Animal ica, the Asia-Pacific region and Europe. welfare’ (compulsory discipline); at the Feder- The first animal welfare chair (13) in Latin al University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, MG, America was at the UNAM (National three chairs: ‘Animal welfare’, ‘Ethology of Autonomous University of Mexico) in Mexi- domestic animals’ and ‘Deviant behaviour in co in 1993 (originally a chair of ethology in domesticated species’ (optional disciplines); at Nilton Lins University, Manaus, ‘Animal wel- the then Postgraduate Studies and Research fare’ (compulsory discipline). Division and only recently given over to animal welfare). It is held by Professor Alina In the near future, the Paranaense University Suleimán de Aluja, who still teaches today, (UNIPAR) in Paraná will teach ‘Bioclimatol- along with Dr Francisco Galindo Maldonado ogy and animal welfare’; the Unified Facul-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 36 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

ties of ‘Serra dos Órgãos’, Teresópolis, Rio de Tufts University in the USA established the Janeiro, ‘Animal behaviour and welfare’ Centre for Animals and Public Policy in (optional discipline); the University of Santa 1983. It was decided that subjects associated Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, ‘Animal welfare’. with ethics and values (teaching the differ- In a development with major implications ence between ‘facts’ and ‘values’) would be for the future, Brazil’s Federal Council of one of the five areas to which the School of Veterinary Medicine, in Resolution 756 of Veterinary Medicine would devote more of November 2003, places ‘Behaviour and ani- its limited resources than to other areas, mal welfare’ under the heading of ‘Registra- since the way in which we fulfil our obligation of specialities’. For Brazil’s immediate tions towards animals is set to be one of the future, this points to a growing interest by most important issues in the new decade students and graduates in specialisation (the 1980s) (20). At present Tufts is teaching courses (15). the Masters of Science in Animals and Public Policy. In Costa Rica, Dr Juan Carlos Murillo is responsible for the animal welfare course in The School of Veterinary Medicine of the Veritas University’s San Francisco de Asís University of California in Davis, USA, has a School of Veterinary Medicine. It is an Centre for Animal Alternatives (21). optional course that includes three seminars, As a result of a joint effort between the Col- with the animal welfare seminar being com- lege of Agriculture, the College of Home Eco- pulsory. nomics, the College of Veterinary Medicine The National University of Costa Rica is con- and the Department of Animal Sciences, sidering the idea of explicitly incorporating Washington State University’s Centre for the animal welfare into the core curriculum of Study of Animal Well-being was created in the degree course in veterinary medicine. 1993. Its objective is to produce and distribute The adapted version endorsed by Drs Jorge the best possible information on human-con- Eduardo Quirós Arce and Magaly Caballero trolled factors relevant for improving animal proposes that all the subjects taught in the care and use. Dr Ruth Newberry heads the new syllabus should contain animal welfare centre. The Department of Animal Sciences components (16). delivers courses on the rights and welfare of While not a compulsory subject, animal wel- animals, in cooperation with the Department fare is taught in courses and institutes in a of Philosophy. Thanks to the subsequent number of North American universities. work of Dean Emeritus Leo Bustad, Washing- ton State University has pioneered the devel- The School of Veterinary Medicine of Purdue opment of the human–animal bond concept University in the USA has a Center for throughout the world, and the way in which Applied Ethology and Human/Animal this interaction enriches the lives of both (22). Interaction, created and headed since 1982 Leo Bustad clearly expressed this concept by Professor Alan M. Beck (17). The under- when he said that a veterinarian’s success graduate interdisciplinary curriculum on both in their professional career and personal animal welfare and societal concerns has life will, in great measure, depend on their un- been taught at Purdue since 1992. The cour- derstanding of the human–animal bond in all ses on offer concern ethics and animals, its aspects and on how they integrate this phi- applied animal welfare, laboratory animal losophy into their daily lives (23). welfare, seminars on animal welfare and the human/animal interaction, animal and Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, human welfare (18), special subjects and has an Institute for Animal Welfare, estab- research projects in animal welfare, ethology lished in 1997, which is headed by Dr and applied animal welfare, field experi- Katherine Houpt, Professor of Physiology ments, financed from funds from the higher from the Department of Biomedical Sciences education challenge grants programme of of the College of Veterinary Medicine and the US Department of Agriculture’s Cooper- John Parks, Professor of Reproductive Physi- ative State Research, Education and Exten- ology from the Animal Science Department sion Service (19). of the College of Agriculture and Life Sci-

37 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

ences. This Institute is one of the first in the for ascertaining an animal’s state of well- USA to offer animal welfare research grants. being. The aim was to find out how animals behave to adverse stimuli and in favourable Michigan State University in the USA runs and unfavourable environments. Through the Animal Behaviour and Welfare Group, this work, they succeeded in establishing sci- headed by Associate Professor Dr Adroaldo entific indicators of stress, well-being and Zanella from Brazil, who is a disciple of Don suffering that can be used for all types of ani- Broom (24). In addition to the group’s mal and their work has influenced the devel- research work, the Animal Welfare Interac- opment of legislation and codes in a number tive Digital Library has been developed. of countries (28). The US National Institute of Health, via its At Bristol University in the United Kingdom, Office for Protection from Research Risks the story started a little after the Brambell Re- (NIH/OPRR), holds animal welfare educa- port was presented in 1965, with the creation tion workshops (25). of an animal behaviour ‘post’ that was also re- Atlantic Veterinary College in Canada’s Uni- sponsible for teaching animal welfare. This versity of Prince Edward Island has the Sir took the following form: lectures in each James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre (26). course (five hours in the first year, basically The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the under the Professor of Philosophy; 18 hours University of British Columbia in Canada (27) in the third year on behavioural subjects, with has an animal welfare programme in its De- visits to farms; four lectures in the fourth year partment of Animal Sciences, headed by Dr plus three hours of seminars) (29). Jim Thompson, Dr David Fraser and Dr Dan Bristol University also teaches the Certificate Weary. The course, taught by the latter two in Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law. professors, deals with ‘Animal welfare and Animal welfare is a complete subject within the ethics of animal use’. Bristol University’s Master’s in Animal Sci- In Europe, the historical animal welfare lead- ence and Production. Today, the team of er has always been the United Kingdom’s researchers and lecturers in the Department University of Cambridge, which was the first of Clinical Veterinary Science of the Division university in the world to open an animal of Animal Health and Husbandry offers welfare chair. It is a source of pride for the courses on animal welfare training. These university, and the chair is internationally top-quality courses are taught in a number recognised for its leadership in animal wel- of countries throughout the world, to which fare research and its influence. Originally, it the teaching staff are transferred for a few rose to prominence in the field because of days, and are mostly aimed at the personnel the books published between 1979 and 1980 of firms processing foods of animal origin, at on Dr David Sainsbury’s work on handling veterinary inspectors from State institutions, farm animals as a way of preventing dis- at veterinary students, etc. Basically it teach- eases. One of Dr Sainsbury’s goals was to es subjects of animal welfare and assess- improve animal welfare in farms and to rem- ment, inspection, transport, stunning and edy the inadequate housing conditions slaughter in plants processing red and white which, coupled with poor animal welfare, meat. Steve Wotton, Paul Whittington and increased the risk of disease. Lindsay Wilkins are on the teaching staff (30). Then, as already mentioned, the Colleen From 1986, the former Federal Republic of Macleod chair was created in 1986 and, Germany offered a course on animal welfare between then and now, she has been joined and behaviour sciences (for pets and farm by Professor Donald ‘Don’ Broom. In those animals) (31). days, the study of animal welfare was not The Institute of Animal Hygiene and Welfare considered in academic circles as a scientific in the School of Veterinary Medicine in West- discipline, which is why the main objective falenhof, Hanover, Germany, is mainly that was set (and which gave the group its responsible for teaching (animal welfare and prestige and continues to do so) was to behaviour), research and counselling, pro- develop and refine techniques and methods moting an animal protection system based

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 38 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

on scientific fact, contributing to the future cipline. After more than 100 years of teach- development of sustainable livestock pro- ing, professors of anatomy, physiology, duction and integrating aspects of human surgery or any other subject today have a lot and animal welfare, ecology and consumer of issues in common in teaching their sub- demand on an economic basis (32). jects. In the field of animal welfare there are doubts about what subjects should be In 1990, the Estonian Academic Society for An- included, how they should be taught, what imal Welfare was created in the Faculty of Vet- should be the core subjects and what sub- erinary Medicine of Tartu University in Esto- jects can remain optional. I had the same nia, with Helgi Aart as its first President (33). doubts when I started my study. I had no The Estonian Agricultural University teaches model to follow, since, according to my veterinary ethics, discusses animal welfare is- information, no faculty anywhere in the sues and participates in committees on the use world taught it as a compulsory subject. of experimental animals both in the agricultural sphere and in the faculty of medicine. Today, the WSPA (World Society for the Pro- tection of Animals (38)), an international ani- In Spain, the Animal Production Department mal protection organisation working in more of Madrid’s Complutense University is than 120 countries, has a worldwide network developing a Master’s in Veterinary Clinical of more than 440 member societies. The Ethology and Animal Behaviour for veteri- WSPA advises the United Nations, the Euro- nary graduates (34). pean Social Council, works jointly with the The Animal Welfare Centre of the Utrecht Uni- WHO (World Health Organisation) and the versity in the Netherlands was founded Federation of European Companion Animal through the joint efforts of the Faculties of Vet- Veterinary Associations. It has dealings with erinary Medicine, Biology, Medicine and the the veterinary profession and, since 2000, has Centre for Bioethics and Health Law. Its director offered them its ‘Concepts in animal welfare’ is neurobiologist, Professor Berry Spruijt (35). syllabus, designed to assist in teaching animal Australia’s Animal Welfare Centre was estab- welfare in veterinary schools and faculties. lished by pooling the resources of the Universi- This teaching aid consists of a CD-ROM, ties of Melbourne and Monash with the Depart- developed by a team of professors from the ment of Primary Industries. The centre pro- veterinary school of Bristol University in the vides the local and international farming and United Kingdom (39). I analysed the syl- academic community with information on ani- labus in January 2003, jointly with Dr Deep- mal welfare research, teaching and training (36). ashree Balaram, Dr Néstor Calderón and Dr New Zealand’s Massey University (37) has Juan Carlos Murillo from the WSPA, under established its Animal Welfare Science and the coordination of John Callaghan, WSPA’s Bioethics Centre, headed by Professor D. J. Education and Training Director. At present Mellor. (January 2004) its Spanish and Portuguese versions are under final revision. This list of prestigious universities is most likely incomplete and some worthy examples The main objective of ‘Concepts in animal may well have been omitted, for which I apol- welfare’ is to introduce this subject into vet- ogise. This does not claim to be an exhaustive erinary schools and faculties in developing report, but rather a general overview of ani- countries (40). mal welfare education provision around the The syllabus has the following key objectives world in early 2004. Basically, it is confined for veterinary students: mainly to research institutes, with limited undergraduate teaching provisions. (a) to develop an understanding of animal welfare relevant to an animal’s physiological and psychological well-being; Proposed teaching aid (b) to recognise welfare, ethical and legal While the teacher’s academic liberty is an implications and to be able to apply criti- ineluctable principle of a professorship, we cal analysis from each perspective, for cannot escape the fact that this is a new dis- different species in different situations;

39 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

(c) to stimulate focused critical thinking on al or a luxury, and something that welfare issues, which can be developed engages the responsibility of human throughout the course and throughout beings (42)). the individual’s professional career. The teaching modules are as follows (the To this end, it proposes the following WSPA considers the modules in italics to be methodology: compulsory, whilst those which I personally (a) to provide theoretical tuition/teaching consider to be very important are marked resources on basic animal welfare princi- with an #). ples (I recommend tuition); 1. Introduction to animal welfare (b) to illustrate with practical examples and 2. Assessing welfare and the five freedoms case studies animal welfare concepts, ethical considerations, legal implications 3. Physiological indicators of animal wel- and cultural realities. fare# In each teaching module on the CD-ROM 4. Immune response and production there is a Power Point presentation with indicators explanatory notes for each of the learning 5. Behavioural indicators objectives, a Word document of suggested 6. Group assessment and welfare admin- class discussions (intra-curricular), one of istration suggested short questions with answers, and another Word document of projects to be car- 7. Human–animal interactions ried out by students outside class (extra- 8. Introduction to animal welfare ethics curricular) (41). 9. Interaction with other ethical issues Special attention is paid to the following subjects. 10. Role of the veterinarian and the veterinary profession 1. Ethics and philosophy relating to animal health and welfare 11. Humane education 2. Major animal welfare subjects: 12. Protection organisations# (a) Exploitation 13. Legislation for protecting animals, how to secure compliance with it and how to (b) Use apply political pressure (c) Control 14. International legislation (d) Well-being 15. Commercial exploitation of wildlife (e) Rights 16. Influence of animal welfare on markets (f) Liberation 17. Farm animals and how to establish 3. Ethical standpoint of animal protection- animal welfare conditions ists 18. Transport of farm animals and live- 4. Philosophical animal welfare standpoints stock markets# 5. Assessing animal welfare: the ‘five free- 19. Slaughter of animals reared for food doms’ (this has been translated into Span- ish as ‘cinco necesidades’ (literally the 20. Working and draught animals ‘five necessities’), since a literal transla- 21. Animals used in entertainment tion of the English ‘freedoms’ would fail to convey the right meaning. As discussed 22. Laboratory animals at the World Veterinary Association, an 23. Companion animals animal does not in fact have the freedom 24. Population control measures for com- to choose between options. Calling them panion animals# ‘necessities’ in Spanish conveys the idea of something that is essential, not option- 25. Euthanasia#

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 40 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

26. Handling wild animals In universities where the subject of animal 27. Animals and religion welfare is still not in the syllabus, the academic board (or similar analysis body) will 28. Animals in war and natural disasters be able to ascertain which members of the In the view of the officers of the World Small teaching staff are motivated to develop the Animal Veterinary Association (43) and the subject. The key issue, which is very often Federation of European Companion Animal ignored, is to make certain that the person Veterinary Associations (44), ‘any initiative who teaches this speciality is committed to to introduce the study of these issues into animal welfare and has the desire to foster the curriculum of veterinary schools should the same commitment in his or her students. be encouraged.’ This syllabus promotes activities (work- Personally, I consider the syllabus to be a shops, discussions, learning through prob- valuable tool for getting schools and facul- lem-solving) that oblige students to think, to ties of veterinary medicine the world over to develop critical thinking and debate, to inte- comply with the World Veterinary Associa- grate a number of resources — both person- tion’s declared policies. Since animal welfare al and from the educational environment is a cornerstone in training the modern vet- (information networks). The syllabus also erinarian, I unreservedly support the use of enhances the knowledge and know-how of this syllabus. students and fosters their decision-making, communication, creative and team-working The issue of deciding who will teach the sub- skills. ject of animal welfare is important and is one that has always preoccupied decision- A serious drawback in Spanish-speaking makers (45). While the personal qualities of countries is the lack of books and reference interested or available candidates for the job material in Spanish. To remedy this, as a is a key consideration, adaptability is per- method of training University of Salvador haps even more important than their aca- students in the skills for assessing and com- demic background in a particular field. It is piling relevant information and expressing it essential for candidates to be fully commit- technically, it is compulsory for every stu- ted to animal welfare, since animal welfare dent to prepare a project on a subject of their teachers will be unable to teach something own choosing. This project, which must not they do not believe in. duplicate previous work, is to be kept in the The teacher will need to recognise that ani- library for reference, in addition to being mal welfare is no longer just an idea, that it available as a Word document. does not belong to anybody, that he or she can This difficulty in obtaining information led be that someone who will put it into practice to a proposal to create an Academic Centre brilliantly. The animal welfare teacher will of Reference on Animal Welfare in the Uni- need to see it as an opportunity that, with versity of Salvador on 26 December 2003. effort, will allow him or her to regain a cer- This would be the first centre to compile tain professional mystique, so that they can information on animal welfare (videos, help young people — their students — in books, offprints, etc.) and so to promote this their turn to dream and to create their own discipline among the community, all profes- mystique. sionals in any way associated with the use of We are living in an era of change in the gen- animals and students of those disciplines, as der ratio of students and teachers. What was a means of disseminating these aspects once a predominantly male career is now throughout the community, as a genuine becoming the reverse. The high intake of extension activity. women into the veterinary profession has done much to foster the development of the Conclusions animal welfare issue, since, historically, men have had to evolve in a ‘tough guy’ atmos- Aesculapius is the name that the Romans phere with little opportunity for developing gave to Asclepius, the mythical Greek god of welfare (46). medicine, son of Apollo and father of Hygea

41 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

(goddess of health, who gave her name to you will be alone among the human beasts the concept of ‘hygiene’) and of Panacea. In and animals, your heart is stoic enough to addition to his famous father, Aesculapius’ be satisfied with doing your duty without mentor and adoptive father was Chiron. Chi- delusions; if you consider it payment ron, a god in the form of a centaur, is the le- enough to see the joyous smile of a mother gendary founder of the veterinary art. We to find that the animal that keeps her dear could say, then, that the veterinary arts have son company, carries her husband or that been intertwined in a relationship of fatherly she has produced on her estate no longer affection with the medical arts since the gods suffers; if it comforts you to lay to rest a dy- inhabited the peaks of Mount Olympus. I ing animal which your art has helped to a have made bold to freely adapt some of Aes- painless and tranquil death; if you yearn to culapius’ words of advice to his son and fathom the bond between human and ani- future doctor, as if they had been voiced to a mal so that you can understand the tragic future veterinarian. destiny of both, then, my son, go and become a veterinarian’. ‘So you want to be a veterinarian my son? This aspiration is borne of a generous D. O. Jones was probably thinking of veter- heart and a spirit avid for science. Do you inarians like those when he said in his lecture want men to take you for a god that alle- to the College of Veterinary Medicine of Ohio viates the ills of his beasts even though State University in the USA: ‘Every profession they cannot express them in their own consists of two parts: a science and an art. The language and frees both men and beasts trouble with medicine is that we’ve got too from terror, pain and death? many scientists and not enough artists’ (47). This is one of the reasons that society de- Have you given proper thought to what mands professionals trained in animal wel- sort of life you will lead? You will have to fare; who can handle objective and subjective renounce your privacy. Whereas, when aspects of pain and euthanasia in companion their work is over, most citizens can shut animals; who, in the case of animals for pro- themselves away from intruders, your duction, sport or entertainment, refuse to as- door will always remain open to all. At sociate themselves with situations of cruelty any hour of the day or night they will and abuse and who do not endorse, tolerate or come to disturb your rest, your pleasures permit cruel activities simply because they and your meditation, and you will have are age-old traditions. no time for your family, friends or studies, and no life of your own. I have witnessed veterinarians who abuse animals, who used banned drugs to kill ani- The poor, who are accustomed to their mals in the belief that this constitutes animals suffering as they do, will call you euthanasia. I have seen dozens of sad and only when there is an emergency. How- pathetic cases, which, it pains me to say, ever, the rich will take you for their slave, make me feel that (apart from some marvel- calling on you to remedy in their beasts lous and honourable exceptions) the older the excesses they themselves have caused, generations of veterinarians are doomed. because they have given the beasts indi- gestion or given them a cold. They will By teaching animal welfare we can kindle wake you up in great haste just as soon as the light of hope for the profession’s future: they feel the slightest anxiety about their the young. animals, because they love them just as These are young people who will ally pas- much for the money they bring them or sionate conviction with their skills and the company they afford, as for the ani- knowledge to join forces with serious protec- mals themselves. tionists who are equally passionate and big- Think it through properly while there’s hearted, not fanatics. still time. A number of prospective studies on future is- But if you are indifferent to fortune, plea- sues that will affect the profession in the com- sures, or ingratitude; if, even knowing that ing years have taken care to include the sub-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 42 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

ject of animal welfare. For instance, the Aus- 4. that expert groups should be created from tralian Veterinary Association’s study (48) among the people who are already acting specifically into animal welfare states that as professors, running courses or work- two of the prerequisites for the future are to: shops, to help train people wishing to specialise; 1. provide the necessary knowledge on animal welfare issues, specifically on han- 5. that we join with protection associations, dling free-roaming animals; like the WSPA, that wish to support animal welfare teaching; 2. promote professional experience in relation to society’s demand for animal welfare (49). 6. that we actively associate with the animal welfare committees of the World Veter- Animal welfare is not a discipline that should inary Association, the World Small Ani- be confined to veterinary medicine alone. It mal Veterinary Association and any other must draw from a number of disciplines in a professional association wishing to devel- ‘cross-cutting’ approach. Lawyers advise on op this speciality. legislation for the care and use of animals in various activities under the responsibility of John Seamer and Fred Quimby, the editors of their owners or carers; civil engineers and ar- the proceedings of the animal welfare ses- chitects design suitable buildings to house an- sions of the World Veterinary Congress in imals temporarily (unloading bays and cor- Rio de Janeiro, stated that an international rals, ramps and corridors in meat-processing network of veterinarians like the World Vet- plants or livestock markets) or permanently erinary Association enables colleagues in one (stalls in riding clubs and race courses or ani- country to help those in another. They said mal houses in testing laboratories); humane that animal welfare issues would inevitably doctors applying the three Rs encourage the always come second to human welfare ethical and responsible use of animals in re- issues and that while the task is enormous, search; journalists investigating and uncover- we have useful tools at hand (52). ing different forms of mistreatment raise public awareness and in turn influence the legis- Acknowledgements lators who promulgate laws and orders to My thanks go to Professor Milton Thiago de protect animals from abuse and cruelty. Mello for his constant support, and to Gerar- We can find support in the words of Kant: do Huertas and Juan Carlos Murillo from the ‘Man can only become man by education. He World Society for the Protection of Animals is merely what education makes of him’. for their contributions. My recommendations are as follows: References 1. that the World Veterinary Association’s 1991 recommendations on animal welfare (1) The teaching of animal welfare (1988). Proceed- should be followed in all continents (50); ings of a workshop held at Royal Veterinary College, 1 July 1986, published by the Univer- 2. that, in the Americas especially, the pro- sities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), posals of the ‘Second International Sem- United Kingdom. inar on Higher Veterinary Science Edu- cation in the Americas’ should also be (2) http://www.ccac.ca/english/ gui_pol/guides/spanish/spantofc.htm analysed with a view to implementing them, particularly the ‘Standard profile (3) http://www.wspa-international.org/ for accrediting a pan-American veterinar- campaigns/declaration/index.html ian’ (51), which specifies the desirable (4) Ley nacional (national law) 14.346. knowledge, abilities, skills, expertise, val- (5) World Veterinary Association, Bulletin Vol. 10, ues and attitudes that a veterinarian No 1, June/Dec. 1993, pp. 9, 10. should possess; (6) Plenary meeting of Conadev (Consejo Na- 3. that the WSPA’s ‘Concepts in animal wel- cional de Decanos de Ciencias Veterinarias), fare’ should be analysed for possible 22 November 2002, La Plata, Provincia de implementation; Buenos Aires, Argentina.

43 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

(7) Op. cit. 3, p. 8. (24) http://www.msu.edu/~zanella/ bio_az.html (8) Segundo Seminario Internacional Sobre Edu- cación Superior en las Ciencias Veterinarias en (25) http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/ las Américas (second international seminar on notice-files/not94-245.html higher veterinary science education in the (26) http://www.upei.ca/~awc/ Americas), organised by FAO (Food and Agri- culture Organisation of the United Nations), (27) http://www.ubc.ca the Pan-American veterinary science associa- (28) http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/research/ tion (Panvet), the Pan-American federation of welf.html faculties and schools of veterinary science (FPFECV) and the Pan-American council on (29) Perry, G. C. (1986). The teaching of veterinary veterinary science education (Copevet). Santi- students, op. cit. 1, p. 14. ago, Chile, 9–11 May 2001, p. 16. (30) http://www.awtraining.com/ (9) Orozco, Francisco Acreditación de la Carrera (31) Unshelm, J. (1992). Animal welfare and educa- de Medicine Veterinaria en la Unión Europea, tion, op. cit. 17, pp. 84–94. op. cit. 5, p. 63. (32) Institute for Animal Hygiene and Animal (10) Hernández, R. Procedimientos y Normativa Welfare, Hanover School of Veterinary para la Certificación Profesional del Médico Medicine, Bünteweg 17p, D-30559 Hanover; Veterinario en América Latina, op. cit. 5, p. 87. tel. (49-511) 953 88 32; fax (49-511) 953 85 88; e- mail: [email protected] (11) Op. cit. 6, p. 93. (33) http://www.eau.ee/~ereintam/ easaw.htm (12) What is the purpose of teaching welfare? Madel, A. J., op. cit. 1, p. 8. (34) http://www.ucm.es/info/prodanim/ texto/magister/ECBAMagister.htm (13) Meyer, E. (1993). ‘Report to members of WVA/AW’, (Letter) Haifa, Israel. (35) Animal Welfare Centre or ICWD is based at: Yalelaan 17, 3584 CL Utrecht; (030) 253 26 15 (14) Murillo, J. C. WSPA, Costa Rica, field officer, (secretary: Mrs Bos); (030) 253 25 74 (Prof. personal contribution. Spruijt/drs. Netto); (030) 253 43 73 (Dr van (15) Almeida e Souza, M. F de, WSPA, Brazil, per- den Bos/Dr Vinke). sonal contribution. (36) http://www.animal-welfare.org.au/about/ (16) Murillo, J. C. WSPA, Costa Rica, field officer, about.html personal contribution. (37) http://research.massey.ac.nz/rescentres.htm (17) Centre for Applied Ethology and Human–An- (38) WSPA, 89 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 imal Interaction, 1243 Veterinary Pathology 7TP, United Kingdom; tel. (44-20) 75 87 50 00; Bldg., West Lafayette, IN 47907-1243, USA. fax (44-20) 77 93 02 08; e-mail: vet-ed@ (18) Beck, A., personal contribution. wspa.org.uk; www.wspa-international.org (19) ‘Purdue institutes interdisciplinary curriculum (39) University of Bristol, Division of Animal on animal welfare and societal concerns’ (1990). Health and Husbandry, Department of Clini- Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 197 (12), p. 1563. cal Veterinary Science, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU; tel. (0117) 928 94 (20) Loew, F. M. (1992). ‘Animal welfare, animal 67; fax (0117) 92 89 58. rights, animal protection: veterinary medicine and international public policy’. Proc. of the (40) http://www.wspa-international.org/site/ Animal Welfare Sessions, XXIV World Veteri- index.php?page=877. nary Congress (Seamer, J. H. and Quimby, F. (41) Anyone interested in copies should contact W., eds.) Rio de Janeiro 1991, published by the Jonathan Owen/Debra Ashton, WSPA; (0207) Animal Welfare Committee of the World Vet- 587 50 00; 07801 38 66 70. erinary Association, London. (42) Ewbank, R., The meaning of welfare, op. cit. 1, (21) http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ p. 3. Animal_Alternatives/highered.htm (43) World Small Animal Veterinary Association (22) http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/ (WSAVA). aboutcvm/well.html (44) Federation of European Companion Animal (23) Dr Leo Bustard, founder of the Delta Society. Veterinary Associations (FECAVA).

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(45) Ewbank, R. (discussion) op. cit. 1, p. 20. (49) Jones-Fairnie, H. (1998). Issues likely to affect the veterinary profession within the next 10 years. (46) Perry (discussion) op. cit. 1, p. 19. Australian Veterinary Association, AVA dis- (47) Mylani, M. M. (1995). The art of veterinary prac- cussion paper, Issue No 9, Released: 26 De- tice, University of Pennsylvania Press, cember. Philadelphia, USA. (50) Op. cit. 5. (48) Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), PO (51) Op. cit. 6, p. 93. Box 371 Artarmon, NSW 2064, Australia; tel. (02) 9411 27 33, fax (02) 94 11 50 89, e-mail: (52) Seamer, J. and Quimby, F. W. (1992). Preface at [email protected] op. cit. 17, p. ii.

45 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

El bienestar de los animales, un currículum para su enseñanza en las facultades de veterinaria

L. R. Estol Cátedra de Bienestar Animal y Etología. Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador (USAL), Campus «Nuestra Señora del Pilar», B1630AHU, C.C. 198, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected]

Sumario Describiendo los antecedentes de la enseñanza del Bienestar Animal en Argentina, se pasa revista a la historia de esta nueva disciplina que, siendo enseñada en algunas escuelas y facultades de veterinaria, se revela como una disciplina transversal, con contenidos multidisciplinarios. Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, currículum, enseñanza, facultades de medicina veterinaria

El «Bienestar de los Animales» (BA) nació el mestres, y le corresponde al BA el primero (en pasado siglo durante la década de los años el 2004 entre el 19 de marzo y el 25 de junio), ochenta. Un seminario organizado en Ingla- comprendiendo 15 días de clases con 4 horas terra reunió, en ese entonces, a los que posi- semanales, para un total de 60 horas. blemente eran los únicos interlocutores sobre Para hacer que el BA fuera un concepto que este tema (1). aplicasen todos los profesores, para construir Una de las preguntas que ya entonces surgió, las competencias profesionales de los alum- expuesta por el Prof. Wood-Gush (Escuela de nos les fue notificada la necesidad de aplica- Agricultura de la Universidad de Edimbur- ción de: go, Reino Unido), aún hoy no se ha resuelto: a) políticas sobre el Bienestar de los Anima- ¿Dónde debería ir el BA en el currículum les y la Etología, de la Asociación Mun- veterinario? ¿Debe ser vinculado a las demás dial de Veterinaria; materias o debe ser dado en forma separada? b) el Manual sobre el cuidado y uso de los ani- En el ámbito académico, la primera unidad males de experimentación (versión españo- creada para enseñar e investigar concreta- la), del Canadian Council on Animal mente sobre el BA fue la Cátedra Colleen Care (2); MacLeod, a cargo del Prof. Donald «Don» Broom en el Departamento de Medicina Clí- c) la Declaración Universal para el Bienestar nica Veterinaria de la Universidad de Cam- Animal propuesta por la WSPA (World bridge, Reino Unido, en 1986. Society for Protection of Animals) (3); En 1993 se presenta y se aprueba el plan de d) la legislación nacional sobre protección al estudios para crear la carrera de Veterinaria en animal (4). la Universidad del Salvador (USAL) en Argen- Esta materia o sillabus fue pensada como tina. En aquel momento, fue la primera Escue- una herramienta diseñada para ayudar al la de Veterinaria, no sólo en el país sino en el estudiante a adquirir actitudes y desarrollar continente, donde esta materia fue obligatoria, habilidades por medio del entendimiento y actualmente tiene el mismo nivel de exigen- de su responsabilidad ética hacia los anima- cias para la obtención del grado que cualquie- les. De esta forma, el conocimiento genera ra de las otras 36 materias del citado plan. En actitudes y estas habilidades. Este conoci- términos generales, la enseñanza en la USAL miento se concentra en hacer comprender al está dividida en dos períodos, llamados cuatri- alumno:

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 46 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

a) el valor moral del animal; c) este tema debe enseñarse a nivel preclíni- co y se reconoce que debe ser extendido al b) el reconocimiento de su capacidad de sen- clínico.» (5) tir dolor y sufrir; c) nuestra obligación de determinar o reco- En Argentina, el BA se incluye, recientemen- nocer el dolor, para aliviarlo o suprimirlo. te, en una propuesta sobre el perfil que define la enseñanza de la veterinaria en el futu- El BA no se puede enseñar pensando en ro. Según la opinión del Consejo Nacional de alguna especie en particular o en una disci- Decanos de Ciencias Veterinarias (*), debe plina, por lo que deben tomarse en cuenta reunir, por lo menos, los aspectos que a con- estas tres básicas premisas, que serían: tinuación se señalan: a) hay temas sobre BA que son comunes a «Formar científica y tecnológicamente al todas las especies (dolor); estudiante, para que éste se encuentre capa- b) algunos temas, desarrollados en una espe- citado para comprender y resolver proble- cie (bovinos) o en un tipo de crianza (ani- mas en los campos de la salud, el bienestar y males de laboratorio), son aplicables a las la producción de especies animales terrestres demás especies o sistemas (eutanasia); y acuícolas en la salud pública, en la protec- ción, calidad y tecnología de los alimentos y c) el conocimiento que las distintas discipli- en la preservación del medio ambiente.» (6) nas (Fisiología, Patología, Medicina, etc.) aportan al BA cruza la línea divisoria de En este contexto, y analizando los núcleos especies (medicina de animales pequeños, temáticos agrupados por área temática grandes, de laboratorio, etc.). (Ciencias Básicas, Educación Superior y For- mación General), se propone que la materia Históricamente, parte del rechazo en muchas del BA forme parte del área de Formación instituciones de enseñanza a incorporar el General, conjuntamente con Deontología o BA como una materia específica se ha basado Medicina Legal, Legislación, Inglés Técnico, en la hipótesis de que, al igual que la Ética, el Sociología Rural y Urbana. Estas materias, BA está incorporado a todas las materias en conjunto, llevarían entre el 5 % y el 10 % conceptualmente, haciendo innecesario par- de una carga horaria total mínima de 3 600 ticularizarlo. horas que se propone. Esto no es así, tal como lo ha manifestado la Es interesante mencionar que el citado docu- Asociación Mundial de Veterinaria en sus mento, mostrando el poco conocimiento que Políticas sobre el Bienestar de los Animales y existe del tema al analizar el contenido curri- la Etología, donde textualmente reza: cular de cada una de las materias, incluye el tema del BA como un subtítulo de la Sociolo- «C. El bienestar animal en la educacion gía, sin ninguna descripción de contenidos veterinaria mínimos: Para lograr establecer una posición informada «Sociología Rural y Urbana: Sociología sobre el BA adecuada a la profesión, se consi- General. Su aporte a la profesión. Evolución dera esencial incluir esta asignatura en la edu- del medio rural en Argentina. Estructura cación básica del pregrado. social. Grupos. Familia. Sociologías especiales; latinoamericana, argentina y rural. La Por ello se deben adoptar estos principios: colonización en nuestro país. Sociedad urba- a) el tema de BA se debe incorporar como asigna y rural. Bienestar Animal.» (7) natura independiente, por su propio derecho, Este documento, a todas luces incompleto, en el currículum educativo; es, sin embargo, un adelanto frente al históri- b) la disciplina científica del BA debe incorpo- co desconocimiento sobre esta materia de la rar aspectos aplicados de bioética, etología y mayor parte de las Universidades, al menos el concepto del sufrimiento y bienestar; en Argentina.

(*) Este Consejo sólo agrupa a la totalidad de las Universidades Nacionales en Argentina de gestión estatal, sin incluir siquiera para análisis de temas académicos a ninguna de las de gestión privada como la USAL.

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Es muy importante escuchar lo expresado a) la habilidad de buscar información; por PANVET, la Asociación Panamericana b) el reconocimiento de la existencia de un de Ciencias Veterinarias, en labios de su problema; entonces Presidente, Francisco Trigo Tavera: c) la habilidad de resolver ese problema. «PANVET ha coordinado y dirigido la medicina veterinaria continental por más de cin- Y como habilidades: cuenta años, además de organizar los congre- a) la capacidad de manejar diferentes espe- sos bianuales de ciencias veterinarias. La mi- cies de animales; sión de PANVET es servir a la profesión veterinaria del continente promoviendo sus dere- b) la capacidad de observar, en esos anima- chos y señalando sus obligaciones y estánda- les, estados de salud y enfermedad, diag- res de calidad. Promueve el desarrollo de las nosticando estos últimos; ciencias veterinarias en las áreas de la salud c) la capacidad de comunicarse con los res- animal y humana, el bienestar animal, la pro- ponsables del cuidado y del trato del ani- ducción y la productividad animal.» (8) mal, o con colegas por medio de informes Buscando señalar estándares de calidad vete- científicos. rinaria, se promueve el desarrollo del BA en Las actitudes se forjan en la práctica. Se un mismo nivel de importancia con la pro- aprenden, no se adquieren pasivamente, y ducción y la productividad. los profesores (todos imbuidos del concepto En la Unión Europea, la FVE (Federación de de Bienestar Animal) tienen la responsabili- Veterinarios de Europa) y la EAEVE (Asocia- dad de influir en toda la carrera del estu- ción Europea de Establecimientos de Educa- diante, para que éste pueda pensar de mane- ción Veterinaria) han iniciado el estudio de la ra adecuada y adoptar la actitud correcta (12). enseñanza de temas clave tales como el bie- Específicamente se menciona el BA en: nestar del ganado durante el transporte, y la interacción de estos animales y el medio, a • Conocimientos del Médico Veterinario fin de adaptase a los requisitos del comercio (conocimientos en los procesos de aten- internacional, la tecnología moderna y la ción médico-quirúrgica). Aplicar conoci- política de la Unión Europea (9). mientos fundamentales de medicina, ciru- gía y metodología científica para el diag- Debemos considerar estos aspectos en la cer- nóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades de tificación profesional, entendiendo como tal las especies animales útiles al hombre: el reconocimiento del nivel de conocimientos y habilidades que posee un individuo para el ■ Promoción del BA. ejercicio de su profesión. Este tema, desde • Habilidades y destrezas del Médico Vete- hace miles de años, ha preocupado a la socie- rinario (poseer habilidades y destrezas dad, empezando en Babilonia en el año 2100 intelectuales para identificar, resolver y a. de C. (con las Leyes del Rey Hammurabi, prevenir problemas relacionados con la en las que se multa a un «veterinario» en el salud de las especies animales útiles al primer antecedente registrado de penaliza- hombre, con base en la evaluación de ción por mala práctica) o en el año 1900 a. de situaciones y toma de decisiones): C., con el papiro de Kahun (10). ■ Habilidades y destrezas en los proce- Para certificar en América Latina, estable- sos de atención médico-quirúrgica: ciendo el marco que dé la justa dimensión a la profesión, se estableció el «Perfil referen- ◆ Habilidad para solucionar proble- cial de validez del médico veterinario pana- mas de comportamiento a fin de mericano» (11), donde se especifican los promover el BA. conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas, valo- • Valores y actitudes del Médico Veterinario res y actitudes que constituyen el marco de (poseer principios éticos y mostrar actitu- referencia para el proceso de evaluación. des que coadyuven al bienestar de la A partir de lo anterior, debe entenderse sociedad y de los animales para cumplir como «conocimientos»: con los objetivos profesionales):

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 48 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

■ Valores Pacífico y Europa donde se investiga o se enseñan BA. ◆ Respeto a la vida, la salud y la muerte, bajo cualquier condición, y reconocer La primera cátedra (13) en América Latina, si en los animales su capacidad de dolor. bien se dedicó originariamente a la Etología en la entonces División de Estudios de Post- ■ Actitudes grado e Investigación, y recién ahora al BA, ◆ Compromiso para contribuir al BA fue en México, en 1993, en la UNAM (Uni- y al bienestar humano en el desarro- versidad Nacional Autónoma de México), a llo de sus actividades profesionales. cargo de la Maestra (denominación mexica- ◆ Ecuanimidad para aceptar el dolor na para un profesor) Alina Suleimán de y la angustia que generan las enfer- Aluja, quien hoy sigue enseñando, y además medades en los pacientes y sus pro- con el Dr. Francisco Galindo Maldonado, en pietarios. el Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio de la misma ◆ Paciencia para tratar con condescen- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootec- dencia a los animales. nia de la UNAM. ◆ Afectiva; sensibilidad al dolor y la En Colombia, seis Universidades han expre- angustia. sado su interés en el BA como una materia Llama la atención el hecho de que en estos para enseñar: la de San Martín (primer pro- conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas, valo- fesor en el país: Dr. Néstor Calderón), la res y actitudes se ha omitido una mención UDCA, la Nacional, la del Tolima, la de Los concreta a la enseñanza de la Ética. Llanos y la Universidad Coop. de Colombia (Prof. Dr. Héctor Aníbal Delgado). Por ello, tomando como ejemplo la totalidad del plan de estudios de la Universidad del Además, idéntica voluntad de desarrollar el Salvador, considero que la Filosofía y la Ética BA han expresado: en Chile, la Universidad deben ser materias tan obligatorias como la Nacional; en Ecuador, la Nacional de Quito; Anatomía o la Cirugía para un veterinario. Si en Perú, la Universidad Alas Peruanas y la hablamos del BA, para el aspecto clínico son Mayor de San Marcos; así como en Paraguay, los indicadores fisiológicos, de conducta o la Universidad de Asunción (14). respuesta inmune que me permiten conocer Por su parte, en Brasil, el Prof. Milton Thiago el estado de bienestar de los animales. El de Mello, experto primatólogo, fundó en aspecto ético y moral, en el cual incluiremos Brasilia la primera cátedra nacional en este elementos religiosos, culturales y sociológi- tema en 1999. cos, nos permitirá tomar las decisiones, muchas veces basadas en las observaciones Actualmente, merced a la tarea de la WSPA, clínicas, sobre el manejo del animal. se dicta BA: en la Universidad de «Castelo Branco», Río de Janeiro (como parte de «Pla- Es importante desarrollar el sistema de ense- neamiento Ambiental y Desenvolvimiento ñanza basada en el pensamiento conceptual. Sustentable); en la Universidad «Estácio de Erróneamente, muchos profesores tienden a Sá», Río de Janeiro, como materia obligatoria enfatizar aspectos individuales y pocos bus- «Etología y BA»; en la Fundación André can aquellos conceptos que, en el campo del Arcoverde, Río de Janeiro, como parte de BA, pueden actuar como «puentes» entre «Deontología y Ética»; en la Facultad de diferentes campos de las ciencias biológicas. Ciencias Agro-Ambientales, Río de Janeiro, El rol de quien enseña es ayudar al estudian- cátedra de «Zootecnia Alternativa» (discipli- te a adquirir actitudes, desarrollar habilida- na optativa); en la Facultad de Plínio Leite, des basadas en sus conocimientos sobre el Río de Janeiro, como parte de «Ecología» animal con valores morales, capacidad de (disciplina obligatoria); la Universidad Fede- sufrimiento y obligación profesional de ral Fluminense, Río de Janeiro, ofrece dos determinar y aliviar la existencia del dolor. conferencias dentro de la materia «Ética»; en Veamos algunos casos de instituciones en la Universidad Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Río América Latina, América del Norte, Asia- de Janeiro, «BA» (disciplina obligatoria); en

49 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

la Universidad Federal de Lavras, Minas Animales; BA Aplicado; BA Aplicado a los Gerais, MG, tres cátedras: «BA», «Etología Laboratorios; Seminarios en BA y la Interac- de los Animales Domésticos», «Desvío del ción entre los Animales y el Hombre; Bienes- Comportamiento en las Especies Domestica- tar Animal y Bienestar Humano (18); Temas das» (disciplinas optativas); en la Universi- Especiales y Proyectos de Investigación en dad Nilton Lins, Manaus, «BA» (disciplina BA; Etología y BA Aplicado; Experiencias a obligatoria). Campo; financiados todos ellos con fondos En un futuro inmediato, se dictará: en la del Programa de Créditos para Desafíos en Universidad Paranaense (Unipar), Paraná, Altos Estudios del Servicio de Investigación «Bioclimatología y BA»; en las Facultades Cooperativa Estatal del Departamento de Unificadas «Serra dos Órgãos»-Teresópolis, Agricultura de los EE.UU. (19). Río de Janeiro, «Comportamiento y BA» La Universidad de Tufts, EE.UU., estableció (disciplina optativa); y en la Universidad de en 1983 el Centro de Animales y Políticas Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, «BA». Públicas. Se decidió que los temas vincula- Como un dato con importante proyección en dos con la ética y los valores (enseñando a el futuro, señalo que en noviembre de 2003 el apreciar las diferencias entre «hechos» y Consejo Federal de Medicina Veterinaria de «valores») serían una de las cinco áreas a las Brasil, por su resolución 756, considera, den- que la Escuela dedicaría más de sus limita- tro de las áreas del «Registro de Especialida- dos recursos que a otras áreas, entendiendo des», la de «Comportamiento y BA». Esto que la forma en que se cumplan las obliga- indica, para el futuro inmediato en ese país, ciones que tenemos con los animales sería la aparición de un mayor interés en cursos uno de los temas más importantes de la de especialización entre los estudiantes y los nueva década (los años ochenta) (20). Actual- graduados (15). mente, allí se dicta la Maestría en Ciencia de Animales y Políticas Públicas. En Costa Rica, en la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria San Francisco de Asís, de la Uni- En la Universidad de California en Davis, versidad Veritas, el curso de BA está a cargo EE.UU., en su Escuela de Medicina Veterina- del Dr. Juan Carlos Murillo. Es un curso ria, funciona el Centro de Alternativas al Uso optativo con tres seminarios dentro del de Animales (21). mismo, siendo el de BA obligatorio. En la Universidad Estatal de Washington, La Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica tiene como resultado de un esfuerzo conjunto en estudio que el BA esté explícitamente entre el Colegio de Agricultura, el de Econo- incorporado como eje curricular de la carrera mía Hogareña, el de Medicina Veterinaria y de Medicina Veterinaria. En la adaptación el Departamento de Ciencias Animales, se auspiciada por el Dr. Jorge Eduardo Quirós crea el Centro de Estudios del BA en 1993. Su Arce y por la Dra. Magaly Caballero se pos- objetivo es producir y distribuir la mejor tula que, en el nuevo plan de estudios, todas información posible sobre aquellos factores las materias se impartan con componentes que, siendo controlados por las personas, del BA (16). son pertinentes para el mejor cuidado y uso de los animales. La Dra. Ruth Newberry está Si bien no como materia obligatoria, en dis- al frente del mismo. En el Departamento de tintas Universidades de América del Norte el Ciencias Animales se dictan cursos sobre BA es tema vigente en cursos o institutos. Bienestar y Derechos Animales, en coopera- La Universidad de Purdue, EE.UU., posee en ción con el Departamento de Filosofía. Esta su Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria el Centro Universidad, a través del trabajo del Rector de Etología Aplicada y de Estudios de la Emérito Leo Bustad, ha sido pionera en el Interacción entre los Animales y el Hombre, desarrollo mundial del concepto del vínculo creado y dirigido desde 1982 por el Prof. entre los animales y el hombre, y de cómo Alan M. Beck (17). Allí se dicta, desde 1992, esta interacción enriquece la vida de el Programa de Pregrado Interdisciplinario ambos (22). Este concepto ha quedado clara- sobre Bienestar Animal y Problemas Sociales. mente expresado en sus palabras: «El éxito Los cursos allí ofrecidos versan sobre: Ética y del veterinario en su actividad profesional y en su

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 50 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

propia vida dependerá en gran parte de la com- granjas y corregir las inadecuadas condicio- prensión que tenga del VÍNCULO HUMANO- nes de alojamiento que, con un pobre BA, ANIMAL en todos sus aspectos y de cómo inte- aumentaban el riesgo de enfermedades. gre esta filosofía a su vida diaria» (23). Luego, como he mencionado, se crea la Cáte- En la Universidad de Cornell, Ithaca, Nueva dra Colleen MacLeod, en 1986, y, desde ese York, EE.UU., funciona el Instituto para el entonces hasta hoy, al frente de ella está el BA, establecido en 1997, estando al frente del Prof. Donald «Don» Broom. En ese entonces, mismo la Dra. Katherine Houpt, Profesora el estudio del BA no era considerado aún, de Fisiología en el Departamento de Ciencias académicamente, como una disciplina cientí- Biomédicas del Colegio de Medicina Veteri- fica, motivo por el cual el objetivo principal naria, y el Prof. John Parks, Profesor de Fisio- que se planteó (y que le dio y le mantiene el logía Reproductiva en el Departamento de prestigio actual al grupo) fue el desarrollo y Ciencia Animal en el Colegio de Agricultura el refinado de las técnicas y de los métodos y Ciencias de la Vida. Este Instituto es uno para establecer el estado de bienestar de un de los primeros en los EE.UU. en ofrecer animal. Se trataba de averiguar cómo se becas para investigación en BA. comportan los animales ante los estímulos En la Universidad Estatal de Michigan, adversos o en ambientes favorables o desfa- EE.UU., funciona el Grupo de Conducta y vorables. Así, han logrado establecer indica- BA, dirigido por el Prof. Asociado Dr. Adro- dores científicos de estrés, bienestar y sufri- aldo Zanella, de Brasil, discípulo de Don miento que se pueden usar en todo tipo de Broom (24). Además de los trabajos de inves- animales y, con sus trabajos, han influido en tigación del Grupo, se destaca el desarrollo el desarrollo de legislación o códigos en de la Biblioteca Interactiva Digital en BA. diversos países (28). El Instituto Nacional de Salud de los EE.UU., En Bristol, Reino Unido, la historia empezó a través de su Oficina de Protección de Ries- poco después de la presentación del Informe gos en la Investigación (NIH/OPRR), desa- Brambell (1965) con la creación de un «pues- rrolla Seminarios sobre Educación en BA (25). to» sobre conducta que se hizo cargo de la enseñanza, además, del BA. Esto tomó la En Canadá, en la Universidad de la Isla del siguiente forma: conferencias en cada curso Príncipe Eduardo, en su Colegio Veterinario (5 horas en primer año, básicamente a cargo del Atlántico, funciona el centro de BA «Sir del Profesor de Filosofía; 18 horas en tercer James Dunn» (26). año sobre temas de conducta, con visitas a En la Universidad de la Columbia Británica, establecimientos; 4 conferencias en cuarto Canadá (27), en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrí- año, más 3 horas de seminarios) (29). colas, se ha establecido un programa de BA También se imparte la Certificación (diplo- en el Departamento de Ciencias Animales, mado) en Ética, Legislación y Bienestar Ani- con los Dres. Jim Thompson, David Fraser y mal. El BA es un tema completo dentro del Dan Weary. El curso, dictado por los dos últi- curso de Maestría en Ciencia y Producción mos profesores, trata sobre «El Bienestar y la Animal de esta Universidad. Hoy, en el Ética en el uso de los animales». Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterina- En Europa, el liderazgo histórico recae en rias, División de Salud y Cría Animal, el Cambridge, Reino Unido, la primera cátedra equipo de investigadores y conferencistas del mundo, motivo de orgullo para la Uni- ofrece cursos de «Entrenamiento en BA». versidad y reconocida internacionalmente Estos cursos, de excelente calidad, se dictan por su liderazgo en investigación en BA y en diversos países del mundo, adonde el por su influencia. Originariamente, su personal docente se traslada durante varios importancia en este campo comenzó con los días, y están dirigidos, en su mayoría, a per- libros publicados entre 1979 y 1980 con los sonal de la industria procesadora de alimen- trabajos realizados por el Dr. David Sains- tos de origen animal, inspectores veterina- bury sobre el manejo de animales de granja rios de organismos estatales, estudiantes de como forma de prevenir enfermedades. Uno veterinaria, etc. Se enseñan, básicamente, de sus objetivos fue mejorar el BA en las temas de BA y su auditoría, inspección,

51 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

transporte, aturdimiento y faena en frigorífi- cias del BA y Bioética, dirigido por el Prof. cos de carnes rojas y blancas. Steve Wotton, D. J. Mellor. Paul Whittington y Lindsay Wilkins son Este listado de prestigiosas instituciones uni- parte del personal docente (30). versitarias está muy probablemente incom- La entonces República Federal de Alemania pleto, y quizás algún valioso ejemplo se haya ofrecía desde 1986 un curso sobre BA y Cien- omitido, por lo que solicito excusas. No pre- cias de la Conducta (de mascotas y animales tende ser éste un informe exhaustivo, sino de granja) (31). brindar una idea general sobre cómo es a principios de 2004 la oferta educativa en BA En Hannover, Alemania, funciona el Institu- alrededor del mundo. Básicamente, dominan to de Higiene y BA, en la Escuela de Medici- los institutos dedicados a la investigación, na Veterinaria, en Westfalenhof, siendo sus con una oferta reducida de actividad docen- objetivos principales: la enseñanza (BA y te de pregrado. Conducta); la investigación y el asesora- miento; la promoción de una protección al animal basada en hechos científicos; la con- Herramienta didáctica propuesta tribución al desarrollo futuro de una produc- Si bien un principio indelegable en una cáte- ción ganadera sustentable; la integración de dra es la libertad académica del docente, es aspectos del bienestar humano y animal; la ineludible que nos estamos refiriendo a una ecología; y la demanda del consumidor en disciplina nueva. Luego de más de 100 años una base económica (32). de enseñanza, los profesores de Anatomía, En Estonia, en 1990, se crea, en la Facultad Fisiología, Cirugía o cualquier otra materia de Veterinaria de Tartu, la Sociedad Acadé- tienen grandes temas en coincidencia en el mica Estonia para el BA, siendo Helgi Aart dictado de sus materias. En el campo del BA su primera Presidenta (33). En la Universi- surgen dudas sobre qué temas incluir, cómo dad Agrícola de Estonia se enseña Ética Vete- dictarlos, qué debe ser indispensable y qué rinaria, se discuten temas de BA y se partici- puede ser optativo. Ésas fueron mis dudas pa en comités de uso de animales de experi- cuando inicié mi tarea. No tenía un modelo mentación tanto en el ámbito agrícola como que pudiese seguir, ya que, según la infor- en la Facultad de Medicina. mación de la que disponía, no existía esta materia con carácter de obligatoria en ningu- En España, en el Departamento de Produc- na facultad. ción Animal de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, se desarrolla el Magister Universi- Hoy, la WSPA (38), una organización interna- tario en Etología Clínica Veterinaria y Bienes- cional de protección a los animales que tratar Animal, para graduados veterinarios (34). baja en más de 120 países, con una red mundial de más de 440 sociedades miembros, En la Universidad de Utrecht, en los Países Ba- con carácter consultivo ante las Naciones jos, el centro de BA se fundó mediante el es- Unidas, el Consejo Social Europeo, que tra- fuerzo conjunto de las Facultades de Medicina baja en cooperación con la Organización Veterinaria, de Biología, de Medicina y del Cen- Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Federación tro de Bioética y Leyes de Salud. Su director es Europea de Veterinarios Especializados en el neurobiólogo Prof. Dr. Berry Spruijt (35). Animales de Compañía, se acerca a la profe- En Australia se estableció el Centro sobre el sión y les ofrece desde el año 2000 su «Con- BA mediante la unión de recursos entre las ceptos en BA», un sillabus o programa de Universidades de Melbourne y Monash con contenidos sobre el BA diseñado para asistir el Departamento de Industrias Primarias. De a su enseñanza en facultades y escuelas de esta forma se ofrece a la comunidad agrope- veterinaria. cuaria y académica local e internacional Este instrumento didáctico, que consta de un información sobre investigación, enseñanza CD-ROM elaborado por un equipo de Profe- y entrenamiento en BA (36). sores de la Facultad de Veterinaria de la Uni- En Nueva Zelanda, en la Universidad de versidad de Bristol, Reino Unido (39), y ana- Massey (37), se estableció el Centro de Cien- lizado en enero de 2003 por mí, conjunta-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 52 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

mente con los Dres. Deepashree Balaram, 1. Ética y filosofía vinculada a la salud y el Néstor Calderón y Juan Carlos Murillo de la BA WSPA, bajo la coordinación de John Callag- 2. Grandes temas sobre el BA: han, Director de Educación y Entrenamiento de esta entidad, está en estos momentos a) Explotación (enero de 2004) bajo la revisión final de sus b) Uso versiones española y portuguesa. c) Control El principal objetivo de los «Conceptos en BA» es introducir este tema en las Escuelas y d) Bienestar Facultades de Veterinaria de los países en e) Derechos desarrollo (40). f) Liberación Para ello, tiene los siguientes objetivos clave 3. Punto ético de partida de la protección para el estudiante de esas unidades académi- cas: 4. Punto filosófico de partida del BA a) desarrollar la comprensión de los aspec- 5. La existencia del BA esta basada en las tos que sean relevantes a la condición físi- «Cinco Necesidades» [conocidas por su ca y sicológica del bienestar de un animal; nombre en inglés de «Five Freedoms», pero cuya traducción literal al español es inco- b) reconocer las implicancias éticas y legales rrecta, tal como se discutió oportunamente del BA, siendo capaces de aplicar el análi- en la Asociación Mundial de Veterinaria, sis crítico desde cada perspectiva, en dife- debido a que el animal no tiene la libertad rentes situaciones y para diferentes espe- de escoger entre opciones. Por esta razón, cies; hablar de necesidades en español implica c) estimular el pensamiento crítico sobre el algo esencial y excluye la idea de opciones o BA, que puede ser desarrollado desde el de lujos y, por lo tanto, compromete más la principio hasta el fin del aprendizaje en responsabilidad del hombre (42)]. esta materia y luego durante la carrera del Los módulos (los resaltados son considera- profesional. dos obligatorios por la WSPA, los marcados En ese sentido, se propone la siguiente meto- con la «#» son los que considero yo como dología: muy importantes) son: a) tomando como base los principios sobre 1. Introducción al bienestar animal el BA, proveer de recursos teóricos que 2. Evaluación del Bienestar y las «Cinco faciliten la enseñanza por medio de la Necesidades» tutoría (que es la que recomiendo) o en forma tradicional; 3. Indicadores fisiológicos del BA # b) ilustrar con ejemplos prácticos y estudio 4. Indicadores de respuesta inmune y de de casos específicos donde se analicen producción aspectos éticos, legales y realidades cultu- 5. Indicadores de comportamiento rales. 6. Evaluación de grupo y administración Este CD-ROM ofrece, en cada módulo, una del bienestar presentación de transparencias en Power Point con notas aclaratorias para cada uno 7. Interacciones de seres humanos y ani- con los objetivos del aprendizaje, un docu- males mento en Word de discusiones sugeridas para 8. Introducción a la ética del bienestar realizar durante (intra) la clase, otro de pre- animal guntas sugeridas cortas con sus respectivas 9. Interacción con otros temas éticos respuestas y otro de proyectos que deben realizar los alumnos fuera (extra) de clase (41). 10. El papel del veterinario y la profesión veterinaria En forma global, se le presta especial aten- ción a los siguientes temas: 11. Educación en temas humanitarios

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12. Organizaciones proteccionistas # muy en cuenta las características personales del candidato interesado o disponible, y su 13. Legislación para proteger animales, cómo capacidad de adaptación es quizás más hacerla cumplir y cómo presionar políti- importante que sus antecedentes académicos camente en una u otra área. Una actitud explícita de 14. Legislación internacional compromiso sobre lo que es el BA es indis- 15. Explotación comercial de la vida silvestre pensable, ya que no podrá enseñar aquello en lo que no cree. 16. Influencia del BA en los mercados Deberá, sobre el BA, «sentir» que ya NO es 17. Temas de animales de granja, cómo esta- una IDEA, que ya NO es de NADIE, que él blecer las condiciones del BA puede ser ese ALGUIEN que la podrá poner 18. Transporte de animales de granja y mer- en práctica como NADIE. Deberá pensar que cados de concentración # es un espacio donde, con esfuerzo, ayudará a recuperar una mística profesional y permiti- 19. Faena de animales de consumo rá que esos jóvenes, sus alumnos, llenen 20. Animales de trabajo, de tracción o de espacios con ilusiones, con SU mística. fuerza Estamos viviendo una época de cambio en la 21. Animales usados como entretenimiento relación de género entre los estudiantes y los profesores. Una carrera, predominantemente 22. Animales en experimentación masculina, hoy ha invertido esa relación. Ese 23. Animales de compañía predominio femenino favorece enormemente 24. Medidas de control de poblaciones en el desarrollo de este tema, ya que, histórica- animales de compañía # mente, los hombres han tendido a desarrollar una atmósfera de «machos» donde esta 25. Eutanasia # temática dejaba poco espacio para su de- 26. Manejo de animales salvajes sarrollo (46). 27. Temas sobre animales en las diversas En aquellas Universidades donde esta mate- religiones ria aún no integre los planes de estudio, el Consejo Académico (u órgano de análisis 28. Animales en desastres naturales y en similar) podrá establecer quién de los miem- guerras bros del equipo docente tiene inclinaciones a Para los profesionales de la Asociación Mun- desarrollar esta materia. Este problema cen- dial de Veterinarios Especializados en Ani- tral, muchas veces dejado de lado, es estable- males de Compañía (43) y los de la Federa- cer que quien enseña esta especialidad debe ción Europea de Veterinarios Especializados estar comprometido con la misma y tener el en Animales de Compañía (44), «cualquier deseo de estimular ese compromiso en sus iniciativa para introducir el estudio de estos estudiantes. temas en el currículum de las escuelas vete- Mediante este sillabus se favorecen activida- rinarias debe ser estimulada». des (seminarios, discusiones, aprendizaje, Personalmente, considero que es una valuo- basados en resolución de problemas) que sa herramienta para hacer cumplir la decla- obligan al alumno a pensar, a desarrollar el ración política de la Asociación Mundial de pensamiento crítico y la reflexión, a integrar Veterinarios (WVA) en todas las Escuelas y diversos recursos personales y del entorno Facultades de Veterinaria del mundo. Consi- educativo (redes de información) y promo- derando que el BA es una piedra basal en la ver en ellos las capacidades de saber, saber formación del veterinario de hoy, apoyo sin hacer, decidir, comunicar, crear y trabajar en reticencias el uso de este sillabus. equipo. El tema de establecer quién enseñará esta Un grave inconveniente en los países de materia no es una cuestión menor y siempre idioma español es la falta de libros o material preocupó a los que estuvieron relacionados de referencia. Para ello, como un método de con esta responsabilidad (45). Se debe tener entrenar al estudiante de la USAL en sus

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 54 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

destrezas para evaluar, consolidar y expresar nos pueden, terminada su tarea, aislarse lejos técnicamente información pertinente, es obli- de los inoportunos, tu puerta quedará siem- gatorio que cada uno prepare un trabajo pre abierta a todos. A toda hora del día o de sobre un tema a elección, el cual no podrá la noche vendrán a turbar tu descanso, tus ser reiteración de otro previo, quedando placeres y tu meditación y no tendrás horas como elemento de consulta en la biblioteca, para dedicar a tu familia, a la amistad o al además de estar disponible en documento estudio, y no te pertenecerás. Word. Los pobres, acostumbrados a que sus anima- Esa dificultad para obtener información ha les padezcan como ellos, no te llamarán sino llevado a la propuesta de creación en la en caso de urgencia. Pero los ricos te tendrán USAL del «Centro Universitario de Referen- como su esclavo, encargándote de remediar cia sobre Bienestar Animal» con fecha 26 de en sus bestias los excesos que ellos mismos diciembre de 2003, para ofrecer el primer les producen, porque les han causado una centro donde se consolide información sobre indigestión o por que los ven acatarrados. BA (vídeos, libros, separatas, etc.) y así pro- Harán que te despierten a toda prisa tan mover esta disciplina entre la comunidad, pronto como sientan en sus animales la todos los profesionales vinculados al uso de menor inquietud, pues los estiman a ellos los animales en todas sus facetas y los estu- muchísimo por el dinero que les producen o diantes de esas disciplinas, así como para la compañía que les brindan, al igual que difundir estos aspectos en la comunidad estiman a su persona. como una actividad genuina de extensión. Piénsalo bien mientras estés a tiempo. Pero si eres indiferente a la fortuna, a los pla- Conclusiones ceres, a la ingratitud, si, aun sabiendo que te Esculapio es el nombre que los romanos die- verás solo entre las fieras humanas y anima- ron a Asclepios, dios mitológico griego de la les, tienes un alma lo bastante estoica como Medicina, hijo de Apolo, padre de Higeia para satisfacerse con el deber cumplido sin (diosa de la salud que da el nombre a la ilusiones; si te juzgas pagado lo bastante con «higiene») y Panacea. Además de este padre, la dicha de una madre con una cara que sonríe tuvo como mentor y padre adoptivo a Chei- porque el animal que acompaña a su amado ron. Este dios, con su forma de centauro, es hijo, conduce a su esposo o produce en su considerado el fundador legendario del arte finca no padece; si te reconforta dar la paz a la veterinario. Podríamos decir entonces que, bestia moribunda y con tu arte le haces llegar ya desde las cumbres del monte Olimpo, las la muerte sin pena ni dolor; si ansías comprender el vínculo oculto entre el animal y el artes veterinarias se entrelazan en una rela- hombre para así penetrar en todo lo trágico ción de paternal afecto con las médicas. del destino de ambos, entonces, hijo mío, ve y Como son conocidos los consejos de Escula- hazte veterinario». pio a su hijo, futuro médico, me he permitido adaptar algunos de ellos, en forma libre, En esos veterinarios, probablemente, pensa- como si hubieran sido hechos para un futuro ba D. O. Jones en una conferencia en el Cole- veterinario. gio de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universi- dad Estatal de Ohio, EE.UU., cuando dijo «Hijo mío, ¿tú quieres ser veterinario? Esta que «nuestra profesión, como muchas otras, aspiración es la de un alma generosa y de un consta de dos partes: la ciencia y el arte. El espíritu ávido de ciencia. ¿Deseas que los problema es que con nuestra medicina, tene- hombres te tengan por un dios que alivia los mos muchos científicos y pocos artistas» (47). males de sus bestias pese a que no se expre- Y ese problema nos lleva a comprender una san por propia lengua y ahuyenta tanto de de las razones de la demanda de la sociedad los unos como de las otras del espanto del de profesionales entrenados en el BA; que en dolor y la muerte? los animales de compañía manejen aspectos ¿Has pensado bien en lo que va a ser tu objetivos y subjetivos frente a la eutanasia y vida? Tendrás que renunciar a tu vida priva- el dolor; que en los animales de producción, da; mientras que la mayoría de los ciudada- de uso deportivo o de entretenimiento dejen

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de ser cómplices de situaciones de crueldad revelando diversas formas de maltrato, y maltrato, que no avalen, toleren o permitan hacen tomar conciencia a la opinión pública actividades crueles, so pretexto de tradicio- e influyen sobre los legisladores que promul- nes milenarias. gan leyes u ordenanzas que protegen al ani- He sido testigo de veterinarios que abusaban mal del abuso o crueldad. de animales, que usaban drogas prohibidas En las palabras de Kant, podemos encontrar para matar animales pensando que «eso» era apoyo: «Tan sólo por la educación puede el eutanasia; he visto decenas de casos tristes y hombre llegar a ser hombre. El hombre no es patéticos que, con dolor, me hacen sentir que más que lo que la educación hace de él». (salvo maravillosas y honrosas excepciones) las generaciones de veterinarios viejos están Éstas son mis propuestas: perdidas. La enseñanza del BA nos permite encender 1. Se propone que se cumplan en todos los con- tinentes las recomendaciones sobre Bienestar la luz de la esperanza para el futuro de la Animal realizadas por la Asociación Mundial profesión: los jóvenes. de Veterinaria en 1991 (50). Esos jóvenes pondrán sus apasionadas acti- 2. En América, especialmente, que además se tudes al lado de sus habilidades y conoci- analicen para su implementación las propues- mientos para sumar a la pasión y el corazón tas del «Segundo Seminario Internacional de los proteccionistas serios, no fanáticos. sobre Educación Superior en las Ciencias Veterinarias en las Américas», específicamente Algunos análisis prospectivos sobre los en lo mencionado sobre el «Perfil referencial temas que afectarán el futuro de la profesión de validez del médico veterinario panameri- en los próximos años no dejan de incluir el cano» (51), donde se especifican sus deseables tema del BA. Específicamente, la Asociación conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas, valores de Veterinarios Australianos (48), en su estu- y actitudes. dio realizado específicamente sobre el particular, establece que, entre las necesidades 3. Se recomienda el análisis, para una eventual aplicación, de «Conceptos en BA», de la requeridas para el futuro, están: WSPA. a) proveer el necesario conocimiento en 4. Se recomienda la creación de grupos de espe- temas de BA, específicamente en el mane- cialistas, entre aquellos que ya actúen como jo de animales abandonados en las calles; profesores, encargados de cursos o semina- b) promover la experiencia profesional en rios, para ayudar a formar a aquellos que temas vinculados a la demanda de la deseen serlo. sociedad sobre el BA (49). 5. Se recomienda la integración con asociaciones No se puede hablar del BA como una disci- protectoras que deseen apoyar los esfuerzos docentes en materia de BA, como la WSPA. plina que pertenezca sólo a la medicina veterinaria. Debe nutrirse del aporte de diferen- 6. Se recomienda la vinculación activa a los tes disciplinas, con un criterio de «transver- comités en BA de la Asociación Mundial de salidad». Los abogados asesoran en legisla- Veterinaria, de la Asociación de Veterinarios ción sobre cuidado y uso de animales en dis- Especializados en Pequeños Animales y de tintas actividades, responsabilidad de sus toda otra asociación profesional que desee desarrollar esta especialidad. propietarios o cuidadores; los ingenieros civiles y los arquitectos diseñan adecuados Recordando las palabras de los editores del edificios para albergar animales en forma libro sobre las sesiones de BA en el Congreso transitoria (playas de descarga y corrales, Mundial de Veterinaria en Río de Janeiro, rampas y pasillos de frigoríficos o mercados John Seamer y Fred Quimby, «a través de de concentración de hacienda) o permanente una red internacional de veterinarios, como (boxes de clubes hípicos e hipódromos, biote- la que ofrece la Asociación Mundial, los cole- rios en laboratorios de experimentación); los gas de un país pueden ayudar a los de otro. médicos humanos, aplicando las «tres R», Frente a los problemas del bienestar huma- estimulan el uso ético y responsable en no, inevitablemente los del bienestar animal investigación; los periodistas, investigando y siempre estarán en un segundo lugar. La

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tarea es enorme, pero tenemos útiles herra- (14) Murillo, J.C.: WSPA, Costa Rica, Oficial de mientas en la mano» (52). Campo, Comunicación personal. (15) Almeida e Souza, M.F. de: WSPA, Brasil, Agradecimientos Comunicación personal. (16) Murillo, J.C.: WSPA, Costa Rica, Oficial de Al Maestro Milton Thiago de Mello, por su Campo, Comunicación personal. constante apoyo; a Gerardo Huertas y Juan Carlos Murillo de la WSPA, por sus aportes. (17) Center for Applied Ethology and Human-Ani- mal Interaction, 1243 Veterinary Pathology Bldg., West Lafayette, IN 47907-1243 USA. Referencias (18) Beck, A. Comunicación personal. (1) «The Teaching of Animal Welfare» (1988). (19) «Purdue institutes interdisciplinary curricu- Proccedings of a Workshop held at Royal lum on animal welfare and societal concerns», Veterinary College, 1st. July 1986, published Jour. Amer. Vet. Med Ass. 197 (12) 1563 (1990). by The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, UFAW, England. (20) Loew, F.M.: «Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Animal Protection: Veterinary Medicine and (2) http://www.ccac.ca/english/gui_pol/ gui- International Public Policy In Proc. of the des/spanish/spantofc.htm Animal Welfare Sessions», XXIV World Vete- (3) http://www.wspa-international.org/cam- rinary Congress (Seamer, J.H. & Quimby, paigns/declaration/index.html F.W., eds.), Río de Janeiro, 1991, published by the Animal Welfare Committee of the World (4) Ley Nacional 14.346. Veterinary Association, London (1992). (5) World Veterinary Association, Bulletin, vol. (21) http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ 10, nº Junio/Diciembre 1993, págs. 9/10. Animal_Alternatives/highered.htm (6) Reunión plenaria del CONADEV (Consejo (22) http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/ Nacional de Decanos de Ciencias Veterina- aboutcvm/well.html rias), 22 de noviembre de 2002, La Plata, Pro- vincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. (23) Dr. Leo Bustard, fundador de la «Delta Society». (7) Op. cit. en la nota 3, pág. 8. (24) http://www.msu.edu/~zanella/ (8) Segundo Seminario Internacional sobre Edu- bio_az.html cación Superior en las Ciencias Veterinarias en las Américas, organizado por la FAO (25) http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/ (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para notice-files/not94-245.html la Agricultura y la Alimentación), PANVET (26) http://www.upei.ca/~awc/ (Asociación Panamericana de Ciencias Vete- rinarias), FPFECV (Federación Panamerica- (27) http://www.ubc.ca na de Facultades y Escuelas de Ciencias (28) http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/research/ Veterinarias) y COPEVET (Consejo Paname- welf.html ricano de Educación en las Ciencias Veteri- narias); Santiago, Chile, 9-11 de mayo de (29) Perry, G.C.: «The Teaching of Veterinary Stu- 2001, pág. 16. dents» (1986). Op. cit. en la nota 1, pág. 14. (9) Orozco, Francisco: «Acreditación de la (30) http://www.awtraining.com/ Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria en la Unión (31) Unshelm, J.: «Animal Welfare and Educa- Europea». Op. cit. en la nota 5, pág. 63. tion» (1992). Op. cit. en la nota 17, págs. 84-94. (10) Hernández, R.: «Procedimientos y Normati- (32) Institute for Animal Hygiene and Animal va para la Certificación Profesional del Welfare, Hanover School of Veterinary Médico Veterinario en América Latina». Op. Medicine, Bünteweg 17p, D-30559 Hanno- cit. en la nota 5, pág. 87. ver, tel. (49-511) 953 88 32, fax (49-511) 953 85 (11) Op. cit. en la nota 6, pág. 93. 88, e-mail: [email protected] (12) Madel, A.J.: «What is the purpose of tea- (33) http://www.eau.ee/~ereintam/ ching welfare?». Op. cit. en la nota 1, pág. 8. easaw.htm (13) Meyer, E.: Report to members of WVA/AW. (34) http://www.ucm.es/info/prodanim/ (Letter). Haifa, Israel (1993). texto/magister/ECBAMagister.htm

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(35) El «Animal Welfare Centre» o «ICWD» se halla (43) World Small Animal Veterinary Association en: Yalelaan 17, 3584 CL Utrecht, Países Bajos, (WSAVA). tels. (31-30) 253 26 15 (Mrs. Bos; Secretaría), (31-30) 253 25 74 (Prof. Spruijt/Dr.Netto), (31- (44) Federation of European Companion Animal 30) 253 43 73 (Dr. van den Bos/Dra. Vinke). Veterinary Associations (FECAVA). (36) http://www.animal-welfare.org.au/about/ (45) Ewbank, R. (Discusión). Op. cit. en la nota 1, about.html pág. 20. (37) http://research.massey.ac.nz/rescentres.htm (46) Perry (Discussion). Op. cit. en la nota 1, pág.19. (38) WSPA, 89 Albert Embankment, London, (47) Mylani, M.M.: The Art of Veterinary Practice, SE1 7TP, Reino Unido, tel. (44-20) 75 87 50 00, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelp- fax (44-20) 77 93 02 08, e-mail: vet-ed@wspa. hia, EE.UU. (1995). org.uk; URL: www.wspa-international.org (48) Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), PO (39) University of Bristol, Division of Animal Box 371, Artarmon NSW 2064 Australia, tel. Health and Husbandry, Department of Cli- (61-2) 94 11 27 33, fax (61-2) 94 11 50 89, nical Veterinary Science, Langford House, e-mail: [email protected] Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, Reino Unido, tel. (44-117) 92 89 46, fax (44-117) 92 89 58. (49) Jones-Fairnie, H. (1998): «Issues likely to affect the veterinary profession within the next (40) http://www.wspa- ten years», Australian Veterinary Association, international.org/site/index.php?page=877 Ava Discussion Paper Issue No 9, Released: (41) Aquellos interesados en recibir copias, pue- December 26. den contactar con: Jonathan Owen/Debra (50) Op. cit. en la nota 5. Ashton, WSPA, tel. (44-207) 587 50 00, celu- lar (44) 78 01 38 66 70. (51) Op. cit. en la nota 6, pág. 93. (42) Ewbank, R.: «The meaning of Welfare». Op (52) Seamer, J., y Quimby, F.W. (1992), prefacio de cit. en la nota 1, pág. 3. la obra citada en la nota 17, pág. ii.

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Résumé Le bien-être animal dans la formation des vétérinaires

L. R. Estol Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Campus Nuestra Señora del Pilar B1630 AHU, CC 198, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentine; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, programme, enseignement, école vétérinaire, médecine vétéri- naire

Dans les années 80, le thème du bien-être supérieur, de toucher au bien-être animal et animal était considéré par les uns comme à l’éthologie et de faciliter leur disponibilité peu sérieux, et par les autres comme étant, à tous les vétérinaires qui se dirigent vers pour le moins, nouveau. La profession vété- cette spécialisation». rinaire a pris conscience de cela lors d’épi- sodes déterminants. Le département de En 1994, la faculté de médecine vétérinaire médecine vétérinaire clinique de l’université de l’Universidad del Salvador (USAL), en de Cambridge, au Royaume-Uni, fut le pre- Argentine, a inclus dans son curriculum l’en- mier à offrir un enseignement sur le bien- seignement obligatoire du bien-être animal être animal. Depuis 1986, Don Broom, pre- et de l’éthologie. Ce fut la première univer- mier professeur au monde dans cette spécia- sité à effectuer cette démarche en Amérique lité, assure la direction de cette chaire. latine et elle demeure la seule qui l’enseigne Lors du congrès mondial tenu au Brésil en en Argentine; dans ce pays, aucune des 1991, grâce à un groupe de visionnaires diri- facultés vétérinaires, qu’elles soient gé par Ely Mayer, d’Israël, l’Association publiques ou privées, n’offre cette matière en mondiale vétérinaire a établi les «politiques option. sur le bien-être animal et l’éthologie». Dans le cadre de ces politiques, il est stipulé que, Par la suite, en 1998, la Société mondiale «pour réussir à établir une prise de position pour la protection des animaux (WSPA), éclairée sur le bien-être animal qui soit en grâce à ses politiques (propositions et défini- accord avec la profession, il est essentiel tions), a fait la promotion d’une éducation d’inclure cette discipline dans les études de qui favorise le respect et les soins respon- base du premier cycle. Pour atteindre ce but, sables pour tout type d’animal. Dans ce les principes suivants doivent être adoptés: contexte, et avec l’appui de l’université de a) le thème du bien-être animal doit être Bristol au Royaume-Uni, l’association pro- inséré comme discipline indépendante cède actuellement au développement de dans le curriculum de l’enseignement «concepts sur le bien-être animal», un outil vétérinaire; qui s’avère très utile pour toute faculté qui b) la discipline scientifique du bien-être ani- désire incorporer cette discipline nouvelle et mal doit inclure des aspects applicables à indispensable dans tout curriculum mo- la bioéthique, à l’éthologie et au concept derne. de souffrance et de bien-être; Cette discipline s’ajoute aux autres connais- c) ce thème doit s’enseigner au niveau pré- sances exigées du professionnel, telles que clinique et doit s’étendre au niveau cli- définies dans le profil de référence du méde- nique. cin vétérinaire panaméricain, proposé par la Il est nécessaire de créer des opportunités Fédération panaméricaine des facultés et permettant, au niveau des études de cycle écoles de sciences vétérinaires, 2001.

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Resumen El bienestar de los animales, un currículum para su enseñanza en las facultades de veterinaria

L. R. Estol Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Campus «Nuestra Señora del Pilar», B1630AHU, C.C. 198, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, currículum, enseñanza, facultades de medicina veterinaria

En los años ochenta, hablar del bienestar de Se considera necesario crear oportunidades los animales era un tema para algunos poco para estudios de postgrado en Bienestar Ani- serio; para otros, al menos, novedoso. La mal y en Etología, disponibles para todos los profesión veterinaria descubrió esto en epi- veterinarios que deseen esta especializa- sodios contundentes. El primer lugar en ción». donde se enseñó fue el Departamento de La Carrera de Veterinaria en la Universidad Medicina Clínica Veterinaria de la Universi- del Salvador (USAL), en Argentina (1994), dad de Cambridge, en el Reino Unido. estableció en su currículum la enseñanza Desde 1986 «Don» Broom, primer profesor obligatoria del Bienestar Animal y la Etolo- del mundo de esta especialidad, sigue al gía. Fue la primera en América Latina y es la frente de esta Cátedra. única Universidad en la cual se hace esto en La Asociación Mundial de Veterinaria, gra- Argentina, donde no se enseña la materia, ni cias a un grupo de visionarios liderados por como optativa, en ninguna de sus Facultades Ely Mayer, de Israel, dio a luz en el Congre- de gestión pública o privada. so Mundial en Brasil (1991) las «Políticas en Bienestar Animal y Etología», donde se esta- Posteriormente, como lo manifiesta en sus blece: «[...] para lograr establecer una posi- Políticas (Propuestas y definiciones) en 1998, ción informada sobre el Bienestar Animal la Sociedad Mundial de Protección de los adecuada a la profesión, se considera esen- Animales (WSPA en inglés) promociona la cial incluir esta asignatura en la educación educación que favorezca el respeto y la básica del pregrado. Por ello se deben adop- tenencia responsable de todo tipo de animal. tar estos principios: En ese contexto, y con el apoyo de la Univer- sidad de Bristol (Reino Unido), está desarro- a) el tema de Bienestar Animal se debe llando «Conceptos en Bienestar Animal», incorporar como asignatura independien- una herramienta de gran utilidad para toda te, por su propio derecho, en el currícu- Facultad que quiera incorporar esta nueva e lum educativo; imprescindible materia para cualquier currí- b) la disciplina científica del Bienestar Ani- culum moderno. mal debe incorporar aspectos aplicados En el perfil referencial de validez del médico de bioética, etología y el concepto del veterinario panamericano, propuesto por la sufrimiento y bienestar; Federación Panamericana de Facultades y c) este tema debe enseñarse a nivel preclíni- Escuelas de Ciencias Veterinarias, 2001, se co y se reconoce que debe ser extendido al incluye entre los conocimientos solicitados al clínico. profesional.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 60 Global Animal Welfare Challenges: Some perspectives

Abstract Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum

L. R. Estol Carrera de Veterinaria, University of Salvador (USAL), Campus ‘Nuestra Señora del Pilar’, B1630AHU, C.C. 198, Pilar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal welfare, curriculum, teaching, faculties of veterinary medicine

In the 1980s, certain members of the veter- (c) The subject must be taught at pre-clinical inary profession thought that the subject of level and it is acknowledged that it must animal welfare was of some interest, but oth- be extended to the clinical level. ers felt it was of little importance. The veter- It is considered necessary to make available inary profession discovered this to its cost in opportunities for postgraduate studies in a series of harsh incidents. The first educa- animal welfare and in ethology to all veter- tional institution to teach animal welfare was inarians wishing to specialise in this field.’ the Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine of the University of Cambridge in In 1994, the University of Salvador (USAL) the United Kingdom. Donald Broom, who in Argentina made animal welfare and ethol- was appointed the world’s first Professor of ogy a compulsory part of its veterinary Animal Welfare in 1986, is still the foremost degree course curriculum. It was the first authority in this discipline. animal welfare and ethology degree course in Latin America and no other public or pri- Thanks to a group of visionaries headed by vate universities in Argentina teach the sub- Ely Mayer, from Israel, the World Veterinary ject or offer it as an option. Association, at its World Congress in Brazil (1991), produced policies on animal welfare As stated in its policies (proposals and defi- and ethology stating that ‘in order to estab- nitions) in 1998, the World Society for the lish an informed position on animal welfare Protection of Animals (WSPA) promotes appropriate to the profession, it is essential education to encourage respect for and to include the subject in basic undergraduate responsible stewardship of all types of animal. In this context it is developing ‘Con- education. This calls for the following prin- cepts in animal welfare’ with the support of ciples to be adopted. the University of Bristol (United Kingdom). (a)The subject of animal welfare must be This is an extremely useful tool for any fac- incorporated into the teaching curriculum ulty wishing to incorporate this new subject, as an independent subject in its own which is essential to any modern curriculum. right. In 2001, the Pan American Federation of Uni- (b)The scientific discipline of animal welfare versity Faculties and Schools of Veterinary must include applied aspects of bioethics, Sciences proposed that the ideal job profile ethology and the concept of suffering and for Pan-American veterinary physicians welfare. should include a knowledge of the subject.

61 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

The expectations of the international animal welfare movement

D. B. Wilkins International Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare, 89 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TP, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary The primary objectives of animal welfarists and animal welfare organisations are straightforward. They are the alleviation of suffering and the prevention of cruelty. Those objectives unite the animal welfare movement. Stating such objectives is a relatively simple task. Establishing a strategy with which the objectives can be achieved is more difficult and for obvious reasons, it will depend on which part of the world the animal welfarist is standing. Keywords: animal welfare, suffering, cruelty, expectations, guidelines

Exploitation of animals occurs throughout Another factor which is becoming increas- the world and the reasons are varied. They ingly important in this debate is food safety. include the need for food, for clothing and Many factors contribute to the production of medicines. The quest for knowledge in basic safe and nutritious food but good animal research requires animals and they are also health and good animal welfare are of vital exploited for sport, for exhibition and for importance. companionship. This conference will emphasise the impor- Any exploitation can, and often does, lead to tance of ensuring that all standards or guide- some degree of animal suffering. Sometimes lines that are published by the OIE are based this is justified on the grounds that it is ne- on science. This is a principle that must be cessary. This is reasonable in the case of farm supported and over many years the OIE has animal transport. All transport of farm ani- earned its well-deserved reputation because mals causes some stress or suffering. How- it has not deviated from that principle. ever, transport from farm to farm or farm to slaughterhouse is necessary for livestock We should all accept that science — good sci- production to exist. However, this should ence — must be the basis of animal welfare not prevent us asking the question: Is long standards. However, for most animal health distance transport of animals for slaughter standards the scientific basis is clear enough. necessary? Do thousands of sheep have to be Approval of a vaccine for foot-and-mouth transported live from Australia to the Mid- disease or a blood test for antibodies is based dle East each year? Is their suffering justified on the scientific evidence received. If it is when it can be replaced by trade in car- sufficient and acceptable, this approval is casses? Should live horses and donkeys be given. transported by road from Lithuania to Italy With animal welfare standards there is a for slaughter? This trade is notorious for being need to add other elements to the scientific conducted with little concern for the animals package. One is the need for an expert opin- and their suffering is well documented. ion. Science can tell you a great deal about These and many other questions are asked the physical state of animals and, arguably, by the animal welfare movement. Answers to a lesser extent, about their mental state. are sometimes difficult but at least it is pos- But is science enough to decide, for example, sible that this OIE initiative will lead to these whether it is acceptable to keep laying hens questions being debated and, perhaps, in an environment such as a battery cage or answered on a sensible basis. to keep a calf in a narrow pen in which it is

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 62 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

unable to turn around and to feed it a diet fighting which takes place in Spain, Portugal that is so deficient in iron that the calf is on and France in Europe, the physical damage the borderline of clinical anaemia? caused and the pain inflicted on the bull can be described scientifically, but it continues to The question as to whether or not it is be a legal activity even in a society in which acceptable is often a matter of opinion. In the welfare of animals is becoming increas- Europe at least, you would be prosecuted for ingly important. The reason is that it con- keeping your pet dog in a veal calf crate but tinues to receive strong political support. this veal production system remains legal until 2007. These systems for rearing live- The combination of an existing commercial stock were criticised by scientists but not to practice, historical significance and economic such an extent that it stimulated legislative implications if change is introduced makes action to be taken to phase them out and for a powerful lobby and strongly influences replace them with alternative and more ani- government policy on many issues. mal welfare friendly systems. To overcome such a strong political lobby, For that next step to be taken there needed to the animal welfare movement needs the fol- be an additional element applied which was lowing: good scientific evidence underpin- that of an opinion or judgement although ning our demands, the support of the veter- probably based on the scientific evidence. inary profession or, at least, not outright Such a judgement will need to take several opposition and, for legislative change we factors into account and not least to answer then need the support of a significant major- the type of questions that arise when one is ity of the general public. debating a commercial livestock system. That is very much a European, or a devel- Does it matter so much if the animal’s life is oped country, scenario. This brings me to the so short? And is there a better way? The question: What are the expectations of the answer to the latter question is clearly yes global animal welfare movement? Expecta- for both egg and veal production. tions will depend on the situation that is The question about the animal’s life being so being faced and the feasibility of introducing short that it does not matter much if its wel- change — either through officially supported fare is poor should not normally be consid- codes of practice or through legislation. ered at all. But it is sometimes asked and It is clear that setting standards for animal ranks alongside the long discredited state- transport and slaughter and for livestock ment that if an animal is producing, for production systems will keep the OIE well example, laying eggs or putting on weight, occupied for some time. then there is nothing wrong with its welfare. It is also clear that countries that trade ani- It is my hope that such statements will be mals and animal products have differing confined to the garbage, where they belong national standards. If, as a consequence, and that the OIE initiative will herald a new there is a trade dispute between two such and more sensible debate on how farm ani- countries then the first thing that a WTO mals should be reared, transported and panel would do would be to see if there were slaughtered! OIE standards or guidelines in place which On top of the science and the animal welfare were relevant to the dispute. Therefore, it is opinion, there come other elements that have obvious that from our point of view, it is to be taken into consideration when deciding vital that OIE standards should be high on farm animal standards. These include enough to ensure that the welfare of the ani- commercial practice, economic implications mals is good. and political reality. Our concern is that The first expectation of the global animal these elements are often allowed to override welfare movement will be that the OIE both the science and the animal welfare agrees to involve NGOs such as the ICFAW, opinion. the group that I represent, in some way in I will give you a European example of why the decision-making process and that the animal welfarists have this concern. In bull- process itself is transparent.

63 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

The second expectation is that when OIE tion to alleviate animal suffering, wherever it standards are agreed they should not result occurs, and prevent animal cruelty is a com- in any country — whether developed, devel- mon cause. We might vary in the priorities oping, or least developed — having to move that we select as these must be different in, backwards in animal welfare terms. I will for example, central Africa as compared with give one example: much beef production in central Europe. In the least developed coun- Africa and South America is extensive and tries we are often criticised for trying to organic. This type of production should be improve animal welfare in situations where encouraged and not have to compete in there is also enormous human suffering. Of trade terms against cheap beef produced in course, solving the human welfare problem overcrowded feed lot systems where the is the priority but that does not mean that welfare of the animals is poor. animals necessarily have to be neglected. Following the recent Iraq war there was a The third expectation of the global animal great shortage of medicines both human and welfare movement is that any farm animal veterinary. Many organisations were rearing standards that are proposed by the involved in supplying human medicines and OIE should be based clearly and firmly on the World Society for the Protection of Ani- the five freedoms as agreed by the United mals (WSPA) which leads the International Kingdom’s Farm Animal Welfare Commit- Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare, success- tee. These will be described in more detail by fully organised the supply of essential veteri- future speakers. These five freedoms have nary medicines. The two actions were car- been accepted by the livestock industry, the ried out simultaneously and I see nothing veterinary profession, academic govern- wrong in that. ments and animal welfarists. They can, and should, be applied in any part of the world. Our determination to achieve a better deal for animals is universal and we will try to As a European, I have had a difficult task in ensure that all the animals with which we trying to represent the interests of animal share our planet are respected and that those welfarists in various parts of the world — which we exploit to our advantage are prop- Africa, Australia, Asia, North America and erly cared for. The OIE has an important role Europe. I regret that as yet we have no mem- to play in order to achieve this and we will ber in China. Nevertheless, our determina- play our part in helping it succeed.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 64 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Résumé Les attentes du mouvement international du bien-être animal

D. B. Wilkins International Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare, c/o WSPA, 89, Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TP, United Kingdom; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, souffrance, cruauté, attentes, lignes directrices.

Les principaux objectifs poursuivis par les dé- Par ailleurs, les attentes en matière de bien- fenseurs du bien-être animal sont universels: être animal varient énormément et sont for- l’allégement de la souffrance et la prévention tement influencées par la situation socio- de la cruauté envers les animaux. Les causes de économique de la région. Les communautés souffrance animale, tant physique que men- où les humains souffrent d’un manque de tale, sont multiples et les animaux peuvent nourriture et de confort ne consacreront pas souffrir de différentes façons et à des degrés di- beaucoup de temps, d’efforts ou d’argent à vers. La souffrance est essentiellement occa- des problèmes liés au bien-être des animaux sionnée par des lésions ou des maladies; elle du voisinage. est parfois le fruit de l’ignorance, ou infligée au Néanmoins, dans la plupart des régions du nom de la religion; parfois aussi la cruauté dé- monde, ceux qui souhaitent protéger les libérée en est la cause. Le mouvement interna- humains et s’en occuper éprouvent aussi de tional du bien-être animal est uni dans sa dé- la bienveillance envers les animaux. D’une termination de soulager la souffrance partout façon ou d’une autre, on nourrira l’espoir de où elle survient et sous toutes ses formes. préserver le bien-être animal dans pratique- L’exploitation des animaux existe partout dans ment toutes les circonstances. C’est pourquoi le monde. Les raisons en sont diverses: pour il est important que des efforts soient l’alimentation, l’habillement, le savoir, la mé- déployés pour réaliser ces attentes. decine, la compagnie, le sport, le spectacle, etc. L’action de l’OIE consistant à élaborer des Les animaux sont la cible de pratiques peu normes et des recommandations en matière scrupuleuses caractérisées par un manque de de bien-être animal se situe au sommet de soins et de respect pendant leur exploitation. l’échelle des activités complexes en faveur On pourrait citer les systèmes d’élevage très du bien-être animal. On cherchera à établir intensifs, le maintien et l’exhibition d’ani- dans quelle mesure ces normes sont sus- maux sauvages dans des cirques et les essais ceptibles d’améliorer le bien-être des ani- toxicologiques injustifiés. maux.

65 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Resumen Expectativas del movimiento internacional de bienestar animal

D. B. Wilkins International Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare (ICFAW) c/o WSPA, 89 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TP, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, sufrimiento, crueldad, expectativas, directrices

Los objetivos principales del movimiento en de animales salvajes en los circos y la reali- pro del bienestar animal son universales: el zación de pruebas toxicológicas innecesarias. alivio del sufrimiento y la prevención de la Por otra parte, las expectativas de bienestar crueldad. Las causas de sufrimiento de los animal varían enormemente y están influen- animales son múltiples, tanto físicas como ciadas en gran medida por la situación socio- mentales, y los animales pueden sufrir de económica de la región en que vive la per- maneras distintas y en grados diversos. El sona. En las comunidades en donde escasean sufrimiento suele ser causado por lesiones o los alimentos y otros recursos necesarios para enfermedades, a veces por ignorancia, a el hombre no se invertirá mucho tiempo ni es- veces en nombre de la religión y a veces es el fuerzo o dinero en los problemas relacionados resultado de una crueldad deliberada. El movimiento internacional de bienestar ani- con el bienestar de los animales existentes. mal está unido en su determinación para ali- No obstante, en la mayor parte del mundo, viar el sufrimiento en donde ocurra y cual- quienes se preocupan por la protección y cui- quiera sea su forma. dado del hombre sienten también compasión La explotación de los animales existe en todo por los animales. En casi todas las circunstan- el mundo. Las razones son diversas: para la cias habrá expectativas en relación con el bie- industria alimentaria o del vestido, con fines nestar animal. Por tanto, es importante desde conocimiento o médicos, como compañía, plegar esfuerzos para hacerlas realidad. para el deporte y para la exhibición. En el extremo sofisticado de la escala de acti- La falta de cuidados y consideración durante vidades en pro del bienestar animal figuran la explotación del animal conduce a un gran los esfuerzos de la OIE para formular nor- abuso. Entre los ejemplos podemos mencio- mas y directrices sobre el bienestar animal. nar los sistemas muy intensivos de produc- Examinaremos en qué medida estas normas ción pecuaria, el mantenimiento y exhibición podrían mejorar el bienestar de los animales.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 66 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Abstract The expectations of the international animal welfare movement

D. B. Wilkins International Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare, 89 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TP, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal welfare, suffering, cruelty, expectations, guidelines

The primary objectives of animal welfarists Animal welfare expectations, on the other are universal: the alleviation of suffering and hand, vary enormously and are strongly the prevention of cruelty. There are many influenced by the socioeconomic situation in causes of animal suffering, both physical and that part of the world in which the person mental, and animals can suffer in different lives. Communities in which there is a short- ways and to varying degrees. Some suffering age of food and other amenities for humans is caused by injury or disease, some by igno- are not going to spend much time, effort or rance, some in the name of religion, and money on problems relating to the welfare of some as a result of deliberate cruelty. The animals in that community. international animal welfare movement is united in its determination to alleviate suf- However, in most parts of the world those fering wherever it occurs and in all its forms. who desire to protect and care for humans also have compassion for animals. There will The exploitation of animals occurs through- be expectations of some sort for animal wel- out the world for many different reasons: for fare in virtually all circumstances. Therefore food, for clothing, for knowledge, for it is important that efforts are made to meet medicine, for companionship, for sport and these expectations. for exhibition. Whatever the reason for their use, animals suffer great abuse because of a At the sophisticated end of the animal wel- lack of care and consideration. Examples of fare activity scale is the effort of the OIE to this abuse include very intensive livestock develop standards and guidelines for animal production systems, the keeping and show- welfare. The extent to which these standards ing of wild animals in circuses and unneces- are likely to improve the welfare of animals sary toxicological testing. will be examined.

67 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Animal transportation — An industry perspective

E. Stamper Animal Transport Association (AATA), Crowe Livestock Underwriting Limited, West Farm Office, Barnham, Norfolk IP24 2PL, United Kingdom, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal welfare, transport, Animal Transport Association (AATA)

The transport of live animals is essential. Sig- eration is the safe, humane and expeditious nificant issues in animal transportation in- handling of any animals under our care. We clude its contribution to national economies, pledge continued support to research and ed- its effects of animal stress and mortality, its ucation beneficial to the animals and the in- potential to spread disease, and the many dustry. This is the industry that I represent.’ benefits of being able to move animals around Some have advocated that all transport of the world. live animals should be banned. There are The animal transport industry includes the solid arguments against this, including: following groups: • consumer preferences for fresh meat as • academia apposed to frozen meat; • airlines • religious requirements; • birds/poultry • breeding programmes, due to the limita- tions of freezing semen or embryos of • boarding/quarantine facilities some species; • breed associations • animal relocation programmes for endan- • cargo agents/forwarders gered species or where feed is insufficient; • consultants • domestic pets/holidays/livestock shows; • fish • competition animals; • horses • transport of animals for slaughter. • humane/industry organisations All parties have an interest in maximising animal welfare during transport. • insurance The main reasons for insurance claims as a • livestock result of animal transport are as follows: • marine carriers • transport stress-related illness, particular- • research ly in some species; • truckers • loss of use: for breeding/racing and show stock; • veterinarians • abortion: due to transport too late in preg- • wildlife nancy, which may also cause death of the • zoos/aquariums. dam; For example, the Animal Transport Associ- • injuries, often necessitating humane de- ation (AATA) has over 400 members, from 35 struction; countries. All members subscribe to the AATA • retest failure after arrival, sometimes trig- statement of policies, which concludes with: gered by transport stress; ‘As members of AATA, we subscribe to the • prohibitions on export/import due to dis- above policies and agree that our first consid- ease outbreaks.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 68 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

All these issues need to be addressed through Europe has made significant progress in careful risk management addressing: enacting legislation protecting animals during transportation. Although it is not perfect, • logistics of the journey: border control it does allow enforcement for transport that opening times, holding facilities, al- falls outside these parameters. Implementa- lowance for emergencies, animal illness or tion of these rules, however, is still not uni- injuries; form among countries within the EU. Out- • preparation of the animals to comply with side Europe there are few regulations — the relevant health protocols; Australia and New Zealand have put together various recommendations but there • preparation of the vehicles/pens/stalls to are few in North America. comply with the relevant standards; Animal transport is a worldwide issue that • competency of attendants; requires international coordination. The • vehicle failure, including ventilation sys- OIE’s efforts in organising this conference on tem; animal welfare and including animal transportation on the agenda are important first • ensuring up-to-date information on the steps in addressing the important issues animal health situation to minimise the associated with the movement of animals. likelihood of animals being stopped en The OIE, the industry, researchers and ani- route or rejected on arrival. mal welfare groups all share a common goal There has been an enormous amount of and must work together to improve animal research conducted on animal transport but welfare through appropriate regulations almost no coordination among researchers. with a global perspective and based on real- Each country tends to carry out its own istic and objective research. research, and then develops its own rules It is appropriate that the OIE should coordi- and transport regulations. This lack of co- nate research projects globally and publish the ordination has an adverse effect on the wel- results, and work towards producing interna- fare of animals travelling internationally. tional regulations for animal transportation.

69 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

A marketplace perspective

K. H. Brown Food Marketing Institute, 655 15th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary In order to achieve real change, there must be a motivating force and all of the stakeholders need to be involved. This is the premise of the animal welfare programme developed for the food retail, wholesale and chain restaurant industries in the United States by the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) (1) and the National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) (2). This paper outlines a col- laborative process that producers and retailers in the United States are using to enhance the care and welfare of animals in commercial food production. Although the efforts of the FMI and the NCCR are still underway, the process provides one example of how different parts of the food production system can work together to achieve positive change. Keywords: food retailers, food wholesalers, chain restaurants, producers, advisors, guidelines, audit, verification

1. Introduction activists began to approach supermarket In 2000, animal rights organisations began to chains in the USA making similar demands. demand that individual restaurant chain Late in 2000, five of the FMI’s supermarket companies force their suppliers to follow company members (3) asked the FMI to specific animal welfare guidelines developed develop a voluntary policy and programme by activist organisations. The demands by to address animal welfare that the entire the activists were followed by ‘campaigns’ supermarket industry could embrace. They that publicly portrayed the targeted compa- reasoned that an industry approach would nies as supporters of animal abuse, pain and be more efficient, allow the pooling of suffering in food production agriculture. In resources and provide an incentive for the an effort to respond in a manner that would supplier community to work with their demonstrate to their restaurant customers supermarket customers to develop an effec- their concern for animal welfare, several tive animal welfare programme. In Decem- chain restaurant companies began to devel- ber 2000, the FMI formed a member com- op their own animal welfare guidelines and pany advisory committee, undertook quali- programmes. These initial efforts resulted in tative (focus group) consumer research (4) chain restaurant suppliers facing different, and began meetings with the producer com- customised, and sometimes conflicting, ani- munity. mal welfare requirements based on the requests of individual customers. Believing The purpose of the consumer focus groups their tactics were achieving success, the was to informally probe what consumers

(1) The Food Marketing Institute (FMI) conducts programmes in research, education, industrial relations and public affairs on behalf of its 2 300 member companies — food retailers and wholesalers — in the United States and around the world. The FMI’s US members operate approximately 26 000 retail food stores with a combined annual volume of USD 340 billion, three quarters of all retail food store sales in the USA. The FMI’s international membership includes 200 companies from 60 countries. (2) The National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) is a national trade association in the United States representing 40 of the USA’s largest multi-unit, multi-State chain restaurant companies. The NCCR’s member companies own and operate more than 50 000 restaurant facilities and another 70 000 facilities under their trademarks through franchise and licensing agreements. (3) Ahold USA, Inc.; Albertsons, Inc.; The Kroger Co.; Safeway, Inc.; and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (4) Kinzey, R. (2001). Four focus groups conducted by Kinzey and day qualitative market research; two in Richmond, Virginia, 23 January 2001; two in Baltimore, Maryland, 24 January 2001. All groups composed of primary supermarket shoppers between the ages of 25 and 55. Participants represented a mix of races, genders and household incomes. The results are unpublished.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 70 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

thought the role of the supermarket should goals through the news media (Appendix I). be regarding animal welfare. The unpub- The panel of animal welfare experts was lished results of the focus groups were that asked to review current animal care guide- consumers want to be sure animals in food lines of the producer organisations and iden- production are treated humanely. Con- tify areas where the guidelines should be sumers do not want to know the details of improved or enhanced. The FMI’s committee animal processing but they do believe the of supermarket companies then prioritised supermarket’s role is to work with their sup- the gaps identified by the expert panel. pliers to assure animals used for food are In June of 2001, the FMI and the NCCR treated in a manner free from pain, abuse joined their parallel efforts. The combined and neglect. membership of the two organisations repre- 2. Food retail industry policy and pro- sents the majority of the food retailing indus- gramme try in the United States. The FMI and the NCCR also combined their expert panels (8) On 14 January 2001, the FMI’s board of and member committees. Jointly, the FMI directors adopted a policy and programme and the NCCR began to meet one-on-one to address animal welfare (Appendix I). The with the producer community to present policy stated that animals must be raised, feedback from the expert advisory panel on transported and processed in a clean, safe how current producer guidelines for animal environment free from cruelty, abuse and care and welfare should be enhanced. neglect. The policy also stated that supermarkets will work with the food production 3. Programme goals industry to promote best practices; will con- The food retail industry understands that the sult regularly with experts in animal science issues surrounding the welfare of animals and animal welfare; will urge governments used for food are important and compli- to strictly enforce animal protection laws cated. Some recommendations have econom- and will communicate best practices to ic implications and some require an imple- maintain consumer confidence. The FMI mentation timetable because they cannot be board directed the FMI to develop retailer accomplished immediately without major expectations for use with suppliers; to work disruption to the supply chain. Some areas with respected animal welfare experts and are still being researched to confirm that organisations; to review expectations with changes will enhance, not hinder, animal the producer community; to distribute well-being. expectations as voluntary recommendations Retailers, animal welfare experts, animal for retailers to adopt; and, to support an welfare advocates, producers, processors, ongoing animal welfare expert advisory and the public share the common goal that council. all animals used in agricultural production Following the action of its board of directors, be cared for in a manner that takes into the FMI began a series of meetings with the account their daily well-being and health. producer community (5) and the restaurant We believe this means that in addition to industry (6) to share the FMI’s policy and having ready access to fresh water and feed programme. The institute formed a panel of and adequate shelter, animals in agriculture animal welfare experts that included aca- production must be kept in an environment demicians, veterinarians and advocates (7) designed to protect them from physical, and publicly announced its intentions and chemical and thermal abuse, stress and dis-

(5) American Meat Institute, Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Centre, Inc., National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, National Chicken Council, National Milk Producers Association, National Pork Board, National Turkey Federation and United Egg Pro- ducers. (6) National Council of Chain Restaurants, National Restaurant Association. (7) Adele Douglass, Humane Farm Animal Care; Gail Golab, DVM, American Veterinary Medical Association; Temple Grandin, PhD, Colorado State University; Joe Mac Regenstein PhD, Cornell University. (8) Combined panel includes Adele Douglass, Humane Farm Animal Care; David Fraser, PhD, University of British Columbia; Gail Golab, DVM, American Veterinary Medical Association; Temple Grandin, PhD, Colorado State University; Joe Mac Regenstein, PhD, Cornell University; Joy Mench, PhD, University of California, Davis; Janice Swanson, PhD, Kansas State University.

71 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

tress. Managers and those responsible for Working with our expert advisors, we creat- handling these animals must be thoroughly ed three guidance documents (Appendix II) trained, skilled and competent in animal that recommend a process, guideline content husbandry and welfare. Animals must be and audit components necessary to develop transported in a safe and appropriate man- meaningful and effective animal welfare ner and be processed humanely. guidelines. We developed these guideline 4. Guideline process documents to identify best practices and assess industry standards across animal The FMI and the NCCR have been working species. with independent expert advisors and the producer/processor community to promote Our independent expert advisors have met ‘best practices’ for each species that will eight times to-date since June of 2001 to ensure animal well-being throughout food review guidelines submitted by the Ameri- production agriculture. We consult regularly can Meat Institute, Milk and Dairy Beef with experts in animal science, veterinary Quality Assurance Centre, Inc., National medicine and agriculture production to Cattlemen’s Beef Association, National obtain objective, measurable indices for Chicken Council, National Pork Board, desirable practices in the rearing, handling National Turkey Federation and the com- and processing of animals for food. We con- mercial duck industry. Several reports have tinue to urge appropriate US Federal and been released by the FMI and the NCCR to State government agencies to strictly enforce provide progress updates. A summary chart animal welfare protection laws. (Appendix III) has been developed to outline which industry guidelines have been The FMI and the NCCR believe their com- endorsed by the FMI–NCCR independent, bined efforts will further develop and sup- expert advisory council and which issues port industry policies strengthening animal still need to be addressed. welfare and will support the following specific goals: 5. Verification programme — consistent expectations across the US food In 2002, the supermarket company and chain retail sector; restaurant members of the FMI and the NCCR requested the two organisations to — implementation of practicable and attain- develop a voluntary, independent verifica- able animal welfare guidelines based on tion programme based on third party audits science; to assure suppliers are following the animal — a measurable verification process; welfare guidelines endorsed by the FMI–NCCR expert advisory council. The — an ongoing advisory council of third objective is to have one common audit for- party, independent animal welfare mat and process acceptable to the entire US experts; retail food sector. The benefits of such an — improved communications across the approach include achieving uniformity and supply chain on animal welfare issues. consistency, reducing the possibility for multiple audits of individual suppliers, and Over the last three years, the FMI and the eliminating the need for food retailers to NCCR have been meeting in person and by develop and administer their own verifica- conference call with our respective retail tion programmes. member committees, our independent advisors and producer organisations. Our Through a review and bid process, the FMI experts have reviewed existing producer ani- and the NCCR chose an audit firm, Sustain- mal welfare guidelines, identified gaps, rec- able Environmental Solutions, Inc. (SES), (9) ommended specific changes, additions and to administer the ‘Animal welfare audit pro- revisions and endorsed all or part of specific gramme’ (AWAP) independent of the FMI producer animal welfare guideline pro- and the NCCR. The audits are voluntary and grammes. the audit documents are based on the guide-

(9) Sustainable Environmental Solutions, Inc. (SES); 9875 Widmer Road, Lenexa, Kansas 66215, USA; tel: (913) 307 00 46.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 72 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

lines that have been endorsed by the 6. Conclusion FMI–NCCR expert advisory council. The It is important to note that significant work audit management company certifies audi- is still underway with the FMI–NCCR ani- tors based on their animal welfare qualifica- mal welfare programme. Some segments of tions. Training specific to the FMI–NCCR the producer community in the USA have endorsed industry guidelines is a require- been working actively on animal welfare ment for auditor certification. The supplier assurance systems for some time by under- owns their individual audit results and pro- taking research, seeking counsel of outside vides retailers access to the information. The experts and developing and revising guide- FMI and the NCCR do not have access to the lines as new information becomes available. audit results. Other segments have begun their efforts Retail customers may ask suppliers to more recently. This diversity creates many undergo an audit or to share recent audit challenges but the work is motivated by the results. The verification programme is not strong commitment and desire of food retail- based on a numerical scoring or pass/fail ers and restaurants to enhance animal wel- system but on a series of major and minor fare. The FMI and the NCCR believe these non-conformances. Retailers decide what is efforts have made and will continue to make acceptable according to their company’s pur- a significant contribution to enhancing the chasing specifications or animal welfare well-being of animals in food production. expectations of their suppliers. The audit Appendices results are maintained on a secure database and the decision to accept or reject a suppli- Appendix I: Food Marketing Institute (FMI) er’s animal welfare performance rests with news release, ‘The FMI establishes policy each individual retail customer. and programme to address animal welfare’, 18 April 2001. Achieving acceptance by suppliers of the independent verification programme has Appendix II: Guidance document, ‘Develop- been a significant challenge. Suppliers ing animal welfare guidelines’, created by would prefer self-audits rather than a third the FMI–NCCR expert advisory panel, party audit programme. December 2001. Appendix III: FMI–NCCR animal welfare guidelines status chart, updated December 2003.

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Appendix I Obtain the professional assistance of respected animal welfare experts and organisations The FMI establishes policy and programme in developing retailer expectations. to address animal welfare Review the set of expectations with the pro- Washington DC, 18 April 2001, the Food ducer community to ascertain reasonable- Marketing Institute (FMI) today announced ness, cost, feasibility and realistic time its policy and programme on animal welfare. frames for implementation and verification This announcement follows the formal adop- programmes. tion of the FMI’s animal welfare policy by its board of directors at the FMI midwinter con- Distribute the set of expectations as volun- ference on 14 January 2001. This policy was tary recommendations for retail companies established to support industry programmes to adopt and use in their discussions with that strengthen animal welfare, food quality current and future suppliers. and food safety. Support the formation of an advisory council Policy as a mechanism for periodic, ongoing dialogue between the food industry and animal The FMI believes animal welfare issues, welfare experts on issues related to the care including animal husbandry practices and and processing of animals for food. humane processing, are issues of importance to all of its members. Therefore, the FMI’s The FMI will develop its programme work- board of directors has adopted the following ing with the assistance of animal welfare industry policy and programme components experts, including: to be shared with our customers and our Adele Douglas, Executive Director, Animal suppliers in the producer community. Welfare Association; The FMI believes animals can and should be Temple Grandin, PhD, Assistant Professor, raised, transported and processed using pro- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado cedures that are clean, safe and free from State University; cruelty, abuse or neglect. The FMI will work cooperatively with its Joe Mac Regenstein, PhD, Professor of Food counterparts in the food industry to promote Science, Department of Food Science, Cor- production ‘best practices’ for each species nell University; that will strengthen food quality and safety, Gail C. Golab, PhD, DVM, American Veter- and ensure animal well-being at every step inary Medical Association. of the production process. The Food Marketing Institute is a non-profit- The FMI will consult regularly with experts making association conducting programmes in animal husbandry, veterinary medicine in research, education, industrial relations and agricultural production to obtain objec- and public affairs on behalf of its 1 500 mem- tive, measurable indices of desirable prac- bers including their subsidiaries — food tices in the growing, handling and process- retailers and wholesalers and their cus- ing of animals in food production. tomers in the United States and around the The FMI will continue to urge the appropri- world. The FMI’s domestic member compa- ate State and Federal government agencies nies operate approximately 21 000 retail food to strictly enforce animal protection laws. stores with a combined annual sales volume The FMI will work with suppliers to com- of USD 300 billion — three quarters of all municate examples of best practices in order grocery store sales in the United States. The to maintain consumer confidence in the safety FMI’s retail membership is composed of of the food supply. large multi-store chains, small regional firms and independent supermarkets. Its interna- Programme components tional membership includes 200 members Develop a set of retailer expectations for from 60 countries. growers, producers and processors that are modeled on ‘best practices’ for animal husbandry and humane processing.

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Appendix II Handling guidelines. Developing animal welfare guidelines Animal husbandry procedures (food, water, space allocation, bedding conditions). Process elements. Sanitation. Establish a committee structure to develop Environmental considerations (ventilation, the guidelines. air quality, temperature). Committee participants should include pro- Health programme based on veterinary ducers, animal scientists with animal wel- guidance (biosecurity). fare/behaviour expertise, veterinarians and advocates. Representatives from these Behavioural management, including identi- groups do not have to serve on one commit- fying and minimising behavioural problems. tee but they should all review and comment Facility and equipment maintenance and on the final product. design. The role of the Committee is to: Emergency preparedness (power outage, weather emergencies, fire). identify all potential key concerns — public, producer and scientific; Transportation and slaughter procedures where appropriate. identify if, how and when each concern will be addressed; Euthanasia (in transport and on farm). oversee a technical review that includes rele- Inspection procedures and frequency. vant field research, experimental studies, Training programmes. veterinary expertise, producer expertise, Record keeping. environmental scan of issues, measures relevant to animal welfare. Review and revision mechanism (every five years or as new research becomes available). Developing animal welfare guidelines Developing animal welfare guidelines Guideline components Audit components One of the most important elements for a successful animal welfare programme is the role A series of items to consider when develop- and commitment of management. Not only is ing an auditing system follow. it important to have the commitment of top Each auditing point needs to relate to a spe- management, it is equally important to assure cific guideline (consider using a side-by-side that all levels of management understand format). their specific role and responsibilities in assuring the implementation of the guide- Choose wording that is as objective and spe- lines. Animal welfare programme implemen- cific as possible. Give the reason/benefits for tation needs to be a key job responsibility the procedure. Be clear about the ‘must’ items, against which annual performance is mea- which are non-negotiable, and the ‘should’ sured with rewards for good performance items, which involve some judgement. and penalties for poor performance. Examples The components that need to be addressed Use descriptions that give specific guidance in any animal welfare guideline programme follow. These are meant to provide a frame- — something you can see and access, like, work for considering and developing ‘providing enough space on the truck during species-specific guidelines. transportation to lie down without being on top of one another’, rather than, ‘providing A decision-making process that is transparent. adequate space’. Identification of welfare issues needing fur- Use words that aid objective assessment, ther study along with the short-term solution. like, ‘mud and manure in a feedlot should Auditable guidelines based on performance not be over the top of a hoof’, rather than, outcomes or design criteria. ‘shouldn’t be too much mud and manure’.

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Words to avoid: adequate, properly, suffi- tive actions necessary. A weighting or index- cient, appropriate, undue, excessive, normal, ing system needs to include a rationale for improperly, good, bad. development of essential items: pass/fail; acceptable threshold items; weighted items. Use graphics or pictures where possible to aid the auditor (e.g. body condition, lesion Outline record-keeping procedures. scoring, space allocation, height of chicken Consider pilot testing the audit system in the cage to show normal posture). field. Use established scoring systems (e.g. lame- Auditors should be trained based on species- ness, body condition, gait, stunning). specific guidelines. They should be indepen- Develop a method for evaluating results — dent and have no other contractual arrange- identifying guideline compliance and correc- ment with the producer except as an auditor.

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Appendix III Status FMI–NCCR animal welfare guidelines status chart Updated December 2003

Producer organisation FMI–NCCR endorsement Outstanding issues

American Meat Institute (AMI) Endorsed slaughter guidelines None and training materials documents for cattle, swine, sheep and goats

United Egg Producers (UEP) Endorsed production, handling, • ammonia levels (25 ppm transportation, processing and max.; 10 ppm goal) euthanasia guidelines for layers • forced molting (phase-out of shell and breaking eggs feed withdrawal molting)

Note: The UEP has undertaken research to address the above two issues.

Milk and Dairy Beef Quality As- Endorsed DQA’s animal care surance Center (DQA); National guidelines and training pro- Milk Producers Federation gramme for milk and dairy beef

National Chicken Council (NCC) Endorsed slaughter guidelines for broiler chickens

Endorsed NCC’s animal wel- • stocking density (not to exceed fare guidelines for handling, 6.0 lb live weight, per sq. ft) transportation and euthanasia • lighting programmes (four hours’ darkness per day; except first and last week of growth) • catching (when birds are caught and inverted, hold by both legs)

The Pork Board FMI FMI and NCCR are reviewing Guideline review not completed animal welfare guidelines of the swine industry. FMI and NCCR have issued a policy statement on housing for pregnant sows

National Cattlemen’s Beef Asso- FMI–NCCR advisors reviewed Guideline review not completed ciation (NCBA) NCBA’s revised animal welfare guidelines in September 2002 and are waiting for a response regarding suggested modifications

National Turkey Federation FMI–NCCR advisors have re- Guideline review not completed (NTF) viewed animal welfare guidelines of the turkey industry and have recommended changes

77 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Résumé Le point de vue du commerce

K. H. Brown Food Marketing Institute, 655 15th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20005, États-Unis d’Amérique; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: produit alimentaire, commerce, détaillant, grossiste, chaîne de restauration, producteur, conseiller, lignes directrices, audit, vérification

La réalisation d’un vrai changement suppose échelle pour conserver la confiance des l’existence d’une motivation et l’implication consommateurs. de toutes les parties prenantes. Tel est le En juin 2001, le FMI et le NCCR ont uni leurs principe sous-jacent au programme en efforts pour mettre en place un programme faveur du bien-être animal élaboré pour le cohérent dans l’ensemble du secteur des secteur des détaillants et grossistes de pro- détaillants. Il englobe un processus d’audit duits alimentaires et des chaînes de restau- mesurable, la mise en œuvre de lignes direc- rants aux États-Unis par le Food Marketing trices applicables et réalisables reposant sur 1 Institute (FMI) ( ) et le National Council of des bases scientifiques, la création d’un 2 Chain Restaurants (NCCR) ( ). comité consultatif permanent composé d’ex- Les actions du secteur de l’alimentation de perts indépendants spécialisés dans le bien- détail ont commencé en 2000 et en janvier être animal et l’amélioration des communi- 2001 le conseil d’administration du Food cations relatives aux questions de bien-être Marketing Institute (FMI) a adopté une poli- animal dans l’ensemble de la chaîne d’ap- tique visant à prendre en compte le bien-être provisionnement. animal. Les préceptes en sont les suivants: Depuis juin 2001, le groupe consultatif d’ex- les animaux doivent être élevés, transportés perts du FMI-NCCR a tenu huit réunions et et transformés dans un cadre propre et sûr et examiné les propositions de lignes direc- ils ne doivent pas être exposés à des actes de trices relatives au bien-être animal émanant cruauté, à de mauvais traitements ou à une de sept organisations de fournisseurs. Les incurie; les membres du Food Marketing Ins- lignes directrices ont été entérinées en ce qui titute (FMI) travailleront en coopération avec concerne l’abattage (bovins, porcins, caprins, leurs fournisseurs pour promouvoir les pra- ovins), les poules pondeuses, les bovins de tiques optimales pour chaque espèce afin de race laitière et les poulets de chair (y compris garantir le bien-être animal tout au long du l’abattage). Elles sont encore en cours d’exa- processus de production; des recommanda- men en ce qui concerne les porcins, les tions seront élaborées en collaboration avec bovins de race bouchère et les dindes et ne des experts en matière de bien-être animal, sont pas encore examinées en ce qui con- de pratiques d’élevage, de médecine vétéri- cerne les veaux de lait et les canards. L’état naire et de production agricole; les pratiques d’avancement de l’élaboration du pro- optimales seront communiquées à grande gramme est accessible au public.

(1) Le Food Marketing Institute (FMI) entreprend des programmes dans les domaines de la recherche, de l’éducation, des relations industrielles et des affaires publiques pour le compte des 2 300 sociétés qui en sont membres — détaillants et grossistes en produits alimentaires — aux États-Unis et ailleurs. Ses membres aux États-Unis gèrent environ 26 000 commerces d’alimentation avec un chiffre d’affaires annuel total de 340 milliards de dollars, soit les trois quarts du chiffre réalisé par l’ensemble des maga- sins d’alimentation de détail aux États-Unis. Outre les États-Unis, sur le plan international, 200 sociétés dans 60 pays sont membres du FMI. (2) Le National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) est une association professionnelle nationale située aux États-Unis, représen- tant 40 des plus importantes sociétés américaines de chaînes internationales de restaurants. Les sociétés qui adhèrent au NCCR possèdent et gèrent plus de 50 000 restaurants et 70 000 autres établissements sous leur nom de marque par le biais d’accords de franchise et de licence.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 78 Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Quelques segments du monde des produc- ment. Cette situation contrastée est à l’origine teurs aux États-Unis participent activement, de nombreuses difficultés, mais les actions sont depuis un certain temps, à l’élaboration de sys- guidées par la volonté et le désir des détaillants tèmes d’assurance en faveur du bien-être ani- de produits alimentaires et des restaurateurs mal en entreprenant des recherches, en consul- d’améliorer le bien-être animal. Le FMI et le tant des experts extérieurs et en préparant et NCCR sont convaincus que ces efforts ont révisant des lignes directrices à mesure que de grandement contribué et continueront de nouvelles informations sont disponibles. concourir à améliorer le bien-être des animaux D’autres segments se sont engagés plus récem- dans le cadre de la production alimentaire.

79 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Resumen La perspectiva desde el comercio

K. H. Brown Food Marketing Institute, 655 15th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: comercio minorista de alimentos, comercio mayorista de alimentos, cadenas de restaurantes, productores, asesores, directrices, auditoría, verificación

Para lograr un verdadero cambio, se requiere coherente en el sector minorista. El progra- una fuerza motivadora y la implicación del ma incluye un proceso de auditoría mensu- conjunto de las partes interesadas. Ésta es la rable, la implementación de directrices apli- premisa del programa de bienestar animal ela- cables y factibles sobre bases científicas, un borado por el Food Marketing Institute consejo de asesoría permanente constituido (FMI) (1) y el National Council of Chain Restau- por expertos independientes en bienestar rants (NCCR) (2) para los sectores del comercio animal y mejores comunicaciones a todo lo minorista y mayorista de alimentos y las cade- largo de la cadena de abastecimiento sobre nas de restaurantes en los Estados Unidos. cuestiones de bienestar animal. El sector del comercio minorista de alimen- Desde junio de 2001 el Panel Asesor de tos empezó a desplegar sus esfuerzos en el Expertos FMI-NCCR ha celebrado ocho reu- año 2000, y para enero de 2001 la Junta niones y ha procedido a la revisión de las Directiva del FMI había adoptado una políti- directrices de bienestar animal propuestas ca relativa al bienestar de los animales. por siete organismos de abastecimiento. Se Dicha política establece que la cría, transpor- han aprobado las directrices relativas a los te y procesamiento de los animales deben mataderos (bovinos, porcinos, ovinos y efectuarse en un medio limpio, seguro y libre caprinos), gallinas ponedoras, ganado leche- de crueldad, abuso o negligencia; que los ro y productos lácteos, así como pollos de miembros del FMI trabajarán en cooperación carne (incluido el sacrificio). Las directrices con sus proveedores para promover las relativas a los cerdos, al ganado de carne y a mejores prácticas para cada especie a fin de los pavos están en curso de revisión, mien- garantizar el bienestar animal durante todo tras que aún falta revisar las directrices rela- el proceso de producción; que se formularán tivas a los terneros para ceba y a los patos. recomendaciones en el marco del trabajo La información sobre los avances en la elabo- conjunto con expertos en bienestar animal, ración del programa está a disposición del zootecnia, medicina veterinaria y producción público. agrícola; y que se dará amplia difusión a la Algunos segmentos de la comunidad de pro- información sobre las mejores prácticas para ductores en los Estados Unidos han estado mantener la confianza del consumidor. trabajando activamente durante cierto tiem- En junio de 2001, el FMI y el NCCR aunaron po sobre los sistemas de seguro del bienestar sus esfuerzos para llegar a un programa animal mediante la investigación, búsqueda

(1) Instituto de Comercialización de Alimentos. Conduce programas de investigación, educación, relaciones industriales y asuntos públicos en nombre de sus 2 300 empresas miembros —detallistas y mayoristas de alimentos— en los Estados Unidos y en todo el mundo. Los miembros del FMI en los Estados Unidos dirigen alrededor de 26 000 comercios de alimentación al por menor con un volumen combinado anual de 340 000 millones de euros, o sea, las tres cuartas partes de las ventas de negocios de ali- mentación al por menor en los Estados Unidos. Los miembros del Instituto a nivel internacional comprenden doscientas empresas en sesenta países. (2) Consejo Nacional de Restaurantes en Cadena. Es una asociación nacional mercantil en los Estados Unidos que representa a cuarenta de las principales empresas de restauración en cadena con varias unidades o multiestatales. Las empresas miembros del NCCR poseen y explotan más de 50 000 establecimientos de restauración y otras 70 000 instalaciones bajo sus marcas registradas por medio de acuerdos de franquicia y de licencia.

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de asesoría de expertos exteriores y la elabo- minoristas de alimentos y restaurantes de ración y revisión de directrices a medida que mejorar el bienestar de los animales. El FMI se dispone de nueva información. Otros seg- y el NCCR consideran que estos esfuerzos mentos han empezado a desplegar esfuerzos han aportado y seguirán aportando una con- más recientemente. Esta diversidad crea tribución significativa para mejorar el bie- varios retos, pero el trabajo está motivado nestar de los animales en el proceso de propor el compromiso sólido y el deseo de los ducción alimentaria.

81 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Abstract A marketplace perspective

K. H. Brown Food Marketing Institute, 655 15th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005, United States of America; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: food retailers, food wholesalers, chain restaurants, producers, advisors, guidelines, audit, verification

In order to achieve real change, there must be visory council of independent animal welfare a motivating force and all of the stakeholders experts and improved communications across need to be involved. This is the premise of the the supply chain on animal welfare issues. animal welfare programme developed for the Since June 2001, the FMI–NCCR Expert Ad- food retail, wholesale and chain restaurant visory Panel has held eight meetings and industries in the United States by the Food reviewed the proposed animal welfare guide- Marketing Institute (FMI) (1) and the National lines of seven supplier organisations. Guide- Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) (2). lines have been endorsed for slaughter (cattle, The retail food industry’s efforts began in swine, sheep, goats), laying hens, milk and 2000 and by January 2001 the FMI Board of dairy cattle, and broiler chickens (including Directors adopted a policy to address animal slaughter). Guidelines are still under review welfare. The policy stated that animals must for swine, beef cattle and turkeys and have be raised, transported and processed in a yet to be reviewed for veal calves and ducks. clean, safe environment free from cruelty, Progress in developing the programme is abuse or neglect; that FMI members will work made publicly available. cooperatively with their suppliers to promote Some segments of the producer community in best practices for each species in order to the USA have been working actively on animal ensure animal well-being throughout the pro- welfare assurance systems for some time by duction process; that recommendations will undertaking research, seeking counsel of out- be developed working with experts in animal side experts and developing and revising welfare, animal husbandry, veterinary guidelines as new information becomes avail- medicine and agricultural production; that able. Other segments have begun their efforts best practices will be communicated broadly more recently. This diversity creates many to maintain consumer confidence. challenges but the work is motivated by the In June 2001, the FMI and NCCR joined strong commitment and desire of food retailers efforts to achieve a consistent programme and restaurants to enhance animal welfare. across the retail sector. The programme The FMI and NCCR believe these efforts have includes a measurable audit process, imple- made and will continue to make a significant mentation of practicable and attainable contribution to enhancing the well-being of an- guidelines based on science, an ongoing ad- imals in food production.

(1) The Food Marketing Institute (FMI) conducts programmes in research, education, industry relations and public affairs on behalf of its 2 300 member companies — food retailers and wholesalers — in the United States and around the world. The FMI’s US members operate approximately 26 000 retail food stores with a combined annual volume of USD 340 billion, three quarters of all retail food store sales in the USA. The FMI’s international membership includes 200 companies from 60 countries. (2) The National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR) is a national trade association in the United States, representing 40 of the USA’s largest multi-unit, multi-state chain restaurant companies. The NCCR’s member companies own and operate more than 50 000 restaurant facilities and another 70 000 facilities under their trademarks through franchise and licensing agreements.

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Consumer concerns for animal welfare: from psychosis to awareness

R. Quintili (1), Grifoni G. (2) (1) Il Salvagente, Via Pinerolo 43, I-00182 Rome; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Veterinarian in private practice

Summary The approach of consumers to food safety and animal welfare has thoroughly changed over the past 20 years, having merged contrasting ethical and philosophical views. According to this analysis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was a crucial factor, first in Europe and then in the United States of America, in raising a new concern for essential standards of animal health as a prerequisite to food safety. At this point, consumers require the implementation of minimum international rules for animal welfare, guaranteed by independent controls and validated by a transparent system of information on the end product. Keywords: animal welfare, consumers, global market

Worldwide crises and alerts over food of ani- systems. All over the world, the press uncov- mal origin and the increasing media interest ered that ruminants had been turned into in all breeding techniques correlated to food carnivores and citizens discovered facts that safety have changed the requirements for had remained concealed until then. The minimum standards of animal welfare. media initiated an information campaign ranging from foodstuff to intensive breeding, Today, over 10 years since the BSE crisis, even showing calves held in chains. consumer attitudes are less emotional but no less mistrustful towards the industrialisation This initiated a mechanism based upon emo- of food production of animal origin. tional reactions, feeding off one scandal after the other and involving all animal species. In Account of a crisis of confidence 1999, poultry and the dioxin pollution held the centre of interest, followed by pigs, trout In Italy, 83.3 % of consumers (1) are aware of and large farm-bred fish. Besides discover- the close connection between types of breeding contaminated feed and unnatural breeding and the ensuing quality of food prod- ing conditions, the media all over Europe ucts. These data are in accordance with Euro- disclosed appalling practices. pean statistics (1) that reveal periodically After a while, as is usual with the media, how EU consumers are suspicious of meat or there was a shortage of news released on the other products of animal origin, and have subject. Not so with the attention of con- doubts about conditions of animal welfare. sumers. The mechanism of emotional reac- Exactly what do consumers mean by ‘conditions, once set in motion, is not perfectly, tions of animal welfare’? although somewhat flexible: after a first Let us go back a few years to 1996, when the scare that resulted in a massive collapse of ‘mad cow’ psychosis broke out all over consumption, there was a slow comeback Europe. The BSE crisis forced most con- submitted to the condition that legislators sumers to face this unbearable equation: ani- and producers alike implement significant mal = machine, and reach the unequivocal food quality and safety guarantees, commen- conclusion that the absence of animal wel- surate with the impact of the scandal. Fol- fare has an effect on the quality of food. The lowing the first phase of BSE — the big scare culprits turned out to be the breeding condi- — authorities had to enforce as well as tions and the unnatural livestock husbandry endorse and display to the general public

(1) Cirm survey ‘What is there in the cattle’s plate’, 27 November 2003.

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mandatory sanitary and hygiene regulations. thousands of kilometres away, thus further The informative process of animal origin is confusing the issue. gaining momentum and the more sensitive Up until the 1990s, in fact, literature essen- producers supply voluntary information, tially described a threefold approach to the even certificates from external agencies. concept of animal welfare. A similar account is evidenced in the scandal On the one hand, there is the western of poultry contaminated by dioxin. In this anthropocentric view, focusing on the fact case, however, the response came from the that all treatments given to animals will have producers rather than the authorities. From an effect on the human individual through 1999 on, the certification of feed given to food consumption. chickens and hens and the labelling of breeding techniques and conditions were carried Then there is the pathocentric, or compas- out very quickly. sionate, view based on the belief that ‘a living being that can feel can also suffer’. After so many traumas, animal welfare has found its proper place in the consumer cul- Finally, there is the approach that can be ture as being synonymous with food quality. defined as biocentric, asserting that all ani- This change of attitude calls for a reorganisa- mals deserve respect as beings having their tion in the rules of communication as well as own intrinsic value. in quality and safety standards of food of With the recurrence of scandals and the evi- animal origin. dence of human variants of animal diseases The authorities on the whole seem to follow that once were limited to animals, all three a much more frantic pattern. Widely pre- issues tend to merge into one. dictable alerts and ensuing market crisis Consumers are under the false impression have led legislators to implement more strin- that they are facing conflicting options. On gent regulations. While acting as a tempo- the one hand, there is the practical side: since rary buffer against scandals, this position animals must be kept in perfect health, they certainly does not promote understanding may require medication or fall victim to dis- between producers and consumers. eases potentially transmissible to human Various attempts to preserve the market (such beings. For the first time, consumers recog- as the European Commission concealing for nise animals as sentient beings. Suffering years any disclosure on BSE (1) that could and stress are seen as possible dangers to upset the market, or the efforts to raise the animal welfare or at least to the quality of tolerable level of dioxin in food products in food of animal origin. On the other hand, the midst of the Belgian crisis) have been fol- normality is another important aspect: ani- lowed by a series of changes at a rate totally mals are entitled to live in harmony in their unsustainable for producers, who ended up environment. The amalgam of these different as the only scapegoats instead of being approaches may be summed up with an all- regarded as a key factor in promoting encompassing term, that of health, seen not zootechnics with a sound respect for animals. only as the absence of disease but also as the absence of stress and unnatural living condi- Cultural welfare tions. There is no doubt that stress has an effect upon the resistance of the immune sys- What do consumers really mean by ‘animal tem of animals (2) and this concept is now welfare’? At scientific level, the term ‘wel- perceived by the general public, at least over fare’ has not yet found an unequivocal defi- the last 10 years, as a result of the BSE crisis. nition, but for the general public the The concept of welfare is strongly correlated approach is simpler (or perhaps more sim- to the concept of health, so that less use of plistic). Globalisation contributes to the exogenous substances (such as antibiotics) awareness of international crisis occurring means less chance of finding them or their

(1) See report by Manuel Medina Ortega, commission of inquiry on BSE, Document FR/RR/319/319544fr — PE220.544/def./A, 02/071997. (2) Scapagni et al. 1989.

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metabolites in food, and just as important, On both continents, there is a strong con- less ambient pollution. One should remem- sumer request for labels that indicate the ori- ber the close connection between animal gin of food, and it is no coincidence that this breeding and the environment. demand follows the BSE scares that have upset the markets in the USA and the EU. Therefore it should be interesting to observe how an Italian consumer panel defines the At any rate, consumers have forsaken undis- best conditions for safe breeding, respectful criminating reliance and require assurances of animal welfare (1). rather than mere promises of authenticity and so-called quality characteristics to justify The three prevailing ambient factors by above average price levels. order of importance were available space, feeding and surrounding hygiene. Under A simplistic view of generalised mistrust of management conditions, however, the first food can be witnessed, in particular where three factors were: freedom of movement, animal food is concerned, as the result of a welfare and banning all types of mutilation. long series of empty assurances made by producers and authorities alike. The phe- Feeding and surrounding hygiene are factors nomena described by most — and perhaps familiar to the consumers as meaning imme- rightly so — as a ‘collective psychosis’ find diate danger of food of animal origin. How- their source in the conspiracy of silence and ever, it has become obvious that the concept the attempts to stifle alerts that could have of human and animal health is linked to ani- been much more restrained under better cir- mal welfare. This is perceived as a sum of cumstances. practical as well as ethical rules — the latter being perhaps the most important statement Therefore, it is quite possible to understand in the last few years. the source of consumer demand for the implementation of public and private cross controls, independently of any guarantee Guarantees offered by the producer or the breeders. Besides developing a critical consciousness, Consequently, the consumer requests bene- as is usual in all fields of consumption, there fited the biological animal rearing farms in is a request for accurate guarantees and con- Europe, as well as consortiums of producers trols in order to bring back confidence. First of traditionally bred animals, that were the European and more recently US consumers first to adopt measures of information and have requested more information and trans- certification. Today, the doubts and hopes of parency, insisting on extensive labelling that consumers seem to interweave with the mentions the traceability of the product and requirements of legislators and scientists also the methods of breeding, healthcare, and, at least in the most exemplary cases, non-suspect feed, and so on. with those of the market. There is no doubt whatsoever that the measure of animal wel- With regard to the confidence held in the fare should rely on a trustworthy procedure. trademark only 10 years ago, considered as In this respect, however, there appears to be the sole evidence of the entire production a divergence of methods and, in the experts’ process quality, the European public now opinion, a lack of accuracy. Austria and then have a more down to earth approach. The Germany were the leaders in following a same applies to US consumers who are los- largely approved pathway. In these coun- ing confidence in the time-honoured ways tries, animal welfare is measured through that are distinctive of the USA food policy. score sheets (Ani35L and TG1200) in order to In this particular case, the axiom that ‘all grant the necessary certification for biologi- food is considered to be safe unless there is cal farming. The basic principle, common to proof to the contrary’, is no longer guiding both tools, promotes such characteristics as US choices, as in the OGM policy or the use moving space, social contacts, welfare and of hormones in animal breeding. the type of medication administered to ani-

(1) Il Salvagente poll sample of 500 readers (2002).

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mals. Germany also rates the quality of food tors of production under crisis, even if they and human–animal bonds. If this type of occur thousands of kilometres from one’s investigation were applied to transportation own backyard. The latest event to show that and slaughter conditions, these sheets could different markets have no boundaries nowa- stand as a guarantee to the consumer and an days was the dramatic evolution of the avian opportunity to the producer for recovering influenza epizootic that left behind stagger- market confidence. ing figures: 50 million culled animals, some 20 persons deceased and damages of up to Referring to standards of animal welfare, we tens of millions of dollars. Confronted with are quite aware of how different cases may this tragedy, consumers in industrialised be found nowadays in various parts of the countries react once more in an emotional world and not only as would be conceivable, manner, requesting origin and traceability between industrialised and developing labels to avoid meat from risk areas. Scientif- countries. Completely different approaches ic organisations are desperately trying to co-exist even within western nations and the face the emergency, through animal culling most evolved forms of regulations. For and research for a vaccine to curb contami- instance, let’s consider organic animal rearing in the United States and in Europe. nation. But once again, we find ourselves in Inside this sector that consumers consider the final phase of an illness that could have the uppermost in animal welfare, there are been foreseen and perhaps avoided by tak- quite different concessions between both ing adequate measures. This may not be the markets. In the United States, nothing is said best of times to discuss animal welfare (hav- about animal transportation; in Europe, ing in mind the thousands of birds closed in however, there are precise regulations for bags and buried alive that have been shown limiting stress and preventing the use of on television all over the world). It is possi- tranquilisers or any other treatment by elec- ble, however, that this phase be followed by tricity. Starting from these different consider- a step in awareness similar to the one fol- ations, seemingly obvious in nations with lowing the ‘mad cow’ crisis, leading con- similar living standards, it is easy to under- sumers to demand more stringent standards. stand the difficulties encountered when We are expected to realise that mere defen- referring to minimum levels of animal wel- sive measures of national interests (such as fare applied to producers who can hardly labels of origins) may not be sufficient to make a living from their work. ward off this type of crisis in the future. We learn from history that most human dis- Regulation and aid eases have disappeared through socioeconomic progress that has brought with it an im- Consumers are no longer satisfied to simply provement in hygiene and sanitary condi- look at their plates to believe that food is tions. The mere imposition of regulations safe. Neither are they content to observe (both in hygiene and animal welfare) in coun- what is happening inside their borders, tries having to deal with a market that expects whether restricted to a nation or a continent. them to deliver low cost products at the lowest A global market requires a uniformity of price, while preventing the transfer of tech- hygiene and animal welfare standards; nologies, cannot be considered as a solution, adhering to these standards in the coming neither for themselves nor for more privileged years will be an essential condition to avoid areas that watch what they have chased out repeating the scandals that bring whole sec- the door return through the window.

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Résumé Préoccupations des consommateurs en matière de bien-être animal: évolution de la psychose à la prise de conscience

R. Quintili (1), Grifoni G. (2) (1) Il Salvagente, Via Pinerolo 43, I-00182 Rome; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Veterinarian in private practice Mots clés: bien-être animal, consommateur, marché mondial

L’attitude des consommateurs concernant le profondément implanté dans l’héritage cul- bien-être animal a profondément changé au turel des consommateurs. En effet, on peut cours des vingt dernières années. Les crises observer un changement d’attitude dans la et les alertes consécutives qui ont touché les population. Ces changements appellent à produits alimentaires d’origine animale, une transformation des règles de communi- ainsi qu’un intérêt croissant des médias pour cation et des normes de qualité et de sécurité toutes les techniques d’élevage, ont changé des produits alimentaires d’origine animale. les exigences pour l’établissement de normes Aujourd’hui, le consommateur européen minimales devant assurer le bien-être des réclame, non seulement plus d’information animaux. et de transparence en exigeant des labels qui Aujourd’hui, à quelque dix ans de la crise de certifient la traçabilité des produits, mais l’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB), également des informations sur les nous observons que l’attitude des consom- méthodes d’élevage, les traitements utilisés, mateurs est moins émotive; néanmoins, ils l’alimentation de l’animal libre de substances demeurent méfiants envers toute la réalité douteuses, etc. industrielle touchant la production d’ali- Le consommateur européen souhaite en ments d’origine animale. En effet, des statis- général un système de contrôle conjoint tiques récentes révèlent qu’au Royaume-Uni, public et privé, qui intervienne pour garantir un citoyen sur deux éprouve des doutes les déclarations des producteurs et des éle- concernant les viandes et autres produits veurs. d’origine animale, et demeure méfiant sur la façon dont les animaux sont traités. Jusqu’à Pour le consommateur, il ne suffit pas de présent, ces deux éléments sont intimement regarder dans son assiette pour avoir des liés. garanties de la salubrité des aliments. Il veut aller plus loin en remontant aux sources du Depuis la crise de l’ESB, une grande partie processus de production, et souhaite égale- des consommateurs s’est rendue à la triste ment être témoin de l’établissement de évidence que les animaux étaient considérés meilleures normes concernant le bien-être comme des machines. Cette réalité entraîne animal. Il exige des règles qui soient valables inévitablement une absence de mesures pour tous. Il souhaite également une favorisant le bien-être animal, ce qui, consé- meilleure sensibilisation au fait que la mon- quemment, a une influence sur la sécurité dialisation a éliminé les frontières pour ce sanitaire des aliments. qui a trait à la circulation des biens et il Ces réactions émotionnelles ont engendré un pense qu’il est nécessaire d’établir des nouveau courant qui est à l’heure actuelle mesures efficaces.

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Resumen Inquietud de los consumidores por el bienestar de los animales: de la psicosis a la concienciación

R. Quintili (1), Grifoni G. (2) (1) Il Salvagente, Via Pinerolo 43, I-00182 Rome; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Veterinarian in private practice Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, consumidores, mercado mundial

La actitud de los consumidores en los estu- repercute en la salubridad de los alimentos. dios comparativos sobre el bienestar animal Este cambio en la actitud del consumidor se ha sufrido profundas modificaciones en los traduce en una necesidad de mayor informa- últimos veinte años. Las crisis y las alertas ción acerca de los alimentos que ingiere, lo relativas a los alimentos de origen animal, a que ha generado una transformación de las escala mundial, y un creciente interés de los normas de comunicación y de calidad y medios de comunicación por todas las técni- seguridad sanitaria de los alimentos de ori- cas de crianza, han modificado la exigencia gen animal. normal de un mínimo de bienestar de los animales. El consumidor europeo, hoy día, pide más información y transparencia, exigiendo eti- Hoy día, más de diez años después de la cri- quetas que certifiquen la rastreabilidad del sis de encefalopatía espongiforme bovina producto y que además indiquen los méto- (EEB), observamos una actitud menos emoti- dos de crianza, los cuidados aplicados, el va de los consumidores, pero no menos rece- uso de alimentos inocuos, etc. El consumidor losa, en los estudios comparativos de la rea- europeo demanda a menudo un sistema cru- lidad industrial relacionada con la produc- zado de control público y privado que ción de alimentos de origen animal. Las esta- garantice las declaraciones del productor y dísticas recientes revelan, por cierto, que en del criador. la Unión Europea uno de cada dos ciudada- nos siente recelos con respecto a la carne o a Para estar seguro de la inocuidad de los ali- otros productos de origen animal y tiene una mentos, los consumidores ya no se satisfacen profunda desconfianza sobre las condiciones con mirar el plato, sino que quieren conocer de bienestar del animal. Las dos señales de el origen del proceso productivo y tener nor- alarma ahora están íntimamente relaciona- mas más estrictas de certificación sobre el das. De hecho, desde la crisis de la EEB, una bienestar animal. Las reglas tienen que ser gran parte de los consumidores se ha visto absolutamente válidas para todos, conscien- obligada, a su pesar, a familiarizarse con la tes de que en un mercado mundial en el que desagradable ecuación «animal = máquina» existen pocos obstáculos para el comercio es y a darse cuenta de que la falta de bienestar necesario establecer normas adecuadas.

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Abstract Consumer concerns for animal welfare: from psychosis to awareness

R. Quintili (1), Grifoni G. (2) (1) Il Salvagente, Via Pinerolo 43, I-00182 Rome; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Veterinarian in practice Keywords: animal welfare, consumers, global market

The attitude of consumers towards animal mal welfare and the safety of food. This welfare has changed dramatically in the last change in consumer attitudes has meant that 20 years. The food scares that have occurred they now require far more information about all over the world, and the increasing media the food they eat and it has brought about a interest in breeding techniques, have transformation in the quality and safety changed the requirement for minimum stan- standards of foods of animal origin. dards of animal welfare. Today, European consumers ask for more Today, over 10 years since the BSE crisis, information and greater transparency: they consumer attitudes are less emotional, but want labels that provide details of the prod- no less mistrustful of the industrialisation of uct’s origins, but they also want to know food production processes. Recent statistics how the animals were cared for, what they have revealed that one in two EU citizens is ate, how they were bred, etc. There are often suspicious of meat and other products of calls for systems of cross-checks by public animal origin and has doubts about animal and private authorities to ensure that pro- welfare conditions. These two factors are ducer and breeder guarantees are trust- now very closely connected in the minds of worthy. consumers and they set alarm bells ringing. To ascertain whether or not food is safe, con- Because of the BSE crisis a large number of sumers are no longer satisfied to simply look consumers were forced to face the uncom- at their plates. They insist on having the full fortable equation: animal = machine, and product history and details of the production they realised that the absence of animal com- process, and they want to know that certain standards of animal comfort were adhered fort has an effect on the safety of food. to. These consumer requirements are impor- This was quite a shocking revelation for tant, because in a global market where there some consumers, but now they are very well are few barriers to trade, suitable standards aware that there is a connection between ani- must be established.

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Animal welfare: a developing country perspective

S. A. Rahman Retd. Dean, Bangalore Veterinary College and Secretary, Commonwealth Veterinary Association, #123, 7th ‘B’ Main Road, 4th Block (West), Jayanagar, Bangalore 560011, India; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary Livestock undergo major suffering due to malnutrition, overloading of work animals and ill-treatment of meat animals. Draught animals work beyond their capacity. More than 100 million draught animals are idle in India for 200 days a year during which period they are ill-fed. The implements and carts to which they are hitched are inefficient, crude and painful. Improving their design will avoid the cruelty. Cruelty to animals takes place at every stage during slaughter. Five to eight million buffalo calves are killed immediately after birth. Eighty million large animals work for 7 to 10 years before becoming available for slaughter. Over 120 million meat animals and 500 million poultry also undergo significant suffering from the time they are dispatched for slaughter till they die. Slaughter animals are made to walk long distances or are transported in overcrowded trucks and trains. At slaughter, animals are handled roughly and watch other animals being killed. Stunning is not practised. Cruelty to other animals such as elephants, horses, donkeys, bears, and circus animals has largely been prevented through the efforts of animal welfare organisations. Prevention of killing of stray dogs through inefficient methods has been prevented by the use of alternatives to euthanasia such as animal birth control programmes. To address the problems of animal welfare in the developing countries, it would be inappropriate to adopt international standards implemented in the developed countries. Each developing country should evolve its own standards based on their own individual priorities. Governments have taken initiatives to establish animal welfare boards and enact laws for the prevention of cruelty to animals, but their efforts are far too limited to be of any significance. Financial constraints and lack of personnel inhibit the implementation of these rules.The only work on animal welfare is by a few dedicated organisations such as People for Animals (PFA), Blue Cross, Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA), Karuna, PETA and various SPCAs in the country, to name a few. Keywords: animal welfare, draught animals, slaughter, companion animals, wild animals

Developing countries of the world, especial- what needs to be done to improve animal ly in Asia, have high human and livestock welfare. It is also ironic that this happens populations, mostly rural and agricultural even though most of the religions in these based and limited land which leads to less countries deify animals. pasture available for animals. Out of 100 mil- Welfare of animals in developing countries lion bullocks and buffaloes, seven million can be classified under the following head- are in urban areas. These draught animals ings. are still the backbone of agriculture and mechanisation is insignificant. 1. Welfare of work animals 2. Welfare of production animals (milk and Developing countries with a rich heritage of meat) cultural and religious traditions have not sheltered livestock from abuse. In quantita- 3. Welfare of companion animals tive terms, the present effort of animal wel- 4. Welfare of wild and captive animals fare organisations is only a tiny fraction of including animals used in entertainment.

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To illustrate the problems of animal welfare work). In India, due to vagaries of monsoon in a developing country, the example of the and availability of land, ploughing is limited situation in India is used in this paper. to certain parts of the year only. As a result, more than 100 million draught animals are Welfare of work animals idle in India for 200 days a year, during which period they are ill-fed and become From the beginning of civilisation draught weak reducing their draught capability. This animals (DAs), bullocks, horses, camels, leads to ill-treatment to goad them for work mules, donkeys, etc. have been making a sig- beyond their capacity and health. While at nificant contribution to society. Draught ani- work, they are overworked, underfed, and mal power (DAP) is an excellent example of maltreated. Millions suffer neck injuries and mass application of appropriate technology. are bruised due to whipping and hot iron It is ideal for small farmers of, say, less than branding. Even shoeing and castration are four hectares. Tractors and tillers become done in primitive ways inflicting needless economic only when the farm size is above suffering. The implements and carts to four hectares, though, on a hire basis, trac- which they are hitched are inefficient, crude tors and tillers can be used also for smaller and painful. Animal welfare organisations farms. More than two million people in India undertake measures to improve the situation depend on DAP for ploughing and adjunct but need more effort. operations. In addition, DAs haul vehicles and carry goods on their back. For a variety In addition to bullocks, the other working of reasons the developing countries of the animals in the developing countries are buf- world may have to depend on DAP for faloes in Sri Lanka and donkeys in many many more years to come. Fortunately, DAP countries of Asia. Of the more than 50 mil- is complementary to petroleum-based power lion donkey population of the world, 50 % is and, in fact, there is no real conflict. in Asia with China having 10 million, Pak- istan 3.5 million and India two million. The DAP is the muscle power of DAs. In India, popular use of donkeys is for transport, and 80 million bullocks and eight million buf- also, to a limited extent, for ploughing. faloes make available 40 million HP and energy worth EUR 20 million. DAs plough While a pair of bullocks is able to haul a 100 million hectares of area sown (66 %) and tonne in a traditional cart, donkeys and haul 25 million tonne kilometres of freight in mules are able to haul half to three quarters 15 million animal drawn carts (ADCs) (Table of a tonne with ease as they are of better I). DAP annually saves six million tonnes of breeding and are well fed. petroleum worth EUR 15 million and that too is in foreign exchange. The asset value of Welfare of production animals (milk the DAP system is EUR 50 million and and meat) replacement of it by mechanised power would need a far higher investment, which Meat animals are part of a livestock system is clearly beyond the means of small farmers contributing EUR 40 million to the GNP of and of the economy as a whole. There are India. The market value of livestock is EUR over 100 million small farms in the develop- 80 million. Some 100 million producers of ing countries. In a small country like Sri animals and birds, provide 100 million live- Lanka, it is estimated that out of a popula- stock, 200 million poultry every year for tion of nearly 1.5 million cattle, around 1.1 meat totalling five million tonnes valued at million are with the small holders in rural EUR 12 million. In India, there are 10 million areas and estate sector. abattoirs and meat shops both legal and ille- gal having one million workers involved in DAP being so important to developing coun- the meat chain. tries, it is regrettable that these animals are not well cared for. Due to paucity of pasture In India, cruelty to animals takes place at and commercial feed, livestock are in semi- every stage during slaughter. Five to eight starved conditions (except high yielding million buffalo calves are killed immediately milk animals and draught animals while at after birth. Eighty million large animals

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work for 7 to 10 years before becoming avail- repeated stabbing and cattle are cast by able for slaughter. Over 120 million meat smashing the head, etc. Stunning has not animals and 500 million poultry also under- been introduced and several attempts have go significant suffering from the time they been made to streamline and upgrade pre- are dispatched for slaughter till they die. sent abattoirs. However, every effort has Transport and handling methods are primi- been negated for various reasons. tive and crude. Slaughter animals are made to walk long distances or are transported in Poultry farming overcrowded trucks and trains. At the slaughter stage itself animals are handled The developing countries of Asia started fol- roughly and animals awaiting their turn lowing the archetypal factory farming system watch other animals being killed. Due to with either intensive deep litter or battery misinterpretation of religious injunctions cages from 1965 onwards. Three quarters of and continued resistance to stunning, unnec- the world’s 4 700 million egg laying hens are essary suffering is inflicted. confined in tiny battery cages. India is the The most reprehensible part in the produc- world’s fifth largest egg producer with 150 tion sequence is the stage at which the ani- million laying hens, about 60 % of which are mals are taken to the abattoirs. At present, in battery cages. These wire cages are so small they are marched on foot or carried in over- that the hens cannot flap their wings; so bar- crowded trucks or goods trains. The typical ren they have no nest for their eggs, and so re- range for the final journey is 100 to 300 stricting that the birds’ bones often become so miles. The southern state of Kerala in India brittle they can snap like dry twigs. has the unique distinction of attracting ani- Forced moulting is widely practised both in mals from all over south India, where about developing countries such as India and in a million animals per year are walked 200 to developed countries such as the USA. This 300 miles, in the course of which they lose involves inducing hens to shed their feathers weight and are incessantly beaten. These ani- unnaturally quickly by shocking their sys- mals are generally not fed and watered en tem. This ’shock’ can be achieved by with- route. Animals — young and old, big or drawing feed for 10 to 14 days and reducing small — are all tied in twos and fours in lighting. After one year of production, hens order to reduce the number of animal min- will naturally stop laying whilst undergoing ders or personnel on the trail. This results in an annual moult. Forced moulting is carried injury and fatigue to the animals. They are out to make hens return to lay in as short a badly beaten while they are herded together time as possible. This practice results in a and driven fast to reach markets and abat- huge increase in stress and suffering to the toirs on time. It is an excruciating sight to hens, and a dramatic increase in mortality. watch them falter, fall down and being whipped so that they get up. On any working day, a million work animals may receive Broiler chickens reared for meat anywhere from 10 to 20 million beatings, Each year, about 40 000 million broiler chick- assuming a five-hour working day. Similarly, ens are reared worldwide. Over 650 million needless suffering is inflicted on animals, are slaughtered in India each year. Reared which have to travel three or four days for meat, ’broilers’ are usually crammed together in overcrowded, ill-ventilated, together, many thousands of birds in each humid, hot trucks and wagons. barren shed. They are not caged, but kept at Once the animals reach the slaughterhouse such high stocking densities that the birds they are further subjected to severe cruelty quickly carpet the floor of the shed. Broiler wherein they are killed in front of other wait- chickens grow at super-fast rates, so fast that ing animals. Sharp sticks are poked into the their bones, heart and lungs often cannot anus or vagina to force them on to the keep pace. Broiler chickens under six weeks slaughter platforms. To restrain young buf- old suffer painful crippling due to fast faloes, the front leg is broken and swung growth rates, whilst one in a hundred of around the neck. Pigs are slaughtered by these very young birds dies of heart failure.

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Recommendations for preventing In India, the Animal Welfare Board of India cruelty to animals for production under the Ministry of Environment and For- est plays a very important role in monitoring To address the problems of animal welfare in the role of NGOs involved in animal welfare developing countries, it would be inappro- and assisting them both technically and priate to adopt international standards financially and functioning as a watchdog implemented in the developed countries. for all abuses on animals. During the last few Each developing country should evolve its years, it has been responsible for strictly own standards based on their own individu- enforcing a ban on cow slaughter, intro- al priorities. In general, the following recom- ducing alternatives to experimentation of mendations would be helpful to most of the animals, etc. developing countries and their implementation will be more easy and practicable. Welfare of companion animals

Working animals Companion animals have been a subject of great concern especially as far as the welfare By improving the implements and carts, the of stray dogs is concerned. Catching and draught required of the animals will be cor- killing stray dogs has been carried out for respondingly reduced and their work cap- more than 100 years where dogs are killed acity for ploughing and carting doubled. under most horrific conditions. The city Injury will be reduced if not eliminated alto- municipal corporations which were respon- gether. There will be no need for whipping sible for this were not equipped to handle it and beating, since well-fed animals, attached in a scientific way. To overcome this, some of to improved implements and carts, can haul the NGOs in the developing countries such effortlessly. as India have started animal birth control (ABC) programmes as an alternative to killing stray dogs. This programme has been Production animals successful in most of the countries which Transport have adopted it (Blue Cross in India). The programme combined with anti-rabies vacci- • Marching animals for long distances on nation has considerably reduced the number foot to abattoirs should be banned by law. of rabies deaths in countries such as India, • Trucks and trains should be well designed Sri Lanka and Nepal. and their capacity enlarged through the provision of two or three tiers. Welfare of wild and captive animals • Feeding and watering arrangements including animals used in should be made compulsory, and surveil- entertainment lance arranged to ensure compliance. Animal welfare and wildlife conservation • Loading, unloading and handling devices are two distinct areas of animal protection. should be introduced to reduce damage While conservation is all about population, and suffering. welfare is about the individual. Therefore, the human protection of wildlife should • Specific laws to protect the welfare of encompass both preservation of the species broiler chickens should be introduced. and their natural habitats while also ensur- • Guidelines should be set for maximum ing the welfare of the individual animals. stocking density for broiler chickens. There are many issues where a combination of this is needed to achieve humane protec- • Changes from battery rearing to free- tion of animals. Examples include harvesting range systems should be implemented. of wildlife (whaling and trapping of fur- • Legislation to safeguard the welfare of bearing animals), killing for entertainment animals should be introduced and old (hunting of elephants, bears, deer, etc.), legislation amended to strengthen its exploitation (circuses, zoos and bear farms) enforcement. and culling (seals and kangaroos).

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Though some of these are issues of devel- treking long distances from their natural oped countries, developing countries also habitat. have a share of welfare issues regarding this. Animals in circuses and zoos are also kept For example, marine turtles are caught in under inhumane conditions. In India, legisla- their thousands in India and transported to tion has been introduced to ban animals in markets in the most inhumane conditions in circuses. However, once the animals are res- which their bodies are sliced up for meat cued from these organisations they do not while they are alive. find proper care and live in overcrowded Bear farming has been very common in and most unfavourable conditions as the China and Japan where bears are farmed for agencies which rescue them from the cir- their bile (used in traditional medicine). For cuses do not have enough resources to reha- example, in Japan alone there are nine bear bilitate them. parks holding over 1 000 bears. These parks also serve as a source of entertainment to the Animals in experimentation public. In China, more than 7 000 bears are kept in small cages for over 10 years. Danc- Most countries have introduced laws where ing bears are still found in India and Pak- animals used in experimentation and istan where the bear cubs are caught from research have to be cared for properly and the wild, usually by killing their mothers to experimentation done under strict supervi- get the cubs. The cubs are inhumanely treat- sion to avoid unnecessary pain and suffering ed to train them to ‘dance’ on their hind legs. to these animals. Alternatives to animals The bears are forced to do what the owner such as computer models have been intro- wishes because of the intense pain inflicted duced to avoid unnecessary use of animals upon the animals through the use of a chain in experiments and research. or rope drilled through its sensitive muzzle. Elephants play an important role as work Acknowledgement animals and on religious occasions. Most of the elephants are kept under semi-starved Sincere thanks to Professor N. S. Ramaswamy, conditions, working long hours and doing Director, Cartman and WSPA for permitting heavy work such as lifting logs, etc. Due to me to use the photographs from their litera- deforestation the natural habitat of elephants ture and presentations. has been eroded and the wild elephants in Asia are living under starving conditions References and at great peril of being hunted and killed 1. Chinny Krishna, S. (2003). ‘Has the ABC pro- when they encroach on farms in search of gramme been a success in India?’. Proceedings food. of the Second International Seminar on Animal The estimated elephant population in Sri Welfare, 14–16 February 2003. pp.13–17. Lanka is about 3 000. For various reasons the 2. Dharmawardena, I. V. P. (2003). ‘Status of ani- natural habitat of the elephant is gradually mal welfare in Sri Lanka’. Proceedings of the decreasing in Sri Lanka and the government Second International Seminar on Animal Welfare, established an ’Elephant orphanage’ in 1975. 14–16 February 2003. pp.18–21. The environment of the orphanage is very 3. John Callaghan (2003). ‘The welfare of farm much similar to their natural habitat and ani- animals in Europe — Current conditions and mals are always kept under strict veterinary measures’. Proceedings of the Second Interna- care. It has been recorded that 22 calvings tional Seminar on Animal Welfare, 14–16 Febru- have taken place since 1975 and the total ary 2003. pp. 55–62. number of elephants in the orphanage has 4. John Callaghan (2003). ‘Animals in entertain- increased to nearly 70 at present. ment’. Proceedings of the Second International Camels are used for transport in India and Seminar on Animal Welfare, 14–16 February their welfare is often sub-standard. Once 2003. pp. 45–52. their capacity to work is finished they are 5. Ramaswamy, N. S. (1984). Indian animal drawn abandoned and sent for slaughter, often vehicles and interdisciplinary survey of the state of

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the art, designs and operations. Published by 10. Ramaswamy, N. S. (2001). Livestock and devel- Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore opment, Cartman Special Issue, Publication of for Department of Science and Technology, Centre of Excellence — Animals and environ- Govt. of India. 280 pages. ment, India.pp. 1–56. 6. Ramaswamy, N. S. (1987). Report of the Expert 11. Ramaswamy, N. S. (2001). Livestock and envi- Committee on the Development of the Meat Indus- ronment for sustainable development. Cartman try (animal products), Ministry of Agriculture booklet, Publication of Centre of Excellence — and Cooperation, New Delhi, India. 156 pages. Animals and environment, India. pp. 1–34. 7. Ramaswamy, N. S. (1994). Draught animal 12. Ray Butcher (2002). ‘Stray dog control pro- power systems. Cartman Special Issue, June grammes — An international perspective’. 1994, Publication of Centre of Excellence — Proceedings of the International Seminar on Ani- Animals and environment, India. pp. 1–68. mal Welfare, 15–16 February 2002. pp. 13–17. 8. Ramaswamy, N. S. (1998). Technology and man- 13. Victor Watkins (2002). ‘The welfare of bears’. agement for increasing productivity and welfare of Proceedings of the International Seminar on Ani- donkeys. Cartman Journal, December 1998, mal Welfare, 15–16 February 2002. pp. 67–69. Publication of Centre of Excellence — Ani- 14. Victor Watkins (2002). ‘The welfare of wild mals and environment, India. pp. 5–7. animals’. Proceedings of the International Semi- 9. Ramaswamy, N. S. (2000). Draught animal nar on Animal Welfare, 15–16 February 2002. power. Cartman Special Issue, Publication of pp. 70–74. Centre of Excellence — Animals and environment, India. pp. 1–60.

Table I Freight carried is calculated on the following assumptions

Total number of bullock carts 15 million

Rural based carts 12 million

Urban based carts 3 million

Working days in rural areas 100 days

Working days in urban areas 300 days

Average load carried in rural areas 750 kg

Average load carried in urban areas 1 000 kg

Distance covered with load in rural areas 12 km

Distance covered with load in urban areas 15 km

Freight carried in 12 million rural 12 m x 750 kg x 100 days x 12 km ÷ 1 000 based carts = 10 800 mt km

Freight carried in 3 million urban 3 m x 1 000 kg x 300 days x 15 km ÷ 1 000 based carts = 13 500 mt km

TOTAL 24 300 million tonne kms say 25 000 million tonne kms

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Ploughing operations Skin bruise due to beatings

Ploughing operations Bullocks branded with hot iron

Ploughing operations Overloaded carts

Injury due to yoke Overloaded carts

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Overloaded carts Horse-drawn cart

Overloaded carts Overloaded horse-drawn cart

Overloaded carts Camels hauling a load

Overloaded carts Donkey being driven for work

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Animals stacked one above the other Cattle are cast by smashing the head transported for slaughter

Birds for slaughter dumped on the road

Cattle are cast by breaking the neck

To goad the frightened animals to their slaughter platforms, sharp sticks are forces into Buffalo calf being restrained by breaking the the anus or vagina front leg and swung around the neck

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Animals are slaughtered in the presence of other Pigs are slaughtered by repeated stabbing animals

Animals are slaughtered in the presence of other Battery Cages for Laying Hens animals

Animals are slaughtered in the presence of other animals Dogs killed by electrocution

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Mass Slaughter Garbage in the street

Stray dog eating carcase Elephants at work

Camel hauling a load Wound on an Elephant due to the chain

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Dog fighting in Pakistan Bear baiting in Pakistan

Camel hauling a load Japanese bear park

Dancing Bears In India

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Résumé Bien-être animal: le point de vue des pays en voie de développement

S. A. Rahman Retd. Dean, Bangalore Veterinary College, #123, 7th B Main Road, 4th Block (West), Jayanagar, Bangalore 560011, Inde; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, animal de trait, abattage, animal de compagnie, animal sauvage

Les pays en développement de la planète, blessures au niveau de l’encolure. Les outils notamment asiatiques, possèdent des popu- et les véhicules auxquels ils sont attelés sont lations humaines et des cheptels importants inefficaces, rudimentaires et douloureux. essentiellement ruraux et dépendants de L’amélioration de la conception des outils l’agriculture; les terres sont peu étendues, ce agricoles et des véhicules permettra d’éviter qui aboutit à des zones de pâture réduites ces actes de cruauté. Les organisations pour les animaux. Sur les 100 millions de dédiées au bien-être animal se consacrent bœufs et buffles dénombrés, 7 millions largement aux animaux de compagnie et aux vivent en zone urbaine. Les animaux de trait animaux sauvages mais font très peu de cas constituent encore le pilier de l’agriculture et des animaux d’élevage. la part de la mécanisation est négligeable. La cruauté envers les animaux se manifeste à Les pays en développement qui ont hérité de toutes les étapes de l’abattage, particulière- traditions culturelles et religieuses n’ont pas ment en Inde. Cinq à huit millions de buf- préservé leurs cheptels contre la maltrai- flons sont tués immédiatement après la nais- tance. En termes quantitatifs, l’action actuelle sance. Quatre-vingts millions d’animaux de des organisations pour le bien-être animal ne grande taille travaillent pendant 7 à 10 ans répond que très partiellement aux besoins avant qu’ils ne soient bons pour l’abattoir. d’amélioration dans ce domaine. Plus de 120 millions d’animaux de boucherie et 500 millions de volailles subissent égale- Les animaux endurent des souffrances consi- ment de grandes souffrances entre le dérables du fait de la malnutrition, de la sur- moment où ils sont envoyés à l’abattoir et exploitation des bêtes de somme et des mau- leur mort. Le transport et les méthodes de vais traitements infligés aux animaux de manipulation sont primitifs et frustes. Les boucherie. Les animaux de trait travaillent animaux destinés à l’abattoir doivent par- au-delà de leurs capacités. Même le ferrage courir de longues distances ou sont trans- et la castration sont réalisés de façon primi- portés dans des camions ou des trains tive, ce qui engendre des souffrances surpeuplés. À l’abattoir, les animaux sont inutiles. En raison de la rareté des pâturages manipulés avec brutalité et ceux qui atten- et des aliments artificiels, les troupeaux sont dent leur tour assistent à l’abattage de leurs quasiment affamés (à l’exception des bêtes congénères. Des souffrances inutiles sont laitières à haut rendement et des animaux de infligées par suite d’une mauvaise interpré- trait pendant le travail). En Inde, plus de tation des préceptes religieux et d’une oppo- cent millions d’animaux de trait sont oisifs sition permanente à l’étourdissement. pendant 200 jours par an, période durant laquelle ils sont sous-alimentés et affaiblis, ce Les actions des organisations de défense du qui réduit leurs capacités de traction. Cette bien-être des animaux ont largement contri- situation engendre des mauvais traitements bué à empêcher que soient commis des actes infligés pour les forcer à travailler au-delà de de cruauté envers d’autres animaux comme leurs capacités et de leur état. En situation de les éléphants, les chevaux, les ânes, les ours travail, ils sont surmenés, dénutris et mal- et les animaux de cirque. L’abattage des chiens traités. Des millions d’entre eux souffrent de errants par des méthodes inefficaces a été

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évité en recourant à des solutions de re- Bien que la législation et les lois destinées à change à l’euthanasie telles que les program- empêcher les actes de cruauté envers les ani- mes de contrôle des naissances animales. maux soient en place depuis des décennies, leur application stricte est souvent excep- Les pouvoirs publics ont pris des initiatives tionnelle. Toutefois, des efforts sont déployés pour créer des comités pour le bien-être ani- pour informer le public et intégrer des mal et promulguer des lois pour la préven- concepts de bien-être animal dans le cursus tion de la cruauté envers les animaux, mais des études vétérinaires afin de sensibiliser leurs actions sont beaucoup trop limitées les vétérinaires à toutes les questions rela- pour avoir un impact. Les contraintes finan- tives au bien-être des animaux, notamment cières et le manque de personnel font obs- l’expérimentation animale dans le cadre de tacle à l’application de ces règles. l’enseignement et de la recherche.

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Resumen Bienestar animal: perspectiva de los países en desarrollo

S. A. Rahman Retd. Dean, Bangalore Veterinary College, #123, 7th «B» Main Road, 4th Block (West), Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 011, India; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, animales de tiro, sacrificio, animales de compa- ñía, animales salvajes

Los países en vías de desarrollo en el ción, desnutrición y maltrato. Millones de mundo, especialmente en Asia, presentan un animales tienen heridas en el cuello. Los alto índice de población humana y de gana- implementos y carros a los que están atados do, en su mayor parte rural y agrícola, y tie- son ineficaces, burdos y dolorosos; una mejo- rras limitadas, con lo cual hay menos pasto ra de su diseño evitaría esta crueldad. Las disponible para los animales. De los 100 organizaciones de bienestar animal se preo- millones de bueyes y búfalos, 7 millones se cupan mucho por los animales de compañía encuentran en áreas urbanas. Estos animales y por la fauna silvestre, pero prestan escasa de tracción siguen siendo la piedra angular atención a la ganadería. de la agricultura debido a la escasa mecani- La crueldad con los animales ocurre en cual- zación. quier etapa del sacrificio, en particular en la Los países en desarrollo, que disponen de un India. Entre 5 y 8 millones de terneros de rico legado de tradiciones culturales y reli- búfalo son eliminados inmediatamente des- giosas, no han protegido al ganado de los pués del nacimiento. Ochenta millones de abusos. En términos cuantitativos, el actual animales de gran tamaño trabajan entre 7 y esfuerzo de las organizaciones de bienestar 10 años para después ser sacrificados. Más animal es sólo una ínfima fracción de lo que de 120 millones de animales de carne y 500 se necesita hacer para mejorar el bienestar de millones de aves de corral también padecen los animales. sufrimientos significativos desde el momen- to en que son enviados para el sacrificio El ganado padece los mayores sufrimientos hasta que mueren. Los métodos de transpor- debido a la malnutrición, la sobrecarga de te y manipulación son primitivos y rudimen- los animales de trabajo y el maltrato de los tarios. Los animales destinados al sacrificio animales de carne. Es sabido que los anima- tienen que recorrer grandes distancias o ser les de tracción trabajan más allá de su capa- transportados en camiones y vagones reple- cidad. Hasta el herraje y la castración se efectos. En el matadero, la manipulación es bru- túan de modo primitivo infligiendo un sufri- tal, y los animales que esperan su turno asis- miento innecesario. Debido a la insuficiencia ten a la eliminación de los otros animales. Se de pastos y piensos comerciales, el ganado se les inflige un sufrimiento innecesario debido encuentra en condiciones cercanas a la inani- a una interpretación errónea de los manda- ción (excepto los animales lecheros de alto tos religiosos y a la oposición constante al rendimiento y los animales de tracción mien- aturdimiento. tras trabajan). En la India, más de 100 millones de animales de tracción están libres Gracias a los esfuerzos de las organizaciones durante 200 días del año, período durante el de bienestar animal, se ha evitado en gran cual están malnutridos y se debilitan con la medida la crueldad con los demás animales, consecuente disminución de su capacidad de tales como elefantes, caballos, burros, osos y tracción. Esto lleva al maltrato para incitarlo animales de circo. La eliminación de los a trabajar más allá de su capacidad y de su perros extraviados por medio de métodos salud. Cuando trabajan, padecen explota- ineficaces se ha evitado gracias a alternativas

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a la eutanasia, tales como los programas de Aunque se hayan establecido leyes y se control de la natalidad animal. tomen acciones de prevención contra la crueldad con los animales desde hace varias Los gobiernos han tomado iniciativas para décadas, suele descuidarse su aplicación establecer Consejos de Bienestar Animal y estricta. No obstante, se despliegan esfuerzos promulgar leyes para prevenir la crueldad para concienciar al público e incluir los con- con los animales, pero estos esfuerzos son ceptos de bienestar animal en el currículum aún demasiado limitados para ser significati- veterinario a fin de sensibilizar a los veteri- vos. Las condiciones financieras y la falta de narios sobre todas las cuestiones de bienestar personal inhiben la implementación de estas animal, incluida la experimentación para reglas. fines docentes y de investigación.

105 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Abstract Animal welfare: a developing country perspective

Developing countries of the world, especial- cruelty. Animal welfare organisations largely ly in Asia, have high human and livestock concern themselves with pet animals and populations (mostly rural and agriculture- wildlife and very little attention is paid to based) and limited land, which means that livestock. there is less pasture available for animals. Cruelty to animals takes place at every stage Out of 100 million bullocks and buffaloes, of the slaughter process, especially in India. seven million are in urban areas. These Five to eight million buffalo calves are killed draught animals are still the backbone of immediately after birth. Eighty million large agriculture as mechanisation is almost non- animals work for 7 to 10 years before becom- existent. ing available for slaughter. Over 120 million Developing countries with a rich heritage of meat animals and 500 million poultry also cultural and religious traditions have not endure great suffering from the time they are sheltered livestock from abuse. In quantita- dispatched for slaughter until they die. tive terms, the present effort of animal wel- Transport and handling methods are primi- fare organisations is only a tiny fraction of tive and crude. Slaughter animals are made what needs to be done to improve animal to walk long distances or are transported in welfare. overcrowded trucks and trains. At the Many animals endure great suffering: work slaughterhouse itself, animals are handled animals are overloaded, meat animals are ill- roughly and animals awaiting their turn treated and livestock in general are malnour- watch other animals being killed. Due to ished. Draught animals work beyond their misinterpretation of religious injunctions capacity. Even shoeing and castration are and continued resistance to stunning, un- done in primitive ways inflicting needless necessary suffering is inflicted. suffering. Due to the paucity of pasture and Cruelty to other animals such as elephants, commercial feed, livestock are in semi- horses, donkeys, bears, and circus animals starved conditions (except high yielding has largely been prevented through the milk animals and draught animals while at efforts of animal welfare organisations. The work). More than 100 million draught ani- killing of stray dogs using inefficient meth- mals are idle in India for 200 days a year; ods has been prevented by introducing alter- during this time they are ill-fed and become natives to euthanasia, such as animal birth weak and their draught capability is control programmes. reduced. This leads to ill-treatment to goad them for work beyond their capacity and Governments have taken initiatives to estab- health. While at work, they are overworked, lish animal welfare boards and to enact laws underfed, and maltreated. Millions suffer for the prevention of cruelty to animals, but neck injuries. The implements and carts to their efforts are far too limited to be of any which they are hitched are inefficient, crude significance. Financial constraints and lack of and painful. Improving the design of agri- personnel inhibit the implementation of cultural implements and carts will avoid this these rules.

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Though the legislation and acts to prevent clude the question of animal welfare in the cruelty to animals have been in place for veterinary curricula, to sensitise veterinari- decades, strict implementation is often ans on all animal welfare issues, including negligible. However, efforts are being animal experimentation in teaching and re- made to make the public aware and to in- search.

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Transport and slaughter of animals: current constraints in Sub- Saharan Africa

F. A. Abiola, Teko-Agbo A. A., Bouchel D. Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine vétérinaires (EISMV), BP 5 077 Dakar, Senegal ; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary

The welfare of animals during transport and slaughter is currently an important issue in Sub-Saharan Africa. This article approaches the problem in the form of questions about what should be done, what is actually done, the reasons for current practices and how the OIE could help to improve the situation. The relevant texts are generally lacking and those that do exist are not well known. The people involved lack the necessary training and the means of transport are unsuitable. Regarding slaughter, the question of stunning and its compatibility with religious practices is discussed. The overall conclusion is that standards need to be set to ensure animal welfare, but that the social, economic and religious context in the various countries concerned by this concept must be widely taken into account. Keywords: animal welfare, transport, slaughter, Sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction • drawing attention to them so that they may be taken into account during the setting of Livestock farming is an essential activity in standards at the international level. Sub-Saharan Africa. Its proportion in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) varies from one The points dealt with will therefore be country to another. It is an important factor in considered in the context of standards for the trade between countries. Trade in livestock is transport and slaughter of livestock. from major producing countries to importing countries. The three main trading routes are as How to conduct animal transport follows: We shall approach this subject through the • trade in the “western seaboard” zone; following questions: • trade in the “central corridor” zone; A) What is the recommended practice? • trade in the “Nigeria” zone. B) What is the currently observed practice? In the course of trade, animals are taken from their place of production to slaughter sites, and C) What are the reasons for current practice? they are subjected to various forms of treatment D) How can a body such as the OIE help to during transport and the slaughtering process. correct bad practice so as to ensure animal These forms of treatment should comply with welfare? standards adopted to ensure animal welfare. A) What is the recommended practice? It is therefore an excellent initiative on the part of the World Organisation for Animal Health There are various national and international (OIE) to have organised a global conference on texts, with several points in common: the subject. - setting a maximum journey time for Our contribution is aimed at: transport of livestock, for example 8 hours (or 500 kilometres); • highlighting a number of concerns, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa; - using suitable methods of transport

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capable of ensuring animal welfare; the leaders of the countries concerned, with the development of legislative and - authorising only suitably approved persons regulatory texts taking into account the and/or firms to transport animals; socio-economic context; - making provision for animals to be - adoption of international texts that are not slaughtered close to their place of too rigid. production;

- instituting sanctions for any contravention How should animals be slaughtered? of the established rules. As with the previous point, we shall approach B) What is the currently observed practice? the subject by means of questions: In practice, the animals are collected: a) What is the recommended practice? b) What is the currently observed practice? - from their place of production or from markets; and c) What can the OIE do to improve the situation? - are taken on foot, by truck, by train, by cart and occasionally by plane a) What is the recommended practice? (figure 1). Here, too, various national and international C) What are the reasons for current practice? texts make precise recommendations on the methods and conditions of lairage of animals The following outline answers will help to at the abattoir and their slaughter. explain the situation: Arrival of animals at the abattoir - there is a lack of suitable means of transport; Upon arrival at the abattoir, the animals are placed in holding pens. During lairage, they - roads are generally in poor condition and may be subjected to a water diet and an ante- are difficult to use; mortem examination (figure 2). - livestock dealers do not receive any Pre-slaughter operations: restraint and training; stunning - children are sometimes used to transport Restraint is the application to an animal of any livestock; process designed to restrict its movements in - the appropriate texts are often lacking and order to facilitate effective stunning or killing. those that exist are not well known; Stunning is any process that, when applied - there are major difficulties in crossing to an animal, immediately produces a state national borders. of unconsciousness in which it is maintained until death. D) How can a body such as the OIE help to Stunning is carried out by means of electricity, correct bad practice so as to ensure animal a carbon dioxide chamber or a captive-bolt welfare? pistol. This is one of the goals of this conference. Bleeding of animals Several actions can already be proposed, notably: The animals are bled immediately after stunning, so that the remaining cardiac activity - training of personnel involved in these will help to evacuate the blood. The faster and activities; more complete the bleeding process, the better - programmes to raise the awareness of the quality of the meat.

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Bleeding is conducted in different ways manner would then be considered lawful. depending on the species, generally with a knife: by severing the carotid artery, the c) What can the OIE do to improve the jugular vein or the anterior vena cava, or by situation? cutting the animal’s throat. There is a need to achieve a balance between b) What is the currently observed practice? religious freedom and animal welfare. (figure 3) The OIE could make provision for large-scale Before presenting the reality of the situation, it ritual slaughter, as provided for under Article is important to mention certain socio-cultural 13 of French Decree No. 97-903 of 1 October concerns. 1997 relating to the protection of animals when they are slaughtered or killed. For meat to be considered pure and lawful under certain religions, it must fulfil certain Ritual slaughter conditions: • ritual slaughter may be performed by • the animal in question must be bled; ritual slaughterers accredited by religious organisations approved by the Minister of • the animal must be bled in accordance with Agriculture, on a proposal by the Minister precise rules (after or without stunning, for of the Interior; example); • the person who bleeds the animal (the • the approved organisations must inform slaughterer) must be a member of a given the Minister of Agriculture of the names religion and be accredited by the religious of the persons accredited and of persons authorities; whose accreditation has been withdrawn; • the religious authorities may monitor the • if no religious organisation has been quality of meat and determine whether or approved, the préfet of the département not it is fit for consumption. where the abattoir used for ritual slaughter is located can grant individual The problem of stunning authorisations following an application Animal protection organisations insist that the stating the reasons by the persons bleeding of animals that have not been stunned concerned; should be prohibited, whatever the species. • ritual slaughterers must be capable of Religious requirements, on the other hand, justifying their accreditation. prohibit the stunning of animals before they are bled. Yet stunning is one of the precautions that must be taken in order to prevent the Conclusion animal becoming agitated or experiencing pain or suffering. The OIE’s concern for the welfare of animals Some people consider that it might even be is to be welcomed. Standards need to be possible to achieve universal acceptance of set to ensure animal welfare. Nevertheless, electrical stunning. full account needs to be taken of the social, economic and religious context of the various If electrical stunning of the animal or any other countries concerned by this concept. anaesthetic process makes it easier to bleed the animal by reducing its resistance while it is bled, and if the electrical stunning has no effect on its life (in other words if the animal would recover completely if it were not bled), it is permissible to use electrical stunning or any other, similar anaesthetic process prior to bleeding. Meat from an animal bled in this

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Figure 1: Transport of animals

Transport methods are very often unsuitable.

A: Methods of transporting animals in Sub-Saharan

Africa

B: Recommended methods of transporting animals.

B 111 Global Conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative

Figure 2: Arrival of animals at the abattoir: lairage

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A B

Figure 3

Figure 3: Slaughter of animals in an abattoir in Sub-Saharan Africa A: Introduction and restraint of animals B: Bleeding of animals

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Transport et abattage des animaux: les contraintes actuelles en Afrique subsaharienne

F. A. Abiola, Teko-Agbo A. A., Bouchel D. Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine vétérinaires (EISMV), BP 5 077 Dakar, Senegal ; E-mail: [email protected]

Résumé Le bien-être des animaux au cours du transport et de l’abattage constitue actuellement une problématique importante en Afrique subsaharienne. Le problème est ici abordé en terme de questionnements sur ce qui devrait être fait, ce qui est réellement fait, les raisons de cette pratique et ce que l’OIE pourrait aider à faire pour une amélioration de la situation. Les textes adaptés manquent généralement et lorsqu’ils existent, ils sont méconnus. Les acteurs manquent de formation et les moyens de transport sont inadaptés. Pour l’abattage, la question de l’étourdissement et sa compatibilité avec les rites religieux est débattue. La réflexion en définitive est qu’il faut fixer des normes pour assurer le bien-être des animaux, mais il convient de tenir largement compte du contexte social, économique et religieux des différents pays concernés par ce concept.

Mots clés : Bien-être des animaux, transport, abattage, Afrique subsaharienne.

Introduction Notre contribution vise à : L’élevage est une activité essentielle en • faire ressortir un certain nombre de Afrique subsaharienne. Sa part dans le produit préoccupations surtout en Afrique intérieur brut (PIB) est variable en fonction des subsaharienne; pays. C’est un important facteur d’échanges • attirer l’attention pour en tenir entre les pays. Les échanges de bétail se font éventuellement compte dans la fixation à partir des importants pays producteurs vers des normes au niveau international. des pays importateurs. Trois principaux axes d’échanges peuvent être définis: Les points abordés seront pour cette raison articulés autour des normes pour le transport • les échanges de la zone de « façade et pour l’abattage du bétail. Ouest » ; • les échanges de la zone du « couloir central » ; Comment assurer l’acheminement des animaux • les échanges la zone du Nigeria. Nous envisageons ici d’apporter notre Ces échanges conduisent les animaux de leurs contribution à travers un certain nombre de lieux d’élevage vers des sites d’abattage, les questionnements : soumettant à divers traitements au cours du transport et du processus d’abattage. Ces A) Qu’est-ce qu’il est recommandé de faire ? traitements devraient se réaliser suivant des normes adoptées et respectées pour assurer le B) Que constate-t-on qui est fait ? bien-être des animaux. C) Pourquoi on le fait ? C’est donc une bonne initiative que prend D) Comment une instance comme l’OIE peut l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé animale aider à corriger ce qui est mal fait pour (OIE) de réunir une conférence mondiale sur préserver le bien-être animal ? le sujet.

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A) Qu’est-ce qu’il est recommandé de faire ? D) Comment une instance comme l’OIE peut aider à corriger ce qui est mal fait pour Il existe différents textes nationaux et préserver le bien-être animal ? internationaux avec des points constants : C’est l’un des objets de cette conférence. - limiter le transport du bétail à une durée On peut déjà retenir quelques actions, maximale par exemple de 8 heures (ou 500 notamment : kilomètres) ; - la formation des personnels impliqués - utiliser des moyens de transport dans les activités ; adéquats permettant d’assurer le bien-être des animaux ; - des programmes de sensibilisation des dirigeants des pays concernés avec la - n’autoriser à transporter des animaux que prise de textes législatifs et réglementaires les personnes et/ou les sociétés agréées en tenant compte du contexte socio- pour ce faire ; économique ; - prévoir l’abattage des animaux près de - l’adoption de textes internationaux pas leur lieu d’élevage ; trop rigides. - instituer des sanctions pour tout comportement contraire aux règles Comment réaliser l’abattage des définies. animaux ? Comme précédemment, nous abordons le B) Que constate-t-on qui est fait ? thème par des questionnements : En réalité, les animaux sont collectés : a) Qu’est qu’il est recommandé de faire ? - à partir de leur lieux d’élevage et dans les b) Que constate-t-on qui est fait ? marchés ; c) Que peut aider l’OIE à faire ? - l’acheminement se fait à pied, par camion, par train, par charrette et quelquefois par a) Qu’est qu’il est recommandé de faire ? avion (figure 1). Différents textes nationaux et internationaux là aussi donnent des recommandations C) Pourquoi on le fait ? précises sur les moyens et les conditions de stabulation des animaux dans les abattoirs et Quelques approches de réponses permettent leur abattage. d’expliquer la situation : Arrivée des animaux à l’abattoir - il y a manque de moyens de transport appropriés ; Arrivés à l’abattoir, les animaux sont placés en stalle; au cours de la stabulation, ils peuvent - les routes sont en général en mauvais état être soumis à une diète hydrique et à un et difficiles à pratiquer ; examen ante mortem (figure 2). - il n’y a pas de formation pour les commerçants du bétail ; Opération avant l’abattage: l’immobilisation et l’étourdissement - des enfants sont parfois utilisés pour transporter le bétail ; L’immobilisation est l’application à un animal de tout procédé conçu pour limiter - il y a une absence de textes adéquats et ses mouvements en vue de faciliter un ceux-ci sont méconnus lorsqu’ils existent ; étourdissement ou une mise à mort efficace. - il y a enfin d’importantes difficultés pour L’étourdissement désigne tout procédé qui, traverser les frontières entre les pays. lorsqu’il est appliqué à un animal, le plonge

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immédiatement dans un état d’inconscience vue d’épargner aux animaux toute excitation, où il est maintenu jusqu’à sa mort. douleur ou souffrance. L’étourdissement est pratiqué au moyen de Certains pensent qu’on pourrait l’électricité, d’une enceinte à gaz carbonique éventuellement mettre tout le monde d’accord ou d’un pistolet. avec l’électronarcose.

La saignée des animaux Si l’électronarcose de l’animal ou tout autre procédé d’anesthésie aide à saigner l’animal La saignée des animaux est pratiquée en affaiblissant sa résistance lors de la saignée, immédiatement après l’étourdissement, afin et si cette électronarcose n’a pas d’effet sur sa que l’activité cardiaque subsiste et aide à vie – c’est-à-dire que l’animal revient à la vie l’éjection du sang. Plus la saignée est complète normale s’il est laissé non-saigné -, il est permis et rapide, meilleure sera la viande. de recourir à une telle électronarcose ou tout autre procédé d’anesthésie allant dans ce sens Elle se pratique de différentes manières selon avant la saignée. La viande de l’animal saigné les espèces, généralement au couteau : par de la sorte est licite. rupture de la carotide, de la veine jugulaire, de la veine cave antérieure, par égorgement. c) Que peut aider l’OIE à faire ? b) Que constate-t-on qui est fait? (figure 3) Il s’agit d’aider à réaliser un dosage entre la Avant de présenter la réalité des faits, il liberté de croyance et le bien-être animal. est ici important de présenter quelques préoccupations socioculturelles. Aller dans le sens de l’adoption à large échelle de l’abattage rituel tel que prévu par l’article Pour que la viande soit considérée comme 13 du Décret français no 97-903 du 1er octobre pure ou licite pour certaines religions, elle 1997 relatif à la protection des animaux au doive remplir certaines conditions : moment de leur abattage ou de leur mise à mort. • l’animal en question doit être saigné ;

• la saignée de l’animal doit s’effectuer Abattage rituel selon des règles précises (après ou sans étourdissement par exemple) ; • l’abattage rituel peut être effectué par des sacrificateurs habilités par les organismes • celui qui saigne l’animal (l’abatteur) doit religieux agréés, sur proposition du appartenir à une religion donnée et être ministre de l’intérieur, par le ministre agréé par les autorités religieuses ; chargé de l’agriculture ; • les autorités religieuses peuvent surveiller • les organismes agréés doivent faire la qualité de la viande et déterminer si elle connaître au ministre chargé de l’agriculture est propre ou non à la consommation. le nom des personnes habilitées et de celles auxquelles l’habilitation a été retirée ; Le problème de l’étourdissement • si aucun organisme religieux n’a été agréé, Des organisations protectrices des animaux le préfet du département dans lequel exigent l’interdiction de saigner les animaux est situé l’abattoir utilisé pour l’abattage de toutes espèces sans qu’ils aient été rituel peut accorder des autorisations préalablement étourdis. individuelles sur demande motivée des En revanche, des prescriptions religieuses intéressés ; interdisent d’étourdir les animaux avant la • les sacrificateurs doivent être en mesure de saignée. En fait, l’étourdissement fait partie justifier de cette habilitation. des précautions qui doivent être prises en

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Conclusion Le fait que l’OIE se préoccupe du bien-être des animaux est à saluer. Il faut fixer des normes pour assurer le bien-être des animaux. Toutefois, il convient de tenir largement compte du contexte, social, économique et religieux des différents pays concernés par ce concept.

Légende des figures

Figure 1 : Acheminement des animaux Les moyens de transport ne sont très souvent pas adaptés. A : Moyens de transport des animaux en Afrique subsaharienne B : Moyens recommandés pour le transport des animaux

Figure 2 : Arrivée des animaux aux abattoirs : stabulation

Figure 3 : Abattage des animaux dans un abattoir en Afrique subsaharienne A : Amenée et couchage des animaux B : Saignée des animaux

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Résumé Transport et abattage des animaux: les contraintes actuelles en Afrique subsaharienne

F. A. Abiola, Teko-Agbo A. A., Bouchel D. Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine vétérinaires (EISMV), BP 5 077 Dakar, Senegal ; E-mail: [email protected]

Mots clés : Bien-être des animaux, transport, abattage, Afrique subsaharienne

Le bien-être des animaux au cours du transport Les acteurs manquent de formation et les et de l’abattage constitue actuellement une moyens de transport sont inadaptés. Pour problématique impor-tante en Afrique l’abattage, la question de l’étourdissement subsaharienne. Le problème est ici abordé en et sa compatibilité avec les rites religieux terme de questionnements sur ce qui devrait est débattue. La réflexion en définitive est être fait, ce qui est réellement fait, les raisons qu’il faut fixer des normes pour assurer le de cette pratique et ce que l’OIE pourrait aider bien-être des animaux, mais il convient de à faire pour une amélioration de la situation. tenir largement compte du contexte social, Les textes adaptés manquent généralement économique et religieux des différents pays et lorsqu’ils existent, ils sont méconnus. concernés par ce concept.

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Resumen Transporte y sacrificio de los animales : Limitaciones actuales en África subsahariana

F. A. Abiola, Teko-Agbo A. A., Bouchel D. Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine vétérinaires (EISMV), BP 5 077 Dakar, Senegal ; e-mail: [email protected]

Palabras clave: Bienestar de los animales, transporte, sacrificio, África subsahariana

El bienestar de los animales durante el transporte no son formadas y los medios de transporte y el sacrificio es hoy en día una problemática son inadecuados. En cuanto al sacrificio, la importante en la región subsahariana de África. cuestión del aturdimiento y su compatibilidad En este artículo el problema es tratado en forma con los ritos religiosos es objeto de debate. de preguntas sobre lo que se debería hacer, lo La conclusión general es que es necesario que realmente ocurre en la práctica y cuáles son establecer normas para garantizar el bienestar las razones, y la manera en que la OIE podría de los animales, pero tomando ampliamente ayudar para mejorar la situación. En general en cuenta el contexto social, económico y no existen textos pertinentes y, cuando existen, religioso de los diferentes países concernidos son desconocidos. Las personas involucradas por este concepto.

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Abstract Transport and slaughter of animals: current constraints in Sub- Saharan Africa

F. A. Abiola, Teko-Agbo A. A., Bouchel D. Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine vétérinaires (EISMV), BP 5 077 Dakar, Senegal ; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: animal welfare, transport, slaughter, Sub-Saharan Africa

The welfare of animals during transport and lack the necessary training and the means of slaughter is currently an important issue in transport are unsuitable. Regarding slaughter, Sub-Saharan Africa. This article approaches the question of stunning and its compatibility the problem in the form of questions about with religious practices is discussed. The what should be done, what is actually done, the overall conclusion is that standards need to be reasons for current practices and how the OIE set to ensure animal welfare, but that the social, could help to improve the situation. The relevant economic and religious context in the various texts are generally lacking and those that do countries concerned by this concept must be exist are not well known. The people involved widely taken into account.

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Applying science to animal welfare standards

D. Fraser Animal welfare programme, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary We are currently seeing very different standards being proposed, all claiming to ensure a high level of animal welfare and all claiming to be science-based. The standards differ partly because they involve different views of animal welfare, variously based on the biological functioning of the animal (health, growth, reproduction, etc.), its affective states (pain, suffering, etc.), or its ability to lead a relatively natural life. Each of these value-based views of animal welfare has generated useful scientific research and animal welfare improvements, but the science does not provide purely objective ways to weight the different views. Thus, animal welfare standards can indeed be based on science and yet still involve different values. To prevent public confusion about animal welfare standards, we need to be clear on the interplay of the scientific and the value-related components. Keywords: animal welfare, farm animals, standards, values

During the last two decades, many of the Historical developments developed countries have seen a rapid move towards systems of explicit standards Historically, three developments stand out as intended to safeguard the welfare of farm having influenced the move towards animal animals. This move has taken very different welfare standards and the scientific study of forms in different jurisdictions. In Europe, animal welfare. governments (both national and the Euro- One is the revolution in animal agriculture pean Union) have created a series of increas- that has taken place since about 1950 in the ingly stringent animal welfare regulations industrialised countries, based mainly on a for most animal-based commodities. In philosophy of maximising production effi- North America, where governments have ciency (Fraser et al., 2001). The revolution been much less involved, the food service has involved the use of ‘intensive’ systems, and retail sectors have recently begun to especially for poultry and swine, where the play a leading role, with companies like animals have little or no exposure to the out- McDonald’s and Burger King creating stan- doors and often severe restriction of move- dards that they require their suppliers to ment. This change in housing has been meet. Many countries have also seen growth accompanied by intense genetic selection for in defined alternative-production systems production traits, scientific feed formulation, such as free-range eggs and organic meat, and the use of performance-enhancing phar- promoted by animal protection agencies, maceuticals. In addition to these changes in retailers, and by alternative producers them- technology, the revolution has also seen a selves, and often claimed to ensure a high move away from small, mixed farms and level of animal welfare. towards specialised farms producing a single product on a much larger scale. In some sec- In all these developments, promoters of ani- tors and regions, notably the United States mal welfare standards have often claimed and some former Soviet countries, there has that their standards are based on science. In also been a change in farm ownership, with this paper we will examine some features of corporately or collectively owned units animal welfare science and the role it has replacing many smaller, family-owned played in the emerging standards. farms. Although the new methods are

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strongly encouraged by economic pressures production tend to emphasise the ‘biological and by some advocates, the changes have functioning’ of the animal as the key criter- attracted intense scrutiny and concern ion of its welfare. According to this view, focused on the living conditions of the ani- good animal welfare is characterised by a mals, the environmental impact of the large high level of health, growth, production effi- units, and other issues. ciency and correlated traits. Proponents of this view consider that intensive production A second trend is the rapid increase, since systems, however unnatural they may seem, about 1950, in humanitarian attitudes should be viewed as good for animal welfare towards animals, seen especially in the Euro- as long as the animals are healthy, growing, pean and English-speaking world. This and producing well. Indeed, according to builds on a long historical trend, dating at this view, seemingly more ‘natural’ systems least to 1700, whereby the quality of life of should not be viewed as promoting good animals has come to be seen as a legitimate welfare if these give rise to lower levels of subject of moral concern. These changes in health, growth and production. attitude have led to demands for safeguards and standards for the care of animals in all A second view — common in humanitarian fields including biomedical research, enter- thinking and among some animal welfare tainment and wildlife management. The call scientists — emphasises the ‘affective states’ for farm animal welfare standards repre- of animals: pain, suffering, and other feel- sents, in part, a similar level of scrutiny and ings and emotions. According to this view, expectations being directed towards animal animal welfare standards should ensure that agriculture. animals are spared unpleasant affective states as much as possible, and are allowed A third trend has been a growing scepticism, to enjoy normal pleasures of life, whether shown especially by many consumers, to- this occurs in intensive or non-intensive sys- wards technology, industrialisation and cor- tems. porate power, especially when these intrude into the daily lives of people and the pro- A third view holds that animals should be cesses of nature. Symptoms include protests allowed to lead reasonably natural lives by against globalisation of trade and genetically carrying out their normal behaviour in a rea- modified foods. Traditionally, animal agricul- sonably natural environment, free from ture was widely viewed as a form of indepen- undue restraint. This view is common dent enterprise involving a close relationship among consumers (te Velde et al., 2002) and between people, animals and nature. With the among many critics of modern animal pro- revolution in animal agriculture, animal production. To those holding this view, animal duction has come to be perceived, rightly or welfare standards should eliminate long- wrongly, more as an industrial, technological term confinement of animals which prevents and corporate-owned activity. This change in most of the animals’ natural behaviour. public perception has resulted in greater ethi- Each of these viewpoints makes valid claims cal scrutiny of food production and a greater and attracts valid criticisms. Pursuing willingness to see standards imposed on the improved growth and productivity (biologi- industry. cal functioning) does arguably enhance animal welfare when this is achieved by Different views of animal welfare improving heath care and nutrition; however, in breeding for rapid growth at the At the risk of over-simplifying, these three expense of leg soundness, or in using phar- historical developments have given rise to, maceutical products to enhance production or at least reinforced, three different views of beyond normal levels, any positive correla- how animals should be raised and, hence, of tion between productivity and animal wel- how animal welfare should be assessed fare breaks down. Reducing pain and other (Duncan and Fraser, 1997; Fraser et al., 1997). unpleasant affective states is related to ani- Many animal producers, veterinarians and mal welfare more or less by definition, but animal scientists involved in modern animal there is valid controversy over how accurate-

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ly we can detect such states and use them as of laying hens in different types of cages. a basis for animal welfare standards. The They found that the majority of birds had pursuit of more natural living conditions significant foot lesions in cages with steeply would arguably improve animal welfare in sloped floors and poor quality galvanising, some respects but often introduces other whereas foot health was good with plastic- problems such as increased exposure to pre- coated floors of more moderate slope. Simi- dation and harsh weather. larly, most birds developed severe lesions of the neck when feeding from deep troughs People holding one or other of these views with sharp lips installed too high for com- often assume that the three go hand in hand. fortable access, whereas the problem was Thus producers may believe that if animals largely eliminated by a shallower trough are productive, they will also be happy; or located more conveniently for the birds. consumers may assume that if animals are Again, the use of solid side partitions kept under natural circumstances, they will reduced feather damage due to wear and necessarily be healthy and productive. pecking, installation of abrasive strips Sometimes the different views do indeed helped prevent overgrown claws, and design agree. For example, allowing a sow to wal- improvements to the cage fronts led to fewer low in mud on a hot day is good for her wel- birds becoming trapped and killed (Tauson, fare by natural living criteria because she can 1995). These results were very influential perform her natural behaviour, by biological with cage manufacturers and formed the functioning criteria because wallowing helps basis of regulations on cage design in Swe- prevent heat stress, and by affective state cri- den and elsewhere. teria because the sow should be more comfortable. Nonetheless, the three views Another problem of biological functioning is involve quite different areas of emphasis, tail-biting among confined pigs, a and they sometimes lead to conflicting con- behavioural abnormality whereby pigs chew clusions. and bite the tails of their pen-mates to the point of causing injury and sometimes death. Tail-biting is one of several types of abnor- The role of science mal oral behaviour of farm animals along To state the obvious, the different views arise with feather-pecking by chickens, wool- partly because people differ in the value they pulling by sheep, and tongue-rolling by cat- attach to different aspects of animal welfare. tle. These appear to involve the natural for- The intensive producer sees a high level of aging behaviour of the species redirected to health and growth as so important that it pen-mates or in other inappropriate ways. warrants some restriction of movement; the There are many predisposing factors (envi- free-range producer sees access to the out- ronmental, genetic and nutritional) which doors as so important that it warrants some need to be addressed to prevent tail-biting, exposure to harsh weather. It would be com- but the simple provision of straw or other forting to think that science could arbitrate material that the animals can manipulate among these different value-based views of with their mouths helps to redirect oral animal welfare, and demonstrate which are behaviour away from pen-mates (Fraser et scientifically valid and which are not. In real- al., 1991). On this basis, welfare standards in ity, a tradition of scientific research has the European Union require straw or other grown up around each of the different manipulable material to be provided for views. pigs.

Biological functioning Affective states In many cases, scientists have focused on Scientists have also tried to improve animal biological functioning as an avenue to welfare by focusing on affective states in ani- improve animal welfare. For example, Rag- mals such as fear and pain. nar Tauson and co-workers made detailed When mechanical ‘chicken harvesters’ were comparisons of the health and performance first introduced as a more efficient alterna-

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tive to manual catching of chickens, there Natural living was a concern that these large machines would cause excessive fear in the birds. To Scientists have also tried to improve animal investigate this concern Ian Duncan and co- welfare by providing animals with opportu- workers monitored the heart rate of birds nities to lead more natural lives. when they were captured by hand or by One radical approach was used by Stolba machine, and they found that the rapid heart and Wood-Gush (1984) who tried to accom- rate of newly caught birds actually returned modate the natural behaviour of pigs in a to normal more quickly if the birds had been commercial housing system. They began by caught by machine rather than by hand. The turning pigs loose in a hilly, wooded area study also used the tonic immobility test as and observing their behaviour. They identi- an index of fear. In this test a bird that has fied certain characteristic components of the been flipped onto its back generally remains animals’ behaviour; in particular, the pigs immobile for a length of time that is thought rooted in the soil, exercised their neck mus- to be correlated with its level of fear. The cles by levering against fallen logs, built research showed that chickens that had been nests in secluded areas before giving birth, captured by hand maintained tonic immobil- and used dunging areas well removed from ity longer than those that had been captured their resting areas. Stolba and Wood-Gush by machine. Both lines of evidence thus sug- also found that there were certain key stim- gested that machine catching actually caused uli in the environment which were impor- less fear than manual catching (Duncan et tant for these behaviour patterns to be per- al., 1986). On this basis, humane organisa- formed. They then designed a complex com- tions began promoting the mechanical catch- mercial pen which incorporated these key ing of chickens instead of opposing it. stimuli including a separate dunging area, a A second example is the effort to reduce pain rooting area, a log for levering, and secluded in calves resulting from hot-iron disbudding. areas for parturition. The authors claimed This procedure typically involves heating a that the animals’ welfare was significantly ring-shaped iron to about 600o C, and press- improved by the complex pen. However, ing it against the calf’s head so that it burns critics using different criteria of animal wel- through the tissues that would nourish the fare questioned this conclusion because, for horn bud and allow the horn to develop. example, neonatal survival was not as high One way to mitigate the pain of disbudding in this system as in some more confined sys- is local anaesthesia. A study by Petrie et al. tems. (1996) showed that hot-iron dehorning is fol- A less radical approach involves incorporat- lowed immediately by an increase in plasma ing simple elements of natural behaviour in levels of the stress-related hormone cortisol order to solve specific animal welfare prob- if the procedure is done without a local lems. In commercial pig production, piglets anaesthetic, but that the reaction is blocked if are usually kept constantly with the sow for lidocaine is used to freeze the area. Even two to four weeks, and then are typically with lidocaine, however, cortisol still weaned by being moved suddenly to a new showed a large increase several hours later, environment and a new diet. The piglets probably because the area remained often lose weight and may show slow inflamed and painful after the freezing had growth and digestive problems for up to a worn off. However, Faulkner and Weary week. Under natural conditions sows wean (2000) showed that if the analgesic ketopro- their young by gradually decreasing the fre- fen is added to the calf’s milk on the morn- quency of nursing over several weeks, thus ing and evening of disbudding, the usual making the young adapt gradually to solid signs of continuing discomfort are largely food. Gradual weaning can be achieved in eliminated. Some countries require the use of intensive systems by allowing the sow to local anaesthetics for hot-iron disbudding of escape from the piglets at will by stepping calves; the newer evidence suggests that over a piglet-proof barrier. In pens where including an analgesic would improve wel- this is possible, many sows begin to reduce fare further. contact with the young in the second week,

125 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

and the piglets gradually switch to solid feed ing, 2002), a nest box where they can retreat with fewer problems (Pajor et al., 1999). to lay eggs (Duncan and Kite, 1987) and, perhaps to a lesser extent, litter for dust bathing Influence of these views on animal (Widowski and Duncan, 2000). One study welfare standards also found that hens would work to enlarge the floor space up to about 750 cm2 per bird Thus we see three rather different views of (Lagadic and Faure, 1987). Research of this animal welfare, each with its scientific pro- type played an obvious role in the EU deci- ponents and each leading to research that sion to require ‘enriched’ cages for hens con- makes a contribution to animal welfare. We taining a nestbox, perch, litter, and a space are also beginning to see quite different allowance of 750 cm2 per bird. Such cages types of animal welfare standards, each support a high level of biological functioning influenced by a different mixture of biologi- (Appleby et al., 2002); they also accommo- cal functioning, affective states and natural date certain elements of natural behaviour, living criteria. and by providing features that the birds themselves seek out they likely score better Standards for laying hens provide a particu- on affective state criteria. larly clear example (Table 1). Recent decades have seen dozens of scientific studies exam- The standards for ‘alternative’ production ining the effects of different space systems, such as the ‘Freedom foods’ pro- allowances for laying hens (e.g. Adams and gramme in the United Kingdom and various Craig, 1985; Rousch, 1986), mostly using organic production standards, take a third basic biological functioning variables such as approach. These standards generally prohib- survival, rate of lay, and feed conversion effi- it all use of cages, requiring instead that ciency. The studies generally show that birds be free to move in a large area with a when space allowance drops below about generous space allowance and access to the 450 cm2 per bird, survival is reduced, rate of outdoors, natural light, and other amenities lay declines, and feed efficiency drops. On that provide a seemingly more natural envi- that basis, approximately 450 cm2 per bird ronment. These standards appear to give was adopted as a standard by several chain special emphasis to natural living criteria. restaurants in the United States and by the Thus, we see in a sense, three different kinds European Union until 2003. Hence, what we of standards, all claimed to protect the wel- might call ‘basic’ standards require about fare of the birds (Table 1): this amount of floor space combined with sufficient access to food and water to ensure • ‘basic’ standards, typical of those promot- a high level of basic biological functioning. ed by producer associations and chain restaurants in the United States, requiring The standards for enriched cages, approved 2 by the European Union in 1999, are based on roughly 450 cm , plus good access to food a broader conception of animal welfare. One and water; of the goals of animal welfare research has • ‘enhanced’ standards, seen in the Euro- been to identify the animals’ own priorities pean enriched cage, requiring 750 cm2 of for features in their environment, often on floor space plus a nestbox, perch, and lit- the assumption that animals will seek out ter; and environments where they find comfort and • ‘alternative’ standards used in defined avoid those that cause negative states such alternative-production systems such as as pain, fear and frustration (Dawkins, 1980). free-range and organic, generally requir- A common approach has been to train ani- ing the same amenities as enhanced stan- mals to perform ‘instrumental’ tasks, such as dards plus access to open space and natu- pecking on a key, for access to various envi- ral daylight. ronmental features, and then determine which ones the birds will work to obtain. These standards, although all claimed to Research of this type has shown that hens protect the welfare of the birds, set very dif- will expend considerable effort to obtain a ferent requirements at least partly because perch for resting at night (Olsson and Keel- they are based on different degrees of

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 126 Applying science to animal welfare

emphasis on biological functioning, affective References states and natural living as criteria for animal welfare. Adams, A. W. and Craig, J. V. (1985). ‘Effect of crowding and cage shape on productivity and profitability of caged layers: A survey’. Poultry Concluding remarks Science, 64, pp. 238–242. With a wide variety of programmes, all Appleby, M. C., Walker, A. W., Nicol, C. J., Lind- berg, A. C., Freire, R., Hughes, B. O. and claiming to ensure a high standard of animal Elson, H. A. (2002). ‘Development of fur- welfare and all claiming to be based on sci- nished cages for laying hens’. British Poultry ence, there is a risk that the public will Science, 43, pp. 489–500. become confused and disillusioned by the conflicting claims. How can we reduce the Certified Organic Associations of British chance of this happening? Columbia (COABC) (2003). British Columbia Certified Organic Production Operation Policies First, we need to be clear on the mixture of and Management Standards, Version 5, Book 2: science and values that go into animal wel- Certified Organic Management Standards. fare standards. Science has a key role to play, COABC, Vernon, Canada. for example by demonstrating how different Council of the European Communities (1988). housing and handling practices affect the Council Directive 88/166/EEC of 7 March growth and health of animals, by helping us 1988 complying with the judgment of the understand their affective states, and by Court of Justice in Case 131/86. Official Journal identifying environmental features that are of the European Communities, 19 March 1988, important for animals to carry out elements L074, pp. 83–87. of their natural behaviour. Science does not, Council of the European Union (1999). Council however, answer or trump value-based Directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying questions about the relative importance of down minimum standards for the protection the different criteria of animal welfare. of laying hens. Official Journal of the European Hence, we need to recognise and communi- Communities, 3 August 1999, L 203, pp. 53–57. cate that animal welfare standards have both Dawkins, M. S. (1980). Animal suffering: The sci- a scientific and a philosophical basis. ence of animal welfare. Chapman and Hall, Lon- Second, we need to strike reasonable bal- don, United Kingdom. ances among the different elements of ani- Duncan, I. J. H. and Fraser, D. (1997). ‘Under- mal welfare. Standards that emphasise natu- standing animal welfare’. M. C. Appleby and ral living (e.g. organic, free-range) need to B. O. Hughes eds, Animal welfare, CAB Inter- provide adequate protection against disease national, Wallingford, United Kingdom, and harsh environmental conditions. Stan- pp. 19–31. dards that emphasise biological functioning Duncan, I. J. H. and Kite, V. G. (1987). ‘Some (e.g. basic standards endorsed by producer investigations into motivation in the domestic organisations) must not ignore concerns over fowl’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, affective states. Perhaps no welfare stan- 18, pp. 387–388. dards will maintain public trust unless they Duncan, I. J. H., Slee, G., Kettlewell, P., Berry, P. take the different conceptions of animal wel- and Carlisle, A. J. (1986). ‘Comparison of the fare into account to some degree. stressfulness of harvesting broiler chickens by machine and by hand’. British Poultry Science, 27, pp. 109–114. Acknowledgements Faulkner, P. and Weary, D. M. (2000). ‘Reducing Preparation of this paper was supported by pain after dehorning in dairy calves’. J. Dairy the Natural Sciences and Engineering Science, 83, pp. 2037–2041. Research Council of Canada through the Fraser, D., Mench, J. and Millman, S. (2001). Industrial Research Chair in Animal Welfare, ‘Farm animals and their welfare in 2000’. D. J. and by the many sponsoring organisations Salem and A. N. Rowan eds, State of the ani- of the University of British Columbia ‘Ani- mals 2001. Humane Society Press, Washington, mal welfare programme’. DC, pp. 87–99.

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Fraser, D., Phillips, P. A., Thompson, B. K. and with or without local anaesthetic’. N. Z. Vet. J., Tennessen, T. (1991). ‘Effects of straw on the 44, pp. 9–14. behaviour of growing pigs’. Journal of Applied Roush, W. B. 1986. ‘A decision analysis approach to Animal Welfare Science, 30, pp. 307–318. the determination of population density in lay- Fraser, D., Weary, D. M., Pajor, E. A. and Milligan, ing cages’. World’s Poultry Science J., 42, pp. 26–31. B. N. (1997). ‘A scientific conception of animal Stolba, A. and Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1984). ‘The welfare that reflects ethical concerns’. Animal identification of behavioural key features and welfare, 6, pp. 187–205. their incorporation into a housing design for Lagadic, H. and Faure, J.-M. (1987). ‘Preferences pigs’. Ann. Rech. Vét., 15, pp. 287–298. of domestic hens for cage size and floor types Tauson, R. K. (1995). ‘Comparative evaluation as measured by operant conditioning’. Journal and development of housing systems for lay- of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 9, ing hens’. Animal behaviour and the design of pp. 147–155. livestock and poultry systems (conference pro- Olsson, I. A. S. and Keeling, L. J. (2002). ‘The ceedings). Northeast Regional Agricultural push-door for measuring motivation in hens: Engineering Service, Ithaca NY, pp. 83–93 laying hens are motivated to perch at night’. te Velde, H., Aarts, N. and van Woerkum, C. Animal welfare, 11, pp. 11–19. (2002). ‘Dealing with ambivalence: farmers’ Pajor, E. A., Weary, D. M., Fraser, D. and Kramer, and consumers’ perceptions of animal welfare D. L. (1999). ‘Alternative housing for sows in livestock breeding’. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics, and litters. 1. Effects of sow-controlled hous- 15, pp. 203–219. ing on responses to weaning’. Journal of Widowski, T. M. and Duncan, I. J. H. (2000). Applied Animal Welfare Science, 65, pp. 105–121. ‘Working for a dustbath: are hens increasing Petrie, N. J., Mellor, D. J., Stafford, K. J., Bruce, R. pleasure rather than reducing suffering?’ Jour- A. and Ward, R. N. (1996). ‘Cortisol responses nal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 68, of calves to two methods of disbudding used pp. 39–53.

Table 1: Examples illustrating three types of animal welfare standards for laying hens

Type of standard Floor space Feed trough Water Perch, litter Outdoors, (cm2/bird) (cm/bird) sources nestbox natural light

Basic 450 10 2 nipples no no

Enhanced 750 12 2 nipples yes no

Alternative 2 300 8 1 round waterer yes 6 h/day

Sources: ‘Basic’ standards include those of various food companies and producer organisations; the example is the standard approved by the Council of the European Communities (1988). The ‘enhanced’ standard shown is the standard for enriched cages approved by the Council of the European Union (1999). ‘Alternative’ standards include many free-range, organic and speciality standards; the example is the organic standard of the Certified Organic Associations of British Columbia (2003). The table shows only certain elements of the standards, selected for purposes of comparison.

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Résumé Appliquer la science pour l’établissement de normes pour le bien-être animal

D. Fraser Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, animal d’élevage, normes, éthique

Les personnes impliquées dans le dévelop- rablement, ces trois points de vue touchent pement de normes concernant le bien-être des domaines d’importance différente et animal s’entendent généralement pour dire quelquefois conduisent à des conclusions que celles-ci devraient reposer sur des prin- divergentes. cipes scientifiques. Mais quelles sont les Il serait réconfortant de penser que la science implications du fait d’incorporer la science a le pouvoir de juger ces points de vue en dans le développement de normes pour le démontrant que l’un est vrai et que les autres bien-être des animaux? sont faux. Contrairement à cela, nous voyons Dans notre société, nous pouvons discerner plusieurs scientifiques qui amalgament ces trois points de vue distincts concernant ce différents points de vue concernant le bien- qui est important pour le bien-être animal. être animal. Certains d’entre eux mettent L’un est le «fonctionnement biologique», un l’accent sur les mesures de fonctionnement point de vue qui soutient que le bien-être biologique (santé, productivité), d’autres sur animal dépend d’un état sanitaire optimal, l’habileté des animaux à adopter un compor- d’une bonne croissance, d’une production tement naturel, et d’autres sur les indicateurs efficace et autres caractères associés; ce sont des états affectifs, notamment la peur et la les producteurs d’élevage intensif qui adhè- douleur. De plus, les scientifiques utilisant rent le plus à ce point de vue, qu’ils par- une approche donnée ont parfois proclamé tagent avec quelques vétérinaires et scien- que les autres approches manquaient de tifiques du domaine animal. Un second validité scientifique. point de vue s’attache à la «vie naturelle», Ces trois points de vue ont également qui défend l’idée que les animaux devraient influencé les normes de bien-être animal. être libres de mener une vie relativement natu- Certaines normes largement appliquées relle en utilisant leurs capacités d’adaptation concernant les locaux de stabulation des ani- typiques à l’espèce, le plus souvent dans un maux, telles que celles de grandes chaînes de environnement naturel. Cette façon de voir restauration aux États-Unis d’Amérique, est répandue parmi les consommateurs et reposent en grande partie sur les critères de plusieurs opposants à l’industrialisation de fonctionnement biologique. Celles-ci, par la production animale. Un troisième point de exemple, estiment que l’allocation d’espace vue met l’accent sur «les états affectifs» des maximise les variables telles que la survie, le animaux. Ses partisans sont en faveur de la taux de ponte ou le taux de gain de poids. prévention des états négatifs (souffrance, Les normes concernant la production biolo- douleur) et favorisent les états positifs gique et d’autres systèmes alternatifs de pro- (confort et satisfaction.) Cette façon de duction reposent sur une approche plus concevoir les choses est partagée par ceux naturelle de la vie; elles exigent générale- qui endossent une pensée humanitaire et par ment un espace suffisant pour les animaux certains scientifiques spécialisés en bien-être leur permettant d’adopter un comportement animal. Bien qu’ils se chevauchent considé- naturel, et parfois requièrent l’accès à l’air

129 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

frais et à la lumière du soleil. Certaines et désillusionné par des déclarations contra- autres normes, par exemple sur l’abattage dictoires. Pour minimiser ce risque, les humanitaire, sont basées principalement sur normes concernant le bien-être animal doi- des critères associés à l’état affectif, cher- vent établir un équilibre défendable parmi chant à prévenir la douleur, la peur et la ces trois éléments; par exemple les normes détresse. Toutes ces normes ont une «base qui reposent sur les critères d’une vie natu- scientifique» dans le sens qu’elles impliquent relle doivent fournir une protection sanitaire la connaissance scientifique et la recherche, adéquate pour les animaux, et des normes mais elles continuent à refléter inévitable- reposant sur les critères de fonctionnement ment des vues reliées aux valeurs concernant biologique doivent tenir compte du compor- le bien-être des animaux. tement naturel et des états affectifs. Il existe également le besoin d’une communication Avec une grande diversité de normes, toutes éclairée au sujet de la philosophie sous- proclamant assurer le bien-être des animaux, jacente sur laquelle ces normes ont été déve- on court le risque que le public soit troublé loppées.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 130 Applying science to animal welfare

Resumen Aplicando la ciencia a las normas sobre el bienestar animal

D. Fraser Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences y W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, animales de granja, normas, valores

Las personas involucradas en la elaboración los diferentes científicos incorporan en su de normas de bienestar de los animales por trabajo estas diferentes perspectivas del bie- lo general están de acuerdo en que las nor- nestar animal. Algunos científicos se centran mas deben «basarse en la ciencia», pero ¿qué en las medidas del funcionamiento biológico significa incorporar la ciencia a las normas (salud, productividad); otros, en la capaci- del bienestar animal? dad de los animales de seguir un comportamiento natural; y otros, en indicadores de los En la sociedad, podemos distinguir tres dife- estados afectivos tales como el temor y el rentes perspectivas sobre lo que es importan- dolor. Además, los científicos que aplican un te para el bienestar animal. La primera es la enfoque determinado han afirmado, a veces, perspectiva del «funcionamiento biológico», que los otros enfoques carecen de validez según la cual el bienestar del animal depen- científica. de de un alto nivel de salud, de crecimiento, de eficiencia de producción y características Las tres perspectivas también han influido afines; este enfoque es bastante común en la en las normas de bienestar animal. Algunas producción pecuaria intensiva y en algunos normas de gran difusión relativas al aloja- veterinarios y científicos especializados en miento de los animales, tales como las de las los animales. La segunda es la perspectiva de principales cadenas de restaurantes en los la «vida natural», según la cual los animales Estados Unidos, están basadas en gran parte deben ser libres para vivir una vida relativa- en criterios de funcionamiento biológico. Por mente natural y utilizar las adaptaciones ejemplo, éstas establecen subvenciones de propias de su especie, con frecuencia en un espacio que maximizan variables tales como medio relativamente natural. Este enfoque es la supervivencia, la tasa de puesta o el por- común entre los consumidores y varios críti- centaje de ganancia. Las normas en los siste- cos que se oponen a la industrialización de la mas orgánicos de producción y algunos sis- agricultura animal. La tercera perspectiva temas alternativos están más basadas en un hace énfasis en los «estados afectivos» de los enfoque de vida natural, que por lo general animales y recomienda prevenir los estados exige un espacio suficiente para que los ani- negativos (dolor, sufrimiento) y posibilitar males se comporten naturalmente, y a veces los estados positivos (confort, satisfacción). exigen un acceso al aire libre y a la luz del Este enfoque es común en el pensamiento sol. Otras normas, por ejemplo en el sacrifi- humanitario y entre los científicos del bie- cio en condiciones decentes, están basadas nestar animal. Aunque los tres enfoques se principalmente en criterios de estados afecti- superpongan en gran medida, hacen énfasis vos, que pretenden evitar el dolor, el temor y en ámbitos distintos y a veces conducen a la angustia. Todas estas normas están «basa- conclusiones diferentes. das en la ciencia» en la medida en que impli- can una comprensión y una investigación Sería reconfortante pensar que la ciencia científicas, pero siguen reflejando (inevita- pudiese arbitrar entre estos enfoques demos- blemente, a mi parecer) enfoques distintos, trando que uno es correcto y que los demás aunque relacionados, del bienestar de los son erróneos. En cambio, observamos cómo animales.

131 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Con una amplia variedad de normas que pre- de la vida natural necesitan ofrecer una pro- tenden garantizar el bienestar de los animales, tección adecuada de la salud animal, y las se corre el riesgo de confundir y de decepcio- normas basadas en los criterios de funciona- nar al público con pretensiones conflictivas. miento biológico necesitan tener en cuenta el Para minimizar este riesgo, las normas del comportamiento natural y los estados afecti- bienestar tienen que determinar un equili- vos. Se requiere asimismo una comunicación brio justificable entre los tres elementos; por clara sobre la filosofía subyacente a partir de ejemplo, las normas basadas en los criterios la cual se han elaborado las normas.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 132 Applying science to animal welfare

Abstract Applying science to animal welfare standards

People involved in developing animal wel- tive states such as fear and pain. Moreover, fare standards generally agree that the stan- scientists using a given approach have some- dards should be ‘science-based’, but what is times claimed that the other approaches lack involved in incorporating science into ani- scientific validity. mal welfare standards? All three views have also influenced animal Within society, we can discern three different welfare standards. Some widely followed views about what is important for animal wel- standards of animal housing, such as those of fare. One is a ‘biological functioning’ view major chain restaurants in the United States, which holds that animal welfare depends on a are based largely on biological functioning high level of health, growth, production effi- criteria. For example, these set space al- ciency and correlated traits; this view is espe- lowances that maximise variables such as sur- cially common among intensive animal pro- vival, rate of lay, or rate of gain. Standards in ducers and some veterinarians and animal sci- organic and some alternative production sys- entists. A second is a ‘natural living’ view tems are based more on a natural living ap- which holds that animals should be free to proach, generally requiring sufficient space lead relatively natural lives and to use their for animals to perform natural behaviour and species-typical adaptations, often in a rela- sometimes requiring access to fresh air and tively natural environment. This view is com- sunlight. Certain other standards, for exam- mon among consumers and many critics who ple in humane slaughter, are based mainly on object to the industrialisation of animal agri- affective state criteria, seeking to prevent culture. A third view emphasises the ‘affective pain, fear and distress. All of these standards states’ of animals and advocates preventing are ‘science-based’ in the sense of involving negative states (pain, suffering) and permit- scientific understanding and research, but ting positive states (comfort, contentment). they still (inevitably, it seems) reflect different, This view is common in humanitarian think- value-related views about animal welfare. ing and among some animal welfare scientists. With a wide variety of standards all claiming Although they overlap considerably, the three to ensure animal welfare, there is a risk that views involve different areas of emphasis and the public will become confused and disillu- sometimes lead to different conclusions. sioned by the conflicting claims. To minimise It would be reassuring to think that science this risk, welfare standards need to strike a could arbitrate among these views by defensible balance among the three elements; demonstrating that one is right and the oth- for example, standards based on natural liv- ers are wrong. Instead, we see different sci- ing criteria need to provide adequate protec- entists incorporating these different views of tion of animal health, and standards based on animal welfare into their scientific work. biological functioning criteria need to take ac- Some scientists focus on biological function- count of natural behaviour and affective ing measures (health, productivity), others states. There is also a need for clear communi- on the ability of animals to perform natural cation about the underlying philosophy on behaviour, and others on indicators of affec- which standards have been developed.

133 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Space, environmental design and behaviour: Effect of space and environment on animal welfare

P. Le Neindre (1), Guémené D. (2), Arnould C. (2), Leterrier C. (2), Faure J. M. (2), Prunier A. (3), Meunier-Salaün M. C. (3) (1) URH, INRA centre de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly (3) UMRVP, INRA centre de Rennes, F-35590 Saint Gilles

Summary Domestic animals are kept in environments which often induce restrictions on their life quality. This is particularly the case in ‘intensive’ production systems. These restrictions are usually considered as having negative consequences on animal welfare. It is usually agreed that these negative restrictions should be avoided, but the challenge scientists are facing is to assess those consequences objectively, and not by using anthropomorphism and ‘good old time’ attitudes. The challenge the animals are facing relate, in particular, to available microclimatic conditions (for example, light, temperature, humidity, ammonia and dust), floor characteristics, limited environmental complexity, social density, but also restricted social environment. The questions relate often to the ability of the animals to cope with the environment, to predict and control important events, and to have the opportunity to make their own choices, moving freely, choosing their environmental conditions and their social partners. It is concluded that, in most cases, it should be possible to improve animal welfare and still have a sustainable production by optimising the husbandry systems but also the breeding strategies. How- ever, to be pertinent, the analysis of those new husbandry systems should not be restricted to animal welfare parameters but should also consider product qualities, characteristics of the workers’ work (safety, laboriousness, self-satisfaction), environmental protection and the overall economic profitability of the production system. Keywords: welfare, farm animals, space, environment

The ability of the industry to provide animal tion has induced a lot of changes in thresh- foods to consumers has increased greatly in olds which should be taken into considera- the past decades. It has been made possible, tion. The second perspective is to consider in particular, by the organisation of the the physiological adaptation of the animals industry, but also by many scientific and and their coping ability. A final alternative technological innovations. Among them, the option is to focus on the way the animal per- mastering of the animal’s environment had a ceives its environment in terms of emotions major impact on production. However, it as an ultimate goal of the assessment. also introduced new constraints the animals have to cope with which could ultimately Scientists have been asked to scrutinise that decrease their welfare. Different perspectives impact in order to provide the stakeholders are used for assessing animal welfare. The with information for taking further actions. first one is to use the natural state considered This is particularly the case in Europe, where as optimum. It postulates that biology and, the European Commission has asked the in particular, behavioural abilities, has been Committee on Animal Health and Welfare to shaped by natural selection. However, when make extensive reviews on the impact of dif- dealing with farmed animals, even if innate ferent production systems on the welfare of mechanisms are still operating, domestica- different types of farm animals, including, in

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 134 Applying science to animal welfare

recent years, cattle kept for beef production, Physical environment broilers, and force-fed ducks and geese (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scah/ The physical environment includes floor outcome_en.html). In previous years, the for- characteristics, microclimatic aspects, and in mer Scientific Veterinary Committee on Ani- particular light, furniture and quality and mal Welfare released other reports, in particu- quantity of food and water. Those last lar on laying hens, pigs and calves. The ap- aspects concerning food and water are dealt proach used has been to postulate that animal with elsewhere, but are mentioned in the welfare is a complex phenomenon and that present manuscript if they interact with only a multifactorial approach, including other aspects of the physical environment. health, physiology and behaviour, can allow a Animals are often confined in closed build- relevant assessment. Different aspects of ings. In these buildings they are protected quality of life contribute to the overall animal from detrimental climatic conditions (for welfare (Anonymous, 2003). Among these the example, cold, rain, heat) but they can also man–animal relationships can be essential but be subjected to other climatic constraints. are dealt with elsewhere in this conference, Moreover, these housing set-ups might pre- even if they may interact with physical fac- vent the expression of some of the normal tors. behaviour patterns that the animals usually The welfare of an animal depends on the perform. way it perceives its environment. It is then In these buildings, the most common prob- important to consider not only the physical lems are encountered when the physical cop- environment aspects, but also the social ing abilities of the animals are overwhelmed. environment, which is at least as important This is particularly true for temperature and as the physical one. humidity and especially when the two pa- Various indicators are used to assess animal rameters are simultaneously high (apparent welfare. equivalent temperature (Mitchell and Cat- tlewell, 1998)). For example, high ambient • Physical health (mortality, morbidity, temperatures occurring in temperate coun- injuries) is a prerequisite. tries during summer may have detrimental • Production traits can be used as indica- effects on reproductive performance, milk tors of welfare, but they are generally not production, mortality of sows and piglets (for very sensitive. review see Farmer and Prunier, 2003) as for cattle (Anonymous, 1999) and broilers • Physiological indicators are derived from (Anonymous, 2000). stress physiology and their use is, up to now, mostly restricted for assessing acute Other parameters, such as carbon monoxide stress. and dioxide, ammonia and dust can have detrimental effects if threshold levels are • Behavioural indicators of welfare are exceeded (Anonymous, 1996, 2000). In some often very pertinent criteria. cases, high levels of those parameters can These include a wide range of experimental lead to a high prevalence of direct mortality. paradigms and measurements, such as time More frequently, sub-optimal levels of these budgets, choice tests and operant condition- parameters can trigger the development of ing techniques. It is only by using a wide opportunistic infections. For instance, it was range of indicators in a pluridisciplinary shown that a strong link exists between approach that a sensible assessment can be chronic ammonia exposure and the inci- achieved, in particular when dealing with dence and severity of atrophic rhinitis in complex questions such as the one of space pigs (Drummond et al., 1980; Robertson et and environment. As a consequence of that al., 1990). In addition, ammonia may reduce complexity, a simple quantitative risk assess- olfactory acuity in pigs (Jones et al., 2001) ment is difficult to achieve as there is a need with possible influence on social behaviour to weigh the importance of different para- which is highly dependent on social recogni- meters which are involved and sometimes to tion. These detrimental effects of ammonia trade between contradictory factors. probably explain the strong preference of

135 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

pigs and domestic fowls for fresh air com- aspects will be considered below, together pared to ammoniated air (Wathes al., 2002). with other social aspects. Several types of Finally, it is well recognised that chronic floor are used and, among them, untreated exposure to the aerial contaminants in con- ground with different types of vegetation, fined buildings constitutes a hazard for different types of floor bedding (sawdust, workers, especially in the pig and poultry straw, etc.) and completely artificial floors industry (Radon et al., 2002; Omland, 2002; (such as wire mesh, slates, concrete, etc.). Gérault et al., 2003). Indeed, these workers Natural ground or litter provide a rich envi- often develop respiratory problems (asthma- ronment and they often stimulate explo- like syndrome, exacerbation of pre-existing ration (Arnould et al., in press) and fulfil the asthma, chronic bronchitis) and have low foraging or rooting motivation (Lebret et al., forced expiratory volume (Iversen and Ped- ersen, 1990; Essen and Romberger, 2003). 2003). In the absence of an adequate sub- Therefore, ventilation of the buildings is of strate, foraging behaviour is redirected in particular importance, not only for the oral manipulation of equipment and mates health of animals, but also for the health of which can cause damaging behaviour such the animal keepers. as feather pecking (Blokhuis, 1986) or tail biting (Olsen et al., 2000). Moreover, provision Several components should be considered of bedding material fulfils the strong motiva- when studying the welfare consequences of tion of pre-parturient sows or pre-laying light. Among them, spectral composition, hens to build a nest, and they will go rhythms, and intensity are the most impor- through the preparative phase of the tant. Their effects may differ between behaviour ‘in vacuum’ if kept loose in a pen species. Birds, in general, are able to per- without substrate (Wood-Gush, 1969; Jensen, ceive the near IR and UV (Nuboer, 1993), 1993). However, in some circumstances the which is not the case for domestic mam- fact that bedding materials represent a need mals, and the spectral quality of light might for the animal can be questioned (Faure and modify birds’ behaviour (Sherwin et al, Mills, 1995; Guesdon, in press). 1999). Light rhythm is a key component of the behavioural and physiological rhythms Because they are impossible to sterilise, these of the animals and some changes can have different types of natural floors or litters can detrimental effects on the different compo- also induce sanitary problems. That has been nents, especially resting behaviour (Coenen particularly demonstrated in laying hens et al., 1988). Climatic problems are, how- (Anonymous, 1996), but it has also been ever, not restricted to confinement and, demonstrated that the quality of flooring, when free range, the animals may also have including abrasion and poor hygiene, can to cope with specific stressors including ex- induce great damage on the feet of broilers treme temperature and light rhythms, but (Anonymous, 2000) and that occurrence of on the other hand, other aspects such as gas lameness is higher in cattle or pigs housed accumulation are not a problem. It is usu- on concrete floors than on soft floors ally considered that very low light intensity (Anonymous, 1997, 2001). In pregnant and very short light or dark periods can grouped sows, integrity of feet and the abili- have detrimental effects on the welfare of ty to lie down are better and exercise and the animals and, in particular, on the ex- rooting activity are higher when the concrete pression of exploration or rest. For example floor is covered with straw than when it is in broiler systems, very short dark periods slatted (Salaün et al., 2002). are used with some detrimental effects on The structure of the space is also of impor- the animal welfare (Anonymous, 2000). On tance. It can be used as a tool by keepers to the other hand, split photoperiods can also control the use of the space offered to ani- stimulate activity and have positive conse- mals. For instance, it has become increasing- quences on leg quality in broilers (Anony- ly important in laying hens where nest, mous, 2000). perches and a dust bath are provided in the Floor characteristics, furniture and space new cages and aviaries (Waal, 2003). Brushes allowance are important for welfare. Density and shower devices can be used respectively

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 136 Applying science to animal welfare

by dairy cows and pigs and contribute to allows precise individual food allocation. improve their welfare. Space structuration Those types of housing limit the possibilities can also improve space use by broilers kept of the animals to express some of their in pens (Cornetto, Estevez, 2001; Arnould et important behaviour, for example social al., in press) and free range (Moinard, 1993, behaviour and exploration. Mirabito et al., 2002c, Lubac et al., 2003) or Most of the animals are, in fact, reared in by turkeys in pens (Martrenchard et al., groups. However, these groups are far from 2001). In pigs raised in a pen with three the natural social structures. They are often so types of floor (litter, concrete and slatted) large that the establishment of a stable social offered as free choice, animals used specific structure, including a clear hierarchy, is pre- areas for resting and for defecation which vented. They are also often from the same sex indicate high motivation to structure their and age, with animals coming sometimes life space (Ducreux et al., 2002). The provi- from different origins. All those factors can in- sion of playthings, such as toys or straw sub- crease social tensions and lead to welfare strate can be used to improve the welfare problems, in particular instability and aggres- through the fulfilment of the foraging moti- siveness (Anonymous, 2001). vation in pigs (Courboulay et Meunier- Salaün, 2002). Internal partitions may also The space allocation per animal is very impor- reduce aggression in pigs by an increased tant for allowing it exercise, resting and ex- escape behaviour limiting the body lesions ploration. When animals are kept in groups, (Barnett et al., 2001). ‘Toys’ can also be used the surface per animal should be large enough to reduce fear or deleterious behaviour in for positive relationships to develop while birds (Jones et al., 1991; Jones, Waddington, avoiding negative ones such as aggressive- 1992; Jones, 1996; Martrenchard et al., 2001). ness or sexual harassment. In some cases, group size and space allocation seem to have One of the present tendencies in the farm additive effects (Mirabito et al., 2002a), how- industry, but also in proposals made for ever, in others, space allocation can be lower improving animal welfare, is to keep envi- in groups than if animals are individually ronmental factors as homogeneous as possi- housed as they can share part of the surface ble. It has, however, been shown that various (Mirabito et al., 2002b). In large group of animals might have different preferences birds, the organisation of the pens is of impor- (Kovach, 1978; Kite, 1983) and that the same tance, as it can induce high local densities in animal might change its preferences accord- some areas (Arnould et al., 2001) and increase ing to the time of day, age or activity (Berk, comfort and health problems (McIlroy et al., 1997; Davis et al., 1999). A heterogeneous 1987; Frankenhuis et al., 1991). environment seems to fit better than a homogeneous one-animal-needs variability. Feeding restriction

Social environment Feeding restriction is a common practice in various production systems including poul- In some types of productions, animals are try breeders and suckling cows. In sows, kept in individual cages. That is the case in feed restriction during gestation, whilst ade- ducks during the force-feeding period, in quate to maximise performance at farrowing lactating sows, and in grandparent stocks in and during lactation, does not fulfil poultry. It has been the case until recently behavioural needs in most animals. Hunger with European veal calves. Some other ani- and frustration of feeding motivation mals can have social restrictions for at least observed in those restricted sows have been part of the year or part of the day. This is the linked to the occurrence of stereotypic activ- case for tethered cows, some horses and still ity (Appleby and Lawrence, 1987). Moreover, for non-lactating sows. Lactating sows are in group-housing systems, which are consid- kept in specific individual devices which are ered as beneficial for animal welfare, feed designed to reduce crushing of piglets. That restriction can be associated with increased type of environment limits social contacts aggression and feeding competition. A way and exercise but it prevents aggression and of satisfying feeding motivation in energy-

137 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

restricted sows is to provide bulky or high- mals, it should be possible to improve ani- fibre diets. Indeed, fibrous diets have been mal welfare and sustainability of animal pro- shown to result in, at least, a doubling of eat- duction. ing duration, a 30 % reduction in operant response in feed-motivation tests, a 7–50 % References reduction in stereotypic behaviour, and a decrease in general restlessness and aggres- Anonymous (1996). ‘Report on the welfare of lay- sion (Meunier-Salaün et al., 2001; Ramonet et ing hens kept in different production sys- al., 2000). tems’. Report of the Scientific Committee on Ani- mal Welfare, European Commission, Direc- torate-General for Agriculture, 147 pp. Conclusion Anonymous (1997). ‘The welfare of intensively- This review aims at identifying key effects of kept pigs’. Report of the Scientific Veterinary some housing systems on the welfare of the Committee on Animal Welfare, European Com- animals. It gathers information on the main mission, Directorate-General for Agriculture, types of productions, mainly cattle, pigs and 190 pp. poultry. The effects of the environment can Anonymous (1999). ‘Standards for the microcli- differ largely between those production mate inside animal transport road vehicles’. types, however some common key factors Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal can be identified. The first one is that animal Health and Animal Welfare, European Commis- welfare is better in systems which provide sion, Directorate-General for Health and Con- the animals with a suitable microclimatic sumer Protection, 149 pp. environment, give them space to fulfil their Anonymous (2000). ‘The welfare of chickens kept specific needs and an environment as rich as for meat production’. Report of the Scientific possible in its physical and social structure. Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, When those needs are not provided, severe European Commission, Directorate-General impairments of animal welfare can be for Health and Consumer Protection, 149 pp. observed, including on their health and production traits, which can decrease the return Anonymous (2001). ‘The welfare of cattle kept for beef production’. Report of the Scientific for the industry. However, the minimum lev- Committee on Animal Health and Animal els are still a question of debate. To be Welfare, European Commission, Directorate- accepted, any modification of the production General for Health and Consumer Protection, conditions for improving the welfare of the 149 pp. animals should be economically profitable, have no adverse effect on product quality, Anonymous (2003). ‘Scientific frame for the from the organoleptic as well as food safety inclusion of new quality of life concerns in the risk assessment process’. Report of the Scien- point of view, have no adverse ecological tific Steering Committee, European Commis- consequences and no adverse consequences sion, Directorate-General for Health and Con- on the workers’ conditions (safety, laborious- sumer Protection, 36 pp. ness and self-satisfaction). That type of concern has been taken into account in reports Appleby, M. C. and Lawrence, A. B. (1987). ‘Food for the European Commission concerning restriction as a cause of stereotypic behaviour calves, laying hens and broilers (Anony- in tethered gilts’, Animal Production, 45, pp. mous, 2000). 103–110. Arnould, C., Frayse, V. and Mirabito, L. (2001). Only the consequences of various aspects of ‘The use of pen space by broiler chickens the environment were considered in this reared in commercial conditions: access to paper. It should, however, be kept in mind feeder and drinkers’. Br. Poultry Science, 42, that adaptation also depends on animal S7–S8. ontogeny and genetics and that welfare improvement should include animal Arnould, C., Bizeray, D., Faure, J. M. and Leterri- improvement (Faure et al., 2003). er, C. (2004). ‘Effects of the addition of sand and string in pens on the use of space, activi- Combining genetic, ontogenetic and envi- ty, tarsal angulation and bone composition in ronmental aspects of the life of domestic ani- chickens’, Animal welfare, (in press).

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Barnett, J. H., Hemsworth, P. H., Cronin, G. M., Faure, J. M., Bessei, W. and Jones, R. B., ‘Direct se- Jongman, E. C. and Hutson, G. D. (2001). ‘A lection for improvement of animal well-being’, review of welfare issues for sows and piglets W. M. Muir and S. E. Aggrey (eds.) Poultry ge- in relation to housing’, Australian Journal of netics, breeding and biotechnology, CABI Publish- Agricultural Research, 52, pp. 1–28. ing, Wallinford (UK), pp. 221–245. Berk, J. (1997). ‘Influence of light intensity in light Farmer, C. and Prunier, A. (2002). ‘High ambient choice by broilers’. P. Koene and H. J. temperatures: how they affect sow lactation Blokhuis (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth European performance’, Pig News and Information, 23, Symposium on Poultry Welfare, pp. 46–48. pp. 95N–102N. Blokhuis, H. J. (1986). ‘Feather pecking in poul- Frankenhuis, M. T., Vertommen, M. H. and Hem- try: its relation with groundpecking’, Applied minga, H. (1991). ‘Influence of claw clipping, Animal Behaviour Science, 16, pp. 63–67. stocking density and feeding space on the Coenen, A. M. L., Wolters, E. M. T., Van Luijtlaar, incidence of scabby hips in broilers’, Br. Poul- E. L. J. M. and Blokhuis, H. J. (1988). ‘Effect of try Science, 32, pp. 227–230. intermittent lighting on sleep and activity in Gérault, P., Dewitte, J. -D. and Jourdren, L. (2003). the domestic hen’, Applied Animal Behaviour ‘Affections respiratoires des aviculteurs et des Science, 20, pp. 309–318. porchers’, Cinquièmes journées de la recherche Cornetto, T. and Estevez, I. (2001). ‘Influence of ver- avicole, pp. 49–52. tical panels on use of space by domestic fowl’. Guesdon, V. and Faure, J. M. (2004). ‘Sawdust Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, pp. 141–153. deprivation and frustration in laying hens’, Courboulay, V. and Meunier-Salaün, M. -C. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (in press). (2002). ‘Bien-être et logement des porcs char- Iversen, M. and Pedersen, B. (1990). ‘Relation cutiers: quels travaux à conduire au vu des between respiratory symptoms, type of farm- connaissances actuelles’, Journées de la ing, and lung function disorders in farmers’, recherche porcine en France, 34, pp. 249–257. Thorax, 45, pp. 919–923. Davis, N. J., Prescott, N. B., Savory, C. J. and Jensen, P. (1993). ‘Nest building in domestic Wathes, C. M. (1999). ‘Preferences of growing sows: the role of external stimuli’, Animal fowls for different light intensities in relation Behaviour, 45, pp. 351–358. to age, strain and behaviour’, Animal welfare, 8, pp. 193–203. Jones, R. B. (1996). ‘Fear and adaptability in poultry: insight, implications and imperatives’, Ducreux, E., Aloui, B., Robin, P., Dourmad, J. -Y., World Poultry Science Journal, 52, pp. 131–174. Courboulay, V. and Meunier-Salaün, M. -C. (2002). ‘Les porcs affichent leurs préférences Jones, R. B. and Waddington, D. (1992). ‘Modifi- vis-à-vis du type de sol en fonction de la tem- cation of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus pérature ambiante’, Journées de la recherche domesticus, via regular handling and early porcine en France, 34, pp. 211–217. environmental enrichment’, Animal Behaviour, 43, pp. 1021–1033. Drummond, J. G., Curtis, S. E., Simon, J. and Nor- ton, H. W. (1980). ‘Effects of aerial ammonia Jones, R. B., Mills, A. D. and Faure, J. M. (1991). on growth and health of young pigs’, Journal ‘Genetic and experiential manipulation of of Animal Science, 50, pp. 1085–1091. fear-related behaviour in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)’, Journal of Edwards, S. A., Mauchline, S. and Stewart, A. H. Comparative Psychology, 1, pp. 15–24. (1993). ‘Designing pens to minimise aggression when sows are mixed’, Farm Building Jones, J. B., Wathes, C. M., Persaud, K. C., White, Progress, No 113, pp. 20–23. R. P. and Jones, R. B. (2001). ‘Acute and chronic exposure to ammonia and olfactory acuity Essen, S. von and Romberger, D. (2003). ‘The res- for n-butanol in the pig’, Applied Animal piratory inflammatory response to the swine Behaviour Science, 71, pp. 13–28. confinement building environment: the adaptation to respiratory exposures in the chroni- Kite, V. G. (1983). ‘Nesting behaviour and nest site cally exposed worker’, Journal of Agricultural selection of the domestic hen’, Theses Univer- Safety and Health, 9, pp. 185–196. sity of New England, Armidale (Aust.), 377 pp. Faure, J. -M. and Mills, A. D. (1995). ‘Bien-être et Kovach, J. K. (1978). ‘Colour preferences in quail comportement chez les oiseaux domestiques’, chicks: generalisation of the effect of genetic INRA Prod. Anim., 8, pp. 57–67. selection’, Behaviour, 65, pp. 263–269.

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Lebret, B., Couvreur, S., Dourmad, J. Y., Meunier- Nuboer, J. F. W. (1993). ‘Visual ecology in poultry Salaün, M. -C., Mormède, P., Bonneau, M. houses’. C. J. Savory and B. O. Hughes (eds.) (2003). ‘Influence of husbandry methods on Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium animal welfare and meat quality traits in on Poultry Welfare, pp. 39–44. pigs’. 54th proceedings of the annual meeting of Olsen, A. W., Vestergaard, E. M. and Dybkjaer, L. the European Association for Animal Production, (2000). ‘Roughage as additional rooting sub- 365. strate for pigs’, Animal Science, 70, pp. Lubac, S., Senecaille, M., Spérandio, D., 451–456. Desquennes, A., Arnould, C., Faure, J. -M. and Omland, O. (2002). ‘Exposure and respiratory Mirabito, L. (2003). ‘Influence de la présence health in farming in temperate zones — a de taillis de saule à très courte rotation sur la review of the literature’, Annals of Agricultural fréquentation des parcours par les poulets and Environmental Medecine, 9, pp. 119–136. labels’, Cinquièmes journées de la recherche avicole, pp. 77–80. Radon, K., Monso, E., Weber, C., Danuser, B., Iversen, M., Opravil, U., Donham, K., Har- Martrenchard, A., Huonic, D. and Cotte, J. P. tung, J., Pedersen, S., Garz, S., Blainey, D., (2001). ‘Influence of environmental enrich- Rabe, U. and Nowak, D. (2002). ‘Prevalence ment on injurious pecking and perching and risk factors for airway diseases in farmers behaviour in young turkeys’, Br. Poultry Sci- — summary of results of the European Farm- ence, 42, pp. 161–170. ers’ Project’, Annals of Agricultural and Envi- McIlroy, S. G., Goodall, E. A. and McMurray, C. ronmental Medecine, 9, pp. 207–213. H. (1987). ‘A contact dermatitis of broilers — Ramonet, Y., Robert, S., Aumaître, A., Dourmad, epidemiological findings’, Avian Pathology, 16, J. -Y. and Meunier-Salaün, M. -C. (2000a). pp. 93–105. ‘Influence of the nature of dietary fibre on Meunier-Salaün, M. C., Edwards, S. and Robert, digestive utilisation, some metabolite and hor- S. (2001). ‘Effect of fibre on the behaviour and monal profiles and the behaviour of pregnant health of the restricted fed sow’, Animal Feed sows’, Animal Science, 70, pp. 275–286. Science and Technology, 90, pp. 53–69. Robertson, J. F., Wilson, D. and Smith, W. J. Mirabito, L., Sazy, E., Héraut, F., Guémené, D., (1990). ‘Atrophic rhinitis: the influence of the Faure, J. -M. and Guy, G. (2002a). ‘Effet de la aerial environment’, Animal Production, 50, pp. taille du groupe et de la surface allouée pen- 173–182. dant la phase de gavage chez le canard mul- Salaün, C., Callarec, J., Toudic, M. and Dréan, E. ard: I Résultats zootechniques’, Cinqièmes (2002). ‘Effet du type de sol sur le bien-être journées de la recherche sur les palmipèdes à foie des truies gestantes en groupe alimentées au gras, pp. 76–79. distributeur automatique de concentré Mirabito, L., Sazy, E., Héraut, F., Faure, J. -M., (DAC)’, Journées de la recherche porcine en Guémené, D. and Guy, G. (2002b). ‘Effet de la France, 34, pp. 217–223. taille du groupe et de la surface allouée pen- Sherwin, C. M., Lewis, P. D. and Perry, G. C. dant la phase de gavage chez le canard mul- (1999). ‘Effect of environmental enrichment, ard: II Résultats comportementaux’, Cin- fluorescent and intermittent lighting on injuri- quièmes journées de la recherche sur les ous pecking amongst male turkey poults’, Br. palmipèdes à foie gras, pp. 80–83. Poultry Science, 40, pp. 592–598. Mirabito, L., Joly, T., Lubac, S., Aubert, C., Math- Wall, H. (2003). ‘Laying hens in furnished cages ieu, V., Hilaire, C., Faure, J. -M., Arnould, C. — use of facilities, exterior egg quality and and Chauve, C. (2002c). ‘Impact de la bird health’, Thesis Univ. Uppsala (SW), 90 pp. présence de vergers de pêchers et d’objets familiers dans les parcours sur l’occupation de Wathes, C. M., Jones, J. B., Kristensen, H. H., l’espace par les poulets de type ‘label rouge’, Jones, E. K. M. and Webster, A. J. F. (2002). Sci. tech. avic., 39, pp. 29–35. ‘Aversion of pigs and domestic fowl to atmos- pheric ammonia’, Transactions of the ASAE, 45, Moinard, C. (1993). ‘Utilisation par des poulets pp. 1605–1610. labels de differents types de parcours her- beux’, DESS de l’Université de Paris-XIII, Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1969). ‘Laying in battery France, 28 pp. cages’, W. Poultry, 10, pp. 29–36.

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Résumé Espace, environnement et comportement — Effets de l’espace et de l’environnement sur le bien-être animal

P. Le Neindre (1), Guémené D. (2), Arnould C. (2), Leterrier C. (2), Prunier A. (3), Meunier-Salaün M. C. (3), Faure J. M. (2) (1) URH, INRA centre de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle; E-mail: [email protected] (2) Station de recherches avicoles, INRA centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly (3) UMRVP, INRA centre de Rennes, F-35590 Saint Gilles; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, animal d’élevage, espace vital, environnement

Les animaux domestiques sont maintenus optimal. Il postule que la biologie, et plus dans des environnements qui restreignent le précisément les habiletés comportementales, plus souvent leur qualité de vie, en particu- ont été modelées par la sélection naturelle. lier dans les systèmes de production inten- Cependant, lorsqu’on travaille avec des ani- sive. On considère généralement que ces maux de ferme, même si les mécanismes restrictions entraînent des conséquences innés se manifestent encore, la domestication négatives sur le bien-être de l’animal, qui a induit plusieurs changements dans leur doivent être évitées. Cependant, les scienti- manifestation dont on doit tenir compte. La fiques doivent relever le défi d’évaluer objec- seconde perspective consiste à considérer tivement ces conséquences en évitant l’an- l’adaptation physiologique des animaux et thropomorphisme et en ne recourant pas aux leur capacité d’adaptation. Une dernière attitudes du «bon vieux temps». option alternative est de se concentrer sur la manière dont l’animal perçoit son environ- Les restrictions sont reliées principalement nement en termes d’émotions, comme but aux conditions microclimatiques existantes ultime de l’évaluation. (par exemple l’humidité, l’ammoniac et la poussière), les caractéristiques des sols, la Plusieurs méthodes sont utilisées pour éva- complexité environnementale relativement luer le bien-être animal selon ces différentes limitée, la densité sociale ainsi que l’environ- perspectives: nement social restreint. Les problèmes sont — la santé physique (mortalité, morbidité, souvent reliés à la capacité des animaux de blessures) est un préalable; s’adapter à l’environnement, de prévoir et de contrôler les événements importants et — les caractéristiques de production peu- d’avoir l’opportunité de faire leur propre vent servir d’indicateurs de bien-être ani- choix, c’est-à-dire de se déplacer librement et mal, mais ils ne sont pas suffisamment de choisir les conditions environnementales sensibles; et leurs partenaires sociaux. De plus, les rela- — les indicateurs physiologiques découlent tions homme/animal peuvent avoir un de la psychologie du stress et leur usage impact important sur le bien-être animal et est principalement limité à l’évaluation peuvent interagir avec certains facteurs phy- d’un stress aigu; siques. Différents facteurs, en particulier — les indicateurs comportementaux de bien- leurs antécédents génétiques et leur ontoge- être animal sont souvent des critères très nèse, peuvent avoir des conséquences sur la pertinents. Ils incluent un large éventail manière de réagir des animaux. de paradigmes expérimentaux et de Pour évaluer le bien-être animal, différentes mesures telles que la planification du perspectives sont utilisées. La première temps, le choix des tests et les techniques consiste à utiliser l’état naturel, considéré de conditionnement opérant.

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Ce n’est qu’en utilisant cette gamme d’outils, sent quelques façons d’améliorer leur qualité dans le cadre d’une approche multidiscipli- de vie. naire, qu’on pourra réussir à faire une éva- En conclusion, il devrait être possible, dans luation mesurable du bien-être animal, plus la plupart des cas, non seulement d’amélio- particulièrement lorsqu’il s’agit de questions rer le bien-être animal, et ce, en conservant complexes telles que l’espace et l’environne- une production durable par l’optimisation ment. Étant donné cette complexité, il est dif- des systèmes d’élevage, mais également par ficile de procéder à une simple évaluation l’application de stratégies de reproduction. quantitative des risques à cause du besoin de Cependant, pour être pertinente, l’analyse de mesurer l’importance des différents para- ces nouveaux systèmes d’élevage ne devrait mètres qui entrent en ligne de compte, et qui pas se limiter aux paramètres du bien-être quelquefois deviennent des facteurs contra- animal, mais devrait également considérer la dictoires. Les auteurs présentent et analysent qualité des produits, les caractéristiques du quelques exemples d’évaluation de la qualité travail des employés (sécurité et autosa- de vie des animaux dans certains systèmes tisfaction), la protection de l’environnement de production (veaux de boucherie, poules et la profitabilité économique globale du sys- pondeuses, poulets de grill, porc), et propo- tème.

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Resumen Espacio, medio ambiente y comportamiento: efectos del espacio y del medio ambiente sobre el bienestar de los animales

P. Le Neindre (1), Guémené D. (2), Arnould C. (2), Leterrier C. (2), Prunier A. (3), Meunier-Salaün M. C. (3), Faure J. M. (2) (1) URH, INRA centre de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly (3) UMRVP, INRA centre de Rennes, F-35590 Saint Gilles Palabras clave: bienestar, animales de granja, espacio, medio ambiente

Los animales domésticos están mantenidos rado como óptimo. Su postulado es que la en medios que con frecuencia conllevan res- biología y, en particular, las capacidades tricciones de su calidad de vida. Éste es el comportamentales, han sido modeladas por caso, en particular, en los sistemas de pro- selección natural. Sin embargo, en el caso de ducción «intensiva». Se considera por lo los animales de granja, aun cuando los meca- general que estas restricciones tienen conse- nismos innatos sigan funcionando, la domes- cuencias negativas sobre el bienestar de los ticación ha inducido una serie de cambios en animales. Así pues estas restricciones negati- los umbrales que han de tenerse en cuenta. vas deben evitarse, pero el reto que han de La segunda perspectiva consiste en conside- superar los científicos es evaluar objetiva- rar la adaptación fisiológica de los animales mente las consecuencias sin caer en el antro- y su capacidad de enfrentar las situaciones. pomorfismo ni en actitudes «anticuadas». Una última opción alternativa consiste en Las restricciones están relacionadas en parti- enfocar como último objetivo de la evalua- cular con las condiciones microclimáticas ción la manera en que el animal percibe su existentes (por ejemplo, temperatura, hume- medio en términos de emociones. dad, amoníaco, polvo), las características del Según estas diferentes perspectivas, se utili- suelo, la complejidad ambiental relativamen- zan varios métodos para evaluar el bienestar te limitada, la densidad social y también el de los animales: la salud física (mortalidad, medio social restringido. Con frecuencia se morbilidad, heridas) es un requisito previo; plantean cuestiones relativas a la capacidad las características de producción pueden uti- de los animales de enfrentar el medio, de lizarse como indicadores del bienestar, pero prever y controlar acontecimientos impor- no son muy sensibles; los indicadores fisioló- tantes, y de tener la oportunidad de hacer gicos proceden de la fisiología del estrés y su sus propias elecciones, desplazarse libremen- uso está restringido principalmente a la eva- te, elegir sus condiciones ambientales y los luación del estrés agudo; los indicadores actores sociales. Además, la relación entre el comportamentales del bienestar suelen ser hombre y el animal puede tener consecuen- criterios muy pertinentes. Estos métodos in- cias importantes sobre el bienestar de los cluyen una amplia gama de paradigmas y animales y entrar en interacción con factores medidas experimentales tales como la utili- físicos. Los distintos factores, sobre todo los zación del tiempo, las pruebas de opciones y antecedentes genéticos y la ontogenia, pue- las técnicas de condicionamiento empleadas. den tener consecuencias sobre las reacciones Sólo la utilización de esta gama de herra- del animal. mientas en un enfoque multidisciplinario En la evaluación del bienestar animal se uti- permitirá efectuar una evaluación sensible, lizan diferentes perspectivas. La primera en particular cuando se trate de cuestiones consiste en utilizar el estado natural conside- complejas tales como la del espacio y el me-

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dio ambiente. Como consecuencia de esta La conclusión es que, en la mayoría de los complejidad es difícil realizar una simple casos, debe ser posible mejorar el bienestar evaluación cuantitativa del riesgo, ya que es de los animales y mantener una producción necesario sopesar la importancia de los dife- sostenible optimizando los sistemas agríco- rentes parámetros implicados y dedicar las, pero también las estrategias de crianza. cierto tiempo al examen de los factores con- Sin embargo, para ser pertinente, el análisis tradictorios. A título de ilustración, se anali- de los nuevos sistemas agrícolas no debe res- zarán ejemplos de evaluación de la calidad tringirse a los parámetros del bienestar ani- de vida de los animales en algunos sistemas mal, sino también debe considerar la calidad de producción (por ejemplo, terneros de de los productos, las características de traba- carne, gallinas ponedoras, pollos de carne, jo del personal (seguridad, severidad, satis- cerdos) y se propondrán las formas de mejo- facción propia), la protección ambiental y la rarla. rentabilidad económica general del sistema.

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Abstract Space, environmental design and behaviour: Effect of space and environment on animal welfare

Domestic animals are kept in environments changes in thresholds which should be taken which often restrict their quality of life. This into account. The second perspective on ani- is particularly the case in ‘intensive’ produc- mal welfare is one which considers the phys- tion systems. These restrictions are usually iological adaptation of animals and their considered as having negative consequences coping ability, and the third focuses on the on animal welfare. These negative restric- way animals perceive their environment and tions should be avoided, but the challenge aims to assess animal emotions. facing scientists is that of assessing the con- Depending on these different perspectives, sequences objectively and not using anthro- various indicators are used to assess animal pomorphism. welfare: physical health (mortality, morbid- Restrictions relate in particular to available ity, injuries) is paramount; production traits microclimatic conditions (e.g. temperature, (these can be used as indicators of welfare humidity, ammonia, dust), floor characteris- but they are not sensitive); physiological tics, relatively limited environmental com- indicators (derived from stress physiology plexity, and social density. Animals can also and principally only used to assess acute be subjected to a restricted social environ- stress); and behavioural indicators (often a ment, i.e. restrictions on their ability to cope very pertinent criteria). These methods of with the environment, to predict and control assessing animal welfare involve using a important events, to make their own choices, large range of experimental paradigms and to move freely, and to choose their environ- measurements such as time budgets, choice mental conditions and their social partners. tests and operant conditioning techniques. It In addition, man/animal relationships can is only by using this range of tools in a have a major impact on animal welfare and pluridisciplinary approach, that a sensible may interact with physical factors. Different assessment can be achieved, particularly factors, in particular their genetic back- when dealing with complex questions such ground and their ontogeny, can have conse- as space and environment. As a consequence quences on the way an animal reacts. of this complexity a simple quantitative risk Different perspectives are used for assessing assessment is difficult to achieve as there is a animal welfare. The first one is based on need to weight the importance of the differ- what is considered to be the animal’s opti- ent parameters involved and sometimes to mum natural state. This view states that the trade between contradictory factors. As biology and behavioural abilities of animals examples, the assessment of the quality of have been shaped by natural selection. How- life of the animals in some production sys- ever, when dealing with farmed animals, tems (e.g. veal calves, laying hens, broilers, even if innate mechanisms are still operat- pigs) will be analysed and ways to improve ing, domestication has induced a lot of them will be proposed.

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It will be concluded that, in most cases, it should not be restricted to animal welfare should be possible to improve animal wel- parameters but should also consider product fare and still have sustainable production by qualities, characteristics of the workers’ optimising husbandry systems and breeding work (safety, difficulty, self-satisfaction), strategies. However, to be pertinent, the environmental protection and the overall analysis of these new husbandry systems economic profitability of the system.

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Management, handling, and transport of farm animals

J. A. Mench Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary One of the most important factors affecting the welfare of farm animals is the quality of human–animal interactions. Good animal management and handling depend upon well-trained, skillful, and observant caretakers who understand behavioural principles of handling animals with minimal fear and distress. Well-designed equipment (e.g. races, chutes, loading ramps, catching machines) is also important. Handling is only one of the factors that affect welfare during the pre-slaughter period. Transport to the slaughterhouse can be associated with many stressors, including mixing with unfamiliar animals, confinement, thermal challenge, food and water deprivation, unfamiliar noises, and vibration. These can cause fear and distress, and in some cases high mortality. Welfare aspects of handling and pre-slaughter management have been evaluated by assessing physiological stress responses, behaviour (including animal preferences and aversions), and mortality and injury. Although there are still many gaps in knowledge, this information can be used to good effect to improve conditions. Keywords: management, handling, transport, stress, fear, behaviour, injury, mortality

Handling and management tially be limited to situations that are already aversive to the animal and thus likely to Farm animals are handled when they are cause fear, for example conducting painful loaded, unloaded and moved, when they are procedures (e.g. castration) or moving and given medical treatment or during the per- loading the animal for transport. formance of routine surgical procedures (like Caretaker behaviour is critical in influencing dehorning, castration, or beak-trimming), the welfare of animals during routine hand- during breeding operations (e.g. artificial ling and management procedures. Hand- insemination), and sometimes during daily ling may involve several aversive elements, caretaking. As farms have continued to grow including social isolation, restraint, and close in size and normal farm operations (like proximity of humans. Sensitivity to animals, delivering feed) have become increasingly and an understanding of their behaviour, is automated, however, the amount of daily essential for good management when rou- contact between caretakers and individual tine procedures are performed. While one of animals has decreased, sometimes dramati- the effects of domestication has been to cally. On a typical poultry farm, a single decrease fear responses to humans, livestock caretaker now usually has the primary may still withdraw or escape from human responsibility for taking care of tens or hun- approach. The distance at which this occurs dreds of thousands of birds. The caretaker is known as the flight distance, and this generally walks through the house once or varies between different species, breeds, and twice per day to remove dead birds and cull genetic stocks. It is also affected by rearing sick birds, but otherwise has limited contact conditions, with extensively reared animals with the individuals in the flock. Regular having greater flight distances. For example, human–animal contact is also relatively lim- Grandin (8) found that extensively reared ited on the larger intensive dairies and swine cattle had flight distances of up to 30 m, farms that are increasingly common in some whereas flight distances in feedlot cattle countries like the USA. Under these circum- were between 1.5 and 7.6 m. Livestock can stances, human–animal contact may essen- be moved most efficiently, and with the least

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stress to the animal and danger to the hand- costerone responses. Since poultry appear to lers, if handlers are aware of the animal’s perceive humans as predators (4), what may flight zone and understand how to position be most important in reducing fear is for themselves with respect to this zone in order caretakers to move slowly and deliberately to initiate and stop movement (10). Another through the house (15) and to minimise hand- important behavioural consideration when ling. approaching and moving animals is their Training of caretakers is critical to improving sensory capabilities (7). For example, most attitudes and behaviour towards animals domestic animals can hear higher-frequency and thus decreasing problems attributable to sounds than humans, and thus can be fright- fearfulness (15). The increasing use in some ened by sounds of which handlers are countries of a low-paid, unskilled workforce unaware. An understanding of social in animal agriculture poses a substantial behaviour is also important when moving impediment to good animal management, groups of animals (7, 10). since there is often high turnover of these Fear of humans can have marked effects on workers and thus little company incentive to animal welfare and productivity. Fear is con- invest in the relevant training. Rushen et al. sidered to be an undesirable emotional state, (29) identify five aspects of caretaker–animal and fearful animals may injure themselves interactions that can be used to improve wel- or their handlers. Boivin et al. (2003) identify fare: and discuss several factors that are of impor- • increased positive contact with humans, par- tance in determining the nature of the ani- ticularly when the animals are young and mal’s response to human–animal inter- most sensitive to handling effects; actions. These are the period during the animal’s development when the interactions • knowledge of the human behaviours or pos- occur; the physical and social contexts in tures that can frighten or startle animals; which the interactions occur; the predictabil- • improved facilities designed to reduce the ity and controllability of the caretaker’s amount of rough handling; behaviour towards the animal. • avoidance of aversive handling techniques, There has been considerable recent research like using electric prods; on this last aspect, particularly with pigs (15, • taking advantage of the ability of animals to 29). Negative caretaker behaviour (e.g. slap- make associations between particular peo- ping, hitting, kicking) towards pigs can cause ple/places and aversive events to structure the animals to become fearful, which in turn interactions so that animals do not become causes elevations in cortisol, decreased fearful of all people or places. growth rates, and decreased pregnancy rates To this list of methods for reducing fear could in gilts. Aversive handling may also depress be added genetically selecting animals that milk yield in dairy cattle. In contrast, posi- are less fearful of humans, which has been tive human interactions like patting and successful experimentally with poultry (19). stroking can diminish fearfulness by habitu- ating the animal to human contact. Poultry A special mention should be made of hand- are particularly sensitive to visual contact ling during routine surgical procedures for with humans, and even a ‘neutral’ interac- farm animals, which are generally per- tion like people placing their hands on the formed without anaesthesic or analgesia side of the birds’ cage or placing their hand because it is claimed that the more extensive near the birds for brief periods can reduce handling that would be required to adminis- fearfulness (13). Whether or not contact with ter these agents would simply increase the humans will affect specific fear responses, stress for the animal. However, recent however, depends upon context. For ex- research on amputation dehorning of cattle ample, Kannan and Mench (17) found that does not support this claim (24). Cortisol regular human handling did not result in does show an initial increase in handled con- poultry becoming habituated to the type of trol calves, but it decreases rapidly. Similarly, handling typically used to catch the birds for cortisol levels do increase during anaesthetic loading and transport, as measured by corti- administration due to handling, but they

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then decline to control levels and remain low ship, while road transport is usual for pigs until the anaesthetic wears off. Calves not destined for the slaughter plant (22). With given anaesthesics, however, show a greater the development of segregated early wean- initial increase in cortisol than handled ing systems, very young pigs may now also calves or those given anaesthesics, and this be transported from the farm on which they level declines only gradually after amputa- were born to a piglet rearing farm at some tion. Handling stress is thus only a minor distance from the breeding farm. component of the stress associated with per- Handling is one component of the transport forming such routine surgical procedures, process, but as Gonyou (7) points out, pre- with the major increase in cortisol being slaughter handling and transport actually pain-induced, indicating that administration involve two distinct types of actions from of anaesthetics and analgesics is warranted the animal’s perspective: movement to a to improve welfare. new location in the first instance and remaining stationary (confinement) in the second. Transport Transport is associated with many stressors, including mixing with unfamiliar animals, Farm animals may be transported from one confinement, thermal challenge, food and facility to another at various times during water deprivation, unfamiliar noises, and the production period. The number of times vibration and movement of the transport animals are transported, and the conditions vehicle. These stressors can cause fear and under which they are transported, can vary distress, and in some cases lead to high mor- greatly from one country to another, and tality. from one species to another. Poultry are typically transported by road in crates or boxes Pre-slaughter handling and transport have loaded onto the truck, and are usually first received considerable research attention transported from the hatchery to the rearing recently, not only because of animal welfare facility. Birds that are to be kept for breeding concerns, but also because of their financial or egg production are then often transported impact. Mortality and carcass damage asso- again from the rearing facility to the facility ciated with handling and transport can cause in which they will be housed as adults. Last- significant economic losses for producers, ly, the birds are transported to the processing transporters, and processors (9). Mortality facility. In the USA and United Kingdom, losses due to transport have been reported to transport distances for poultry are generally be about 0.06 % for pigs, with another 0.01 % short (from one to five hours), because poul- of pigs dying in lairage (based on estimates try production is largely vertically integrated from the United Kingdom and the Nether- lands), but these figures can be much higher and thus all phases of the operation (hatch to (e.g. 0.3–0.5 %) for stress-susceptible strains slaughter) are managed by one company, of pigs (21). Heat stress and a genetic predis- with facilities in close proximity to one position towards stress susceptibility are the another. Exceptions are for laying hen pro- most important factors resulting in the death duction, where chicks may be transported by of pigs during transit, although time air from an independently owned hatchery, between last feeding and loading, the vehicle and where end-of-lay (spent) hens may have deck on which the pigs are transported, to be transported long distances to slaughter stocking density, and possibly journey time, because their meat is now of little value and are also important (11, 21). For poultry, esti- many local processors are unwilling to mates range from 0.06 to 0.3 % of birds dead slaughter them (26). on arrival (DOA) at the processing plant (1); Cattle may be transported by road, air, or Weeks and Nicol (33) estimate that globally sea, and while transport distances between 120 million birds die annually during transit. feedlots and slaughter plants are relatively Gregory and Austin (12) found that most short in the USA, weaned calves and year- DOA broiler chickens had died due to either lings are often transported 1 000 to 3 000 km stress-related congestive heart failure or as a to feedlots (31). Breeding pigs may be result of trauma, mainly dislocated or shipped by air, road, rail, or occasionally by broken hips. Transport mortality per se is

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usually low in cattle, but can be high after- beyond the scope of this paper, but reviews wards due to illness. In the USA, death loss- for cattle, pigs and poultry can be found in es after transport are estimated at 1 % of fed Hall and Bradshaw (14), Tarrant and cattle (9), mainly due to shipping fever Grandin (31), Lambooij (22), and Weeks and (bovine respiratory disease). Neonatal calves Nicol (33). However, an example will be are particularly vulnerable to transport given of how different approaches can be stress-induced illnesses (21). used to understand and improve transport, drawn from studies of broiler chickens. Handling and transport also have significant effects on carcass quality. Poor handling can Survey studies of the condition of the animals lead to bruising and bone or joint trauma, arriving at slaughter plants can provide a which are painful and can lead to the carcass broad-based epidemiological-type evaluation being downgraded or having to be trimmed. of problems found during typical commercial Factors affecting the incidence and severity loading and transport. One such study in the of these injuries are discussed in detail in United Kingdom revealed that several factors Gregory (1998). Stress associated with hand- influenced the number of broiler chickens ling and transport can also result in physio- DOA at the processing plant, including time logical changes that affect meat quality, for in transit, time in the holding area, time of ar- example resulting in pale, soft exudative rival at the processing plant, and the age of (PSE) meat in swine, dark-cutting meat in the birds (32). Bayliss and Hinton (1) exam- cattle, and toughened meat in swine and ined records from UK processing plants, and poultry (11). Meat from highly stressed ani- found that, in addition to the factors men- mals is more prone to putrefaction (11). tioned above, DOA rates were influenced by the number of birds per crate during the sum- Research is critical to determine which par- mer months and which catching team caught ticular features or components of the trans- and loaded the birds. Hand-catching can be a port process are most stressful for each significant source of injury, and a recent sur- species and how these can be modified to vey in Germany (20) found that machine- improve welfare. Hall and Bradshaw (1998) caught birds showed fewer injuries than outline four types of studies that have been hand-caught birds at the processing plant, al- used to assess the effects of transport. though the opposite was found in a similar • Studies where transport is used as a stres- survey in Sweden (6). However, birds in Swe- sor to evoke particular physiological or den are hand-carried in an upright position behavioural responses. The transport con- rather than in large groups in an inverted po- ditions imposed in these studies may or sition as is common in Germany and other countries, so this probably accounts for the may not be representative of commercial difference. practice. Aspects of the transport process can also be • Uncontrolled studies done under condi- assessed more systematically in experimental tions of commercial or experimental studies. For example, the effects of various transport, where physiological and features of the transport process for broiler behavioural measures are made before, chickens has been investigated using physio- during, and/or after transport. logical (e.g. corticosterone, epinephrine, nore- • Studies comparing transported animals to pinephrine), meat quality (e.g. colour, tender- non-transported controls. ness, cooking loss), and behavioural (e.g. fear reactions) measures in experimental studies. • Studies where the different components Kannan and Mench (16) found that the han- of transport can be separated out either dling required to crate the birds did cause a statistically or by experimental design. stress response, but that the response per- Measures used to evaluate welfare include sisted only if the birds were then crated, with injury, mortality, physiological and immuno- corticosterone levels peaking after three logical measures, behaviour, and meat quali- hours of crating. Crating was thus a more po- ty. Detailed discussion of the many studies tent stressor than handling. In a subsequent involving the different farm species are study (18), corticosterone levels were in-

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creased after three hours of transport, but this These studies illustrate how research using increase did not depend on how long the multiple approaches and measures can help birds had been crated (from 0 to 4 hours) prior to disentangle factors causing fear, stress, to being transported. None of the pre-slaugh- and injury during the pre-slaughter process, ter procedures evaluated markedly affected and in turn lead to welfare improvements. meat quality. Transport was thus a more po- Similar coordinated approaches have been tent stressor than crating in this study, and used for other species and have similarly also in a study by Duncan (5) in which corti- proven useful, for example for setting stan- costerone levels were found to be higher in dards for slaughter horse transport in the birds crated, loaded onto a vehicle, and trans- USA (30). ported for 40 minutes than in those that were simply crated and loaded. Fear levels of the References birds, as measured by tonic immobility, are mainly determined by transport rather than (1) Bayliss, P. A. and Hinton, M. H. (1990). catching or loading, with the duration of tran- ‘Transportation of poultry with special refer- sit being the most important factor (3). ence to mortality rates’. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 28, pp. 93–118. As mentioned, transport involves exposure to many simultaneous stressors. Tests of (2) Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C. and Vessier, preference and aversion have been used to I. (2003). ‘Stockmanship and farm animal evaluate the responses of broilers to some of welfare’. Animal welfare, 12, pp. 479–492. these factors. Broiler chickens avoid jolts and (3) Cashman, P. J., Nicol, C. J., and Jones, R. B. short-acting circular motions (27). Vertical (1989). ‘Effects of transportation on the tonic and horizontal vibrations are both aversive, immobility fear reactions of broilers’. Br. and aversion increases with acceleration Poultry Science, 30, pp. 211–222. magnitude and decreases with increasing (4) Duncan, I. J. H. (1992). ‘The effect of the frequencies of motion, with the frequencies researcher on the behaviour of poultry’. The typically found on commercial transport Inevitable Bond (H. Davis and D. Balfour, vehicles being particularly aversive (28). eds), Cambridge University Press, Cam- However, when given a choice between bridge, UK, pp. 285–294. vibration, heat stress, or a combination, (5) Duncan, I. J. H. (1989). ‘The assessment of broilers avoid the heat stress but not the welfare during the handling and transport vibration stress (23). of broilers’. Proceedings of the Third European Thermal stress is probably the most impor- Symposium on Poultry Welfare (J. M. Faure tant factor affecting broiler welfare during and A. D. Mills, eds), World’s Poultry Sci- ence Association, Tours, France, pp. 93–107. transit. Several studies have measured the heat loads that build up in trucks during (6) Ekstrand, C. (1998). ‘An observational study transit at different times of the year. Most of the effects of catching methods on carcass poultry vehicles do not provide a uniform rejection rates in broilers’. Animal welfare, pp. thermal environment, and as a consequence 87–96. some birds may become overheated while (7) Gonyou, H. W. (2000). ‘Behavioural princi- others are wet or chilled (25). The physio- ples of animal handling and transport’. Live- logical consequences of this thermal stress stock Handling and Transport, Second edition have been evaluated, and the results used to (T. Grandin, ed.), CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, design improved transport vehicles that UK, pp. 15–25. reduce stress and decrease birds’ DOA at the (8) Grandin, T. (1980). ‘Livestock behaviour as re- processing plant (25). Evaluation of heat lated to handling facilities design’. Interna- losses from ‘model’ chickens placed among tional Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 1, live birds show an improvement in the ther- pp. 33–52. mal comfort of the environment when vehi- (9) Grandin, T. (2000). ‘Introduction: manage- cles are fitted with side curtains and roof- ment and economic factors of handling and mounted inlet fans, and led to recommenda- transport. Livestock Handling and Transport, tions regarding desirable air movement Second edition (T. Grandin, ed.), CABI, speeds during transit (34). Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 1–14.

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(10) Grandin, T. (2000) ‘Behavioural principles of (22) Lambooij, E. (2000). ‘Transport of pigs’. Live- handling cattle and other animals under stock Handling and Transport, Second edition extensive grazing conditions’. Livestock Han- (T. Grandin, ed.), CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, dling and Transport, Second edition (T. UK, pp. 275–296. Grandin, ed.), CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, (23) MacCalium, J. M., Abeyesinghe, S. M., White, pp. 63–85. R. P. and Wathes, C. M. (2003). ‘Acontinuous- (11) Gregory, N. G. (1998). Animal Welfare and choice assessment of the domestic fowl’s Meat Science. CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. aversion to concurrent transport stressors’. Animal welfare, 12, pp. 95–108. (12) Gregory, N. G. and Austin, S. D. (1992). ‘Causes of trauma in broilers arriving dead (24) Mellor, D. J., Cook, C. J. and Stafford, K. J. at poultry processing plants’. The Veterinary (2000). ‘Quantifying some responses to pain Record, 131, pp. 501–503. as a stressor’. The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Welfare (G. (13) Jones, R. B. (1996). ‘Fear and adaptability in P. Moberg and J. A. Mench, eds), CABI, poultry: insights, implications, and impera- Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 171–198. tives’. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 52, pp. 131–174. (25) Mitchell, M. A. and Kettlewell, P. J. (1998). ‘Physiological stress and welfare of broiler (14) Hall, S. J. G. and Bradshaw, R. H. (1998). chickens — solutions, not problems!’ Poultry ‘Welfare aspects of the transport by road of Science, 77, pp. 1803–1814 sheep and pigs’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1, pp. 235–254. (26) Newberry, R. C., Webster, A. B., Lewis, N. J. and Van Arnam, C. (1999). ‘Management of (15) Hemsworth, P. H. and Coleman, G. J. (1998). spent hens’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Human–Livestock Interactions. CABI, Walling- Science, 2, pp. 13–29. ford, Oxon, UK. (27) Nicol, C. J., Blakeborough, A. and Scott, G. (16) Kannan, G. and Mench, J. A. (1996). ‘Influ- B. (1991). ‘The aversiveness of motion and ence of different handling methods and crat- noise to broiler chickens’. Br. Poultry Science, ing periods on plasma corticosterone levels 32, pp. 243–254. in broilers’. Br. Poultry Science, 37, pp. 21–31. (28) Randall, J. M., Duggan, J. A., Alami, M. A. (17) Kannan, G. and Mench, J. A. (1997). ‘Prior and White, R. P. (1997). ‘Frequency weight- handling does not significantly reduce the ings for the aversion of broiler chicksn to stress response to pre-slaughter handling in horizontal and vertical vibrations’. Journal of broiler chickens’. Applied Animal Behaviour Agriculture Engineering Research, 68, pp. Science, 51, pp. 87–99. 387–397. (18) Kannan, G., Heath, J. L., Wabeck, C. J., (29) Rushen, J., Taylor, A. A. and De Passille, A. Souza, M. C. P., Howe, J. C. and Mench, J. A. M. (1999). ‘Domestic animals’ fear of (1997). ‘Effects of crating and transport on humans and its effect on their welfare’. stress and meat quality characteristics in Applied Animal Behaviour Science, pp. broilers’. Poultry Science, 76, pp. 523–529. 285–303. (19) Kjaer, J. B. and Mench, J. A. (2003). ‘Behaviour (30) Stull, C. L. (2001). ‘Evolution of the pro- problems associated with selection for in- posed federal slaughter horse transport reg- creased production’. Poultry Genetics, Breed- ulations’. Journal of Animal Science, 79 (E. ing and Biotechnology (W. M. Muir and S. E. Suppl.), E12–E15. Aggery eds), CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, (31) Tarrant, V. and Grandin, T. (2000). ‘Cattle pp. 67–82. transport’. Livestock Handling and Transport, (20) Knierim, U. and Gocke, A. (2003). ‘Effect of Second edition (T. Grandin, ed.), CABI, catching broilers by hand or machine on Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 151–175. rates of injuries and dead-on-arrivals’. Ani- (32) Waririss, P. D., Bevis, E. A., Brown, S. N. and mal welfare, 12, pp. 63–73. Edwards, J. E. (1992). ‘Longer journeys to (21) Knowles, T. G. and Warriss, P. D. (2000). processing plants are associated with higher ‘Stress physiology of animals during trans- mortality in broiler chickens’. Br. Poultry Sci- ence, 33, pp. 201–206. port’. Livestock Handling and Transport, Sec- ond edition (T. Grandin, ed.), CABI, Walling- (33) Weeks, C. A. and Nicol, C. J. (2000). ‘Poultry ford, Oxon, UK, pp. 385–407. handling and transport’. Livestock Handling

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and Transport, Second edition (T. Grandin, (34) Weeks, C. A., Webster, A. J. F. and Wyld, H. ed.), CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. M. (1997). ‘Vehicle design and thermal com- 363–384. fort of poultry in transit’. Br. Poultry Science, 38, pp. 464–474.

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Résumé Gestion, traitement et transport des animaux de ferme

J. A. Mench Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, États-Unis d’Amérique; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: gestion, manutention, transport, stress, peur, comportement, blessure, mortalité

Un des facteurs déterminants qui influencent vage de volailles, il y a maintenant un seul le bien-être des animaux de ferme est la qua- préposé principalement responsable du soin lité de l’interaction homme/animal, tant à de dizaines, voire de centaines ou même de l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur de l’entreprise milliers d’oiseaux. Il existe également une agricole. Pour assurer une bonne gestion ani- réduction du contact régulier homme/animale et une manipulation adéquate, les pré- mal dans les fermes laitières à production posés aux animaux doivent appliquer les intensive et dans les porcheries, où cela est habiletés acquises lors d’une bonne forma- devenu monnaie courante. Dans ces circons- tion. Le comportement du personnel affecté tances, le contact homme/animal peut être aux soins des animaux peut avoir un effet limité essentiellement à des situations déjà déterminant sur la productivité et le bien- négatives pour l’animal. Cela a pour effet être. Des études menées en Australie ont d’entraîner la peur, par exemple, lors de pro- démontré, par exemple, que le comporte- cédures douloureuses (notamment la castra- ment négatif d’un employé de ferme envers tion) ou lors du déplacement et de l’embar- des porcs et vaches laitières (claquer, frapper, quement des animaux pour le transport. Il donner des coups de pied) engendrait la est alors particulièrement important que les peur chez ces animaux et affectait la produc- préposés aux animaux aient une connais- tivité. Par contre, une interaction humaine sance des principes de base du comporte- positive ou même neutre peut diminuer la ment animal et de leurs soins, afin qu’ils peur. Par exemple, le fait d’établir un contact puissent déplacer les animaux en temps visuel régulier avec l’homme diminue la opportun en leur causant un minimum de réponse d’évitement de ce dernier chez les stress. Il est également essentiel d’utiliser des volailles; de même, favoriser un contact posi- équipements bien conçus pour la manipula- tif (caresser) diminue la peur de l’humain tion des animaux (tels que glissières, passe- chez le bétail. L’augmentation de l’em- relles et rampes d’embarquement), de ma- bauche, dans certains pays, d’employés nière à réduire la peur et les blessures. Pour sous-payés et de travailleurs agricoles sans les volailles, il peut être préférable, dans cer- formation adéquate, constitue une entrave taines circonstances, d’éliminer complète- majeure au développement d’une bonne ges- ment la manipulation humaine; des appareils tion animale. En effet, étant donné la rotation servant à attraper les poulets de grill ont importante parmi ces travailleurs, les petites causé moins d’hématomes, de bris d’os et de entreprises ne sont pas motivées pour leur peur chez ces oiseaux que la pratique com- offrir une formation appropriée. merciale typique d’attrapage à la main. Les fermes continuent de se développer en La manipulation humaine n’est qu’un des taille et les opérations agricoles courantes facteurs affectant le bien-être des animaux qui y sont rattachées (notamment, la distri- domestiques lors de la période de préabat- bution de nourriture) sont devenues de plus tage. Le transport à l’abattoir peut être asso- en plus automatisées. Ce facteur a contribué cié à plusieurs facteurs de stress, tels que le à réduire, parfois de façon drastique, la fré- regroupement avec des animaux inconnus, quence des contacts entre les animaux et le confinement, les changements thermiques, l’homme. Dans une entreprise typique d’éle- la privation d’eau et de nourriture, les bruits

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non familiers et la vibration et le mouvement blessures. De plus, des tests de préférence du véhicule de transport. Ces facteurs de ont fourni des indices importants qui ont stress peuvent causer de la peur et de la démontré que certaines caractéristiques par- détresse, et, dans certains cas, engendrer un ticulières de transport étaient négatives pour taux élevé de mortalité. Par exemple, il est la plupart des animaux. Bien que les estimé qu’environ 120 millions de poulets connaissances dans ce domaine soient encore meurent chaque année pendant le transport; partielles, cette information a déjà été utilisée cela est dû principalement au stress ther- à bon escient pour améliorer le transport. mique, bien que d’autres facteurs tels que C’est ainsi qu’au Royaume-Uni, un véhicule l’âge des oiseaux, le traumatisme prolongé de transport a été développé pour les lors de l’attrapage et de l’embarquement, la volailles, permettant d’assurer un meilleur longueur du voyage et la durée de la déten- contrôle thermique, ce qui a réduit considé- tion à l’abattoir avant l’abattage soient égale- rablement la mortalité due au transport. La ment déterminants. Les méthodes qui ont été recherche s’est également avérée utile afin utilisées pour évaluer les aspects du bien- d’établir des normes concernant certains fac- être animal reliés au préabattage incluent teurs, notamment la densité de chargement l’évaluation des réponses physiologiques au pendant le transport et des durées maxi- stress, le comportement, la mortalité et les males de voyage.

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Resumen Gestión, manipulación y transporte de los animales de granja

J. A. Mench Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, United States; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: gestión, manipulación, transporte, estrés, miedo, conducta, herida, mortalidad

Uno de los factores más importantes que hombre y el animal está también relativa- afectan al bienestar de los animales de gran- mente limitado en las grandes explotaciones ja es la calidad de las interacciones entre el intensivas de vacas lecheras y de cerdos que hombre y el animal dentro y fuera de la son cada vez más comunes. En estas circuns- explotación. Una correcta gestión y manipu- tancias, el contacto entre el hombre y el ani- lación pecuarias depende de un personal con mal puede limitarse básicamente a situacio- buena formación, experto y respetuoso. El nes que ya son repulsivas para el animal y comportamiento que tiene el personal con que probablemente le causen temor, como los animales puede tener un marcado efecto por ejemplo los procedimientos dolorosos (la tanto en la productividad como en el bienes- castración) o el traslado y la carga del animal tar. Estudios realizados en Australia, por para el transporte. Así que es particularmen- ejemplo, han demostrado que un comporta- te importante que los encargados entiendan miento negativo (por ejemplo, sopetones, los principios comportamentales de la mani- golpes, puntapiés) con los cerdos y con las pulación de ganado a fin de trasladar los ani- vacas lecheras provoca temor en los anima- males con un mínimo de angustia. El buen les, lo que a su vez afecta a la productividad. diseño del material de manipulación de En cambio, las interacciones humanas positi- ganado (por ejemplo, recintos, rampas de vas (o incluso neutras) pueden reducir el caída, rampas de carga) también es impor- temor. Así pues, un contacto visual regular tante para reducir el temor y las heridas con las personas disminuye la respuesta de durante la manipulación. Para las aves de las aves de corral de evitación del hombre, y corral, en determinadas circunstancias puede el contacto positivo (palmadas, caricias) dis- ser mejor eliminar totalmente la intervención minuye el temor de los bovinos ante el hom- del hombre; las máquinas de captura mecá- bre. El empleo creciente en algunos países de nica en el caso de los pollos de carne produ- personal mal remunerado e inexperto en la cen menos contusiones, roturas de huesos y agricultura animal plantea un obstáculo temor entre las aves que la captura manual importante para el manejo correcto de los típica. animales, ya que a menudo hay una elevada La manipulación por el hombre es sólo uno de rotación de personal y, en consecuencia, los factores que afectan al bienestar de los ani- escasos incentivos para que la empresa males de granja durante el período previo al invierta en la formación pertinente. sacrificio. El transporte al matadero puede es- A medida que las explotaciones han ido cre- tar asociado con varios factores de estrés, en- ciendo y que las operaciones normales tre ellos la mezcla con animales desconocidos, (como el suministro de piensos) se han vuel- el confinamiento, los cambios térmicos, la pri- to cada vez más automatizadas, el contacto vación de alimento y de agua, los ruidos des- diario entre el personal y los animales se ha conocidos, y la vibración y movimiento del reducido, a veces de manera drástica. En una vehículo de transporte. Estos factores de es- explotación avícola típica, una sola persona trés pueden causar temor y angustia, y en al- suele tener actualmente la responsabilidad gunos casos provocar una alta mortalidad. principal de velar por decenas, centenas o Por ejemplo, se estima que alrededor de 120 miles de aves. El contacto regular entre el millones de pollos mueren anualmente du-

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rante el transporte debido principalmente al yor inquietud en los animales. Aunque aún estrés térmico, aunque también son importan- existen varias lagunas en el conocimiento, tes otros factores, como la edad de las aves, el esta información ya se ha aplicado con efectos trauma producido durante la captura y la positivos para mejorar el transporte. Por carga, el tiempo de transporte y el tiempo pa- ejemplo, en el Reino Unido se ha desarrollado sado en la planta antes del sacrificio. Los mé- un vehículo de transporte mejorado para las todos utilizados para evaluar los aspectos del aves de corral que posibilita un mejor control bienestar durante la gestión previa al sacrifi- térmico y reduce así de manera significativa la cio incluyen la evaluación de las respuestas de mortalidad durante el transporte; la investi- estrés fisiológico, del comportamiento, de la gación también ha sido útil para el estableci- mortalidad y las heridas. Además, las pruebas miento de normas relativas a factores tales de preferencia han permitido realizar descu- como la densidad de almacenamiento du- brimientos valiosos sobre las características rante el transporte y la duración máxima del particulares del transporte que suscitan ma- viaje.

157 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Abstract Management, handling, and transport of farm animals

J. A. Mench Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: management, handling, transport, stress, fear, behaviour, injury, mortality

One of the most important factors affecting likely to cause fear, for example conducting the welfare of farm animals is the quality of painful procedures (e.g., castration) or mov- human–animal interactions both on- and off- ing and loading the animal for transport. It is farm. Good animal management and hand- thus particularly important that handlers ling depend upon well-trained, skillful, and understand behavioural principles of live- observant caretakers. Caretaker behaviour stock handling in order to move the animals towards animals can have a marked effect on at these times with minimal distress. Well- both productivity and welfare. Studies in designed livestock-handling equipment (e.g. Australia, for example, have shown that neg- races, chutes, loading ramps) is also impor- ative caretaker behaviour (e.g. slapping, hit- tant to decrease fear and injury during hand- ting, kicking) towards pigs and dairy cattle ling. For poultry, it may be best in some cir- causes the animals to become fearful, which cumstances to eliminate human handling in turn affects productivity. In contrast, posi- entirely; mechanical catching machines for tive (or even neutral) human interactions can broilers have been found to produce less diminish fearfulness. For example, providing bruising, bone breakage, and fearfulness regular visual contact with humans dimin- among the birds than typical commercial ishes the avoidance response to humans by hand-catching. poultry, and positive contact (pats, strokes) Handling by humans is only one of the fac- diminishes fear of humans by cattle. The tors that affect the welfare of farm animals increasing use in some countries of a low- during the pre-slaughter period. Transport to paid, unskilled workforce in animal agricul- the slaughterhouse can be associated with ture poses a substantial impediment to good many stressors, including mixing with un- animal management, since there is often familiar animals, confinement, thermal chal- high turnover of these workers and thus lit- lenge, food and water deprivation, unfamil- tle company incentive to invest in the rele- iar noises, and vibration and movement of vant training. the transport vehicle. These stressors can As farms have continued to grow in size and cause fear and distress, and in some cases normal farm operations (like delivering lead to high mortality. For example, it is esti- feed) have become increasingly automated, mated that about 120 million chickens die the amount of daily contact between care- annually during transit due mainly to ther- takers and individual animals has decreased, mal stress, although other factors such as the sometimes dramatically. On a typical poultry age of the birds, trauma sustained during farm, a single caretaker now usually has the catching and loading, length of transit, and primary responsibility for taking care of tens length of time held at the plant prior to or hundreds of thousands of birds. Regular slaughter are also important. Methods that human–animal contact is also relatively lim- have been used to evaluate the welfare ited on the larger intensive dairies and swine aspects of pre-slaughter management farms that are increasingly common. Under include assessment of physiological stress these circumstances, human–animal contact responses, behaviour, and mortality and may essentially be limited to situations that injury. In addition, preference tests have pro- are already aversive to the animal and thus vided valuable insights into which particular

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features of transport animals find most aver- United Kingdom that allows better thermal sive. Although there are still many gaps in control and thus significantly decreases knowledge, this information has already transport mortality; research has also been been used to good effect to improve trans- useful in setting standards for factors such as port. For example, an improved poultry stocking density during transit and maxi- transport vehicle has been developed in the mum journey length.

159 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Pain, fear and distress

I. J. H. Duncan Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary Pain, fear and distress are unpleasant subjective states often grouped together as states of suffering. Welfare is reduced when animals experience states of suffering. Since states of suffering are subjective states or feelings, they are not directly accessible to scientific investigation. However, techniques are currently being developed whereby these states can be investigated indirectly and thus give information about how negative to the animal these states are. The major states of suffering that have been investigated in animals are pain and discomfort, fear, deprivation, frustration and conflict. The term ‘distress’ seems to be used in a general way when it is obvious that an animal is suffering but the specific state is unknown. Some examples of different states of suffering that are commonly experienced by farm animals are discussed and the techniques being developed to investigate them are described. Keywords: conflict, deprivation, distress, fear, feelings, frustration, negative emotions, pain, suffering

Introduction baum, 1991; Sandøe and Simonsen, 1992; Fraser, 1993; Mason and Mendl, 1993). Since the debate on animal welfare heated up Adopting a broad description of animal wel- in the 1960s (Harrison, 1964; Command fare, as suggested by Duncan and Dawkins paper 2836, 1965), there has been much (1983), seemed to work quite well as scientif- debate over what exactly animal welfare is ic research into animal welfare expanded in and how it should be defined. More than 20 the 1970s and 1980s. Then examples were years ago, Duncan and Dawkins (1983) found in which some of the components of reviewed the whole topic of animal welfare, the broad working description contradicted including the ‘definitions’ of welfare that each other. In particular, cases were identi- various investigators had proposed. They fied in which there was a divergence concluded that it was impossible to give wel- between the physical and psychological fare a precise scientific definition and that the aspects of welfare. For example, symptoms best that could be achieved was a broad of physiological stress, which was thought to working description encompassing the ideas indicate reduced welfare, sometimes accom- of the animal in physical and mental health, panied activities that seemed to be reward- the animal being in harmony with its envi- ing and pleasurable such as sexual ronment and being able to adapt to that envi- behaviour (Szechtman et al., 1974; Colborn et ronment without suffering, and that some- al., 1991). Also cases were described in which how, we should take account of the animal’s animals, such as sows in dry-sow stalls, were feelings. The problem is that ‘welfare’ refers healthy and physiologically normal but were to the quality of life an animal has, and qual- performing stereotyped movements, ity of life is made up of many different ele- behaviour suggestive of reduced welfare ments such as health, contentment, longevity (Terlouw et al., 1991). This discord led to a and so on to which different human beings protracted debate within animal welfare cir- attach different values (Duncan and Fraser, cles and the development of two main 1997). As well as making a definition impos- schools of thought, the biological function- sible, this fact means that there can be no ing school and the feelings school. The bio- simple measurement of welfare (Tannen- logical functioning school gave priority to

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normal functioning of physiological and states of suffering. It is also recognised that behavioural processes, health, longevity and animals may suffer from some states not biological fitness (Broom, 1986; Hurnik and experienced by human beings. This is more Lehman, 1985, 1987; Curtis, 1987; Fraser and likely to be true of species with very differ- Broom, 1990; Barnett and Hemsworth, 1990; ent sensory systems. Thus fish may experi- Broom and Johnson, 1993; McGlone, 1993). ence aversive states when water quality The feelings school developed the thesis that declines. It is also possible to imagine that welfare is all to do with what animals feel the aversive feelings they experience may (Dawkins, 1980, 1990; Duncan and Petherick, differ depending on whether it is oxygen 1991; Duncan, 1993, 1996, 2002). The debate level or pH or ionic content that deteriorates. continues, but there are signs of resolution We can have no idea of what these experi- with more and more emphasis being placed ences are to the fish. Fortunately, we can gain on the feelings of animals in any assessment important information to help with welfare of welfare (Broom, 1998; Mason et al., 2001). decisions without knowing, in the words of the philosopher Thomas Nagel, ‘What is it The acceptance that it is feelings that govern like to be a bat?’ (Nagel, 1974). welfare, brings with it a responsibility to understand feelings. Pain, fear and distress The term ‘distress’ which appears in the title are such feelings. They are unpleasant sub- of this paper, seems to be used in a general jective states often grouped together as states way when it is obvious that an animal is suf- of suffering. These states are also commonly fering but the specific state is unknown. The referred to as negative emotions or motiva- major states of suffering will now be dis- tional affective states. Since states of suffer- cussed in more detail. ing are subjective states, they are not directly accessible to scientific investigation. Howev- Pain er, in the welfare debate it is not necessary to know exactly what an animal is feeling. The Pain, probably more than any other state, important thing to know is whether the ani- directly reduces welfare. Pain can result mal feels bad or feels good. Thus in the case from: (a) injury due to badly designed hous- of a pig that is being tail-docked, it is not ing and equipment; (b) surgical interven- necessary to know if what the pig experi- tions such as castration and tail-docking ences is similar to what a human being expe- which, in animal agriculture, are normally riences with an amputated finger, or a severe carried out without anaesthesia or analgesia; burn, or a deep cut or whatever. In order to and (c) metabolic pathologies which are assess the welfare implications of tail-dock- often associated with fast growth. ing we need to know whether or not the pig Injuries: It hardly seems possible that in the has an aversive experience and, if possible, it 21st century, facilities for animals are being would be helpful to know how aversive the produced that result in injuries. However, experience is. It is possible to gain this type since the pioneering work of Ekesbo (1966), of information indirectly. Now of course, who used an epidemiological approach to with a procedure such as tail-docking there identify features of the environment that may be other welfare costs besides pain, caused injury and disease in tied and loose- such as a disruption in social signalling, or a housed dairy cattle in Sweden, the problem reduced ability to swish away flies, and has been recognised. There have been sever- these costs would have to be examined sepa- al excellent reviews since then that have sug- rately. gested solutions to the design of animal The major states of suffering that have been facilities that do not cause injury (e.g. Baxter investigated in animals are pain and discom- et al, 1983; Webster, 1994; Grandin, 2000). To fort, fear, deprivation, frustration and con- take just one example, the work of Tauson flict. Some species are thought to experience (1980, 1989), also in Sweden, has identified other states experienced by human beings the ways in which cages injure laying hens, such as loneliness, sadness and boredom, and his results have improved the design of but these have not been investigated to the conventional battery cages to greatly reduce same extent as the previously mentioned the incidence of injuries.

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To my knowledge, none of these studies has tom limb pain. Careful observation of the actually measured the pain involved; the birds in this study revealed changes in incidence and extent of injuries have been behaviour that lasted at least five weeks after recorded and the assumption has been made beak trimming and that were strongly (probably reasonably) that this will correlate indicative of pain (Duncan et al., 1989). This well with pain. finding was confirmed in a later study (Gen- Surgical interventions: Another major cause tle et al., 1991). of pain are the surgical interventions that are Other investigations into pain following performed on farm animals, procedures such elective surgeries have used a similar combi- as castration, mulesing, tail-docking, de- nation of anatomical, physiological and horning, teeth clipping, de-toeing, behavioural evidence. For example, when debeaking/beak trimming, de-snooding, young lambs were castrated and tail-docked dubbing, branding, ear notching and ear tag- using tight rubber rings, there was close cor- ging. Many of these procedures are per- respondence between physiological and formed in order to increase the long-term behavioural indicators of pain and between welfare of the animals involved by either them and the amount of tissue damage (Mel- removing parts of the anatomy that cause lor and Murray, 1989a,b). A later study, in injury (horns, beak, teeth, toes) or by remov- which lambs, kids and calves were castrated ing part of the anatomy that is at risk of using tight rubber rings, once again revealed being injured (tail, comb, snood). Castration a good correlation between the physiological can also improve long-term welfare by and behavioural indicators of pain and dis- reducing aggression and improving tress (Mellor et al., 1991). The results also tractability. In some instances the risk of indicated interesting differences among the blow fly strike can be significantly reduced three species, with lambs experiencing the by tail-docking and/or mulesing sheep. In most pain and calves the least, with kids all these cases, the justification given for the being intermediate (Mellor et al., 1991). This surgeries is that welfare is at risk of being evidence of differences among species to worse off if the procedures are not carried very similar surgical interventions suggests out. In the case of branding, ear notching that we should be cautious in making gener- and ear tagging, which are carried out for alisations about animals’ perception of pain. identification purposes, it is generally Studies on tail-docking in dairy cattle have assumed that any pain caused is short-lived. suggested that this procedure results in mini- However, the justification for carrying out all mal pain in cattle (Eicher et al., 2000; Tom et these procedures has generally been given al., 2002a,b). However, this should not be without knowing what the cost to the ani- used as a reason for widespread docking. The mals is in terms of both acute and chronic evidence suggests that there are no health or pain. For example, in the case of debeaking hygiene benefits to be gained from docking or beak trimming of poultry, there is strong (Tucker et al., 2001) and without tails during evidence of chronic pain many weeks after fly season, cows will have a cost to pay in the the surgery. Anatomical studies have discomfort of carrying higher fly loads. revealed that the beak of the domestic fowl is well innervated (Gentle and Breward, A more obvious and more easily observed 1981, 1986) and has mechanoreceptors and response to pain are vocalisations, and they nociceptors (Breward, 1984). Examination are considered a probable response to acute some weeks after beak trimming has shown pain in many species (Sanford et al., 1986; there is neuroma formation in the damaged Zimmermann, 1986; Molony and Kent, beak stump (Breward and Gentle, 1985) and 1997). Dan Weary and colleagues have exam- afferent fibres running from the stump in the ined in detail the vocalisations of piglets in intramandibular nerve have abnormal spon- response to castration and have found com- taneous discharges (Breward and Gentle, ponents that correspond reliably with other 1985). This activity looks very similar to the measures that indicate pain (Weary et al., discharges emanating from stump neuromas 1998; Taylor and Weary, 2000; Taylor et al., in human amputees and implicated in phan- 2001; Lessard et al., 2002).

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Metabolic pathologies: There are reports of an likely to lead to fear are fairly well under- increasing incidence of skeletal deformities and stood and include stimuli that are sudden other conditions such as ascites in poultry and intense, are novel, have been associated species that have been selected for fast growth with danger in the animal’s evolutionary rate (Leeson et al., 1995; Julian, 1998). There is history, and are associated with certain social already some indication that other livestock situations (Archer, 1979). Animals are there- classes being selected for fast growth and lean- fore at high risk of being frightened during ness are running into behavioural problems procedures in which they are placed in novel (Grandin and Deesing, 1998) and it is probably situations and, in addition, may be subjected just a matter of time before they too exhibit to sudden, intense stimuli and social threats. metabolic pathologies. Are any of these fast These combinations of stimuli are exactly growth syndromes painful? The answer is not what occur during transportation and pre- immediately obvious. In the case of meat chick- slaughter handling. ens and turkeys, the birds will often be grow- The behavioural indicators of fear are well ing well and not showing obvious signs of understood, with the only complicating fac- pain. The fact that they sit around more than tor being that two very different types of might be expected is usually attributed to ‘lazi- response can be seen. In certain circum- ness’ or ‘lethargy’ associated with their heavy stances, animals will show avoidance and bodyweight. However, careful observation of this may range from moving slowly to stam- the effects of analgesics on behaviour can peding away from the frightening stimulus. reveal that some of these skeletal problems are In other situations, fear is indicated by indeed painful. The amount of spontaneous immobility and freezing (Archer, 1979). movement shown by male turkeys with no obvious signs of pain was increased greatly by There have been experiments carried out in the administration of a drug that reduces pain which animals have been exposed to putative and inflammation in arthritic joints. These frightening stimuli and their physiological turkeys were later shown to have degenerative and behavioural responses recorded. Many of lesions of the hip joints (Duncan et al., 1991; these experiments have involved domestic Hocking et al., 1999). Similar results have been fowl (e.g. Duncan and Filshie, 1980; Jones et found for the domestic fowl (Hocking et al., al., 1981; Jones, 1987), presumably because 2001). their responses, if extreme, can interfere with productivity. However, this type of experi- Recently it has been shown that when given a ment does not really tell us how the animals choice between two feeds, one of which con- feel about being frightened — they may be retained an analgesic, lame broilers consumed sponding as a reflex action with little associ- more of the drugged feed than did broilers ated subjective feeling. However, in later ex- with no lameness. Also, the walking ability of periments, Duncan and Hughes (1988) the lame birds was improved significantly by showed that domestic fowl would learn to this self-administered treatment (Danbury et shuttle back and forward between two com- al., 2000). This is powerful evidence that these partments in response to a warning signal in birds were actually in pain and it was a nega- order to avoid being exposed to a frightening tive experience, i.e. they would rather not have stimulus. It was later shown that this experi- been in pain. mental set-up only worked for fairly calm It is more difficult to investigate how animals chickens. Strains of bird that were very flighty feel when they have other metabolic patholo- tended to panic and could not learn the shut- gies such as ascites. Broilers with ascites cer- tle avoidance (Rutter and Duncan, 1991). tainly look miserable. They look as if they are They were able, however, to learn a one-way suffering from ascites, and perhaps that is the avoidance task although this took a long time best proof we can have. (Rutter and Duncan, 1991). Then it was discovered that all strains of fowl were able to Fear learn passive avoidance (stopping performing an operant task in order to avoid a fright- Fear has also been investigated in farm ani- ening stimulus) and learn it quickly (Rutter mals in some detail. The types of stimuli and Duncan, 1992). Recently it has been

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shown that rainbow trout can learn a shuttle of all the responses they showed. If the frus- avoidance task (Yue et al., 2004). This suggests tration was severe (i.e. the frustrated tenden- that the responses that all the vertebrates cy was strong), the birds developed stereo- show to certain stimuli are more than just re- typed back-and-forward pacing movements flexes and are accompanied by powerful neg- and showed increased aggression. If the ative feelings. If given the opportunity, all ver- frustration was mild (i.e. the frustrated ten- tebrate animals will learn to avoid frightening dency was weak), the birds performed dis- stimuli. placement preening. Using this data, it has been shown that the biggest problem with Frustration and conflict battery cages for laying hens is that they cause severe frustration to many hens in the Frustration occurs when behaviour that is pre-laying period (Wood-Gush and Gilbert, strongly motivated is prevented from occur- 1969; Duncan, 1970). In this particular case, ring by some aspect of the environment. The there is some additional, indirect evidence closely related phenomenon of conflict that this state is aversive to hens. First, it is occurs when an animal is motivated to known that when showing the symptoms of behave in two incompatible ways. Studies ‘frustration’, they retain their eggs past the on frustration and conflict have been more normal time of laying (Hughes, et al., 1986). limited in scope than those on pain and fear Second, if given the opportunity, hens in the but there is still much information available. pre-laying phase will work very hard to Frustration is likely to arise in intensive hus- reach a nest site (Follensbee et al., 1992). bandry systems when some aspect of the However, as was the case with fear, it is gen- artificial environment blocks the perfor- erally true that these types of experiment mance of a behaviour pattern. Thus a hen in involving placing the animal in a frustrating a battery cage cannot perform the normal situation (defined operationally) do not tell foraging motor pattern of scratching with us what the animals are actually experienc- the feet and then moving back and pecking ing while they are performing the ‘frustra- at the scratched substrate (Moffat and Dun- tion’ responses. Moreover, it is much more can, 1999). Frustration can also arise when difficult to ‘ask’ animals what they feel about the artificial environment fails to supply the frustration. This is because fear is motivated key stimulus necessary to trigger a by external factors and, if the animal behavioural sequence. For example, about 24 behaves appropriately, if it learns to avoid hours before farrowing, a sow in a natural the frightening stimulus, then it can control environment will seek out a suitable nest the situation completely and never get site, excavate a nesting hollow, collect nest- frightened. Frustration, on the other hand, is ing materials from the surrounding environ- driven by internal factors such as hunger or ment, carry them to a chosen nest site, thirst or the tendency to build a nest, or deposit them, and build a nest (Jensen, 2002). some other tendency, which the animal has It has been suggested that modern confine- little or no control over. So, in the case of ment systems will frustrate sows in the pre- frustration, the animal is both attracted to farrowing period because many of these key the stimulus (it wants to feed, say) and is stimuli are missing (Hansen and Curtis, repelled by it (it cannot reach the food, 1980; Baxter, 1982). This suggestion has led becomes frustrated, and frustration is aver- to attempts to provide some of the key stim- sive). In addition, the animal cannot ‘solve’ uli in an artificial way (e.g. Hutson, 1988; the problem. It can move away from the out- Widowski and Curtis, 1990). of-reach food, and this might help a little, Frustration has been investigated in a similar but it is still hungry and will eventually be way to fear, with animals being placed in attracted back to the (out-of-reach) food. The putative frustrating situations and their back-and-forward pacing movements that responses recorded. For example, Duncan are commonly seen when domestic fowl are (1970) placed domestic fowl in various frus- frustrated, may be the result of attraction trating situations (defined operationally) in and repulsion occurring in quick succession the laboratory, and was able to compile a list (Duncan and Wood-Gush, 1972).

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In spite of the difficulties of investigating be wrong’ so that we can investigate and rec- frustration experimentally, there is sufficient tify the situation. Using ‘distress’ in these cir- evidence to conclude that frustration is aver- cumstances would seem warranted. Other- sive (Yates, 1962). Moreover, in modern wise, there is much to be said for striving for intensive husbandry systems it is probably precision in our use of terms. As was stated responsible for reducing welfare more than earlier, the remedy for fear is very different any other state of suffering. from that for boredom, and those are both different from that for frustration. Lumping Other states of suffering these states together into the category of ‘distress’ is not helpful and might even hinder the Other states of suffering have not been finding of a solution. examined in such detail as those previously mentioned. Boredom has received some the- States of pleasure oretical consideration (Wemelsfelder, 1993) but is proving difficult if not impossible to In order to improve animal welfare we investigate experimentally. It is very impor- should be constantly trying to eliminate or tant that we have a good understanding of minimise states of suffering. However, there boredom before trying to remedy a state that is growing opinion that good welfare is more might not even exist in some species. In this than just the absence of suffering (Mench, case, ‘giving the animal the benefit of the 1998). There is increasing evidence that at doubt’ may do more harm than good. The least the mammals and birds of the verte- reason for this is as follows. The way to brates are able to experience pleasure and counteract boredom is to provide a more we should be investigating this field. It will stimulating and constantly changing envi- be a real challenge, since pleasure may have ronment. Suppose we have a small group of evolved to motivate behaviour in a very dif- hill sheep that we suspect are bored but are ferent way from suffering (Fraser and Dun- actually frightened, then providing a more can, 1998). Apart from being important in its stimulating and constantly changing envi- own right, pleasure may be useful for coun- ronment will exacerbate the fear. Suppose teracting some of the unavoidable negative we have a young calf that we suspect is feelings that arise from routine husbandry bored but is actually frustrated because it procedures. We therefore need to understand does not have a teat to suck, then providing it so that we can promote it. a more stimulating and constantly changing environment will do absolutely nothing for References the frustration and it may also frighten the calf. It is probably concern over boredom Archer, J. (1979). ‘Behavioural aspects of fear’. that is fuelling the current drive for ‘environ- Fear in animals and man, W. Sluckin ed., Van mental enrichment’ for every animal of Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 56–85. every species. It would be wiser to strive for Barnett, J. L. and Hemsworth, P. H. (1990). ‘The appropriate environments (Duncan and Ols- validity of physiological and behavioural son, 2001) which might include provisions measures of animal welfare’. Journal of Applied for counteracting boredom but might not. Animal Welfare Science, 25, pp. 177–187. Something should be said about the term ‘dis- Baxter, M. R. (1982). ‘The nesting behaviour of tress’. Distress appears to be used when it sows and its disturbance by confinement at seems obvious to the observer that an animal farrowing’. Disturbed behaviour in farm animals, is having some type of unpleasant experience, Eugen Ulmer, W. Bessei ed., Stuttgart, but the exact nature of the state is unknown. pp. 101–114. The term, therefore, serves a useful purpose. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M.R. and MacCormack, It was stated earlier that there is a distinct pos- J. A. C. (eds) (1983). Farm animal housing and sibility that some species may experience welfare. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston. states of suffering not experienced by human Breward, J. (1984). ‘Cutaneous nociceptors in the beings. We should therefore be constantly chicken beak’. Journal of Physiology-London, looking for symptoms that ‘something might 346, 56 pp.

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plasma cortisol concentrations in young Taylor, A. A. and Weary, D. M. (2000). ‘Vocal lambs’. Res. Vet. Science, 46, pp. 387–391. responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain’. Journal of Applied Mellor, D. J. and Murray, L. (1989b). ‘Changes in Animal Welfare Science, 70, pp. 17–26. the cortisol responses of lambs to tail-docking, castration and ACTH injection during the first Taylor, A. A., Weary, D. M., Lessard, M. and seven days after birth’. Res. Vet. Science, 46, Braithwaite, L. A. (2001). ‘Behavioural pp. 392–395. response of piglets to castration: the effect of piglet age’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Mench, J. A. (1998). ‘Thirty years after Brambell: Science, 73, pp. 35–43. whither animal welfare science?’ J. Appl. Ani- mal Welfare Science, 1, pp. 91–102. Terlouw, E. M. C., Lawrence, A. B., Ladewig, J., de Passillé, A. M. B., Rushen, J. and Schouten, Moffat, L. A. and Duncan, I. J. H. (1999). ‘Effects W. (1991). ‘A relationship between stereotyp- of food and substrate deprivation on foraging ies and cortisol in sows’. Behav Proc., 25, behaviour in laying hens’. (Abstr.) Can. Journal pp. 133–153. of Animal Science, 78, p. 586. Tom, E. M., Rushen, J., Duncan I. J. H. and de Molony, V. and Kent, J. E. (1997). ‘Assessment of Passillé, A. M. (2002a). ‘Behavioural, health acute pain in farm animals using behavioural and cortisol responses of young calves to tail- and physiological measurements’. J. Anim Sci- docking using a rubber ring or docking iron’. ence, 75, pp. 266–272. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 82, pp. 1–9. Nagel, T. (1974). ‘What is it like to be a bat?’ Tom, E. M., Duncan, I. J. H., Widowski, T. M., Philosoph. Rev., 83, pp. 435–450. Bateman, K. G. and Leslie, K. E. (2002b). Rutter, S. M. and Duncan, I. J. H. (1991). ‘Shuttle ‘Effects of tail-docking using a rubber ring and one-way avoidance as measures of aver- with or without anaesthetic on behaviour and sion in the domestic fowl’. Journal of Applied production of lactating cows’. J. Dairy Science, Animal Welfare Science, 30, pp. 117–124. 85, pp. 2257–2265. Rutter, S. M. and Duncan, I. J. H. (1992). ‘Measur- Tucker, C. B., Fraser, D. and Weary, D. M. (2001). ing aversion in domestic fowl using passive ‘Tail-docking dairy cattle: effects on cow avoidance’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare cleanliness and udder health’. J. Dairy Science, Science, 33, pp. 53–61. 84, pp. 84–87. Sandøe, P. and Simonsen, H. B. (1992). ‘Assessing Weary, D. M., Braithwaite, L. A. and Fraser D. animal welfare: Where does science end and phi- (1998). ‘Vocal response to pain in piglets’. Jour- losophy begin?’ Animal welfare, 1, pp. 257–267. nal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 56, pp. 161–172. Sanford, J., Ewbank, R., Molony, V., Tavernor, W. D. and Uvarov, O. (1986). ‘Guidelines for Webster, A. J. F. (1994). ‘Comfort and injury’. Live- the recognition and assessment of pain in ani- stock housing, C. W. Wathes and D. R. Charles mals’. The Veterinary Record, 118, pp. 334–338. eds, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, pp. 49–68. Szechtman, H., Lambrou, P. J., Caggiula, A. R. and Redgate, E. S. (1974). ‘Plasma corticos- Wemelsfelder, F. (1993). ‘The concept of animal terone levels during sexual behaviour in male boredom and its relationship to stereotyped rats’. Horm. Behav, 5, pp. 191–200. behaviour’. Stereotypic animal behaviour: funda- mentals and applications to welfare, A. B. Tannenbaum, J. (1991). ‘Ethics and animal wel- Lawrence and J. Rushen eds, CAB Interna- fare: the inextricable connection’. J. Amer. Vet. tional, Wallingford, Oxon, pp. 65–95. Med. Assoc., 198, pp. 1360–1376. Widowski, T. M. and Curtis, S. E. (1990). ‘The Tauson, R. (1980). ‘Cages: how could they be influence of straw, cloth tassel, or both on the improved?’ The laying hen and its environment, prepartum behaviour of sows’. Journal of R. Moss ed., Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, Applied Animal Welfare Science, 27, pp. 53–71. pp. 269–299. Wood-Gush, D. G. M. and Gilbert, A. B. (1969). Tauson, R. (1989). ‘Cages for laying hens: yester- ‘Observations on the laying behaviour of hens day and today — tomorrow?’ Third Europ. in battery cages’. British Poultry Science, 10, Symp. Poult. Welfare, J. M. Faure and A. D. pp. 29–36. Mills eds, French Branch of the World’s Poul- try Science Association, Tours, France, Yates, A. J. (1962). Frustration and conflict. pp. 165–181. Methuen, London.

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Yue, S., Moccia, R. D. and Duncan, I. J. H. (2004). Zimmermann, M. (1986). ‘Behavioural investiga- ‘Investigating fear in domestic rainbow trout, tion of pain in animals’. Assessing pain in farm Oncorhynhus mykiss, using an avoidance animals, I. J. H. Duncan and V. Molony eds., EC learning task’. Appl. Animal Behav (in press). Report, EUR 9742, Luxembourg, pp. 16–27.

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Résumé Douleur, peur et détresse des animaux

I. J. H. Duncan Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: conflit, privation, détresse, peur, frustration, douleur, souffrance

La douleur, la peur et la détresse sont des tration et l’ablation de la queue qui, dans états subjectifs pénibles que l’on regroupe l’élevage, sont normalement accomplies sans souvent dans la catégorie d’états de souffran- anesthésie ni analgésique; c) de pathologies ce. On appelle souvent aussi ces états «émo- métaboliques qui sont souvent liées à une tions négatives» ou états «motivationnels- croissance rapide. Parfois le comportement affectifs». Comme les états de souffrance sont d’un animal, y compris son expression vo- subjectifs, ils ne sont pas directement acces- cale, peut donner une bonne indication de sibles aux enquêtes scientifiques. Toutefois, douleur, mais ce n’est pas toujours vrai. Il l’on met actuellement au point des tech- faut quelquefois adopter une approche plus niques grâce auxquelles on pourrait enquê- expérimentale, par exemple administrer un ter sur eux indirectement pour essayer de les analgésique et observer s’il y a changement mesurer objectivement. C’est un élément très de comportement. On a démontré récem- important puisque, dans le débat sur le bien- ment que, si on leur en donne l’occasion, les être, il n’est pas nécessaire de savoir exacte- animaux chez qui on soupçonne une douleur ment ce que l’animal éprouve, mais il est s’administrent d’eux-mêmes un analgésique. extrêmement utile de savoir à quel point son C’est une preuve convaincante que ces ani- expérience est négative (ou positive). Le pré- maux éprouvent vraiment une douleur et que sent exposé décrit les techniques qui sont c’est pour eux une expérience négative, c’est- actuellement utilisées pour étudier les états à-dire qu’ils préféreraient ne pas l’éprouver. de souffrance et pour les quantifier. La peur a aussi été largement étudiée chez Les principaux états de souffrance qui ont les animaux d’élevage. Les types de stimuli été étudiés chez les animaux sont la douleur qui déclenchent couramment la peur sont et l’inconfort, la peur, la privation, la frustra- assez bien compris et certains sont soudains tion et le conflit. Par analogie, on considère et intenses, nouveaux, liés à un danger dans que certaines espèces éprouvent d’autres l’histoire de l’évolution de l’espèce et asso- états que connaissent les humains comme la ciés à certaines situations sociales. Les ani- solitude, la tristesse et l’ennui, mais ces états maux courent donc de gros risques d’être n’ont pas été étudiés dans les mêmes propor- effrayés quand ils sont placés dans des situations que les états mentionnés ci-dessus. On tions inconnues, comme pendant le trans- admet aussi que les animaux peuvent souf- port et la manipulation avant l’abattage. Les signes comportementaux de la peur sont frir d’autres états que ne connaissent pas les bien connus, le seul facteur de complexité humains. Il semble que le terme de «détresse» étant que l’on peut constater deux types de soit utilisé dans un sens général quand il est réaction très différents. En effet, dans cer- évident qu’un animal souffre sans que l’on taines circonstances, les animaux manifes- connaisse exactement son état. tent un comportement d’évitement, qu’ils Probablement plus que tous les autres états, peuvent manifester en s’éloignant lentement la douleur réduit directement le bien-être. du stimulus cause de leur peur, ou au Elle peut résulter a) de blessures dues à un contraire en s’enfuyant en débandade. Dans habitat et un équipement mal conçus; b) d’autres situations, la peur est indiquée par d’interventions chirurgicales comme la cas- l’immobilité et l’arrêt sur place.

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La frustration apparaît quand un comporte- portemental. Elle peut aussi apparaître ment fortement motivé est bloqué par un quand l’environnement artificiel ne fournit aspect de l’environnement. Le phénomène pas le stimulus clé qui est nécessaire pour de conflit, qui lui est étroitement lié, se mani- déclencher une séquence comportementale. feste quand l’animal est motivé pour accom- Les signes de frustration sont l’apparition de plir deux actions incompatibles. Les études mouvements stéréotypés et d’agressivité si la sur la frustration et le conflit ont une portée frustration est grave, et le déclenchement plus limitée que celles portant sur la douleur d’activités de déplacement si la frustration et la peur, mais on dispose cependant de est légère. nombreuses informations sur ces sujets. La frustration est susceptible de se manifester L’exposé examine brièvement d’autres états dans les systèmes d’élevage intensif quand de souffrance possibles. En outre, il aborde le un aspect de l’environnement artificiel rôle des émotions positives dans la détermi- bloque l’accomplissement d’un schéma com- nation du bien-être des animaux.

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Resumen Dolor, temor y angustia

I. J. H. Duncan Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: conflicto, privación, angustia, miedo, sentimientos, frustración, dolor, sufrimiento

El dolor, el temor y la angustia son estados castración y corte de cola que, en el sector subjetivos desagradables que suelen consi- agropecuario, suelen efectuarse sin anestesia derarse en conjunto como estados de sufri- ni analgesia; y c) patologías metabólicas aso- miento. También se los designa como «emo- ciadas con frecuencia a un crecimiento rápi- ciones negativas» o «estados afectivos». do. Algunas veces, el comportamiento del Dado que los estados de sufrimiento son animal, incluidas las vocalizaciones, puede subjetivos, no son directamente asequibles ser un buen indicador del dolor, pero no para la investigación científica. No obstante, siempre es así. A veces se necesita un enfo- actualmente se están desarrollando técnicas que más experimental, como por ejemplo, la que permitirán investigar dichos estados administración de un analgésico y la detec- indirectamente a través de mediciones objeti- ción de cambios del comportamiento. vas. Esto es muy importante, ya que en el Recientemente ha quedado demostrado que debate sobre el bienestar no es necesario cuando se sospecha que los animales sienten conocer exactamente lo que el animal experi- dolor, si se les da la oportunidad, éstos se menta, sino más bien saber qué tan negativa autoadministran un analgésico. Esta prueba (o positiva) es la experiencia. El presente pone de manifiesto que los animales real- documento describirá las técnicas empleadas mente sienten dolor y que se trata de una para investigar y cuantificar los estados de experiencia negativa, o sea, que sería preferi- sufrimiento. ble que no sufran dolor. Los principales estados de sufrimiento que El temor se ha investigado también a fondo han sido objeto de investigación en animales en los animales de granja. Los tipos de estí- son el dolor y la inquietud, el temor, la pri- mulos que podrían causar temor son bien vación, la frustración y el conflicto. Por ana- conocidos y pueden ser repentinos e inten- logía, se piensa que algunas especies pade- sos, novedosos, asociados al peligro en la cen otros estados experimentados por el ser historia de la evolución del animal y asocia- humano, tales como la soledad, la tristeza y dos a ciertas situaciones sociales. Por tanto, el aburrimiento, pero no se han investigado los animales corren alto riesgo de atemori- en la misma medida que los primeros. Se zarse durante procedimientos que los ponen admite también que los animales pueden en situaciones nuevas tales como el transporte y manipulación previa al sacrificio. padecer otros estados no experimentados Los indicadores comportamentales del te- por los seres humanos. Al parecer, el término mor son conocidos; el único factor que com- «angustia» se emplea de manera general plica las cosas es que pueden observarse dos cuando es obvio que un animal sufre pero se tipos distintos de respuestas. En determina- desconoce el estado específico. das circunstancias, los animales intentarán El dolor, tal vez más que cualquier otro esta- evitar el estímulo del temor y su actitud do, mengua directamente el bienestar. Las puede variar del movimiento lento a la causas posibles son: a) heridas debidas al huida en desbandada. En otras situaciones, diseño erróneo del alojamiento y de los equi- la inmovilidad y la rigidez serán indicios del pos; b) intervenciones quirúrgicas tales como temor.

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La frustración surge cuando algún aspecto lo comportamental. Puede surgir también del medio ambiente obstaculiza un compor- cuando el ambiente artificial no puede ofre- tamiento fuertemente motivado. El fenóme- cer el estímulo clave necesario para desenca- no estrechamente asociado de conflicto se denar una secuencia de comportamiento. produce cuando el animal está motivado Los indicadores de la frustración son el desa- para comportarse de dos maneras incompa- rrollo de movimientos estereotipados y una tibles. Los estudios sobre la frustración y el agresión creciente si la frustración es severa; conflicto han sido de alcance más limitado si la frustración es leve, entonces serán acti- que los del dolor y el temor, pero aún queda vidades de sustitución. información disponible. Es probable que la Se discutirán brevemente otros estados posi- frustración surja en sistemas de cría intensi- bles de sufrimiento. Además, se tendrá en va cuando algún aspecto del medio ambien- cuenta el papel de las emociones positivas en te artificial bloquea la ejecución de un mode- la determinación del bienestar animal.

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Abstract Pain, fear and distress

I. J. H. Duncan Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: conflict, deprivation, distress, fear, feelings, frustration, negative emotions, pain, suffering

Pain, fear and distress are unpleasant subjec- and (c) metabolic pathologies which are tive states often grouped together as states of often associated with fast growth. Some- suffering. These states are also commonly times, an animal’s behaviour, including its referred to as negative emotions or motiva- vocalisations, can be a good indicator of tional affective states. Since states of suffer- pain, but this is not always the case. Some- ing are subjective states, they are not directly times, a more experimental approach is accessible to scientific investigation. Howev- required, such as administering an analgesic er, techniques are currently being developed and looking for changes in behaviour. whereby these states can be investigated Recently it has been shown that if animals, indirectly and measured objectively. This is suspected of being in pain, are given the very important, since, in the welfare debate, opportunity, they will self-administer an it is not necessary to know exactly what the analgesic drug. This is powerful evidence animal is experiencing, but it is extremely that these animals are actually in pain and it useful to know how negative (or positive) is a negative experience, i.e. they would that experience is. This paper will describe rather not be in pain. the techniques that are being used to investi- Fear has also been intensely investigated in gate states of suffering and to quantify them. farm animals. The types of stimuli likely to The major states of suffering that have been lead to fear are fairly well understood and investigated in animals are pain and discom- include stimuli that are sudden and intense, fort, fear, deprivation, frustration and con- are novel, have been associated with danger flict. By analogy, some species are thought to in the animal’s evolutionary history, and are experience other states experienced by associated with certain social situations. Ani- human beings, such as loneliness, sadness mals are therefore at high risk of being and boredom, but these have not been inves- frightened during procedures in which they tigated to the same extent as the previously- are placed in novel situations, such as during mentioned states of suffering. It is also transportation and pre-slaughter handling. recognised that animals may suffer from The behavioural indicators of fear are well other states not experienced by human understood, with the only complicating fac- beings. The term ‘distress’ seems to be used tor being that two very different types of in a general way when it is obvious that an response can be seen. In certain circum- animal is suffering but the specific state is stances, animals will show avoidance and unknown. this may range from moving slowly to stam- peding away from the frightening stimulus. Pain, probably more than any other state, In other situations, fear is indicated by directly reduces welfare. Pain can result immobility and freezing. from (a) injury due to badly designed housing and equipment, (b) surgical interven- Frustration occurs when behaviour that is tions such as castration and tail-docking strongly motivated is prevented from occur- which, in animal agriculture, are normally ring by some aspect of the environment. The carried out without anaesthesia or analgesia, closely related phenomenon of conflict

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occurs when an animal is motivated to sary to trigger a behavioural sequence. The behave in two incompatible ways. Studies indicators of frustration are the development on frustration and conflict have been more of stereotyped movements and increased limited in scope than those on pain and fear aggression if the frustration is severe, and but there is still much information available. the occurrence of displacement activities if Frustration is likely to arise in intensive hus- the frustration is mild. bandry systems when some aspect of the artificial environment blocks the perfor- Other possible states of suffering will be dis- mance of a behaviour pattern. Frustration cussed briefly. In addition, the role of posi- can also arise when the artificial environ- tive emotions in determining an animal’s ment fails to supply the key stimulus neces- welfare will be considered.

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Injury and disease

B. Algers Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, PO Box 234, S-532 23 Skara; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary From an animal welfare point of view, it is important to know what effect different injuries and diseases have on an animal’s feelings as well as its capabilities for a future good life. Any injury or disease inflicted on an animal will to some degree be a tax on the animal’s capabilities to optimise its being according to its desires as well as its output from an evolutionary perspective. Many cases of injury and disease lead to sensations of pain. However, a disease where the animal has to use substantial resources, for example, its immune system, to conquer the disease, is probably also linked to negative feedback signals. Thus, the observation of injury and disease can be regarded as an important tool to evaluate the animal’s condition from an animal welfare point of view. Preventive measures must be directed towards the causal factors. Systematic monitoring of injuries and symptoms of disease at critical control points is a potent tool for the monitoring of animal welfare as well as for the work to continue to improve the welfare of the animals we keep in our custody. Keywords: injury, disease, health, welfare, prevention, monitoring

An introduction to injury and disease duced to a group, this may result in fighting and skin damage (e.g. 10), if animals are There are a variety of definitions of disease al- improperly handled when loading them, for though many veterinary textbooks com- example, for transportation, this results in pletely lack such a definition. A recent study bruising (15). shows that most existing definitions of health and disease in veterinary textbooks fall into Any injury or disease inflicted on an animal the categories of ‘normality’, ‘homeostasis’, will to some degree be a tax on the animal’s ‘physical and psychological well-being’ or capabilities of optimising its being according ‘productivity and reproductive performance’ to its desires. For instance, an injured leg will (Gunnarsson, to be published). A commonly prevent the animal from moving easily to ac- used definition of disease is ‘a finite abnor- cess preferred resources such as water or a mality of structure or function with an identi- comfortable lying area. A disease such as fiable pathological or clinopathological basis, pneumonia will weaken the animal so that its and with a recognisable syndrome or constel- ability to compete for limited resources, such lation of clinical signs’ (7), but due to the de- as food, is weakened. Injury and disease velopment of a variety of clinical test meth- might also be a tax on the animal’s output ods, disease is nowadays often widened to from an evolutionary perspective, i.e. to suc- embrace sub-clinical illness. Disease com- cessfully wean its offspring, quickly come prises a wide variety of conditions ranging into heat again and become pregnant. Mastitis and metritis are examples of such diseases. from infectious diseases resulting from exposure to different microbial agents to non-infectious diseases such as metabolic diseases How is disease recognised? or genetic diseases. Interestingly, one of the most important tools Injuries in animals can result from improper for the veterinary clinician is to use housing, from other animals or from poor behavioural signs or symptoms when trying handling. For instance, if slots in the floor to put a diagnosis to a case. This is evident surface are too wide, this will lead to injuries from recent textbooks in veterinary medicine to claws (e.g. 1), if new animals are intro- where, for example, contagious bovine pleu-

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ropneumonia (CBPP) is described as ‘sudden Lameness of dairy cattle is one of the most onset of high fever, fall in milk yield, anorex- important welfare issues. Information from ia and rumination ceases. There is severe 37 dairy farms, in four regions of England depression and animals stand apart or lag and Wales provided data on 8 991 lesions behind a travelling group. Coughing, at first and the preventive trimming of 4 837 cows’ only on exercise, and chest pain are evident, feet (20). Of the 8 645 lesions associated with affected animals being disclined to move… episodes of lameness, lesions in the hind Respirations are shallow, rapid and accom- limbs accounted for 92 %, of which 65 % panied by expiratory grunting’ (23). Another were in the outer claw, 20 % in the skin and example is how lameness is frequently used 14 % in the inner claw. Sole ulcers (40 %) and to identify leg and hoof or claw disease or white line lesions (29 %) were the predomi- injury. nant diseases of horn, and digital dermatitis (40 %) was the most common disease of the From an animal welfare point of view, it is skin. Subjective assessments showed that important to know what effect different sand crack, penetration of the sole by foreign injuries and diseases have on the animal’s bodies and interdigital necrobacillosis were feelings as well as its capabilities for a future associated with the most severe cases of good life. Injury is usually associated with lameness. Thus, injuries as well as diseases pain, which can be regarded as a negative play important causal roles for foot health in feedback signal that guides the animal to dairy cows. keep the area injured from pressure or manipulation, thus improving the healing The prevalence of dermatitis and heel horn process. An injured or diseased leg or foot erosion have been associated with a manure- will eventually lead to pain and thus keep contaminated environment (5, 24). The the animal from using its leg normally. The severity of lesions is affected by housing and it increases with time while grazing (17). A lameness caused can be used as a symptom study of hoof lesions in 4 899 dairy cattle on to identify welfare problems. 101 Swedish farms has revealed that most In broiler rearing it has been shown that dis- Swedish dairy cows have hoof lesions (17). eases related to leg weakness are frequent Heel erosions were seen in 41 % of the ani- (25, 26). Lameness was identified in 18 and mals, sole haemorrhages in 30 %, erosive 30 % of broiler birds in Sweden and Den- dermatitis in 27 %, white line haemorrhages mark respectively. The principal causes are in 14 and 8.6 % for sole ulcers. Some 72 % of usually non-infectious skeletal abnormalities all animals had at least one lesion. The (30) or causes of infectious origin (19). The prevalence of lameness was 5.1 %. Although diseases ultimately result in lameness affect- many lesions could not be associated with ing the standing and walking pattern of the lameness, cows with sole ulcers had a birds (29). Research has shown that the decreased reproductive performance because innervation and pain receptors in joints in of a lower first-service conception rate, a poultry are very similar to those of mammals prolonged calving interval and a higher risk (12) which suggests that birds would feel of receiving treatment for an oestrus. pain similar to that of cattle and pigs. Inter- Lameness has an influence on the animal’s estingly, broiler birds with lameness have welfare not only because of its relation to the been shown to select more feed with anal- sensation of pain but also because it will gesics added than broilers without lameness reduce the animal’s ability to compete for (9). Furthermore, the walking pattern of resources. Hassall et al. (13) showed that broilers that ate food with analgesic sub- cows with lameness entered the milking par- stances was more similar to that of birds lour later than non-lame cows. By using without lameness (18) indicating that the trackway measurements (space measure- changes in walking pattern do reflect a state ments between footprints) for gait analysis of pain associated with the leg diseases. in lame and healthy cows, Telezhenko and Thus, autopsies used to reveal the incidence Bergsten (28) showed that severely lame of such leg diseases would reflect the welfare cows were characterised by the biggest step situation of the birds reasonably well. asymmetry (length difference between con-

177 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

secutive steps), shorter stride and step length health at critical control points. It is only by and smaller step angle than mildly lame and actually studying the animals that we will normal animals. Cows with severe lameness know if they are healthy or not. Today, it is decreased the step asymmetry walking on very difficult to obtain information on the floors provided with rubber covering, in disease incidence in farm animals in many contrast to walking on floors with bare con- countries. However, systematic recording crete indicating that a smoother surface schemes do exist and have proven very valu- would reduce the suffering of lameness. able as a tool for disease prevention. Exam- Similarly, a disease where the animal has to ples from Sweden are the Official Milk use substantial resources, for example, its Recording Scheme comprising data on vet- immune system, to conquer the disease, is erinary treatments, insemination and calving probably also linked to other negative feed- data, milk production and milk quality on back signals such as fatigue, that will reduce 86 % of the Swedish dairy herds (27) and the the animal’s activity levels. An obvious database on findings at slaughter for pigs example is weaning diarrhoea in pigs, where with information on pneumonia, pleuritis, pigs with diarrhoea have a poorer weight joint lesions, white spots and abscesses (16). gain (22) and therefore are less able to fight As a complement to such recordings, regular for resources. Pigs with poorer weight gain checks at farm level should be made where after weaning show less interactive and the farmer keeps records of any clinical signs more submissive behaviour (2). of disease. Such observations should always be noted, but on critical occasions, such as at In farm animals, common diseases besides the start of lay, weaning or in association lameness in cattle and poultry are, for with farrowings, more systematic observa- instance, mastitis in cattle, diarrhoea and res- tions should be made. Similar records should piratory diseases in pigs as well as parasitic be kept when animals are transported and diseases. slaughtered. Such quality analysis of control Thus, the observation of the presence of points can prove to be very useful for inves- injury and disease can be regarded as an tigating disease patterns. important tool to evaluate the animal’s con- Causal mechanisms must be clarified dition from an animal welfare point of view. Furthermore, it has also been shown that As the environment in housing systems has there are interrelationships between clinical a major influence on the health of farm ani- diseases as well as the effect of diseases on mals, farm records of the incidence of dis- the risk of culling. In Swedish red and white ease will facilitate the identification of causal dairy cows there was an odds ratio of 7.4 for factors for disease or injury. Only with an metritis given that the animal had suffered epidemiological approach to the monitoring from dystocia when giving birth, and masti- of disease at farm level can a proper etiolog- tis increased the odds ratio for culling by 1.8 ical diagnosis be made and appropriate mea- (21). Thus, clinical disease obviously predis- sures be taken. poses animals to other diseases, indicating Diseases might result from poor climatic that it is not only suffering from the disease conditions, poor sanitary conditions or as a itself that constitutes a welfare problem, but result of poor hygienic practices. Pneumonia it also increases the risk of future disease and and pleuritis in pigs are examples of such further impaired welfare. diseases. General recording schemes at time of slaughter have been systematically used How are injuries and diseases by animal health services to analyse the mitigated or prevented? effects of housing and management conditions in order to improve the health and wel- Injury and disease must be identified fare status of animals (e.g. 6). However, for Rather than treating individual cases, a suc- exmaple, an early outbreak of pneumonia cessful road to reducing incidence of injury might have healed at the occasion of slaugh- and disease is to construct monitoring pro- ter which is why one must be careful not to grammes to assess the state of the animals’ misinterpret such data.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 178 Applying science to animal welfare

Injuries could also be caused by poor man- sures must be taken. To reduce the spread of agement practices where, for example, unac- infectious disease, the movement of live ani- quainted animals are mixed together and as mals between farms must be minimised. Mar- a result aggression causes wounds (10). kets for live animals should be abandoned Another example is when animals are and within farms, animals should be kept in weaned at a very early age and are kept in groups in all-in-all-out systems. Grazing ar- flatdeck rearing systems. Injuries on such eas should be rotated to avoid a build-up of pigs on ears, feet and belly might be of dif- parasitic infection pressure. Farms should not ferent origin such as a result of aggression, of be placed too close to each other to avoid the poor flooring or redirected massaging spread of disease via air. behaviour of the piglets towards the belly of Injuries or diseases might occur as a result of pen mates (1). Injuries might also be a result poorly designed floors, unsuitable bedding of poorly applied harnesses or improper material, poorly designed fittings in animal tying up of animals. houses, transport vehicles or abattoirs. Not only do environmental or management Housing facilities must be designed to meet conditions affect the occurrence of injury and the biological demands of the animals. Floor- disease but also genetics play an important ing must be appropriate to give a suitable role, for example, in leg weakness in broilers wear of claws and hooves. Sows should be which show a 10 % higher prevalence in one kept so that they can perform nest-building breed than another when kept under similar activities, and so on. conditions (26). Actions must be directed towards the causal What is the role of injury and disease factors in animal welfare? The preventive measures must be directed Because there is a close connection between towards the causal factors. Such measures injury and disease on one hand, and welfare can be to increase stanchion length in the on the other, the monitoring of the occur- barn rather than continuing to treat cows for rence of injuries and disease are potent tools mastitis or to increase weaning time rather for the monitoring of animal welfare. than continue to treat weaning diarrhoea Injuries and diseases can be looked upon as with antibiotics. To use antibiotics as preven- factors showing the present state of the ani- tion against diarrhoea will evidently only mal’s welfare, but they can also, to some create new problems such as increasing resis- extent, be viewed as showing the animal’s tance to antibiotics (see, for example, 14). welfare status integrated over a certain time period. The occurrence of abscesses must, for Although more and more emphasis is put on instance, be regarded as evidence of a chron- improving housing facilities, management ic welfare problem. regimes and genetics, for example, to reduce the incidence of mastitis in dairy cows or diar- Since 1973, the Swedish animal welfare regu- rhoea in pigs, many preventive actions are lations have demanded that new techniques taken which still only treat symptoms of the or methods for housing farm animals should disease and not the causal factor. Examples of be evaluated from an animal health and wel- such measures are mutilation (tail cutting in fare perspective before they are allowed to pigs, beak trimming in poultry) or crating and be used. Systematic recordings of injuries and disease symptoms have, together with caging of animals (keeping farrowing sows in behavioural studies, been the basis for such crates to reduce piglet mortality, keeping lay- studies. Methods have been applied which ing birds in cages to reduce feather pecking prevent less suitable equipment or methods and cannibalism). Such measures, however, from being used in order to protect farmers in the best case scenario, will only reduce the from investing in housing systems that will symptoms targeted, but they will often also result in a deterioration of animal health and result in new welfare problems. welfare. The systematic recording of injury To be able to systematically protect animals and disease has proved to be effective in the from injury and disease a wide range of mea- work to maintain reasonable welfare stan-

179 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

dards in housing systems used in Sweden ease that causes pain or whether it merely (for review, see 11). influences the animal’s possibilities to live a good life by, for example, weakening the ani- Over the last decades, lots of research efforts mal so that it cannot compete effectively for have been put into the study of how different resources, most diseases and injuries do rep- housing or management methods evoke resent signs of a poorer state of welfare. physiological or behavioural responses and Some signs of injury or disease represent an such responses have been analysed from an acute change in the level of welfare, whereas animal welfare perspective (see, for example, other signs, such as abscesses or chronic 3 and 8). Surprisingly, there is still very little pneumonia or diarrhoea, show that the wel- research published on how different common fare of the animal has been deteriorated for diseases such as mastitis, pneumonia and di- some time. A systematic recording of a com- arrhoea affect an animal’s welfare in terms of bination of suitable parameters of injury and signs of pain or fatigue, other negative feel- disease has the potential to provide trust- ings such as anxiety or fear, or just a lower worthy information about the level of animal ability to access preferred resources. How- ever, it is less time-consuming to record in- welfare to authorities, industry and con- juries and symptoms of disease rather than sumers. behaviour or mental states, which is why a systematic monitoring of injuries and symp- References toms of disease at critical control points is a potent tool for monitoring animal welfare as (1) Algers B. (1984). ‘Animal health in flatdeck rearing of weaned piglets’. ZBL Vet. Med. A., well as for the work to continue to improve 31, pp. 14–24. the welfare of animals we keep in our custody. Intensified research on how different impor- (2) Algers B., Jensen P. and Steinwall L. (1990). tant diseases affect the welfare of animals ‘Behaviour and weight changes at weaning would help to improve the tool we already and regrouping of pigs in relation to teat have to monitor animal welfare through the quality’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Sci- ence, 26, pp. 143–155. measurement of injury and disease. (3) Appleby M. C. and Hughes B. O. (1997). The presence of an injury or a disease can be Animal welfare. CAB International, Oxford. regarded as an instantaneously accessible piece of evidence of the state of an animal’s (4) Berg C. (1998). ‘Foot-pad dermatitis in broil- welfare so it is favourably used in welfare ers and turkeys — Prevalence, risk factors monitoring programmes. There are examples and prevention’. Acta Universitatis Agricul- of such national animal welfare programmes turae Sueciae, Veterinaria, 36, Thesis. which use clinical scoring and also scoring on (5) Bergsten and Pettersson (1992). ‘The cleanli- slaughtered animals. In the Swedish broiler ness of cows tied in stalls and the health of welfare monitoring programme, 50 birds in their hooves as influenced by the use of elec- each flock among the 97 % of the Swedish tric trainers’. Prev. Vet. Med., 13, pp. 229–238. broiler farms associated to the programme are (6) Beskow P., Nordqvist M. and Wallgren P. classified according to the lesions on their foot (2001). ‘Uppfoljning av atgardsprogram mot pad (4). The more lesions, the lower the al- luftvagsinfektioner I norrlandska svinbesat- lowed stocking rate for the next flock. In this tningar’. Sv. Vet-tidn., 53, pp. 673–685. way, an economical incentive is created to (7) Blood D. C. and Studdert V. P. (1999). Saun- promote better broiler welfare. Together with ders comprehensive veterinary dictionary, Sec- the information about the foot pad condi- ond edition. W. B. Saunders, London. tions, advice was given to the farmers on how (8) Broom D. M. and Johnson K. G. (1993). Stress to improve their rearing. During the first three and animal welfare. Chapman and Hall, Lon- years of the programme, the incidence of se- don. vere lesions on the foot pads was reduced from 11 % of the birds to 5 % (4). (9) Danbury T. C., Weeks C. A., Chambers J. P., Waterman-Pearson A. E. and Kestin S. C. Without doubt, many types of injuries and (2000). ‘Self-selection of the analgesic drug diseases cause the welfare of an animal to carprofen by lame broiler chickens’. The Vet- deteriorate. Whether it is a wound or a dis- erinary Record, 146, pp. 307–311.

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(10) Ebner J. (1993). ‘Group-housing of lactating of foot lesions.’ The Veterinary Record, 138(24), sows. Studies on health, behaviour and nest pp. 586–591. temperature’. Department of Animal Envi- (21) Oltenacu P. A., Frick A. and Lindhé B. (1990). ronment and Health, SLU Inst. för husdjur- ‘Epidemiological study of several clinical dis- shygien. Report, 31, Skara. pp. 1–108. eases, reproductive performance and culling (11) Ekesbo I. and Van den Weghe S. (1998). in Swedish cattle’. Prev. Vet. Med., 9, pp. 59–74. ‘Genehmigungsverfahren und Prufung neuer (22) Pajor E. A., Fraser D. and Kramer D. L. Technik und Methoden in der land- (1991). ‘Consumption of solid food by suck- wirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung in Schweden’. ling pigs — individual variation and relation KTBL Schrift, 377, Darmstadt, pp. 55–70. to weight gain’. Applied Animal Behaviour Sci- (12) Gentle M. (1992). ‘Ankle joint receptors of the ence, 32, pp. 139–155. domestic fowl’. Neurosc., 49, pp. 991–1000. (23) Radositis O. M., Blood D. C. and Gay C. C. (13) Hassall S. A., Ward W. R. and Murray R. D. (1994). Veterinary medicine. Eighth edition. (1993). ‘Effects of lameness on the behaviour Ballière Tindall, London. of cows during the summer’. The Veterinary (24) Rodriguez-Lainz A., Melendez-Retamal P., Record, 132, pp. 578–580. Hird D. W., Read D. H. and Walker R. L. (14) Hugosson G. and Wallén C. (2000). ‘Proceed- (1999). ‘Farm- and host-level risk factors for ings of the Symposium on Antibiotic Resis- papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean tance with Emphasis on Animal–Human dairy cattle’. Prev. Vet. Med., 42, pp. 87–97. Transfer’. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl., 93, p. 163. (25) Sanotra G. S. (1999). Registrering af aktuel (15) Jarvis A. M. and Cockram M. S. (1995). ‘Han- benstyrke hos slagtekyllinger (Velfaerdsmoni- dling of sheep at markets and the incidence teringsprojekt) Dyrens Beskyttelse, Frederiks- of bruising’. The Veterinary Record, 135, p. 523. berg C, Denmark. (16) Lundeheim N. (1996). Prevalens slaktskador, (26) Sanotra G. S. and Berg C. (2003). ‘Investiga- alla slaktplatser. Statistik över besiktnings- tion of lameness in the commercial produc- fynd. Slaktsvinsgruppens möte 16–17 april. tion of broiler chickens in Sweden’. Depart- Svenska Djurhälsovården. Report. ment of Animal Environment and Health. Swedish University of Agriculture. Science (17) Manske T., Hultgren J. and Bergsten C. Specialarbete, 22. (2002). ‘Prevalence and interrelationships of hoof lesions and lameness in Swedish dairy (27) Swedish Dairy Association (2001). Cattle statis- cows’. Prev. Vet. Med., 54, pp. 247–263. tics 2000/01. Eskilstuna, Sweden, Reports. (18) McGeown D., Danbury T.C., Waterman-Pear- (28) Telezhenko E. and Bergsten C. (2003). ‘Loco- son A. E. and Kestin S. C. (1999). ‘Effect of motion of lame and healthy cows on different carprofen on lameness in broiler chickens’. floors’. Book of abstracts of the 54th annual The Veterinary Record, 144, pp. 668–671. meeting of the European Association for Ani- mal Production. Rome, Italy, 31 August–3 (19) Mc Namee P. T., McCullagh J. J., Thorp B. H., September 2003, p. 215. Ball H. J., Graham D., McCullough S. J., Mc- Conaghy D. and Smyth J. A. (1998). ‘Study of (29) Vestergaard K. and Sanotra G. S. (1999). leg weakness in two commercial broiler ‘Relationship between leg disorders and flocks’. The Veterinary Record, 143, pp. 131–135. changes in the behaviour of broiler chickens’. The Veterinary Record, 144, pp. 205–209. (20) Murray R. D., Downham D. Y., Clarkson M. J., Faull W. B., Hughes J. W., Manson F. J., (30) Williams B., Solomon S., Waddington D., Merritt J. B., Russell W. B., Sutherst J. E. and Thorp B. and Farquharson C. (2000). ‘Skeletal Ward W. R. (1996). ‘Epidemiology of lame- development in the meat-type chicken’. ness in dairy cattle: Description and analysis British Poultr. Science, 41, pp. 141–149.

181 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Résumé Blessures et maladies

B. Algers Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, PO Box 234, S-532 23 Skara; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: blessure, maladie, santé, bien-être animal, prévention, surveillance

Toute maladie dont souffre un animal ou toute aboutit à des blessures. Celles-ci peuvent égale- blessure qui lui sera infligée nuira plus ou ment être dues à un harnachement mal réglé ou moins à sa capacité à vivre au mieux selon ses au fait que les animaux sont mal attachés. désirs, et affectera son rendement dans une L’apparition de blessures et de maladies est non perspective d’évolution. En matière de bien-être seulement liée aux conditions d’élevage ou à animal, il est important de connaître les effets des éléments d’environnement, mais aussi à des produits par les blessures et les maladies sur les facteurs génétiques, comme l’illustre la faiblesse sentiments des animaux et sur leur capacité à vivre un avenir heureux. des pattes chez les poulets de chair qui présente une prévalence différente selon les races. Les blessures sont généralement associées à une douleur, qui peut être perçue comme un signal Comme il existe une étroite corrélation entre les (réaction négative) qui conduit l’animal à proté- blessures et les maladies, d’une part, et le bien- ger la zone lésée contre toute pression ou mani- être, d’autre part, la surveillance de l’apparition pulation, ce qui favorise le processus de guéri- de blessures et de maladies est un outil perfor- son. De même, une maladie qui oblige l’animal mant permettant d’exercer un suivi sur le bien- à utiliser des ressources importantes, par être animal. Blessures et maladies peuvent être exemple son système immunitaire, pour venir à considérées comme des facteurs indiquant l’état bout de la maladie, déclenche probablement de bien-être actuel des animaux, mais elles peu- d’autres signaux de réactions négatives qui vent aussi, dans une certaine mesure, être des réduiront son niveau d’activité. En conséquence, indicateurs de leur état de bien-être dans le l’observation des blessures et des maladies peut temps. être considérée comme un outil important per- La présence d’une blessure ou d’une maladie mettant d’évaluer l’état des animaux du point peut être considérée comme une preuve immé- de vue de leur bien-être. diate et tangible de l’état de bien-être d’un ani- Les blessures ou les maladies peuvent être occa- mal, d’où son utilisation opportune dans les sionnées par des sols mal conçus, une litière non programmes de suivi du bien-être animal. Com- adaptée, des équipements inadéquats dans les parées au comportement des animaux dans les locaux hébergeant les animaux, les véhicules de élevages industriels, les blessures et les maladies transport ou les abattoirs. En outre, les maladies en tant qu’indicateurs de bien-être animal sont peuvent résulter de mauvaises conditions clima- relativement faciles à mesurer par des indices. Il tiques, de conditions sanitaires médiocres ou de existe des exemples de programmes en faveur mesures d’hygiène douteuses. Les blessures du bien-être animal qui s’appuient sur des peuvent également survenir à la suite de mau- indices cliniques et aussi sur des indices appli- vaises conditions d’élevage: par exemple quand qués à l’abattage des animaux. L’enregistrement des animaux qui ne se connaissent pas sont systématique d’une combinaison de paramètres mêlés les uns aux autres, ce qui conduit à des adaptés reflétant l’étendue de la blessure ou de agressions génératrices de blessures, ou encore la maladie permet de communiquer aux autori- quand des animaux sont sevrés à un âge très tés, aux industriels et aux consommateurs des précoce et qu’ils réorientent leur comportement informations fiables sur le niveau de bien-être de tétée vers leurs congénères d’enclos, ce qui des animaux.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 182 Applying science to animal welfare

Resumen Heridas y enfermedades

B. Algers Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, P.O. Box 234, S-532 23 Skara; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: herida, enfermedad, salud, bienestar de los animales, prevención, seguimiento

Cualquier herida o enfermedad infligida a un heridas. El uso inadecuado del arnés o del animal tendrá en cierta medida un efecto nega- amarre también puede causar heridas. tivo en su bienestar. Desde el punto de vista del bienestar de los animales, es importante Las condiciones ambientales o de gestión no saber qué efecto producen las distintas heridas son los únicos factores que influyen en la pre- y enfermedades en los sentimientos del animal, sencia de heridas y enfermedades; también la así como en sus capacidades de vivir relativa- genética desempeña un papel importante, por mente bien. ejemplo en la debilidad de las patas de los pollos de carne que muestran distinta preva- La herida está asociada por lo general con el lencia según las razas. dolor, que puede considerarse como una señal negativa pero útil que induce al animal a pro- Dado que existe una estrecha relación entre teger la zona lesionada de presiones o de mani- herida y enfermedad, por una parte, y bienes- pulación, mejorando así el proceso de curación. tar, por otra, la supervisión de heridas y de De manera análoga, la enfermedad que hace al enfermedades es una herramienta poderosa animal utilizar sus recursos esenciales para para el seguimiento del bienestar de los anima- sanar (por ejemplo, su sistema inmunitario) lo les. Las heridas y las enfermedades pueden inducirá a reducir sus niveles de actividad. Por considerarse como factores indicativos del esta- consiguiente, la observación de las heridas y do de bienestar del animal en un momento las enfermedades puede constituir una herra- específico, y también, hasta cierto punto, como mienta importante para evaluar la condición indicadores de la integridad del animal duran- del animal desde el punto de vista de su bie- te un determinado período. nestar. La presencia de una herida o de una enfermedad Las heridas o las enfermedades pueden ocurrir puede considerarse como una prueba inmediata como resultado de errores en el diseño de los del estado del bienestar del animal, por lo cual el suelos, del uso de material de cama inadecua- índice de heridas y enfermedades se utiliza en do, errores de diseño en las instalaciones para los programas de seguimiento del bienestar. Las alojamiento de los animales, los vehículos de heridas y las enfermedades son relativamente transporte o los mataderos. Además, la enfer- fáciles de notar como signos del bienestar ani- medad puede ser resultado de malas condicio- mal en comparación con el comportamiento en nes climáticas o sanitarias, o de prácticas inco- las explotaciones comerciales. Hay ejemplos de rrectas de higiene. Las heridas también pueden este tipo de programas nacionales de bienestar ser causadas por prácticas erróneas de gestión, de los animales basados en la medición clínica y como por ejemplo la reunión de animales que de animales sacrificados. Un registro sistemá- no se conocen, situación que puede conducir a tico de una combinación de parámetros adecua- una agresión con heridas consecuentes. Otro dos de heridas y enfermedades podría brindar a ejemplo es el destete de animales muy jóvenes, las autoridades, a la industria y a los consumi- cuyo comportamiento de succión es redirigido dores información fidedigna sobre el nivel de hacia los otros animales del establo causando bienestar del animal.

183 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Abstract Injury and disease

B. Algers Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, PO Box 234, S-532 23 Skara; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: injury, disease, health, welfare, prevention, monitoring

Any injury or disease inflicted on an animal towards pen mates with injury as a result. will to some degree tax the animal’s capabil- Injuries might also be a result of poorly ities of optimising its well-being according to applied harnesses or improper tying up of its desires, as well as its potential output animals. from an evolutionary perspective. From an Not only environmental or management animal welfare point of view, it is important conditions affect the occurrence of injury and to know what effect different injuries and disease but also genetics might play an diseases have on the animal’s feelings as important role, for example in leg weakness well as its capabilities of a future good life. in broilers, with different prevalences Injury is usually associated with pain, which demonstrated between different breeds. can be regarded as a negative feedback sig- Because there is a close connection between nal that guides the animal to keep the area injury and disease on one hand and welfare injured away from any pressure or manipu- on the other, the monitoring of the occur- lation, thus improving the healing process. rence of injuries and disease are potent tools Similarly, a disease where the animal has to for the monitoring of animal welfare. use substantial resources, for example its Injuries and diseases can be looked upon as immune system, to conquer the disease, is factors showing the present welfare state of probably also linked to other negative feed- the animal, but they can also, to some extent, back signals that will reduce the animal’s be viewed as showing the animal’s welfare activity levels. Thus, the observation of status integrated over a certain time period. injury and disease can be regarded as an important tool to evaluate the animal’s con- The presence of an injury or a disease can be dition from an animal welfare point of view. regarded as instantaneously accessible evidence of the animal’s welfare state, which is Injuries or diseases might occur as a result of why it is favourably used in welfare moni- poorly designed floors, unsuitable bedding toring programmes. Injury and disease is rel- material, poorly designed fittings in animal atively easy to score, compared to behaviour houses, transport vehicles or abattoirs. Fur- on commercial farms, as signs of animal wel- thermore, disease might result from poor cli- fare. There are examples of such national matic conditions, poor sanitary conditions or animal welfare programmes which use clini- as a result of poor hygienic practices. Injuries cal scoring and also scoring on slaughtered could also be caused by poor management animals. A systematic recording of a combi- practices where, for example, unacquainted nation of suitable parameters of injury and animals are mixed together and, as a result, disease has the potential of providing trust- aggression causes wounds. Another example worthy information about the level of animal is when animals are weaned at a very early welfare to authorities, industry and con- age and suckling behaviour is redirected sumers.

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Food, water and malnutrition: perspectives on nutrient requirements for health and welfare in farm animals

A. B. Lawrence (1), Tolkamp B. (1), Cockram M. S. (2), Ashworth C. J. (1), Dwyer C. M. (1), Simm G. (1) (1) Research Division, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Research Group, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, United Kingdom

Summary Protecting farm animals from hunger and thirst is central to good welfare. However, there are a large number of situations where farm animals are exposed to nutrient restriction. Some of these, such as the effects of prenatal nutrition have received insufficient recognition as welfare issues. Generally it seems that there is a sufficient understanding of nutritional requirements for health in farm animals to form the basis for nutritional standards for health. However, our understanding of the impact of nutritional environments on psychological welfare and specifically hunger is much less well advanced. Science can make a major contribution to this area by developing a framework for interpretation of the impact of the nutritional environment on hunger. We present two frameworks that provide contrasting perspectives on welfare outcomes where nutrient restriction is achieved through qualitative restriction. We recommend that researchers should link their experimental work to a firmer theoretical construct of hunger to provide experimental tests of different frameworks. We see development of a robust framework to interpret the welfare effects of nutrient restriction as leading to improved measurements of hunger and to standards for nutritional welfare that could be accepted on a global scale. Keywords: nutrient requirements, health, welfare, hunger, theoretical frameworks

Introduction based-standards for the ‘nutritional welfare’ of farmed livestock. Food and water are essentials for life and consequently have a critical role in relation In order to give an idea of the scope of the is- to animal welfare. This is reflected in many sues that would need to be covered by such of the existing frameworks developed to standards, we will start with examples protect farm animal welfare. For example, where, from a common sense perspective, it the first of the so-called five freedoms (7) appears that animals are subject to some de- states that animals should have ‘freedom gree of nutritional deficit. We will follow this from hunger and thirst’. This prioritisation with a discussion of two frameworks that can probably reflects the obvious reality that be used to interpret the health and welfare without water animals will rapidly die and implications of exposure to nutrient restric- lack of essential nutrients over a longer tions. Our central message will be that sci- time frame can lead to illness and death ence can make a major contribution by de- (9). veloping robust framework(s) for the inter- The central importance of food and water to pretation of farm animals’ responses to nutri- animal welfare means that the setting of tion in relation to health and welfare as op- international standards for nutrient intake in posed to production. We hope to demon- relation to farm animal welfare should be a strate that such an approach could provide a priority issue. The purpose of this paper is to basis for development of approaches to mea- explore current scientific understanding and sure ‘hunger’ and hence to standards for nu- knowledge that could underpin science tritional welfare.

185 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives

Examples where farm animals can be which affect emotional responses leading to exposed to nutrient deficits alterations in motivation and anxiety. These changes may be of greater consequence for The prenatal phase animal welfare than learning or memory There has been relatively little consideration deficits. of the health and welfare implications of pre- An important area where prenatal nutrition natal nutrition. In mammals this is particu- can have direct effects on welfare is through larly relevant during the very earliest stages effects on neonatal survival. For example, of development; while the oocyte is develop- low birth-weight animals have severely lim- ing in the ovary and during the first week of ited body reserves and difficulty in main- embryonic development. At this time nutri- taining body temperature after birth. They ents act as signals that alter gene expression, also show retarded behavioural develop- affecting not only the immediate development, taking longer to feed or suck from ment of the oocyte and/or embryo, but also their mothers (5), which may also influence programming subsequent development of survival. Deficits in play behaviour and the foetus or neonate (16). Changes in nutri- social interactions are also seen in prenatally ent supply during this sensitive period malnourished young as juveniles and adults. therefore affect the integrity of all the tissues These results suggest that animals under- and organs of the body, contributing to the nourished during early development may be future health and performance of the animal. less able to cope with environmental and For example, in sheep, modest reductions in social stresses, perhaps due to the alterations feed intake around the time of conception in emotional responses described above. alter the development of the foetal cardiovascular system and the hypothalamo-pitu- The juvenile phase itary adrenal axis such that both late foetal The goal of the farming system is frequently arterial blood pressure and plasma concen- for animals that will be slaughtered at a trations of ACTH are elevated. Importantly, young age to achieve high growth rates. In these changes are not reversed by the provi- such cases (e.g. broiler production) animals sion of a maintenance control diet from the usually have ad libitum access to well bal- second week of pregnancy. These observa- anced diets of high nutritive value that pro- tions are particularly relevant in the context mote rapid growth, although there are of epidemiological data showing associa- exceptions where the growth of meat-pro- tions between neonatal glucocorticoid status ducing animals such as broilers is deliberate- and health outcomes in later life (6). ly slowed either to protect against adverse Prenatal nutrient supply can also have health effects of fast growth or to meet mar- important impacts on brain development ket demands for slower growing animals. and post-natal behaviour (14). Nutritional However, for animals reared to replace effects on brain development occur during breeding animals, feeding practices general- rapid brain growth and during early organi- ly restrict the quantity or the quality of food sational events, such as neurogenesis, cell available to the animal in order to reduce migration and differentiation, thereafter the weight gains to below the genetic maximum brain is protected in older animals even dur- to avoid health and welfare problems in the ing starvation. Although some of the neu- long term. In some production systems, e.g. ronal deficits can be recovered later, either the rearing of dairy heifer replacements, this by improved post-natal nutrition or provi- reduction in weight gain is achieved mainly sion of a stimulating environment, deficits in by restricting the animals’ access to high hippocampal development appear to be per- quality (concentrate) foods while animals manent. These can affect spatial learning and continue to have ad libitum access to forage memory in the adult animal and are thus such as straw, grass, hay or silage. The feed- likely to be important for the welfare of the ing of what is considered an ‘appropriate adult. However, another consequence of diet’ generally aims at achieving normal ani- early prenatal malnutrition are long-lasting mal development without the negative con- changes in brain neural receptor function sequences of excessive animal fatness (such

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as calving difficulties and metabolic disor- reproductive state (eggs and milk being the ders; 12). Such practices are not generally main examples). Adult breeding animals can regarded as detrimental to the animal’s wel- be treated in a similar way to broiler breed- fare. ers in the sense that they often experience In contrast, animals reared for breeding pur- some degree of food restriction. Adult sows poses in other production systems may and boars, similarly to broiler breeders, receive a severely quantitatively restricted experience imposed nutrient restriction. Sim- amount of high quality food. A system that ilarly to broiler breeders research has indicat- has been a particular cause for concern is ed that these food restriction practices give that of the broiler breeder. When broiler rise to high and sustained levels of hunger, breeders have unlimited access to high qual- to increased activity and to oral stereotypes ity food during rearing, they have very high (11). Research has indicated that qualitative weight gains before reaching sexual maturi- restriction through the addition of certain ty. They also show a high incidence of heart fibres (e.g. sugar beet pulp) may be effective failure and skeletal and metabolic diseases in reducing feeding motivation and expres- while their reproductive performance is sion of oral stereotypes (13), but similar to impaired in later life (19). To avoid these broiler breeders there are problems over problems, such birds are conventionally sub- interpretation of the effects of food restric- jected to severe quantitative food restriction tion on hunger and welfare. to around one-third of their voluntary intake Extensively managed breeding ruminants during rearing (19). Under these conditions, often also face nutrient restriction either birds consistently show behavioural charac- because of seasonal fluctuations in food sup- teristics (such as increased levels of activity ply, local deficiencies in specific nutrients or and especially stereotypic behaviour such as in some areas because of pollution of water spot pecking) that have been interpreted as supplies (e.g. with sulphates). A major differ- signs of hunger and frustration of feeding ence between these forms of nutrient restric- motivation (20). In addition, blood indices tion and that experienced by sows and broil- such as corticosterone concentration and er breeders is that the restriction is an indi- basophil frequency are sometimes higher in rect result of the nutritional environment as restricted-fed compared to ad libitum fed opposed to being directly imposed in the birds. The change in these indices have been form of restricted access to nutrients. This seen as clear signs of stress (19), although may have led to a lack of concern over the later work has indicated complex relation- impact of nutrient restriction on extensively ships between food restriction and physio- grazing ruminants in the sense that the food logical parameters (8). restriction can be seen as a natural result of Attempts have been made to give broiler extensive farming. This lack of concern may breeders unlimited access to food but to not be justified however, given that nutrient manipulate food quality such that animals restriction in extensive ruminants can poten- restrict their voluntary intake to levels com- tially affect prenatal development (see patible with good health and reproductive above), can induce expressions of ‘pica’ success. The most frequently used manipula- (feeding on ‘non-food’ (‘non-nutritive’) tions are carried out with additions of items; 23) and have as yet largely unquanti- ‘bulky’ ingredients or salts of short-chain fied effects on hunger and thirst. fatty acids, so-called appetite suppressants Transport and slaughter (18). Although such manipulations can succeed in decreasing intake and growth of When it comes to the end of the farm ani- broiler breeders, it is at present not clear mals’ life it is almost inevitable that it will be whether such manipulations result in a transported and held in ‘lairage’ before decrease of hunger, frustration and/or stress. slaughter. Public reaction to the transport of live animals has been an area of considerable The adult phase concern within the EU, partly based on the Adult farm animals are maintained either for temporary periods of water and/or food breeding or for production related to their deprivation that can occur before, during

187 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

and after transportation. For example, ani- Frameworks to interpret responses mals may be starved before transportation to nutrient restriction and before slaughter to reduce gut fill. When animals are deprived of food and water dur- There is a large amount of information on ing transportation, the effects of this depri- the short-term health implications of nutri- vation can be exaggerated by: an increased tional strategies. For many nutrition-related energy requirement to meet the metabolic health issues, the optimum ranges in protein, effort of (a) maintaining postural stability mineral and vitamin levels in food that are when responding to vibration and accelera- considered optimal for healthy animals are tion forces produced by a moving vehicle known. Nutrient requirement handbooks are and/or (b) exposure to thermal environ- published by the agricultural research coun- ments below the animals’ thermoneutral cils in many countries (15). In addition, the environment; and an increased insensible techniques are available to measure devia- water loss associated with exposure to a tions from such optimal ranges in samples thermal environment above the animals’ taken from animal tissues and fluids and upper critical temperature. In addition, with the help of ‘metabolic profiling (25). changes to the animals’ social and physical Thus it appears more straightforward to environment, different foods and feeding reach consensus about short-term animal practices can reduce the ability of animals to health nutritional standards because (i) feed, drink and utilise food and water dur- many quantitative physiological indicators ing ’rest’ or lairage periods during a long of (mal)nutrition on animal health are journey. known and (ii) there are already many national ‘feeding standard `systems’ in use The responses of farmed animals to food across the world. and water restriction and the criteria that could be used to formulate appropriate in- In general, what is beneficial for the health of tervals for the feeding and watering of ani- the animal in the short term is also beneficial mals during transportation have been re- for the animal’s welfare (i.e. there will be no viewed (1). If the nature of the journey and conflict between welfare and health in the the environmental conditions are such that short term). However, this is less obvious for they do not impose major additional re- the relationship between welfare and animal quirements, the physiological responses of health in the long term. As we discussed ear- ruminants and pigs appear to enable them lier both ruminant and non-ruminant breed- to deal with and quickly recover from most ing animals in particular frequently receive restricted amounts of food or food(s) of journeys without feed and water of up to 24 lower quality to avoid long-term health hours. Whether and to what extent animals problems associated with too fast growth or experience a degree of hunger and possibly obesity or both. At least at first sight, this thirst during a journey of up to 24 hours re- results in a conflict between the animal’s mains equivocal partly reflecting the lack of short-term welfare (i.e. its ‘hunger’) and its data on this aspect. In some circumstances, health in the long term. However whilst we for example, when sheep have an expecta- generally have a clear idea of what we tion of feeding, starvation for 18 hours can regard as poor health (e.g. ‘leg weakness’ or be associated with a rise in plasma cortisol ascites) and how to measure it, this tends not concentration, but in many situations, 24 to be the case for psychological welfare. In hours of starvation is not accompanied by a particular we are struck by the relative lack stress response (2). of theoretical development of the concept of The behavioural responses of animals after ‘hunger’ in the context of animal welfare transportation can be used to indicate their despite its central importance to animal well- relative priorities. For example, after 24 being. We believe that this seriously compro- hours of transportation, most sheep will mises our ability to both measure and inter- immediately feed, then mainly as a conse- pret the impact of the many examples where quence of this feeding, drink and only later animals are exposed to nutrient restriction lie down. (including cases such as the broiler breeder).

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There has been a substantial amount of erable effect on the maximum benefit:cost work on what are termed ‘livestock nutri- ratio that can be achieved. Much lower max- tional requirements’. This research is largely imum ratios are achievable on low quality based on the premise that nutritional re- foods due to the inherent low benefits and quirements are those required to support higher costs associated with utilising these high levels of production. This production foods. The model predicts that sheep will based perspective also appears to have been ‘optimise’ their food intake corresponding to influential to our thinking on hunger in the maximum benefit:cost ratio and, as Fig- farm animals. As an example, Kyriazakis ure 1 shows, the model accurately predicts and Savory (9) propose that as a result of its intake of mature sheep fed different food genotype the animal has an ‘ideal trajectory’ qualities. for its growth or reproduction and this de- Tolkamp and Ketelaars (21) have also argued termines its intake of nutrients. Animals can that short-term feeding behaviour can only therefore be thought of as ‘maximisers’ in the sense that their food intake is governed be understood in terms of this long-term by a ‘rule’ that they should always seek the strategy. They argue that the optimisation maximum intake of nutrients to support approach both allows for animals to make maximum production. In that sense the the most of abundant food supplies whilst at maximisation rule is independent of the nu- the same time allowing the animal to adjust tritional context. Deviations away from the its food intake to much lower levels when ideal state will be caused by constraints (e.g. food quality is low or food is costly to maximum physical capacity of the gut) and obtain. are seen as resulting in the animal then be- So far this model has only been used in the ing either under or malnourished. It is fur- context of understanding rules pertaining to ther implied that hunger should be posi- food intake, but a logical extension would be tively correlated to deviations from the ideal to assume that the animals’ subjective state as defined in terms of the amount of hunger state reflects and indeed controls high quality food required for maximal behavioural expression of the underlying growth. Many other authors appear to take optimisation rule. In other words the subjec- a similar position (8). tive experience of hunger will reflect the An alternative paradigm is that animals are deviation from the maximal benefit:cost ratio food intake ‘optimisers’, balancing the (long- for any food. According to this framework, term) benefits of eating food against the costs hunger is only relative to what can be (21). Distinct from the maximiser approach, achieved in a specific nutritional environ- this framework takes account of both the ben- ment. This contrasts with the alternative efits and the costs of acquiring and metabolis- framework (animals as food maximisers), ing food and assumes that the animal is seek- where hunger is context independent ing to gain nutritional benefits at least cost in through being fixed relative to the animals’ terms of oxidative metabolism. Constraining ideal state and ultimately to genotype. oxidative metabolism is seen as key to evolu- These two approaches give rise to quite dif- tionary ‘fitness’ due to the negative effects of ferent interpretations of the hunger resulting high metabolic intensities on life span (22). from commercial feeding practices for farm Application of a model based on these princi- animals. Referring to Figure 1, let us pre- ples to sheep data, can be used both to illus- sume a case where an animal is quantitative- trate the approach and also indicate its rele- ly restricted to ‘x’ on a high quality food. vance to the debate over hunger in farm ani- Both frameworks (M = animals as food max- mals (see Figure 1). imisers; O = as food optimisers) predict that In Figure 1, the benefits relate to the total net the animal is unable to achieve its ‘goal’. In energy intake consumed by the animal and the case of framework M this is to have a the costs are expressed in litres of oxygen food intake that matches the ‘ideal maxi- consumed. For all foods, as food intake mum point’ (MP); for O this is the ‘maxi- increases so does the benefit:cost ratio. How- mum optimisation point’ for the high quality ever it is clear that food quality has a consid- food (OPH) (for a high quality food these are

189 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

essentially the same). As we are regarding that animals will choose higher quality foods MP and OPH as the same then both frame- as a result of them ‘aiming’ for a higher max- works predict that animals restricted to ‘x’ imum optimisation point. However, O also will experience similar feelings of hunger. predicts that animals will be continuously We should therefore expect animals food optimising benefits against costs, hence a restricted to ‘x’ to express foraging higher quality food associated with higher behaviour and possibly also indications of ‘ costs (e.g. where additional work for the frustration’ (e.g. vocalisations; stereotypies) food is required) may not be selected. This if the animal is unable to reduce its hunger emphasises the central point of framework sensations. O, that hunger is essentially context-specific. However, a greater contrast between the approaches emerges when we provide ani- Measuring hunger mals with ad libitum access to a lower quality We believe that the framework used to inter- food, as and when we apply qualitative pret welfare responses to nutrient deficits restriction of food intake. In Figure 1 an ani- can also inform the approaches we use to mal offered the low quality food has a simi- measure hunger. lar food intake (NEI) to the animal offered the high quality food but restricted to ‘x’. Hunger measures can be broadly divided Framework M would predict that as the ani- into direct and indirect measures. mal has a food intake which deviates (‘y’) (a) Direct: these are often referred to as tests of relative to its MP, then it will experience a feeding motivation and include operant corresponding level of hunger with resulting conditioning approaches where animals activation of foraging and/or expressions of ‘work’ for food (3), measurement of feed- frustration. ing parameters such as rate of eating (17) In contrast, framework O predicts that as the or compensatory food intake (8). With few animal has reached its maximum optimisa- exceptions these approaches have paid lit- tion point for the low quality food (OPL), tle attention to the relationship between hunger for that food should be low, with cor- the treatment foods and the food offered in responding low levels of foraging. Thus the test. It has generally been the case that whilst framework M would predict signifi- experiments testing the efficacy of qualita- cant levels of hunger for many farm animals tive restriction in reducing hunger have that experience qualitative food restriction used feeding motivation tests where the (broiler breeders, breeding pigs, many graz- test food is of a higher quality than the ing ruminants), framework O suggests that treatment food (10). According to frame- where animals can regulate their own intake work O such an approach fails to inform even on low quality but appropriate foods, us of the hunger of the animal when it has then their hunger (for the low quality only access to the qualitatively restricted food(s)) should be low. food. There are two further points worth making. (b) Indirect: there are several measures both Those that use framework M often assume physiological and behavioural which have that animals offered low quality foods are been used as indirect measures of hunger. constrained (e.g. by physical capacity) from In general we feel that physiological mea- reaching their MP. According to M, low qual- sures are less useful than behaviour mea- ity foods can therefore create a ‘dislocation’ sures. Often the same systems that are between feeding behaviour and underlying used to measure welfare effects (e.g. hunger. Framework O in contrast sees ‘stress’) are also inevitable affected by the hunger and food intake being related expres- metabolic effects of nutrient restriction. sions of the same underlying optimisation Furthermore we see behaviour as a more process. Second framework O does not sug- direct and relevant approach for assessing gest that animals on low quality foods have a subjective state such as hunger. low hunger for higher quality foods. Indeed, Framework O assumes a positive relation- when given a choice, framework O assumes ship between deviation from the OP for

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food, hunger and food seeking behaviour. where qualitative restriction is used. We Framework O would suggest that indirect don’t believe that there is sufficient empirical behavioural measures of hunger include evidence at this stage to provide convincing increased foraging behaviour and we further support for either approach. Indeed there suggest that higher levels of hunger will may be other frameworks that should be result in a ‘breakthrough’ of behavioural considered. However we strongly recom- expressions of frustration. Amongst these mend that researchers in the area should latter measures we would include pre-feed- now focus on linking their experimental ing arousal (e.g. vocalisations) and develop- work to a firmer theoretical construct of ment of stereotypes as these have been pre- hunger in order to provide experimental viously linked to frustration of feeding (e.g. tests of different frameworks. We see that 4). Lastly we would recommend that qualita- development of a robust framework for tive assessment of behavioural expressions interpretation of the welfare effects of the (24) is explored as an approach which could nutritional environment would naturally be used to quantify the extent of ‘satisfac- lead to improved measurements of hunger tion’ resulting from varying nutritional envi- and also to standards for nutritional welfare ronments. that could be accepted on a global scale.

Conclusions References (1) Cockram M. S. and Mitchell M. A. (1999). One aim of this paper has been to identify ‘Rôle of research in the formulation of ’rules’ the range of conditions where farm animals to protect the welfare of farm animals dur- may be exposed to significant levels of nutri- ing road transportation’. Farm Animal Wel- ent deficits. Some important areas such as fare — Who Writes the Rules? (A. J. F. Russel, the short- and long-term effects of prenatal C. A. Morgan, C. J. Savory, M. C. Appleby nutrition and impact of extensive grazing/ and T. L. J. Lawrence, eds), Occasional Pub- watering systems have not received suffi- lication No 23 — British Society of Animal cient attention. We suggest that there is a suf- Science, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 43–64. ficient degree of understanding and consen- (2) Cockram M. S., Kent J. E., Jackson R. E., sus on health implications of nutritional Goddard P. J., Doherty O. M., McGilp I. M., strategies to form the basis for discussions of Fox A., Studdert-Kennedy T. C., McConnell nutrient standards for health. However, in T. I. and O’Riordan T. (1997). ‘Effect of lairage during 24 hours of transport on the contrast it is also clear that there is a poorly behavioural and physiological responses of developed understanding of the effects of sheep’. Animal Science, 65, pp. 391–402. the nutritional environment on psychological welfare. We believe that science can make (3) Day J. E. L., Kyriazakis I. and Lawrence A. B. (1996). ‘The use of a second-order schedule a considerable contribution to this difficult to assess the effect of food bulk on the feed- area, but this requires development of our ing motivation of growing pigs’. Animal Sci- theoretical understanding of the hunger con- ence, 63, pp. 447–455. cept. We have presented two current frame- (4) Duncan, I. J. H. and Wood-Gush, D. G. M. works that can be used to interpret the wel- (1972). ‘Thwarting of feeding behaviour in fare consequences of nutrient deficits. the domestic fowl’. Animal Behaviour, 20, pp. Framework M assumes that hunger is linked 444–451. to the animals’ goal of maximising nutrient (5) Dwyer C. M. (2003). ‘Behavioural develop- intake independently of the nutritional con- ment in the neonatal lamb: Effect of mater- text. Framework O assumes that as hunger is nal and birth-related factors’. Theriogenology, linked to the animals goal of optimising the 59, pp. 1027–1050. benefits and costs of utilising different foods (6) Edwards, L. J. & McMillen, I. C. (2002). ‘Peri- then hunger can only be seen in the context conceptual nutrition programs development of the current nutritional environment. We of the cardiovascular system in the foetal have shown that these two frameworks give sheep’. American Journal of Physiology-Regula- rise to quite different conclusions on the wel- tory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, fare effects of nutrient restriction especially 283, R669–679

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(7) Farm Animal Welfare Council (2003). Annual tial alternatives to restricted feeding’. WPSA Review. FAWC, London. Annual Meeting, York, March 2004 (in press). (8) de Jong I. C., van Voorst A. S., Blokhuis H. J. (2003). ‘Parameters for quantification of (18) Savory, C. J. and Lariviere, J. M. (2000). hunger in broiler breeders’. Physiology and ‘Effects of qualitative and quantitative food Behaviour, 78, pp. 773–783. restriction treatments on feeding motivational state and general activity level of growing (9) Kyriazakis, I. & Savory, C. J. (1997). ‘Hunger broiler breeders’. Applied Animal Behaviour and thirst’. Animal welfare (M. C. Appleby Science, 69, pp. 135–147. and B. O. Hughes), CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 49–62. (19) Savory, C. J. and Maros, K. (1993). ‘Influence of degree of food restriction, age and time of (10) Lawrence A. B., Appleby M. C., Illius A. W. day on behaviour of broiler breeder chick- and Macleod H. A. (1989). ‘Measuring ens’. Behavioural Processes, 29, pp. 179–190. hunger in the pig using operant conditioning — the effect of dietary bulk’. Animal Pro- (20) Savory, C. J., Hocking, P. M., Mann, J. S. and duction, 48, pp. 213–220. Maxwell, H. M. (1996). ‘Is broiler breeder welfare improved by using qualitative (11) Lawrence A. B., Terlouw E. M. C. and Kyri- rather than quantitative food restriction to azakis I. (1993). ‘The behavioural effects of limit growth rate?’ Animal welfare, 5, pp. undernutrition in confined animals’. Proc. 105–127. Nutr. Soc., 52, pp. 219–229. (21) Tolkamp B. J. and Ketellaars J. J. M. H. (12) McClure T. J. (1994). Nutritional and metabolic (1992). ‘Toward a new theory of feed intake infertility in the cow. CAB International, regulation in ruminants 2. Costs and benefits Wallingford, UK. of feed consumption: an optimisation (13) Meunier-Salaun M. C., Edwards S. A., Robert S. approach. Livestock Production Science, 30, pp. (2001). ‘Effect of dietary fibre on the behaviour 297–317. and health of the restricted fed sow’. Animal (22) Tolkamp B. J., Emmans, G. C., Yearsley J. Feed Science and Technology, 90, pp. 53–69. and Kyriazakis, I. (2002). ‘Optimisation of (14) Morgane P. J., Austin-LaFrance R., Bronzino short-term animal behaviour and the curren- J., Tonkiss J., Diaz-Cintra S., Cintra L., Kem- cy of time’. Animal Behaviour, 64, pp. per T. and Galler J. R. (1993). ‘Prenatal mal- 946–953. nutrition and development of the brain’. (23) Wallisdevries M. F. (1996). ‘Nutritional limi- Neuroscience and Bio-behavioural Reviews,17, tations of free-ranging cattle: the importance pp. 91–128. of habitat quality’. Journal of Applied Ecology, (15) N. R. C. (National Research Council) (2000). 33, pp. 688–702. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. National (24) Wemelsfelder F., Hunter, T. E. A., Mendl M. Academy Press, Washington DC. T. and Lawrence A. B. (2001). ‘Assessing the (16) Robinson, J. J., McEvoy, T. G. and Ashworth, “whole animal’: a free choice profiling C. J. (2001). ‘Nutrition in the expression of approach’. Animal Behaviour, 62, pp. 209–220. reproductive potential’. Journal of Animal and (25) Whitaker D. (2004). ‘Metabolic profiles’. Feed Sciences,10, Supplement 1, pp. 15–27. Bovine Medicine, Second edition (ed A. H. (17) Sandilands V., Tolkamp B. J., Savory, C. J. & Andrews), Blackwell Science Ltd., UK, pp. Kyriazakis I. (2004). ‘Broiler breeders: poten- 804–817.

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Figure 1 The relationship between the benefit of food MP/OPH intake (net energy intake (NEI)) and a ratio of High the benefit to costs (here expressed as NEI per litre of oxygen consumed) for different levels of food intake on different food qualities (low, medium and high). MP = ideal maximum C) 2 ‘X’ Medium intake based on the animals’ genotypic capaci- OPL ty to produce; OPH = maximum optimisation point for a high quality food; OPL = maximum optimisation for a low quality food; ‘x’ = a level of food restriction on a high quality food; ‘y’ = the deviation between ‘x’ and MP. Low ‘y’ Benefit to cost ratio (NEI/O Observed voluntary intakes

Benefits of feeding (NEI)

193 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Résumé Alimentation, eau et malnutrition: perspectives sur les besoins en nutriments des animaux d’élevage, qui sont le garant de leur état de santé et de leur bien-être

A. B. Lawrence (1), Tolkamp B. (1), Cockram M. S. (2), Ashworth C. J. (1), Dwyer C. M. (1), Simm G. (1) (1) Research Division, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; E-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Research Group, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, United Kingdom Mots clés: besoin alimentaire, santé, bien-être, faim, organisation, théorie

Les besoins en nutriments des animaux sont port sont importantes pour l’élaboration déterminés à la fois par leur génotype et par des normes de transport (par exemple, leur état biologique. Les nutriments sont établir pour chaque espèce le temps maxi- nécessaires au développement et au fonc- mal de transport et de repos, ce dernier tionnement des systèmes biologiques de l’or- correspondant à la période où les ani- ganisme. Grâce à l’évolution des processus maux sont autorisés à s’alimenter et à psychologiques complexes, ces besoins sont boire). D’autres domaines importants doi- intégrés et se traduisent par des comporte- vent être explorés par des recherches ments propres à localiser efficacement les futures, notamment les interactions entre nutriments dans le milieu en vue de leur la privation d’aliments et les autres fac- consommation. Le comportement est donc teurs de stress pendant le transport. Les l’expression de l’interaction entre les besoins conditions de transport dans d’autres en nutriments des animaux et les obstacles pays ou régions peuvent être différentes; liés à l’environnement qui entravent l’accès l’élaboration de normes mondiales rela- aux produits nutritifs. Il serait utile pour tives à l’accès à l’alimentation et à l’eau l’élaboration des normes de bien-être de pendant le transport doit exploiter et connaître les «règles» qui déterminent les développer la base de recherche existante. besoins en nutriments des animaux et le 2) Pratiques de restriction alimentaire: c’est degré de tolérance face à leur incapacité d’y parmi les élevages de porcs et de poulets répondre. Le degré de tolérance doit être de chair que l’application de restrictions basé sur des réponses physiologiques et alimentaires est la plus répandue, laquelle comportementales plutôt que sur une notion ne fait pas grand cas des conséquences de rendement. L’élaboration de normes rela- sur le bien-être animal qu’elle engendre. tives à l’alimentation et à l’eau doit prendre Des recherches ultérieures ont indiqué en compte un certain nombre de domaines que les restrictions alimentaires imposées de recherche et leurs interactions: par les filières d’élevage aboutissent à des 1) Périodes de privation d’eau et de nourri- degrés élevés et durables de motivation ture: il existe des circonstances où les ani- alimentaire (ou faim), bien que le débat maux d’élevage peuvent se voir temporai- scientifique sur l’impact de la faim pro- rement refuser l’accès à l’alimentation et à longée sur le bien-être ne soit pas clos. l’eau comme pendant le transport et la D’où la nécessité de poursuivre la stabulation avant l’abattage. Les recherche sur le tribut payé par les ani- recherches sur les effets de la privation maux qui souffrent de faim chronique. d’eau et de nourriture pendant le trans- Outre les solutions génétiques (voir ci-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 194 Applying science to animal welfare

dessous), les normes doivent reposer sur et le comportement. De même, les ani- de nouvelles stratégies nutritionnelles maux élevés dans des systèmes extensifs visant à réduire la motivation alimentaire sont tributaires des sources naturelles et les possibilités de comportements de d’eau potable, lesquelles peuvent être quête alimentaire qu’offre le milieu. limitées en raison de la pollution ou de la 3) Élevage et interaction génotype x nutri- concurrence des autres animaux et des tion: l’élevage influe considérablement utilisateurs humains. Les troupeaux éle- sur les besoins en nutriments des ani- vés sur un mode extensif ne sauraient être maux dans toutes les espèces exposées à ignorés lorsqu’on envisage de mettre en une sélection ciblée sur le rendement. Ces place des normes relatives à l’alimenta- besoins nutritionnels importants peuvent tion et à l’eau, même si la question ne sus- avoir des conséquences majeures sur le cite pas actuellement l’intérêt des pou- bien-être animal. En matière d’élevage de voirs publics. poulets de chair, on s’inquiète notamment 5) Nutrition prénatale et développement: il de l’impact potentiellement important sur apparaît de plus en plus que la nutrition le bien-être engendré par la tolérance du fœtus peut influer sur la santé et le réduite que présentent des lignées forte- bien-être du nouveau-né et qu’elle trouve ment sélectionnées à des variations dans probablement des prolongements à plus l’apport de certains nutriments (par long terme à un âge plus avancé. Par exemple pour le développement squelet- exemple, il a été démontré qu’un apport tique). Cependant, ces préoccupations en micronutriments à des stades précoces mises à part, l’élevage peut aussi amélio- clés du développement embryonnaire a des rer le bien-être des animaux en élargissant effets positifs sur la survie des nouveau- par exemple ses objectifs pour y incorpo- nés. Des recherches de ce type indiquent rer la santé et le bien-être. L’élaboration combien il est important pour le bien- constructive de pratiques d’élevage pre- être des animaux d’élargir les normes nant en compte les questions relatives au nutritionnelles à la phase prénatale. bien-être animal serait grandement facili- 6) Standardiser les mesures permettant tée par l’adoption de codes de pratiques d’évaluer les conséquences des restric- internationaux et l’OIE pourrait jouer un tions alimentaires sur le bien-être: comme rôle clé en favorisant cette approche. pour de nombreuses autres questions 4) Malnutrition et restrictions d’eau dans les liées au bien-être, les normes mondiales systèmes extensifs: dans les systèmes de bien-être concernant les nutriments d’élevage extensif, les animaux peuvent doivent faire l’objet d’un consensus inter- être exposés à une dénutrition ou une national concernant les outils de mesure malnutrition découlant du surpâturage, valables permettant d’évaluer les des conditions climatiques ou du manque réponses et la tolérance aux restrictions de ressources économiques qui permet- alimentaires, tels que les instruments de traient d’assurer une alimentation com- mesure physiologique/comportementale plémentaire. Les conséquences peuvent de la faim et de la soif ayant une validité influer négativement à la fois sur la santé et une fiabilité scientifiques.

195 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Resumen Alimentación, agua y malnutrición: perspectiva sobre las necesidades de nutrimentos para la salud y el bienestar de los animales de granja

Las necesidades nutricionales de un animal de viaje y de descanso en función de cada están determinadas tanto por el genotipo especie; en el período de descanso, los como por su estado biológico. Los nutrientes animales pueden alimentarse y beber). son necesarios para el desarrollo y el funcio- Quedan importantes aspectos por investi- namiento de los sistemas biológicos del orga- gar en el futuro, entre otros, una mejor nismo. Los complejos procesos psicológicos comprensión de las interacciones entre han evolucionado hasta integrar o traducir privación de nutrientes y otros factores de estas necesidades en comportamientos de estrés durante el transporte. Aunque las búsqueda y consumo de nutrientes en el condiciones de transporte en otras regio- medio ambiente. nes o países difieran, las normas mundia- Así, el comportamiento expresa la interac- les para el acceso a los alimentos y al agua ción entre las necesidades nutritivas de los durante el transporte deben fundamentar- animales y las condiciones medioambienta- se sobre la base de las investigaciones les de acceso a dichos nutrientes. La adop- existentes. ción de normas de bienestar se vería facilita- 2) Prácticas de restricción de la alimenta- da por la comprensión de las «reglas» que ción: la restricción de alimentos es más determinan las necesidades nutritivas de los extendida en las poblaciones de cría de animales, y su tolerancia cuando no satisfa- cerdos y pollos de carne, sin que se tenga cen dichas necesidades. Las tolerancias han en consideración las consecuencias para el de basarse en respuestas sanitarias y com- bienestar de los animales. Las investiga- portamentales, y no en el rendimiento. La ciones realizadas han indicado que la res- adopción de normas aplicables a la alimenta- tricción comercial de alimentos genera ción y al agua exige tener en cuenta una serie niveles altos o sostenidos de motivación de aspectos y sus interacciones: de alimentación (o hambre), aunque sigue 1) Períodos de privación de agua y alimen- abierto el debate científico sobre las con- tos: hay ciertos casos en que se puede secuencias del hambre sostenido sobre el negar temporalmente a los animales de la bienestar. De ahí, la necesidad de seguir granja el acceso a la alimentación y al investigando los costes del bienestar del agua; por ejemplo, durante el transporte y hambre crónica. En vez de soluciones estabulación previos al sacrificio. La genéticas (véase a continuación), las nor- investigación de los efectos de la priva- mas pueden basarse en nuevas estrategias ción de alimentos y de agua durante el nutricionales para reducir la motivación transporte es importante para la adopción de alimentación y en el suministro de de las normas de transporte (por ejemplo, oportunidades ambientales propicias al determinación de los períodos máximos apacentamiento.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 196 Applying science to animal welfare

3) Interacciones entre zootecnia, genotipo y sas. Por analogía, los animales en los sis- nutrición: la zootecnia ha tenido conse- temas extensivos dependen de las fuentes cuencias importantes en las necesidades naturales de agua para calmar la sed, pero nutricionales de los animales de todas las éstas pueden ser restringidas, estar conta- especies sometidas a una selección centra- minadas o ser objeto de competición con da en el rendimiento. Estas elevadas nece- otros animales y usuarios humanos. En la sidades pueden tener un impacto signifi- consideración de las normas sobre la ali- cativo en el bienestar de los animales. Un mentación y el agua, no se debe ignorar la motivo de preocupación, en particular ganadería de gestión extensiva pese a que tratándose de la cría de pollos de carne, es actualmente esta cuestión no despierte que la tolerancia reducida de líneas alta- gran interés. mente seleccionadas a las variaciones de nutrientes específicos (por ejemplo, para 5) Nutrición prenatal y desarrollo: son cada el desarrollo del esqueleto) puede conlle- vez más numerosas las pruebas de que la var consecuencias potencialmente impor- nutrición del feto pueden influir en la tantes para el bienestar. Sin embargo, salud y bienestar del animal recién nacido aparte de estas preocupaciones, la zootec- con posibles influencias a largo plazo en nia presenta también el potencial de mejo- su vida futura. Por ejemplo, se ha demos- rar el bienestar, por ejemplo a través de trado que el suministro de micronutrien- objetivos de selección más amplios que tes en etapas tempranas, claves para el incluyan los aspectos de salud y de bie- desarrollo embrional, tiene un efecto nestar. El desarrollo constructivo de prác- favorable para la supervivencia neonatal. ticas zootécnicas relacionadas con las pre- Las investigaciones de este tipo indican la ocupaciones de bienestar animal estaría importancia que tienen las normas sobre facilitado por la adopción de códigos los nutrientes para el bienestar durante la internacionales de prácticas, y la OIE fase prenatal. podría asumir una función clave en la 6) Normalización de medidas para evaluar promoción de este enfoque. las consecuencias de la restricción nutri- 4) Malnutrición y restricción del agua en los cional sobre el bienestar: las normas mun- sistemas extensivos: en los sistemas exten- diales de bienestar relativas a los nutrien- sivos los animales pueden padecer desnu- tes, al igual que otros aspecto del bienes- trición y malnutrición como resultado del tar, requieren un consenso internacional pastoreo excesivo, de las condiciones cli- sobre las medidas válidas para evaluar las máticas o de la falta de recursos económi- respuestas o tolerancias ante la restricción cos para brindar una alimentación suple- de nutrientes, como, por ejemplo, medi- mentaria. Las consecuencias para la salud das comportamentales o fisiológicas váli- y el comportamiento pueden ser adver- das y fiables del hambre y de la sed.

197 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Applying science to animal welfare

Abstract Food, water and malnutrition: perspectives on nutrient requirements for health and welfare in farm animals

A. B. Lawrence (1), Tolkamp B. (1), Cockram M. S. (2), Simm G. (1), Ashworth C. J. (1), Dwyer C. M. (1) (1) Sustainable Livestock Systems, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Research Group, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, United Kingdom Keywords: nutrient requirements, health, welfare, hunger, theoretical frameworks

An animal’s requirements for nutrients are deprivation and other transport stressors. determined by both its genotype and its bio- Transport conditions in other regions/ logical state. Nutrients are required for countries can differ; development of development and the functioning of the global standards for access to food and body’s biological systems. Complex psycho- water during transport should build on logical processes have evolved to integrate/ and develop the existing research base. translate these requirements into behaviour (2) Food restriction practices: the most to efficiently locate/ consume nutrients in widespread application of food restriction the environment. Thus behaviour expresses is in the breeding populations of pigs and the interaction between the animals’ nutrient broiler chickens, which arose without requirements and environmental constraints great consideration to animal welfare con- on access to nutrients. Development of wel- sequences. Subsequent research has indi- fare standards would be helped by under- cated that commercial food restriction re- standing the ‘rules’ determining animals’ sults in high/ sustained levels of feeding nutrient requirements, and the tolerance of motivation (or hunger), although there re- the animal for failing to meet its require- mains scientific debate over the impact of ments. Tolerances should be based on health that sustained hunger on welfare. This in- and behavioural responses rather than on dicates the need for further research on the yields. Development of standards for food welfare costs of chronic hunger. Other and water requires consideration of a num- than genetic solutions (see below), stan- ber of discipline areas and their interactions. dards could be based on novel nutritional (1) Periods of water and food deprivation: strategies to reduce feeding motivation there are a number of instances where and provision of environmental opportu- farm animals may be temporarily denied nities for foraging behaviour. access to food and water such as during (3) Animal breeding and genotype x nutri- transport and lairage before slaughter. tion interactions: animal breeding has Research on the effects of food and water had a significant impact on animals’ deprivation during transport is impor- nutrient requirements in all species sub- tant in developing transport standards ject to focused selection on yield. These (e.g. setting species-specific maximum elevated nutritional requirements can journey and rest times, the latter where have significant impacts on animal wel- animals are allowed to feed and drink). fare. One concern, especially with broiler There remain important areas for future breeding is that the reduced tolerance of research including a better understand- highly selected lines to variations in spe- ing of the interactions between nutrient cific nutrients (e.g. for skeletal develop-

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 198 Applying science to animal welfare

ment) can have potentially large impacts should not be overlooked when consider- on welfare. However in addition to these ing standards in relation to food and concerns animal breeding also has the water despite a current lack of public potential to enhance welfare, for exam- concern over the issue. ple, through broadening breeding goals to include health and welfare traits. Con- (5) Pre-natal nutrition and development: structive development of animal breed- there is increasing evidence that nutrition ing practices in relation to animal welfare of the foetus can influence the health and concerns would be greatly eased by welfare of the neonate and with likely adoption of international codes of prac- longer-term influences into later life. For tice and the OIE could play a key role in example, supply of micronutrients at key promoting this approach. early stages of embryonic development has been shown to have a beneficial (4) Malnutrition and water restriction in impact on neonatal survival. Research extensive systems: animals in extensive such as this indicates the importance of systems may experience undernutrition extending nutrient standards for welfare and malnutrition as a result of overgraz- to the pre-natal phase. ing, climatic conditions or lack of economic resources to provide supplemen- (6) Standardising measures to assess welfare tary feeding. The consequences can have impacts of nutrient restriction: as with adverse effects on both health and many welfare issues, global welfare stan- behaviour. Similarly animals in extensive dards for nutrients require an interna- systems are dependent on natural tional consensus on valid measures to as- sources of water for drinking which may sess responses/ tolerances to nutrient re- be restricted, subject to pollution or com- striction, such as scientifically valid and petition from other animal and human robust behavioural/ physiological mea- users. Extensively managed livestock sures of hunger and thirst.

199 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Areas of practical application Areas of practical application

Animal welfare: between profit and protection

H. Wyss, Wechsler B., Merminod J. and Jemmi T. Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary Animal welfare has become a topic of public interest in many cultures. Veterinary services play a crucial mediating role between producers, retailers and consumers. Moreover, aspects of animal welfare have to be related to the incidence of diseases in farm animals (including zoonoses) and to the use of veterinary drugs. Societies differ in their demands for minimum standards in animal welfare, and decisions are usually taken at political level aiming to strike a balance between profit and protection. Animal protection is often considered to be in conflict with low production costs. However, this does not necessarily have to be true. Examples are given. Keywords: veterinary services, food safety, housing systems, animal welfare assessment, cattle, pigs, poultry, politics, economics, production costs

Introduction of the veterinary services. The basic philosophy is to establish and maintain a strong and Animal welfare has become a topic of public comprehensive system to promote animal interest in many countries and, consequent- welfare. Components of this system include: ly, is an important field to be covered by an expert network; output-based research in national and local veterinary services. Differ- animal welfare; an appropriate surveillance ent members of a society usually have differ- and monitoring system; legislation based on ent views and interests with regard to ani- the latest scientific data available; and espe- mal welfare. In this context, veterinary ser- cially an operational and uniform enforce- vices have to play a mediating role, bringing ment. All components of the system are nec- together producers, retailers and consumers essary for its effective function. of animal products. Moreover, aspects of ani- The Swiss Veterinary Service includes the mal welfare such as housing and manage- Federal Veterinary Office (FVO), the canton- ment practices may be related to the inci- al veterinary offices and the official veteri- dence of diseases in farm animals and hence narians and civil servants employed by the to the use of drugs and antibiotics. Some of offices and communes (Rüsch and Kihm, these diseases (e.g. food-borne diseases) may 2003). The main tasks of the FVO consist of also be a threat to human health. the preparation of the respective legislation, coordinating and supporting its enforce- Veterinary services and animal welfare ment, training and education of all veteri- — the Swiss way nary authorities, regular contact and advice of stakeholders, public relations work, and Resources support of research and development pro- In order to be able to play a mediating role grammes. The cantonal services and the offi- between different sections of society, thus cial veterinarians are responsible for the bringing together profit and animal protec- enforcement of the legislation. Both levels tion, veterinary services have to allocate are collaborating closely. resources to this area. With regard to farm animal welfare, the In Switzerland, animal welfare is a very Swiss Federal Veterinary Office has estab- important topic and has become a major task lished two centres for the proper housing of

201 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Areas of practical application

farm animals. One centre covers housing official veterinarians) is mandatory. Training and management of ruminants and pigs in animal welfare is crucial for a harmonised whereas the other is a centre of competence and effective implementation of the legisla- for poultry and rabbits. At both centres, tion. FVO organises regular conferences for research is carried out in collaboration with local veterinary authorities on actual and rel- universities to assess the welfare of farm ani- evant topics. mals in different housing systems (Wechsler Advice and information of stakeholders et al., 1997). Moreover, these centres play a key role in the information and education of In order to promote animal welfare on a cantonal veterinary authorities and stockper- broad base official authorities and private sons. organisations have to collaborate closely. FVO is in regular contact with stakeholders Manufacturers of mass-produced housing (e.g. farmers’ associations, retailers, animal systems or equipment for farm animals are welfare and consumer organisations) to dis- legally obliged to apply for an authorisation cuss problems ‘between profit and protec- to sell their products. The authorisation can tion’ and to share information. only be given if the housing system or equipment is in accordance with the require- Public relations and motivation ments of the Swiss animal welfare legisla- Public relations in the field of animal welfare tion. This authorisation procedure was intro- aims at a comprehensive information and duced in 1981. It applies not only to com- motivation of stockpersons and farmers. Vet- plete housing systems such as cages, boxes erinary services should become a leading or crates but also to the equipment with voice in the public debate on animal welfare. which animals frequently come in contact This is a long-lasting and ongoing process, (e.g. feeding and watering systems, floor also in Switzerland. coverings, dung grids, tethering arrangements, nest boxes). Whenever possible, a Our animal welfare legislation does not fore- decision is made on the basis of literature or see any subsidies. Money would be without experience with similar housing systems or any doubt the most powerful motivation to equipment. In some cases, however, practical house animals properly. Within the agricul- tests are required. Such tests may include ture agreement of the World Trade Organisa- veterinary, physiological and behavioural tion (WTO) subsidies are possible if they measurements to assess animal welfare. comply with relevant criteria. In order to qualify for the ‘green box’, a subsidy must Authorisations are given by the Federal Vet- not distort trade and has to be government- erinary Office. Over the last 20 years, more funded. In the coming agriculture negotia- than 1 300 authorisations were given, and 16 tions Switzerland will support the intention applications were rejected. Several housing to include animal welfare in the ‘green box’. systems were further developed and improved with respect to animal welfare in For several years regular on-farm controls of the course of the testing procedure. The the housing conditions of the animals have results of research done to assess the welfare been performed. Farmers asking for direct of farm animals in specific housing condi- payments have to prove that their housing tions are presented at international confer- systems are in accordance with the Swiss ences and published in scientific journals animal welfare legislation. As a consequence, (e.g. Weber, 2000; Wechsler et al., 2000; Fröh- 30 % of the farms, chosen at random, are lich and Oester, 2001). checked every year. Controls cover both quantitative (e.g. space requirements, width Education of the gaps of slatted floors) and qualitative Most of the deficiencies in animal housing (e.g. litter quality, provision of foraging are due to a lack of knowledge. In our ani- material, animal care) aspects. The Swiss mal welfare legislation the principle of edu- Federal Veterinary Office together with the cation and training of professional stake- Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture has holders (keepers of animals in general, ani- issued manuals containing all legal require- mal transporters, slaughterhouse personnel, ments to be checked on the farm and forms

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 202 Areas of practical application

to report the animal welfare status of a farm tic’ in comparison to the standard in Europe based on the results of the control. at that time. For example battery cages for laying hens were banned in 1981, long before As the consumers perceive animal welfare ethologists could propose a new housing more and more as a quality factor, constant system giving good economic results. The pressure on the production sector is main- veterinary service provided the scientific tained. results from own research projects or from Operational and uniform enforcement of the literature and elaborated the minimal legal prescriptions requirements for the housing systems. Other In a federal system a uniform enforcement is examples are the mandatory anaesthesia always a challenge. The efficiency is when dehorning calves and, from 2007 on, increased if the enforcement of animal wel- the restricted use of farrowing crates in fare, animal health and food safety (pre-har- exceptional cases. These requirements are on vest and harvest) is done by one cantonal a considerably higher level than the corre- authority. Several cantons may join forces. sponding minimum standards within the By means of mandate agreements, the can- European Community. tons are authorised to delegate specific Over the last years the expectations of the responsibilities to private organisations, for society related to animal welfare have example, control tasks or training courses. increased significantly. Fifty years ago most people had a more or less direct affiliation to What minimum level of animal welfare agriculture. Nowadays the majority of peo- should be achieved? ple live in urban areas with no relationship with animal production. Furthermore pet Societies may differ in their demands for animals such as dogs or cats are often com- minimum standards with regard to animal pared with farm animals with the conse- welfare, and decisions are usually taken at quence of contradictory expectations and political level aiming to strike a balance attitudes of the society as well as the risk to between profit and protection. However, it is humanise animals. Veterinary services have important that scientific evidence can be pro- to act as bridge builders and to inform the vided as a basis and in support of such deci- society about the needs of the animals. sions. Consequently, the welfare of farm ani- As national minimum animal welfare stan- mals has to be assessed and compared in dif- dards are very different, it will be very chal- ferent housing systems. Moreover, conflict- lenging to set international standards. On ing aspects such as economics (e.g. space the one hand, a certain level has to be requirements), feasibility (e.g. castration attained to ensure minimal protection for the with anaesthesia) or environmental concerns animals. On the other hand, national differ- (e.g. ammonium concentration in outdoor ences have to be considered. If societies runs of laying hen aviary systems) have to legally oblige their local producers of animal be considered. The significance of such con- products to comply with certain animal wel- flicting aspects may, again, differ to a great fare standards, these producers should also extent between societies. benefit from trading regulations that give The actual level of the animal welfare legis- their products a real chance on the local mar- lation in Switzerland is the result of an ket. Hence, understanding and respect are intense debate in our society within the last required not only towards the lower but also 30 years. The main stakeholders in that dis- towards the upper end of the range of cussion were the farmers’ associations and national minimum animal welfare stan- the pharmaceutical industry on one side and dards. the welfare organisations and the consumers on the other side. But the crucial factor was Does progress in animal welfare the willingness of the Parliament and the standards increase production costs? government to implement a welfare act in 1981 with an acceptable level for all con- Animal protection is often considered to be cerned parties presenting something ‘futuris- in conflict with low production costs. How-

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ever, this does not generally have to be true. (c) Housing systems that are beneficial for For example, loose housing of dairy cows in animal welfare do not generally increase cubicle systems with milking parlours is eco- production costs. nomically preferable to housing in tie-stalls, provided that herd size exceeds a minimum References of 20 cows. Calculations made at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Fröhlich, E.K.F. and Oester, H. (2001). ‘From bat- Economics and Engineering (FAT) show that tery cages to aviaries: 20 years of Swiss expe- loose housing systems are favourable with rience’. Oester, H. and Wyss, C. (Eds.) Proceed- respect to both building costs and labour ings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry input (Fig. 1). Similarly, group housing of Welfare 2001, Zollikofen, pp. 51–59. World’s Poultry Science Association WPSA, Bern. dry sows using electronic sow feeders is preferable to individual housing in crates Rüsch, P. and Kihm, U. (2003). ‘The federal sys- with larger herds and housing of laying hens tem of veterinary services in Switzerland’. in aviary systems can be as profitable for the Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 22, pp. 423–432. farmer as housing in cages, if he can sell his Weber, R. (2000). ‘Alternative housing systems eggs at a better price. In Switzerland, the for farrowing and lactating sows’. Blokhuis, home production of shell eggs remained H.J., E.D. Ekkel and B. Wechsler (Editors) quite stable over time although battery cages Improving health and welfare in animal produc- were banned in 1981 with a transitional peri- tion, EAAP publication No 102, pp. 109–115. od of 10 years. (Fig. 2). Wageningen Pers, Wageningen. Wechsler, B., Fröhlich, E., Oester, H., Oswald, T., Conclusions Troxler, J., Weber, R. and Schmid, H. (1997). ‘The contribution of applied ethology in judg- (a) Animal welfare has to be considered as a ing animal welfare in farm animal housing very important part of Veterinary Public systems’. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Sci- Health (VPH), as some aspects are often ence, 53, pp. 33–43. linked to food safety and animal health Wechsler, B., Schaub, J., Friedli, K. and Hauser, R. issues. VPH is a core competence of the vet- (2000). ‘Behaviour and leg injuries in dairy erinary services. They can and must play a cows kept in cubicle systems with straw bed- mediating role between producers and con- ding or soft lying mats’. Journal of Applied Ani- sumers. mal Welfare Science, 69, pp. 189–197 (b) Local constraints have to be considered when setting minimum standards for animal welfare at an international level.

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Building costs 20 000

19 500

19 000

18 500

18 000

17 500

17 000

16 500

16 000

15 500

15 000 Tie-stall Cubicle system

Labour input 110

105

100

60 Tie-stall Cubicle system Fig. 1 Comparison of building costs (in CHF per cow place) and total labour input (hours per cow per year) for a herd of 48 dairy cows housed in a cubicle housing system or a tie-stall; based on calculations done at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agri- cultural Economics and Engineering (FAT).

Home produced eggs 1.0

0.9

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0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Fig. 2 Proportion of shell eggs consumed in Switzerland which were home produced over the last 20 years; based on the data of the National Poultry Centre.

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Résumé Bien-être animal: entre profit et protection

H. Wyss, Wechsler B., Merminod J., Jemmi T. Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern-Liebefeld; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: services vétérinaires, sécurité sanitaire des aliments, bâtiment d’élevage, bien- être animal, évaluation, bovin, porc, volaille, politique, économie, coûts de production

Dans de nombreuses sociétés, le bien-être une autorisation pour pouvoir vendre leurs animal est devenu un sujet qui suscite l’inté- produits. Les tests visant à évaluer les sys- rêt du public; c’est donc un domaine impor- tèmes ou les équipements d’hébergement tant dont doivent s’occuper les services vété- dans l’optique du bien-être animal sont rinaires nationaux et locaux. Les divers effectués dans les deux centres compétents. membres d’une société ont généralement des En outre, les services vétérinaires fédéraux points de vue et des intérêts différents allouent des ressources en faveur de l’éduca- concernant le bien-être animal. Dans ce tion des autorités vétérinaires locales, de contexte, les services vétérinaires peuvent contacts réguliers avec les parties prenantes jouer un rôle de médiateurs, en rassemblant (par exemple les associations d’éleveurs, les les producteurs, les détaillants et les consom- détaillants, les associations de protection ani- mateurs de produits d’origine animale. Par male et de consommateurs) et des relations ailleurs, certains aspects du bien-être animal publiques dans le domaine du bien-être ani- tels que les modes de conduite des élevages mal. et les pratiques d’hébergement peuvent être Les exigences de normes minimales appli- liés à l’incidence des maladies chez les ani- quées au bien-être animal peuvent diverger maux d’élevage et donc à l’utilisation de selon les sociétés, et les décisions sont géné- médicaments et d’antibiotiques. Certaines de ralement prises au niveau politique dans le ces maladies (par exemple les toxi-infections but de trouver un juste équilibre entre profit alimentaires) peuvent également constituer et protection. Il est toutefois important que une menace pour la santé humaine. les décisions soient sous-tendues et étayées Pour pouvoir jouer un rôle de médiateurs par des données scientifiques. Le bien-être entre les différents éléments de la société et des animaux d’élevage doit donc être évalué concilier ainsi profit et protection animale, et comparé dans les différents systèmes d’hé- les services vétérinaires doivent affecter des bergement. En outre, il faut prendre en ressources à ces domaines. Dans le cadre du compte certains aspects contradictoires tels bien-être des animaux d’élevage, l’Office que les considérations économiques (par vétérinaire fédéral suisse a créé deux centres exemple les besoins en termes d’espace), la pour l’hébergement convenable des animaux faisabilité (par exemple la castration sous d’élevage. L’un s’occupe de l’habitat et de la anesthésie) ou les préoccupations écolo- gestion des ruminants et des porcs tandis giques (par exemple la concentration en que l’autre est qualifié en matière de ammonium dans les enclos en plein air des volailles et de lapins. Dans les deux centres, systèmes d’élevage de poules pondeuses). Ici la recherche est menée en collaboration avec encore, l’importance de ces aspects diver- des universités pour évaluer le bien-être des gents peut être très différente d’une société à animaux d’élevage dans les différents sys- une autre. Ainsi, en Suisse, les cages en bat- tèmes d’hébergement. Les fabricants de sys- terie pour les poules pondeuses ont été inter- tèmes ou d’équipements d’hébergement dites en 1981, l’anesthésie est obligatoire lors produits en série destinés aux animaux d’éle- du décornage des veaux et, à partir de 2007, vage sont légalement tenus de demander les cases de mise bas ne pourront être utili-

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sées que dans des cas exceptionnels. Le niveau de production. Or, ce n’est pas forcément d’exigence est considérablement plus élevé vrai. Ainsi, la stabulation libre des vaches que les normes minimales correspondantes au laitières dans des systèmes de boxes avec des sein de la Communauté européenne. salles de traite est préférable d’un point de Comme les normes nationales minimales en vue économique à la stabulation entravée, à matière de bien-être animal sont très diffé- condition que le troupeau compte plus de rentes, il sera très difficile d’établir des vingt vaches. De même, le logement en groupe normes internationales. D’une part, un cer- des truies taries utilisant des nourrisseurs tain niveau doit être atteint pour assurer la électroniques pour truies est préférable au protection minimale des animaux et, d’autre logement individuel dans des cages conte- part, il faut prendre en compte les diffé- nant de plus grands animaux et le logement rences nationales. Si les sociétés exercent une des poules pondeuses dans des systèmes contrainte juridique sur leurs producteurs d’élevage de volailles peut être aussi rentable locaux pour qu’ils respectent certaines pour l’exploitant que le logement en cages s’il normes en matière de bien-être animal, ces peut vendre ses œufs à un meilleur prix. producteurs bénéficieront aussi des régle- Les conclusions sont les suivantes: a) les ser- mentations commerciales qui donneront une vices vétérinaires peuvent et doivent jouer le véritable chance à leurs produits sur le mar- rôle de médiateurs entre les producteurs et les ché local. En conséquence, la connaissance et consommateurs; b) il faut prendre en compte le respect sont nécessaires non seulement les contraintes locales lors de l’établissement vers le bas mais aussi vers le haut de la four- de normes minimales en matière de bien-être chette des normes nationales minimales en animal à l’échelon international; c) les sys- matière de bien-être animal. tèmes d’hébergement qui sont favorables au On pense souvent que la protection des ani- bien-être des animaux n’augmentent généra- maux est incompatible avec de faibles coûts lement pas les coûts de production.

207 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Areas of practical application

Resumen Bienestar animal: entre ganancia y protección

H. Wyss, Wechsler B., Merminod J., Jemmi T. Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern-Liebefeld; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: servicios veterinarios, seguridad sanitaria de los alimentos, sistemas de estabulación, evaluación del bienestar de los animales, ganado bovino, cerdos, aves de corral, políticas, economía, costos de producción

El bienestar animal se ha vuelto una cuestión fabricantes de sistemas de alojamiento o de interés público en varias sociedades, por equipos de producción masiva para los ani- lo cual es un campo importante que debe ser males de granja deben solicitar una autoriza- cubierto por los servicios veterinarios nacio- ción para la venta de sus productos. En los nales y locales. Los diferentes miembros de dos centros competentes se llevan a cabo las la sociedad suelen tener distintos puntos de pruebas de los sistemas de alojamiento o de vista e intereses con respecto al bienestar de los equipos en materia de bienestar animal. los animales. En este contexto, los servicios Además, el Servicio Veterinario Federal veterinarios pueden actuar como mediado- Suizo asigna recursos para la formación de res para llegar a un consenso entre producto- las autoridades veterinarias locales, para el res, comerciantes y consumidores de los pro- contacto regular con las partes interesadas ductos de origen animal. Además, los aspec- (por ejemplo, las asociaciones de agriculto- tos del bienestar animal tales como las prác- res, comerciantes, organizaciones de bienes- ticas de alojamiento y de gestión pueden tar animal y organizaciones de consumido- estar relacionados con la incidencia de enfer- res) y para las relaciones públicas en el medades en los animales de granja y, por campo del bienestar animal. ende, con el uso de medicamentos y antibió- Las sociedades pueden diferir en sus exigen- ticos. Algunas de estas enfermedades (por cias de normas mínimas sobre el bienestar de ejemplo, las enfermedades de origen alimen- los animales, y las decisiones se toman por lo tario) pueden constituir también una amena- general a nivel político con miras a alcanzar za para la salud humana. un equilibrio entre beneficios y protección. A fin de poder desempeñar el papel de Es importante, sin embargo, poder aportar mediador entre las distintas secciones de la pruebas científicas como fundamento de sociedad y conciliar así las ganancias con la tales decisiones. Por consiguiente, la evalua- protección de los animales, los servicios ción y comparación del bienestar de los ani- veterinarios tienen que asignar recursos a males de granja debe realizarse en distintos este ámbito. En lo que respecta al bienestar sistemas de alojamiento. Además, han de de los animales en las explotaciones agríco- tenerse en consideración los aspectos conflic- las, la Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen (Ofici- tivos tales como el económico (por ejemplo, na Federal Veterinaria de Suiza) ha estableci- requisitos de espacio), la factibilidad (por do dos centros para su alojamiento adecua- ejemplo, castración con anestesia) o los inte- do. Un centro está destinado al alojamiento y reses ambientales (por ejemplo, concentra- la gestión de los rumiantes y los cerdos, ción de amoníaco en los corrales de cría de mientras que el otro está destinado a las aves gallinas ponedoras). El significado de los de corral y los conejos. En ambos centros se aspectos conflictivos antes mencionados realizan investigaciones en colaboración con puede diferir en gran medida entre las socie- las universidades para evaluar el bienestar dades. En Suiza, por ejemplo, las jaulas de de los animales de granja en diferentes siste- batería para gallinas ponedoras se prohibie- mas de alojamiento. La ley dispone que los ron en 1981, la anestesia es obligatoria para

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 208 Areas of practical application

descornar a los terneros y, a partir de 2007, costes de producción. No obstante, esta afir- las parideras podrán utilizarse sólo en casos mación no tiene que ser necesariamente cier- excepcionales. Estos requisitos se sitúan en ta. Por ejemplo, desde un punto de vista eco- un nivel de exigencia considerablemente nómico, la estabulación abierta de vacas más alto que las normas mínimas correspon- lecheras con sistemas de cubículos e instala- dientes en la Comunidad Europea. ciones de ordeño mecánico es preferible a la estabulación en edificios restringidos, a con- Como las normas nacionales mínimas sobre dición de que el tamaño del rebaño sea supe- el bienestar de los animales son muy diferen- rior a veinte vacas. De igual manera, el aloja- tes, será un verdadero reto establecer normas miento de las cerdas vacías en grupos con internacionales. Por una parte, habrá de comederos electrónicos especiales es preferi- alcanzarse cierto nivel para garantizar la ble al alojamiento individual en casetas con protección mínima de los animales y, por rebaños más grandes; y el alojamiento de otra, habrá que tener en cuenta las diferen- gallinas ponedoras en los sistemas avícolas cias nacionales. Si las sociedades obligan a puede ofrecer tantas ventajas al agricultor los productores locales de productos de ori- como la utilización de jaulas a condición de gen animal a cumplir con determinadas nor- que pueda vender los huevos a mejor precio. mas de bienestar animal, éstos deberán bene- ficiarse también de reglamentaciones comer- Podemos concluir que: a) los servicios veteri- ciales que brinden una oportunidad real de narios pueden y deben desempeñar un papel salida a sus productos en los mercados loca- de mediador entre productores y consumi- les. Por tanto, se necesita comprensión y res- dores; b) las restricciones locales han de peto, no sólo en un sentido, sino en ambos tenerse en cuenta para el establecimiento de sentidos de la gama de normas nacionales normas mínimas de bienestar animal a nivel internacional; y c) los sistemas de alojamien- mínimas de bienestar animal. to que favorecen el bienestar animal por lo A menudo se considera que la protección de general no conllevan un aumento de los cos- los animales está en conflicto con los bajos tes de producción.

209 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Areas of practical application

Abstract Animal welfare: between profit and protection

H. Wyss, Wechsler B., Merminod J. and Jemmi T. Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: veterinary services, food safety, housing systems, animal welfare assessment, cattle, pigs, poultry, politics, economics, production costs

Animal welfare has become a topic of public authorities, to regular contacts with stake- interest in many societies and, consequently, holders (e.g. farmers’ associations, retailers, it is important that national and local veteri- animal welfare and consumer organisations) nary services also take an interest in this and to public relations in the field of animal issue. Different members of a society usually welfare. have different views and interests with Societies may differ in their demands for regard to animal welfare. In this context, vet- minimum standards with regard to animal erinary services may play a mediating role, welfare, and at political level, decisions are bringing together producers, retailers and usually taken with the aim of striking a bal- consumers of animal products. Moreover, ance between profit and protection. Howev- aspects of animal welfare such as housing and management practices may be related to er, it is important that scientific evidence can the incidence of diseases in farm animals be provided as the basis for such decisions. and hence to the use of drugs and antibi- Consequently, the welfare of farm animals otics. Some of these diseases (e.g. food-borne has to be assessed and compared in different diseases) may also be a threat to human housing systems. Moreover, conflicting health. aspects such as economics (e.g. space requirements), feasibility (e.g. castration In order to be able to play a mediating role with anaesthesia) or environmental concerns between different sections of society, thus (e.g. ammonium concentration in outdoor bringing together profit and animal protec- runs of laying hen aviary systems) have to tion, veterinary services have to allocate be considered. The significance of such con- resources to this area. With regard to farm flicting aspects may, again, differ to a great animal welfare, the Swiss Federal Veterinary extent between societies. For example, in Office has established two centres for the Switzerland, battery cages for laying hens proper housing of farm animals. One centre were banned in 1981, anaesthesia is obligato- covers the housing and management of ry when dehorning calves and, from 2007 on, ruminants and pigs whereas the other is a farrowing crates may only be used in excep- centre of competence for poultry and rabbits. tional cases. These requirements are on a At both centres, research is carried out in col- considerably higher level than the corre- laboration with universities to assess the sponding minimum standards within the welfare of farm animals in different housing European Community. systems. Manufacturers of mass-produced housing systems or equipment for farm ani- As national minimum animal welfare stan- mals are legally obliged to apply for an dards are very different, it will be very chal- authorisation to sell their products. Testing lenging to set international standards. On the of housing systems or equipment with one hand, a certain level has to be attained to regard to animal welfare is done at the two ensure minimal protection for the animals, on centres of competence. Additionally, the the other hand, national differences have to be Swiss Federal Veterinary Service allocates considered. If societies legally oblige their lo- resources to the education of local veterinary cal producers of animal products to comply

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with certain animal welfare standards, these of 20 cows. Similarly, group housing of dry producers should also benefit from trading sows using electronic sow feeders is prefer- regulations that give their products a real able to individual housing in crates with chance on the local market. Hence, under- larger herds, and housing of laying hens in standing and respect are required, not only to- aviary systems can be as profitable for the wards the lower end but also towards the up- farmer as housing in cages, if he can sell his per end of the range of national minimum an- eggs at a better price. imal welfare standards. The conclusions are that (a) veterinary ser- Animal protection is often considered to be vices can and must play a mediating role in conflict with low production costs. How- between producers and consumers, (b) local ever, this does not generally have to be true. constraints have to be considered when set- For example, loose housing of dairy cows in ting minimum standards for animal welfare cubicle systems with milking parlours is eco- at international level and (c) housing sys- nomically preferable to housing in tie-stalls, tems that are beneficial for animal welfare do provided that herd size exceeds a minimum not generally increase production costs.

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Animal welfare issues relating to aquaculture

T. Håstein National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 DEP, 0033 Oslo, Norway; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary Aquatic animals and aquatic animal products are amongst the principal sources of protein in the human diet and while traditional fisheries have levelled out, aquaculture has, over the last three decades, developed to become the fastest growing food production industry in the world. Although fish are covered by animal welfare legislation in some countries, experience has shown that fish do not invoke compassion in the same way as most other animals. A key element in this respect is the question; do fish, despite not possessing neo-cortex, feel pain. This paper discusses areas within aquaculture such as farming conditions, feeding, genetics, branding, handling, transport, sedation, stunning and slaughter methods in which animal welfare may be compromised and where ethics are thus of importance. Special emphasis is given to methods of fish sedation prior to slaughter and the advantages and disadvantages of such methods relating to welfare issues. Keywords: animal welfare, fish, farming conditions, genetics, production diseases, slaughter, transport

Introduction • freedom from stress or suffering when transported; Aquatic animals and aquatic animal products are among the principal sources of • freedom from stress or suffering when human dietary protein seen from a global slaughtered; perspective. While traditional fisheries have should also be applied to fish in order to levelled out, the aquaculture industry has, secure animal welfare. over the last three decades, developed to become the fastest growing food production While traditional domestic animals as well as sector in the world (21) and it will continue companion animals over the years have re- to grow in the years to come. The strong ceived considerable attention in an animal expansion in world aquaculture has thus welfare context, the latest ‘domesticated ani- also led to health and welfare problems. This mal’, the fish, has only to a small extent been raises questions on whether mass culture encompassed by animal welfare concepts de- meets the intentions laid down in animal spite the fact that fish are also covered by leg- protection laws (29). islation in many countries. According to the recommendations of the ‘Holmenkollen’ The ‘Five freedoms’ as described by Brambel guidelines, States should establish, implement and the additional two added by Seamer as and enforce laws and regulations to ensure re- referred to by Cawley (9): sponsible aquaculture, including ethical crite- • freedom to express normal behavioural ria, by developing standards and practises patterns; embodying ethical principles to ensure the • freedom from pain, injury or disease; welfare and health of fish and shellfish (42). • freedom from fear and distress; Intensive fish farming, either taking place in cages, ponds or tanks, has led to a series of • freedom from thermal or physical dis- problems that may be classified as hus- comfort; bandry diseases that are of animal welfare • freedom from thirst, hunger and malnu- concern (30). Such systems will inevitably trition; present challenges regarding acceptable ethi-

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cal standards (7). As in any other farming introduced. The various species may have enterprise, there are, even in fish farming, different demands regarding optimal envi- demands for effective profit and direct ronmental parameters such as stocking den- investment earnings, and so on, which lead sity, water temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen to increased focus on production effective- content, dissolved substances, organic load, ness. Animal welfare issues may thus not be and so on. The impact of water quality is, prioritised, especially if resources are lacking consequently, obvious. This means that rea- at the farm level or when food safety and sonable water flow rates and good water human health aspects from a legislative quality, and so on, are a necessity (40). The point of view are prioritised. requirements and demands as regards environment for optimal well-being and perfor- The fish mance for all farmed fish species are not sufficiently known. The criteria vary between The debate continues as to whether fish feel species, so what is optimal for one species, pain or not. Rose (34) states that it is implau- may not be acceptable for another. sible that fish can experience pain or emo- The relationship between environment, dis- tions despite displaying responses to nox- ease and welfare is complex. However, there ious stimuli and thus it is important that is little doubt that poor water quality may stress responses are considered as important lead to disturbance in the fish due to acute or regarding welfare issues in fish. The main chronic stress. During chronic stress, the fish argument used by Rose, is that fish lack con- may lose the ability to control homeostasis, re- ciousness and thus the ability to feel pain or sulting in reduced growth and resistance to to suffer. A considered prerequisite for con- disease. Furthermore, it has been shown that sciousness is the presence of a neo-cortex. lowered water circulation may induce aggres- Since this is lacking in fish, this is taken as sion in fish, cause heterogeneous growth and evidence that fish do not feel pain. Other increased susceptibility to disease. authors, however, have shown significant evidence of nociception in fish and demon- Artificial light is being used both in cage cul- strated discomfort when noxious substances ture and in hatcheries in order to increase have been administered (39, 40). Bony fish production and thus economic benefit, but have a nociceptive system with A–delta and also for security purposes at night. It has C fibres present in peripheral nerves indicat- been shown that Atlantic salmon reduce feed ing that fish may modulate pain (22, 38). In uptake in the first 6 to 12 weeks after the lights are turned on, indicating a stress situa- addition, Substance P implicated in pain tion. Furthermore, a failure in or unforeseen transmission in mammals, has been found in change in lighting, may result in a panic hypothalamus and forebrain of fish (22). One reaction, mortalities and external lesions due may, therefore, assume that fish do feel pain to unintentional contact with the cage net. A and should be handled accordingly (9, 38). sudden transition between light and dark- As with other animals, behavioural changes ness should be avoided as this may result in due to disease or stress factors can be observed stress as indicated by a rapid change of in fish. Although different fish species may behaviour in fish (27). show differences in behavioural response, the most obvious and common changes observed Nutrition are alterations in swimming activity and ability (such as lethargic or erratic movements or A key factor in fish farming is nutrition. listlessness), change in respiratory frequency While feral fish normally have a varied diet, and feed uptake. These behavioural responses the farmed fish is dependant upon the for- may be used as welfare indicators. mulated diets given and malnutrition may occur when the dietary composition does not Environmental parameters match the needs of the fish. Lack of phos- phorous is suspected to cause skeletal defor- A large number of different fish species are mities in the backbone of salmon, use of ran- farmed today and new species are frequently cid feedstuff leads to lipoic liver degenera-

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tion and so-called anti-nutrients from plant improvements can be achieved by genetics products may disturb the absorbtion and and genetic engineering to establish trans- digestion and thus induce disease, and so genic fish, it is necessary that such work is on. Proper ethical use of different types of ethically based to avoid fish suffering. In the feed raw material is, therefore, a must (2). course of development of sterile fish, it was found that tetraploid fish may develop Starvation and/or reduced feeding have spinal deformities. Furthermore, if genetic sometimes been used as a tool to adjust the capacity, feed utilisation and feed composi- production to the market situation. By this tion all work maximally towards the same means, fish may be kept alive with reduced goal, the fish may rapidly be squeezed over growth, with a considerable reduction in the biological limits which leads to a situa- feeding costs during periods of overproduc- tion that may be characterised as unaccept- tion or low market prices and thus low prof- able from a welfare point of view. So far, it itability. has not been established whether transgenic Although several studies have been con- techniques result in fish-suffering (1). ducted to investigate the effects of starvation/reduced feeding on the quality of fish at Stocking density slaughter and the effect on growth (10), none of the studies have taken into account such Increasing the stocking density is one way of measures from a welfare point of view by optimising productivity, but on the other measuring stress and behavioural changes in hand high densities may lead to stressful fish. Any change in the feeding regime may be conditions, increase aggressive behaviour detrimental. Despite this, fish may tolerate and a reduction in food conversion rate and starvation for a considerable period of time growth (11, 24). Furthermore, in intensive dependant on the species in question and wa- fish farming whereby a large number of indi- ter temperature. Phenomena like eye snap- viduals are kept close together, physical ping, tail biting and cannibalism may be ob- injuries to the skin and to the fins caused served, especially at high temperatures. In At- due to direct contact between the fish or the lantic halibut, the aggression mostly occurs cage wall may occur (44). Such lesions may when the fish are particularly hungry, thus re- allow colonisation of both primary and sec- sulting in physical damage to eyes and fins ondary pathogens and substantially increase (17). Even though starvation may result in no the risk of infection for the fish, thus repre- physical injury to the fish and may even in- senting a welfare problem. In addition, high crease the quality of the flesh, it is, neverthe- stocking densities may also decrease the less, not acceptable as a means of production water quality and thus accelerate other prob- or quality control. lems (40). Starvation to empty the gut prior to slaughter According to Begout and Lagardere (3), is, however, acceptable, as the maximum star- swimming activity is constrained at high vation period normally is from one to three densities. Bell and al. (4) investigated the days, depending on water temperature (40, effect of stocking density in Atlantic salmon 44). From a welfare point of view, the fasting and derived a welfare index from a number period should be as short as possible (40). of welfare factors (condition factor, glucose, cortisol, behaviour, condition of the fins) Genetics based on principal components analysis. They found a non-linear correlation between In recent years effective genetic improve- stocking density and welfare with a break ment of farmed stocks has been in focus, point at 20 to 24 kg/m3. Stocking densities mostly related to production characteristics above this point were reported to compro- such as growth rate, food conversion rates, mise welfare. From an animal welfare point quality of the flesh as well as genetic resis- of view, it is thus important to define stock- tance towards disease, fecundity, developing density in an appropriate manner for the ment of sex reversal, monosex and polyploid species in question. Stocking densities are strains of fish, and so on. Although large rarely defined in aquaculture texts (11).

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Handling, grading and tagging ers for transport of fish are designed in order to eliminate damage to the fish during trans- In common with other animals, fish have a port. Invidious conditions during transport variable growth rate and from time to time it such as overcrowding, unacceptable water is necessary to carry out grading in order to quality due to low oxygen, may result in avoid bullying of smaller fish or cannibal- irreparable damage to the fish and mortality. ism. Cannibalism is not uncommon in In coho salmon, yearling transportation by hatcheries if grading has not been carried truck has been reported to cause a marked out. In order to minimise this, fish are grad- physiological stress response and reduced ed into different sizes, a process carried out relative fitness as well as lower survival rate either by catching the fish in nets or pump- and ability to tolerate a second stressing ing them up before distribution over a series agent (20, 36, 41). Mortality in large captive of bars. This type of handling in addition to broodstock of milkfish has been shown to be the stress caused may result in damage to minimised if the fish are transported and the skin and scale losses. Other handling handled in sealed oxygenated bags with procedures may also affect welfare in fish. chilled sea water (15). Anaesthesia combined Tagging of live fish may be performed in with a recovery period also lessens the stress many ways depending on the purpose (18). burden associated with hauling and trans- For trade in fish derived from fish farming port (35). or otherwise, tagging is seldom performed on individual fish, but may be relevant in the Disease problems related to farming future in order to follow the fish from the fjord to the table. Several tagging methods There is often a close relationship between have been in use over the years, largely in husbandry practices and incidence of dis- experiments for identification purposes. ease. Under farming conditions the fish may Most commonly used have been different reach the outer limit of their physiological combinations and patterns of fin clipping, margin due to maximal exploitation and external or internal tags of different kinds or stress making them susceptible to a wide thermal branding. While internal tags usual- range of diseases threatening ethical and ly have minimal affect on the behaviour of welfare standards (40). Among the diseases the tagged fish, most external physical tag- which can be observed by visual clinical ging methods may affect the behaviour of observations and during necropsy are vari- the fish as well as causing damage and result ous types of skeletal or soft tissue malforma- in secondary infections and problems. If tions, eye lesions and so on (6, 30). external tags are not sufficiently anchored, Although individuals displaying deformities they may lead to chronic open wounds. may be regarded as a normal feature of any From a welfare point of view, a tagging biological population, sudden increases in method should result in as little damage as the number of deformed specimens clearly possible. indicate suboptimal culture conditions (8). This is an issue of concern, both due to the Transport economic losses to the fish farmers as deformities reduce product quality, provoking The manner of live fish transport depends adverse reactions of the consumers as well as on the purpose of the transport and the size for welfare reasons. Optimal temperatures of the consignment. For transport from for incubation of salmonid eggs may reduce hatcheries to grow-out farms, well-boats and this problem. It has been shown that high lorries are used. The type of vehicle is temperatures during hatching and at the dependant upon whether the fish are bound start of feeding to reduce production time, for cage culture in sea water or pond farm- may result in skeletal deformities (8). The so ing in inland waters. For restocking purpos- called ‘gaping jaws’ syndrome, a common es, helicopters, small airplanes or buckets/ problem in cultured halibut larvae and sealed plastic bags with excess oxygen may resulting in the larvae not being able to close also be used. It is of importance that contain- their jaws to feed, leads to mortality when

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the yolk sac is absorbed. The condition is between internal organs and the peritoneal associated with abrasion of the head and sec- wall. Such reactions are a concern from a ondary invasion by bacteria and fungi (28). welfare point of view. The severity of the lesions are reduced in Atlantic salmon if the In recent years, several soft tissue anomalies size of the fish is at least 70 g and the water have been observed in Atlantic salmon temperature is 10o C or below at time of vac- including lack of septum transversum, cination. changes in the morphology of the heart, hypoplasia, situs invertus, and so on (23). Time of vaccination also influences the These changes may lead to disturbances in development of adherences, growth retarda- normal blood circulation, resulting in heart tion and spinal deformities (5). However, failure, increased mortality and reduced tol- reduced disease risks are thought to justify erance to stress. In addition, such fish are the observed level of side effects following smaller than their siblings (23). Two current vaccination practices. Long-term hypotheses have been raised to explain the protective immunity with negligible side cause (Johansen, personal communication). effects must be a goal for the future. The first is that during selection in the breed- An important problem in salmonid farming ing process, anatomical details such as shape from a welfare point of view today, is infec- of the heart have not been considered over tion with sea lice. The damage caused by the the years. The other hypothesis states that feeding habit of the sea lice causes scale loss the observed heart problems are part of a and skin lesions. Damage in the head area ‘life style’ disease due to a cage life with lit- may be so severe that the skull bones are tle exercise and surplus of food compared to exposed, a condition referred to as ‘death feral fish. crown’ (25). Such extensive lesions lead to Blindness due to cataract in farmed Atlantic osmotic disturbances and mortality. To salmon has also, in recent years, become an reduce the problem, treatment is carried out increasing problem. It is regarded as a hus- by either oral or bath chemical treatments or bandry disease involving several predispos- by using cleaner fish such as ballan wrasse. ing factors and causes (6). Blind salmon Treatment with dichlorvos and UV light show signs of maladjustment, listlessness may, however, be linked to cataracts under and surface lesions as well as reduced normal conditions. The use of ballan wrasse growth depending on the degree of visual for the purpose has also an ethical side as the handicap. For welfare reasons it is of impor- biological needs of the wrasse must also be tance to clarify the cause and take steps to considered (43). reduce the problem if possible. Slaughter Many of the bacterial disease problems in fish, previously treated with large amounts Some 70 million salmon and trout are of antibiotics or chemotherapeutics, are now slaughtered on an annual basis in the United being subjected to vaccination (19, 26). Kingdom which far exceeds the number of Although vaccines, in general, have been other animals killed (25) and for Norway, a proved effective in protection, and counter- rough estimation is approximately 150 mil- act suffering due to disease problems, vacci- lion salmonids. At the place of slaughter, the nation may be hampered by certain side fish are also subjected to handling stress on effects when adjuvanted. Common findings transfer from the transporting vehicles to the include inflammatory reactions which may holding units where they are kept until vary from mild to severe and range from slaughter. Additional stress due to increased adhesions in the peritoneal cavity to other crowding in the holding units prior to brail- local reactions. The degree of local reaction ing or pumping of fish into the killing facili- may vary according to the type of adjuvant ty also occurs. In addition, rough handling used. The local reactions are inflammatory in may lead to abrasions and mortality (44). nature and result in granulomas and con- Whatever method used, the time the fish comitant fibroplasias. The result may be spend out of the water prior to slaughter adhesions between organs as well as should not exceed 15 seconds (40).

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In order to ensure ethically acceptable Sedation by CO2 is a commonly used slaughter, acceptable methods should be in method in Norway for slaughter of Atlantic place and since there are differences between salmon. It is carried out by placing the fish in species, establishing universal methods is a sea water bath saturated with CO2. As CO2 difficult. While carp and eel are resistant to creates an aversive environment for the fish, hypoxia, salmonid fishes are sensitive in this they display stress reaction and erratic respect. Thus, the oxygen level in holding swimming, whilst trying to escape before units must be optimal for the species. losing consciousness (40). Mobility is lost before loss of sensibility which takes place Different methods for slaughter of fish are in after approximately six minutes, but survival place and it is no doubt that many of them lasts much longer (33). Thus, if fish are may be considered as appalling from an ani- removed too early from the sedation tank, mal welfare point of view. From an animal they may still be conscious when the bleed- welfare point of view, instantaneous uncon- ing process starts. Currently, CO is probably sciousness is required to avoid unnecessary 2 the best method for sedation in flatfishes. In stress and pain in connection with the some countries, Aqui-S has also been slaughtering process. Sedation prior to approved for sedation of fish prior to slaugh- exsanguination and gutting is thus necessary ter with nil withholding period. from an animal welfare point of view. The sedation must last for the period it takes the While salmonid fish are relatively easy to fish to die by the bleeding process. Methods kill, the killing of eels is difficult. The tradi- only gradually resulting in unconsciousness tional method used to deslime the fish with may be allowed if the method in itself does ammonia or dry salt followed by eviscera- not result in stress or pain (16). tion has now been banned in many countries for welfare reasons (33, 40). The decapitation Methods for sedation of fish include CO , 2 method proposed for the killing of eels is cooling down to 0°C by means of ice water also a non-acceptable method for eels. As alone or in combination with CO , stunning 2 spinal transection does not cause visible by a blow to the head or by means of electro injury to the brain, the eel may suffer for shock, using the same principles as used in some time if the method is used. Thus, electro-fishing gear. immediate destruction of the brain in eels is The time it takes for trout to become uncon- required in the slaughtering process if ‘neck scious may be as long as 15 minutes when cutting’ is to be used (14). suffocating fish in the air or ice water prior It is stated that stunning must cause immedi- to exsanguination and slaughter (25). By ate loss of consciousness lasting until death using ice water, it is possible to calm down (13). Both percussive stunning and spiking the fish and the fish may be kept alive for (Iki-Jime) lead to rapid loss of consciousness several hours until osmo-regulatory prob- and immediate loss of visual evoked lems and exhaustion occur. It has been response (VERS) without aversive reaction if demonstrated that pre-chilling prior to applied correctly (31, 33). A blow to the head slaughter is a minor stressor compared to normally gives momentary sedation provid- handling and crowding prior to slaughter, ed that the blow is hard enough and hit in but a low chilling temperature may provoke the right place. This method is normally ‘water belly’, especially in rainbow trout due used on large fish. Percussive stunning of to inadequate osmo-regulation (38). It has flatfish may be difficult due to the shape of been shown that fish have a sensory capacity the fish compared to salmonids. some 15 minutes after being taken out of water. Asphyxiation in air or on ice on its Although percussive stunning by a blow to own, has thus been deemed unacceptable the head using a hand held club is useful from an animal welfare point of view as fish from a technical point of view, the method could be exposed to distress or suffering by has to be automated if it is to be used on an these methods (13). Exsanguination without industrial scale. Pneumatic devices suitable stunning also result, in aversive reactions in for industrial conditions have been devel- fish (31, 44). oped, but care has to be taken to assure a

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sufficiently high pneumatic pressure or else Animals Kept for Farming Purposes (T-AP). the fish may not be sufficiently sedated prior Meeting of the Bureau, Strasbourg 24–26 to bleeding. February 2003. Draft recommendation concerning farmed fish, revised by the Standing Electric stunning is another possible and Committee at its meeting, 3–6 December practical method for sedation of fish (38, 32). 2002, 22 pp. An effective electrocution depends, however, (3) Bell A., Bron J., Turnbull J. F., Adams C. E. on an electrical current sufficient to achieve and Huntingford F. A. (2002). ‘Factors influ- complete sedation as the fish will otherwise encing the welfare of farmed Atlantic only be paralysed. The most frequent prob- salmon (Salmo salar) in commercial marine lems that may be observed if the current is cages’. Research in Veterinary Science, 72 (Sup- too high, are fracture of the backbone and plement A), pp. 7–8. haemorrhages in the flesh. Another problem (4) Begout M. L. and Lagardere J. P. (1999). recently focused upon, is electrical stunning ‘Effects of stocking densities on swimming of Atlantic salmon without bleeding in order characteristics of rainbow trout: applying to keep the costs down due to low market acoustic telemetry to the culture environ- price. Since fish may have varying individu- ment’, International Council for the Explo- al tolerance to electric current, some fish may ration of the Sea, Copenhagen (Denmark), survive the stunning procedure and thus Theme Sess. Health and Welfare of Cultivat- suffer unnecessarily before dying from suffo- ed Aquatic Animals. Council Meeting of the cation. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Stockholm (Sweden), 27 Septem- Whatever method used for sedation, it is ber–6 October 1999, 1 pp. important that the personnel are skilled and dedicated to their work in order to reduce (5) Berg A., Rødseth O. M. and Hansen T. (2003). the levels of stress and avoid external ‘Time of vaccination influences development and/or internal traumatic lesions during the of adherences, growth and spinal deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)’. Abstracts, slaughter process. Third International Symposium on Fish Vac- cinology, P. Midtlyng ed., 59. Conclusion (6) Bjerkås E., Waagbø R., Bjerkås I. and Midt- It is beyond doubt that fish do have nosicep- lyng P. J. (2000). ‘Katarakt hos oppdrettslaks tors and thus have the possibility to register (Salmo salar L.) i Norge’ (Cataract in farmed pain, although the response and way of salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway.) Norsk Vet.Tidsskr. (J. Norwegian Vet. Med. Ass.), ‘showing’ pain is not expressed the same 112 (2), pp. 83–90 (in Norwegian). way as in terrestrial animals. Therefore, there is a need to critically review all aspects and (7) Bæverfjord G. (1998). ‘Ethics and animal procedures in modern fish farming in order welfare in intensive aquaculture produc- to establish ethically acceptable farming con- tion’. Farming marine fish beyond the year ditions, feeding and handling regimes, trans- 2000. Technological solutions for biological challenges, Copenhagen, Denmark, ICES port, stunning and slaughter methods. CM/1998/ L:18, 3 pp. In this respect, the veterinary profession (8) Bæverfjord G., Aasgaard T., Lein I. and Rye should take increased responsibility to facili- M. (1999). ‘Egg incubation temperature is a tate the development of animal welfare critical factor for normal embryonic devel- issues throughout all aspects of aquaculture opment in Atlantic salmon’. International by including legislation. Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Copenhagen (Denmark) Theme Sess. Health References and Welfare of Cultivated Aquatic Animals. Council Meeting of the International Coun- (1) Aleström P. and Fuente J. (1999). ‘Genetically cil for the Exploration of the Sea, Stockholm modified fish in aquaculture: Technical, envi- (Sweden), 27 September–6 October, 5 pp. ronmental and management considerations’. (9) Cawley G. (1993). ‘Welfare aspects of aquat- Biotechnologia Applicada, 16, pp. 127–130. ic veterinary medicine’. Aquaculture for Vet- (2) Anon. (2002). Standing Committee of the erinarians. L. Brown ed., Pergamon Press, European Convention for the Protection of Oxford, pp. 169–171.

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(10) Einen O., Waagan B. and Thomassen M. S. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia- (1998). ‘Starvation prior to slaughter in Pacific, Department of Fisheries — Thailand, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) — Effects on Food and Agriculture Organisation of the weight loss, body shape, slaughter and fillet UN, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 9–12. yield, proximate and fatty acid composition’. (22) Johansson D. and Kiessling A. (2001). ‘Smär- Aquaculture, 166, pp. 85–104. ta och smärtlindring’ (Pain and pain relief) (11) Ellis T., Scott A. P., North B., Bromage N.R., (in Swedish). Havbruksrapporten 2001, Olsen Porter M. and Gadd D. (2002). Review R. E. og Hansen T. eds, Fisken og Havet, paper. ‘The relationships between stocking særnr. 3-2001, pp. 35–38 (in Swedish). density and welfare in farmed rainbow (23) Kaada I. and Hopp. Å. (1995). ‘Laks med trout’. J. Fish Biol., 61 (3), pp. 493–531. deformerte hjerter og misdannete hjerte- (12) Erikson U., Sigholt T. and Seland A. (1997). sekker’ (Atlantic salmon with deformed ‘Handling stress and water quality during hearts and abnormal pericardial cavity). live transportation and slaughter of Atlantic Norsk Vet. Tidsskr. (J. Norwegian Vet. Med. salmon (Salmo salar)’. Aquaculture, 149, Ass.), 107, (2), pp. 773–776 (in Norwegian). pp. 243–252. (24) Lefrancois C., Mercier C., Claireaux G. (13) FAWC (1996). Report on the welfare of farmed (1999). Effect of rearing density on the routine fish. Farm Animal Welfare Council, London. metabolic expenditure of farmed rainbow trout (14) Flight, W. and Verheijen F. (1993). ‘The ‘neck- (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Copenhagen Den- cut’ (spinal transection): Not a humane way mark ICES. Council Meeting of the Interna- to slaughter eel (Anguilla anguilla)’. Aquacult. tional Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Fish Manag,. 24, pp. 523–528. Stockholm, Sweden, 16 pp. (15) Garcia L. M. B., Hilomen-Garcia G. V. and (25) Lymbery P. (2001). The welfare of intensively Emata A. C. (2000). ‘Survival of captive farmed fish. A report for Compassion in World milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal broodstock Farming Trust. 10 pp. subjected to handling and transport’. (26) Midtlyng P. J. (1997). Vaccinated fish welfare: pro- Aquacult. Res., 31, pp. 575–583. tection versus side effects. Developments in biologi- (16) Garseth Å. H. (2003). ‘Nye bedøvelsesme- cal standardisation (Switzerland), 90, pp. 371–379. toder tillatt for fisk’ (New sedation methods (27) Mork O. I. and Gulbrandsen J. (1994). ‘Verti- allowed in fish) (in Norwegian), Norsk Vet. cal activity of four salmonid species in Tidsskr. (J. Norwegian Vet. Med. Ass.), 115, response to changes between darkness and (8), pp. 586–588. two intensities of light’. Aquaculture, 127, (17) Greaves K. and Tuene S. (2001). ‘The form pp. 317–328. and context of aggressive behaviour in (28) Morrison C. M. and MacDonad C. A. (1995). farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hip- ‘Normal and abnormal jaw development of poglossus)’. Aquaculture, 193, pp. 139–147. the yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut Hip- (18) Håstein T., Hill B. J., Berthe F. and Lightner D. poglossus hippoglossus’. Dis. aquat. Org., 22, V. (2001). ‘Traceability of aquatic animals’. pp. 173–184. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 20 (2), pp. 564–540. (29) Peters G. (1990). Tierschutzprobleme in der (19) Håstein T., Gudding R. and Evensen Ø. Massenhalterung von Nutzfischen (Problems (2003). Bacterial vaccines for fish. An update of concerning animal protection laws in con- the current situation world wide (submitted for nection with mass culture of fishes.) publication). Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift, 97 (3), pp. 157–160. (20) Iversen M., Finstad B. and Nilsen K. J. (1998). ‘Recovery from loading and trans- (30) Poppe T. T., Barnes A. C. and Midtlyng P. J. port stress in Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) (2002). ‘Welfare and ethics in fish farming’. smolts’. Aquaculture, 168, pp. 387–394. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 22 (2), pp. 148–151. (21) Jia J., Wijkstrom U., Subasinghe R. P. and (31) Robb D. H. F. Wotton S. B., McKinstry J. L. Barg U. (2001). ‘Aquaculture development Sørensen N. K. and Kestin S. C. (2000). beyond 2000: Global prospects, key note ‘Commercial slaughter methods used in address II’. Aquaculture in the millennium. R. Atlantic salmon. Determination of the onset P. Subasinghe, P. B. Bueno, M. J. Phillips, C. of brain failure by electroencephalogram’. Hough, S. E. McGladdery, J. R. Arthur eds, The Veterinary Record, 147, pp. 298–303.

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(32) Robb D. H. F., O’Callaghan M. O., Lines J. A. Directorate, Department for Environment, and Kestin S. C. (2002). ‘Electrical stunning Food and Rural Affairs. 28 pp. of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): fac- (39) Sneddon L. U., Braithwaite V. A. and Gentle tors that affect stun duration’. Aquaculture, M. J. (2003). ‘Do fishes have nociceptors? 205, pp. 359–371. Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate (33) Robb D. H. F. and Kestin S. C. (2002). ‘Meth- sensory system’. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 270, ods used to kill fish: field observations and pp. 1115–1121. literature reviewed’. Animal welfare, 11 (3), (40) Southgate P. and Wall T. (2001). ‘Welfare of pp. 269–282. farmed fish at slaughter’. Practice, 23 (5), (34) Rose J. D. (2002). ‘The neurobehavioural pp. 277–284. nature of fishes and the question of aware- (41) Specker J. L. and Schreck C. B. (1980). ‘Stress ness and pain’. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10 responses to transportation and fitness for (1), pp. 1–38. marine survival in coho salmon (On- (35) Sandodden R., Finstad B. and Iversen M. corhynchus kisutch) smolts’. Can. J. Fish. and (2001). ‘Transport stress in Atlantic salmon Aquatic Science, 37, pp. 765–769. (Salmo salar L.): anaesthesia and recovery’. (42) Sundli A. (1999). ‘Holmenkollen guidelines Aquacult. Res, 32, pp. 87–90. for sustainable aquaculture (adopted 1998)’. (36) Schreck C. B., Solazzi M. F., Johnson S. L. and Sustainable aquaculture, food for the future. Nickelson T. E. (1989). ‘Transportation stress Svennevig N., Reinertsen H. and New M. affects performance of coho salmon, On- eds, pp. 343–347. corhynchus kisutch’. Aquaculture, 82, pp. 15–20. (43) Treasurer J. (2002). ‘Welfare of wrasse’. Fish (37) Skjervold P. O. (2002). Live-chilling and pre- farmer, 25, (6), pp. 38–3. rigor filleting of salmonids, technology affecting (44) Wall A. E. (2000). ‘Ethical considerations in physiology and product quality. Thesis, Agri- the handling and slaughter of farmed fish’. cultural College of Norway. Farmed fish quality. Eds. S. C. Kestin and P. D. (38) Sneddon L. U. (2002). Workshop on farmed Wariss, Oxford, Fishing News Books, fish welfare. Report 2002, Defra Science pp. 108–115.

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Résumé Prise en compte des questions de bien-être animal dans le domaine de l’aquaculture

T. Håstein National Veterinary Institute, POB 8156 DEP, 0033 Oslo, Norvège; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, poisson, conditions d’élevage, génétique, maladie, production animale, abattage, transport

Les animaux aquatiques et les produits L’intérêt accru pour le bien-être des poissons d’animaux aquatiques figurent parmi les prin- d’élevage manifesté par l’opinion, les pou- cipales sources de protéines dans le régime voirs publics et les parties commerciales alimentaire humain. Si le secteur de la pêche concernées s’est concentré sur les aspects traditionnelle marque le pas, l’aquaculture législatifs et les conditions d’élevage. connaît depuis trois décennies un essor tel qu’elle est devenue à l’échelle mondiale le L’essor permanent des systèmes d’élevage secteur de production alimentaire à la plus intensif accentuera inévitablement le pro- forte croissance. Cette tendance se poursuivra blème épineux que représente l’élevage éthi- dans les années à venir. On s’est beaucoup quement acceptable. Compte tenu de la inquiété du bien-être des animaux domes- grande variété des espèces élevées dans le tiques «traditionnels» et des animaux de monde dans les établissements d’aquacul- compagnie, mais on s’est peu intéressé aux ture, de l’insuffisance des connaissances bio- animaux les plus récemment «domestiqués», logiques et des divergences d’opinion quant à savoir les poissons d’élevage, en dépit du à un traitement acceptable des animaux fait que ces animaux sont également concer- aquatiques selon les régions et les pays, il nés par la législation dans de nombreux pays. peut être difficile de parvenir à des normes satisfaisantes d’un point de vue éthique dans Plusieurs raisons peuvent expliquer ce phé- un avenir proche. nomène: les poissons sont des animaux d’éle- vage relativement nouveaux dont les besoins Le document examine en détail différents et les exigences ne sont pas totalement éluci- aspects de l’aquaculture, notamment les dés. Ils sont poïkilothermes et ne bénéficient conditions d’élevage, l’alimentation, la géné- donc pas de la sympathie et de la bien- tique, la manipulation, le transport, les veillance accordées aux animaux à fourrure méthodes d’étourdissement et d’abattage, ou à plumes. Le système nerveux des pois- etc., qui sont importants du point de vue du sons est d’une structure plus simple, ce qui a bien-être animal et de l’éthique. L’accent est conduit à débattre de leur capacité à ressentir mis sur les méthodes de sédation et d’étour- la douleur. Les poissons sont dépourvus de dissement des poissons avant l’abattage. Les néocortex, mais il a été démontré qu’ils possè- avantages et les inconvénients de ces dent un système nociceptif et qu’ils peuvent méthodes, en termes de bien-être, sont pas- donc enregistrer des stimuli douloureux. sés en revue.

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Resumen Aspectos del bienestar animal relacionados con la acuicultura

T. Håstein National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: bienestar de los animales, peces, condiciones de cría, genética, enfermedades debidas a la producción, sacrificio, transporte

Los animales acuáticos y sus productos deri- pez posee un sistema nociceptivo y, por vados figuran entre las principales fuentes tanto, puede registrar situaciones dolorosas. de proteínas en el régimen de alimentación El interés creciente en el bienestar de los peces humana. Mientras que la actividad pesquera de cría entre el público, las autoridades públi- tradicional se ha estabilizado, el sector de la cas y los intereses comerciales ha conducido a acuicultura se ha ido desarrollando durante enfocar esta cuestión desde el punto de vista las últimas tres décadas hasta convertirse en de la legislación y de las condiciones acuícolas. el productor de alimentos de más rápido crecimiento en el mundo y seguirá creciendo en El desarrollo continuo de los sistemas de cría in- los próximos años. Todos los animales tensiva incrementarán inevitablemente el reto domésticos tradicionales y los animales de de una acuicultura aceptable desde el punto de compañía han recibido una considerable vista ético. Teniendo en cuenta la gran diversi- atención en la esfera del bienestar animal; sin dad de especies acuícolas criadas en todo el embargo, el «animal domesticado» más mundo, el conocimiento biológico insuficiente recientemente, el pez de cría, ha recibido y las diferencias de opinión, nacional y regio- escasa atención, pese a que estos animales nal, sobre la manipulación aceptable de anima- también están comprendidos en la legisla- les acuáticos, puede ser difícil alcanzar normas ción de varios países. éticamente aceptables en los años venideros. Pueden ser varias las razones que expliquen El documento discute en detalle las distintas esta situación: los peces son animales de cría áreas de la acuicultura, tales como las condi- relativamente nuevos para los cuales no se ciones de cría, alimentación, genética, mani- han elucidado completamente todas las pulación, transporte, métodos de aturdi- necesidades y demandas. Como son poiqui- miento y de sacrificio, etc., en los que el bie- lotermos, no despiertan la simpatía y compa- nestar animal y la ética son importantes. Se sión que se concede a los animales de pelaje hace especial énfasis en los métodos de seda- y de pluma. El sistema nervioso de los peces ción y aturdimiento del pez antes del sacrifi- es de estructura más simple, lo que lleva al cio. Igualmente se discuten las ventajas y debate de si el pez siente dolor o no. Aunque desventajas relativas a las cuestiones de bie- carece de neocórtex, se ha demostrado que el nestar asociadas con tales métodos.

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Abstract Animal welfare issues relating to aquaculture

T. Håstein National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 DEP, 0033 Oslo, Norway; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal welfare, fish, farming conditions, genetics, production diseases, slaughter, transport

Aquatic animals and aquatic animal prod- The growing interest in the welfare of ucts are among the principal sources of pro- farmed fish amongst the public, public tein in the human diet. While traditional authorities and commercial interests has fisheries have levelled out, over the last three focused upon the welfare of fish in legisla- decades the aquaculture industry has devel- tion and farming conditions. oped to become the fastest growing area of food production in the world, and it will Continuous development of intensive rear- continue to grow in the years to come. While ing systems will inevitably increase the chal- all traditional domestic animals and com- lenge as regards ethically acceptable farm- panion animals have received considerable ing. Because of the great diversity in aqua- attention regarding animal welfare, the most culture species farmed worldwide, insuffi- recently ‘domesticated animal’, the farmed cient biological knowledge, and differences fish, has received little attention, despite the in national and regional opinion regarding fact that these animals are covered by legis- acceptable handling of aquatic animals, it lation in many countries. may be difficult to achieve ethically acceptable standards in the near future. The reasons for this may be several: fish are relatively new farm animals and their needs are The paper discusses in detail different areas not yet fully known, they are poikilothermic, of aquaculture, such as farming conditions, and thus do not invoke the sympathy and com- feeding, genetics, handling, transport, stun- passion awarded to fur- and feathered animals, ning and slaughter methods, in which ani- and the nervous system of fish is more simple mal welfare and ethics are of importance. in its structure, which has led to discussions Special emphasis is given to methods of about whether or not fish feel pain. (Although sedating and stunning fish prior to slaughter. lacking a neo-cortex, it has been demonstrated The advantages and disadvantages of wel- that fish possess a nociceptive system and thus fare issues associated with such methods are may register painful situations). discussed.

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Cultural, religious and ethical issues

A. B. M. Raj Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; email [email protected]

Summary Domestication of animals for food and as companions seems to be the origin of cultures (customs), religions (beliefs) and ethics (values). A synonym of culture is civilisation. Literature suggests that the farming of crops and animals contributed to the wealth and well-being of our ancestors and played key roles in the advancement of civilisations. Owing to this, animals had a special place in human civilisation. Religions evolved to strengthen or provide new moral guidelines, values and codes. All the major religions include the notion of compassion and/or proper and respectful treatment of animals. However, some practices that seem controversial today (e.g. slaughter without stunning) came into effect many centuries ago because they seemed to be the ‘most humane’ at the time. However, it is often ignorance, neglect or convenience that causes unnecessary suffering, pain and distress in animals (e.g. carbon dioxide stunning) and these practices do not truly adhere to the ideals of a culture. ‘Culture’ or ‘tradition’ is not a valid reason to excuse actions that are harmful to animals. Ethics evolved with humankind and it will continue to do so because individuals and society as a whole require value and meaning for their actions. Commitment to improving animal welfare should become a ‘universal culture’, which is the way forward to attaining standards that are ethically justifiable. Keywords: animal, welfare, civilisation, culture, religion, ethics, attitude, education

Introduction exploitation of animals and not conducive to ensuring animal welfare (refer to paper by The majority of people in this world rely on Wilkins); and (2) consumers are becoming animals for food (consume meat, milk and increasingly concerned about animal welfare its products and eggs) and many developing and food safety. Duncan and Fraser (1997) countries rely on animals as a source of energy aptly wrote, “Animal Welfare is not a term to produce food crops (e.g. ploughing). It is that arose in science to express a scientific generally believed that our attitude to animals concept. Rather it arose in society to express is influenced by culture, religion and ethics, ethical concerns regarding the treatment of which are intrinsically linked. Most of us live animals”. It is therefore not surprising to note in a multicultural society and ‘Multiculturalism that a stakeholder in the UK said, “Keeping itself is simply the existence and interaction of animals is a privilege, not a right” when asked difference. The problem is how some people to comment upon ‘animal keepers’ during a REACT to that difference’ (Paul Gorski, recent consultation process (DEFRA, 2003). Association of Professional Humane Educators The world is becoming one marketplace, for (APHE); http://aphe.vview.org). Needless to example, chickens produced in Thailand and say, the intention of this conference and, Brazil are consumed in Europe. Therefore, particularly, this paper is not to provoke or producers in countries wanting to export elucidate these ‘reactions’ but to seek common cannot afford to ignore the consumer concerns ground to ensuring animal welfare globally. in importing countries if they wish to sustain Some animals are considered as pets in their economic prosperity and trade. For some countries, whereas, in others they are example, perceived animal welfare benefits a potential source of food. This is a contrast have been suggested as an important aspect rather than a conflict in our multicultural of consumer motivation in buying organic society. Farming of animals for food has been food and European farmers have certainly an integral part of agriculture and practised responded to this demand. Taking the UK for many centuries with little change. Our as an example, the estimated farm gate value increased concern for animal welfare emerges of organically grown food derived from farm at least on two grounds (1) large scale animals has increased dramatically in recent industrial farming systems are seen as mass years (Table 1; Hovi, 2003).

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Table 1 Estimated farm gate value (£ million) of organic food derived from farm animals 2001 2002 Beef 3.0 5.7 Lamb 2.1 5.5 Pork 3.5 6.9 Poultry 7.2 10.5 Eggs 21.7 21.3 Dairy 21 47.2

The slight decrease in the egg production laws, values and beliefs (The Columbia sector could be attributed to the confusion Encyclopaedia, www.bartleby.com/65/ consumers were subjected to by misleading an/animalhu.html; The culture of world labelling during the 1990s (e.g. free range civilizations, www.aquinas.edu/homepages/ versus barn eggs; MORI, 1998). Labelling brookdan/CWCtext/chap1/ch1c.html ). is another issue that concerns consumers Therefore, domestication of animals seems to and they demand that more information be the origin of cultures (customs), religions concerning production and slaughter (beliefs) and the ethics (values). Another methods, in particular those relevant to way of looking at this is that societies hold animal welfare and food safety, are made moral values and their interpretation is a available to them. Literature suggests that matter of ethics, i.e. ethics is the study of stress could affect the immune response moral values (discussed later). of all animals and hence would increase Literature suggests that the farming of crops colonisation and excretion of pathogens. and animals (agriculture) contributed to the The inference is that improving animal wealth and well-being of our ancestors and welfare would have a positive impact played key roles in the advancement of on food safety. Owing to this, medical civilisations. Owing to this, animals had professionals and health organisations are a special place in human civilisation. For becoming increasingly concerned about example, many of the deities of civilisations the problem of drug resistance in parasites were envisioned to have the heads or bodies and pathogens, irrespective of whether the of animals and birds. Of all the ancient infestation and infection affect the health of civilisations, Egyptian civilisation fostered humans, other animals or are common to the closest relationship with the animal both. Another concern of consumers is that world, for example, Anubis, Bastet, Hathor, of the impact of farming on the environment Horus, Matte, Seth and Thoth. In all aspects and developing sustainable farming systems of life, both secular and sacred, animals were is crucial to achieving this. treated as symbols of creation equal in the hierarchy of life to humankind and closely Culture tied both to everyday experience and the realm of the gods (Germond, 2001). Horus Domestication of animals, which seems was the divine protector and patron of the to have started with sheep around 9000 king and he was envisioned as a falcon. BCE (Before Common or Christian Era), Hathor, depicted as a cow-headed woman was a major event in human civilisation. or a woman with a cow’s horns and ears, It allowed the hunter-gatherers to become was a symbol of motherhood and fertility, pastoral nomads and eventually establish suckler of the King, and the patron goddess stable and sedentary communities. This of unmarried women. Hathor was closely dramatic change in lifestyle seems to have associated with Horus, as his wife and as brought with it the need for tribal customs, mother of his son. The Greeks identified

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Hathor with Aphrodite, the goddess of In Egyptian civilisation, Thoth was a moon love, and Hindus (Indus Valley civilisation) god who was the inventor of writing, worship Kamadhenu, the sacred cow depicted as an ibis-headed man. On the (www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians; other hand, Anubis was embodied in the www.historylink101.net/egypt). jackal (or wild dog) that was seen emerging from a den or scavenging in burial grounds, Considering this evidence in the history and hence associated with the dead and of humankind, one could argue that there the underworld (funerary god). Although isn’t a true culture without compassion Thoth and Anubis seem to have shared a to animals. This is probably why many similar ‘status’ of being gods, one wonders countries, including developing ones (e.g. whether they were possibly the origin of India), provide free medical care to humans hierarchical positioning or placement of and other animals. Thousands of people animals based on their natural habitats die every year due to rabies in India alone. and human perception of their sentience. However, the public opinion seems to be in In general, animals that provide pleasure, favour of neutering, rather than euthanasia, comfort or companionship to humans of stray dogs that transmit the disease are treated better than those reared for (with no remedy or cure). In addition, the food, despite the satiety value that non- existence of animal cruelty laws in many vegetarians derive from eating meat. countries itself can be seen as more evidence Secondly, the levels of sentience attributed to suggest that there isn’t a culture in which to various farm animals seem to differ. intentional harm or cruelty to animals is For example, animal welfare laws in many tolerated. countries prohibit shackling or hanging of However, APHE lists ‘three levels of conscious animals at the time of slaughter. culture (http://aphe.vview.org/packrat/ However, it can be done legitimately to April2000/): poultry species although the process is painful and distressing to all (Gentle, 1992). 1. Concrete: Clothes, food, music and Legislators in some countries (e.g. USA) games are the most visible level of failed to consider farmed poultry as sentient culture. and, therefore, excluded them from the Humane Slaughter/Animal Welfare Acts 2. Behavioural: Language, social roles, that mandate minimum welfare standards non-verbal communication, family at slaughter. dynamics and structure, government and gender roles. Nevertheless, many practices that inflict unnecessary pain and suffering in animals 3. Symbolic: reflects our values and beliefs, take place around the world and most including our worldview, religion, of them could be justified on ‘cultural’ customs and spirituality. grounds, one way or the other, with some imagination. For example, let us assume It is stated that ‘Culture is very complex and that the severing of Achille’s tendons in the our perceptions of animals are culturally hind legs of cattle is practised in Central based. Even within the animal welfare and Southern America to immobilise them community there are many different prior to slaughter. This practice could perceptions on any given specific issue’. be attributed to the influence of Spanish However, it is also stated that, ‘No cultural bullfighting culture in these countries group can be rigidly stereotyped as to (that involves similar intention; Odberg, behaviours, attitudes or custom. Although 1992). Bullfighting comes from the there can be commonalities of beliefs or Solutrean culture which, in turn, could be customs in certain ethnic groups, individual attributed to the hunter-gatherer culture of members will always represent considerable Neanderthals (Homo Sapiens) who were variations’. It is possible to suggest that this thought to have lived until 20,000 years ago variation is due to individuals’ ethics, which in Iberia. Some people attribute this act of could determine how people ‘REACT’. cruelty to the Moorish culture who invaded

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(riding on bulls) Southern Europe centuries the conventional wisdom of the day. For ago (www.asa3.org/archive/asa/200003/ example, some Hindus consider the doctrine 0253.html; www.nicelyhistoryclass.com - of their religion as sacrosanct and hence for children). It is possible to speculate that treat all animals as sentient beings. On the the Neanderthals would have evolved, in other hand, Catholic doctrine teaches that parallel, and survived to this day perhaps if animals have no souls, although as in other only they had the imagination, intuition and Christian groups, compassion to animals is skill to match that of our ancestors (Homo practised widely (www.humanism.org.uk). Sapiens Sapiens), i.e. to domesticate animals Advancement in scientific knowledge and and to care for them. Modern whaling understanding of other animals may have practices that are cruel have similar ‘cultural’ contributed to this change (Fraser, 2001). backgrounds dating back thousands of In Judaism, the Torah law either forbids years (http://darwin.bio.uci.edu). cruelty to animals or requires Jews to show compassion and mercy throughout their In contrast with the notion of culture lives. Hunting for food is forbidden to Jews being responsible for our attitudes to and hunting and trapping for legitimate animals, issues such as a lack of education, needs is permissible only when it is done knowledge, understanding, infrastructure in the least painful way (www.usisrael.com/ and willingness to change seem to be the jsource/Judaism/animals.html). The prohibition underpinning causes of cruel practices in from working on Shabbat includes not only some instances. For example, pigs contained the master and his family and servants, but in bamboo baskets are drowned (head first) also the cattle (Exodus 20:12). A similar set in water contained in clay pits in some of rules applies during the South Indian developing countries in South-East Asia, Hindu harvest festival of mattu pongal which is extremely painful and distressing. (Tamil). However, cattle are unnecessarily Although the use of carbon dioxide as an subjected to pain and distress. anaesthetic gas was abandoned in clinical practice and inhalation of this gas has been Animal welfare teaching in Islam is known to be acutely painful and distressing evident. Tarik Abdul-Rahman quotes in his in humans, it is widely used to stun or kill article on meat and modernity: A funeral animals and, more disconcertingly, the Food procession passed by Allah’s Apostle and Agriculture Organisation listed it for who said, “Relieved or relieving?” The killing calves, sheep and pigs (www.fao.org/ people asked, ‘O Allah’s Apostle! What is ag/aga/aw/tanuvas/vet/miss/a7.txt). Webster relieved and relieving?’ He said, ‘A believer (2004) said it eloquently (in his book to be is relieved (by death) from the troubles published) that stunning of animals with and hardships of the world and leaves carbon dioxide makes slaughter without for the Mercy of Allah, while (the death stunning a more humane practice. of) a wicked person relieves the people, the land, the trees (and) the animals from Religion him,’ (Bukhari 8.519 Abu Qatada bin Rib’I Al-Ansari) (www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Spa/ Religions evolved in different parts of the 3879/meat.html). Many more examples world to strengthen and provide new sets of are frequently cited on the concept of guidelines, values or codes. Broom (2003) compassion in Islam (www.bodhicitta.net). argues on the basis of scientific evidence These quotes probably explain why that the codes of conduct and religions Muslim authorities in some countries (e.g. that exist in our society have evolved as Saudi Arabia, UK, New Zealand) have a consequence of natural selection, that considered the animal welfare benefits morally acceptable behaviour benefits of pre-slaughter stunning and accepted humans and other animals and that one some methods as being conducive to of the principal functions of religion is to practising their religious code. Indeed, a underpin and encourage such behaviour. joint meeting of Muslim World League and Today, some people just obey the teachings World Health Organisation in 1985 led to of their religion and some others accept a similar conclusion and recommendation

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(www.islamset.com/hip/health8/methods.html). meaning for their actions. Humanists argue Therefore, we could infer that there is no that if human civilisation were to develop religion without compassion to animals. all over again, it is highly unlikely that The aforementioned statements and exactly the same religions would develop. actions from religious authorities could However, it is very likely that our basic also be considered as examples of one moral principles would be the same, because of the functions of religion, which is to humans, who evolved to live in groups, underpin and encourage behaviour that need those kind of rules that enable us to live benefits humankind and other animals together co-operatively and harmoniously. (Broom, 2003). In contrast with this view, Non-believers living in a religious society although the sharpening of a knife in front and religious people living in a society of, and killing in sight of, animals awaiting of another religion have many things in slaughter are prohibited in Islam, these are common, including ethics. In a secular simply ignored in some countries, which world, most of the people probably pick cannot be attributed to culture or religion. and choose from the many conflicting rules by using their ability to reason and to learn On the other hand, interpretation of from experience (www.humanism.org.uk; see religious scripts varies widely and cultural also Broom, 2003). attitudes seem to overcome religious codes or values in some instances. For example, In terms of ethics and animal welfare, some religious people who would not kill Bentham (1789) wrote, ‘the question is animals (e.g. Buddhists and Hindus) remain not, Can they [animals] reason? nor, Can meat eaters, as did their ancestors before the they talk? but, Can they suffer?’ Animal evolution of religion. Bullfighting carries on welfare scientists have sought answers to in spite of the condemnation from churches the question of suffering. Philosophers like centuries ago. Although the population in Sandoe et al. (1997) have elaborated on these the Far East is predominantly Buddhist, questions and presented various views domestic and wild animals are subjected to concerning how we ought to treat other extreme cruel practices. animals, justifications upon which these views are based and why it is important to Ethics hold a justified view concerning one’s duties to animals. Nevertheless, ethics concerning Ethics is the science of moral philosophy animal welfare seems to override the (www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm). cultural values or religious codes. For Animal welfare falls into a category of example, Plotkin (Rabbi of Temple Beth Am philosophy commonly referred to as applied in Margate, Florida, USA and Chairman ethics. Ethics deals with principles by which of the Committee on Jewish Law and our actions may be judged as good or bad, Standards’ kashrut subcommittee) argues, right or wrong. Animal welfare scientists, “The halakhic system (Jewish Law) includes philosophers and organisations believe that cases where an action is prohibited, yet the humans have a duty to treat farm animals result of the prohibited act is permitted”. in ways that respect their welfare and/or Plotkin’s argument is based on the fact that ‘intrinsic natures’, and the environment that modern intensive farming systems are not we share with them and, where appropriate, conducive to animal welfare and some are kill them humanely (Sandoe et al., 1997; against the religious laws, however the Fraser, 1999; www.foodethicscouncil.org). As animals become potentially kosher when it presented in this paper, some argue that is brought to the shochet for slaughter (http: people and animals have evolved together //learn.jtsa.edu/topics/luminaries/monograph/ in a mutual interdependence, so that forum_arshtml). The article clearly animals have become part of our culture highlights the contradiction between the (www.foodethicscouncil.org). religious laws and agricultural practices. Ethics evolved with humankind and it In a similar article, Lavinsky (Rabbi at will continue to do so because individuals Beth El Congregation in Arkon, Ohio, and society as a whole require value and USA) states “For centuries, kashrut (Jewish

Global Conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 229 Global Conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative The way forward The way forward dietary Laws) provided the world with the change to a demand for better practices in most humane form of slaughter known to line with an increasing level of education, humankind. But, as the methods of farming knowledge and understanding of the and slaughter evolve, the laws of kashrut issues. Therefore, educational institutions must also evolve to reflect our sensitivity should be actively encouraged to cultivate to tzaar baalei hayim” (religious laws a ‘culture of education and research’ into concerning treatment of animals). Similarly, animal welfare issues. There are emerging Cohn-Sherbok, a professor of Judaism at the ‘cultures’ of political, economic and University of Wales says “Shechita was educational reforms around the world and the most humane form of slaughter when the growing consumer concern certainly it developed over a millennium ago, but it warrants an ‘animal welfare culture’ and a is no longer in keeping with high ethical ‘culture of commitment to improving animal principles”. Therefore, one could argue welfare’. Education rather than legislation that our cultural and religious attitudes to is needed in many countries to achieve animals have been gradually eroded over real progress, but education is a slow and the years from the family farming systems, lifelong process. The Food Ethics Council that were based on compassion to animals, has suggested a number of measures as to intensive or industrial farming systems ‘the way forward’ and I consider one of based on productivity and profitability. them to be very appropriate: ‘The ethical, Some of the ways in which we farm, social and environmental consequences of transport and slaughter animals for food are the ways in which we use animals for food not conducive to ensuring their welfare and should be given much greater prominence they also appear to be in contradiction with in education curricula at all levels.’ Such our historical cultural and religious values. an education should be based on sound scientific evidence, rather than culture In addition, these statements are also and/or religion, to benefit humankind in suggestive of evolution of religious codes on the long-term. the basis of ethics. They could also be used as ‘REACTions’ to evolving multiculturalism Webster (1994) concluded in his book around the world. They would also justify “Mankind has capacity for compassion the need to reform slaughter practices such (to animals), and once we have met our that improvements in animal welfare on immediate needs, we can afford to be the farm are complemented by improved compassionate. When we can afford the slaughter methods under any new cost of altruism we can enjoy the benefits. agricultural policies or initiatives intended Until he extends the circle of his compassion for a better future for all the stakeholders. to all living things, man will not himself find It is worth noting that evolution is a peace”. However, since very little progress continuous process and any party involved has been made over the last 10 years, he is in such a process should not perceive it as a now persuaded to write “Limping towards ‘moving of the goal posts’. Eden” (Webster, 2004). Mahatma Gandhi said, “The greatness of a nation and its

moral progress can be judged by the way The way forward its animals are treated” (www.moggies.co.uk/ html/awquotes_2.html). I sincerely hope that Ruth Harrison (1964) highlighted to the this global conference will make a significant public during the 1960s that farm animals contribution to our understanding and are subjected to avoidable pain and commitment to improving animal welfare suffering under the intensive livestock such that every nation can attain high moral farming systems and their welfare could not standards. be ensured by the existence of laws on the prevention of cruelty to animals. This led Since domestication of animals seems to be to increased public awareness and pressure, the origin of cultures, religions and ethics, and culminated in a series of proactive and animals continue to be important to animal welfare legislation in the UK and the wealth and well-being of humankind, Europe. Evidently, our attitudes seem to our attitudes to animals should be positive

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towards their welfare. Existing scientific Gentle, M.J., (1992) ‘Pain in birds’. Animal evidence suggests that improving animal Welfare, 1; pp. 235-247. welfare could contribute to improving the quality and safety of food we derive Germond, P., (2001). ‘Animals in life and from them. Animal welfare education is religion in the land of the Pharaohs’; An vital to improving our knowledge and Egyptian Bestiary, Thameshudson (Pub), understanding and such an educational (http://www.thameshudson.co.uk). programme should be based on sound science, including ethics. Commitment to Harrison, R., (1964). Animal Machine. improving animal welfare should become Vincent Stuart Ltd. (Pub), London. a ‘universal culture’ and I believe this is the way forward. Hovi, M., (2003). ‘Animal health and welfare in organic livestock production’. State “Yesterday is but a dream, tomorrow is but Veterinary Journal, 13: pp. 11-17. a vision. But today well lived makes every yesterday dream of happiness, and every MORI (1998). Public attitudes in France - tomorrow a vision of hope. Look well, Great Britain – Spain – Italy – Germany therefore, to This Day” – Sanskrit Proverb. on egg purchasing and labelling, Poll (www.moggies.co.uk/html/awquotes). for Eurogroup for Animal Welfare, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) and References Deutscher Tierschutzbund, June.

Bentham, J., (1789). Introduction to the Odberg, F.O., (1992) ‘Bullfighting and principles of morals and legislation. 1996 animal welfare’. Animal Welfare, 1; Imprint. Clarendon Press (Pub), Oxford, pp. 3-12. UK. Sandoe, P., Crisp, R. and Holtug, N., (1997). Broom, D., (2003). The Evolution of Morality ‘Ethics’. Animal Welfare, Appleby, M.M., and Religion. Cambridge University Hughes, B. (Eds.), CAB International Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (Pub), Oxon, UK, pp. 3-17. (http://www.cambridge.org). Webster, A.J.F., (1994). Animal Welfare: a cool DEFRA (Department of Environment, Food eye towards Eden. Backwell Science Ltd., and Rural Affairs) (2003). Outline of an Oxford, UK. animal health and welfare strategy for Great Britain; (www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/ahws/ Webster, A.J.F., (2004). Limping towards strategy/outline_strategy.htm) Eden.

Duncan, I.J.H., Fraser, D., (1997). ‘Understanding animal welfare’. In: Animal Welfare, Appleby, M.M., Hughes, B. (Eds.), CAB International (Pub), Oxon, UK, pp. 19-37.

Fraser, D., (1999). ‘Animal ethics and animal welfare science: bridging the two cultures’. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65; pp. 171-189.

Fraser, D., (2001). ‘The culture and agriculture of animal production’. Advances in Pork Production, 12: pp 171- 179.

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Résumé Problèmes culturels, religieux et éthiques

A. B. M. Raj Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, Royaume-Uni; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, civilisation, culture, religion, éthique, comportement, éducation

La domestication des animaux à des fins ali- comme des êtres dotés de sensibilité. C’est mentaires a été un événement majeur dans pourquoi les humanistes affirment que si le l’histoire de l’humanité. Elle a permis aux parcours de la civilisation humaine était à chasseurs-cueilleurs de devenir des pasteurs refaire, il est fort improbable que les mêmes nomades qui ont fini par créer des commu- religions auraient pris naissance de la même nautés sédentaires et stables. Ce changement façon. En revanche, il est très vraisemblable radical de style de vie a eu pour corollaire la que nos principes moraux de base (éthique) nécessaire adoption de coutumes, de lois, de seraient identiques puisque les humains, qui valeurs et de croyances tribales. Nous pou- ont évolué vers la vie en groupe, ont besoin vons donc en déduire que la domestication de règles qui leur permettent de vivre des animaux est véritablement à l’origine ensemble de façon harmonieuse et dans l’as- des cultures (coutumes), des religions sistance mutuelle. (croyances) et de l’éthique (valeurs). La civi- L’éthique est la science de la morale. Elle lisation est synonyme de culture. Il ressort s’est développée et continuera d’évoluer de la littérature publiée que l’agriculture et avec le genre humain car les individus et la l’élevage des animaux ont contribué à la société dans son ensemble ont besoin de richesse et au bien-être de nos ancêtres et ont donner une valeur et un sens à leurs actions. joué un rôle clé dans le progrès des civilisa- Les éthiciens soutiennent que les animaux tions et dans la création de monuments. En d’élevage qui se sont prêtés à la domestica- cela, les animaux ont occupé une place parti- tion par les humains s’attendaient probable- culière dans la civilisation humaine. Nombre ment que ceux-ci prennent soin d’eux ou ont de divinités, tant dieux que déesses, de ces été génétiquement conditionnés pour le croire grandes civilisations ont été imaginées avec au fil des millénaires. C’est pourquoi nous une tête et un corps d’animal ou d’oiseau. avons une obligation morale envers les ani- Aujourd’hui encore, aucune culture au maux. Notre attitude culturelle et religieuse monde ne tolère qu’on nuise intentionnelle- à l’égard des animaux s’est progressivement ment aux animaux ou qu’on commette des altérée au fil du temps et nous sommes pas- actes de cruauté envers eux. sés des systèmes d’élevage familiaux fondés Dans les différentes régions du monde, les sur la bienveillance envers les animaux à des religions se sont constituées pour renforcer systèmes d’élevage intensifs et industriels ou apporter de nouvelles règles, valeurs ou axés sur la productivité et la rentabilité. Cer- prescriptions morales. Il n’existe pas de reli- tains des modes d’élevage, de transport et gion qui ne préconise la compassion et n’in- d’abattage des animaux à des fins alimen- terdise les actes de cruauté envers les ani- taires ne sont pas propres à assurer leur maux. Dans la société actuelle, d’aucuns se bien-être et apparaissent comme étant en contentent d’obéir aux préceptes de leur reli- contradiction avec nos vraies valeurs cultu- gion et d’autres acceptent les conventions du relles et religieuses. moment. Cependant, quelles que soient nos La domestication des animaux étant à l’ori- différences, nous considérons les animaux gine de nos cultures, religions et valeurs

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éthiques, et les animaux restant importants étayé par des éléments scientifiques solides. pour assurer la richesse et le bien-être de L’engagement en faveur de l’amélioration du l’humanité, notre attitude envers eux doit bien-être animal doit devenir une «culture favoriser leur bien-être. Il existe des preuves universelle». Il représente à mon sens l’une scientifiques indiquant que le mieux-être des des étapes de demain. animaux contribuera à améliorer la qualité et la sécurité sanitaire des aliments d’origine «Hier n’est qu’un rêve et demain n’est animale que nous produisons. L’éducation qu’une vision. Mais aujourd’hui, bien vécu, en matière de bien-être animal est essentielle fait de chaque hier un rêve de bonheur, et de au perfectionnement de nos connaissances, chaque demain une vision d’espoir. Vis donc et un tel programme pédagogique doit être ce jour avec confiance» (proverbe sanscrit).

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Resumen Aspectos culturales, religiosos y éticos

A. B. M. Raj Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: animal, bienestar, civilización, cultura, religión, ética, actitud, educación

La domesticación de animales con fines ali- bio, es bastante probable que nuestros prin- mentarios fue un acontecimiento principal cipios morales básicos (ética) fuesen los mis- para la civilización humana. Facilitó el paso mos, porque, como humanos que hemos de los cazadores-recolectores a nómadas pas- evolucionado para vivir en grupo, necesita- tores y, en última instancia, el establecimien- mos reglas que nos permitan vivir juntos en to de comunidades estables y sedentarias. cooperación y armonía. Este cambio dramático de estilo de vida con- llevó la necesidad de establecer costumbres, La ética es la ciencia de la moral. Evoluciona leyes, valores y creencias tribales. Podemos, junto con la humanidad y seguirá haciéndo- por tanto, inferir que la domesticación de los lo porque los individuos y la sociedad en su animales fue, en efecto, el origen de las cul- conjunto necesitan atribuir un valor y un sig- turas (costumbres), de las religiones (creen- nificado a sus acciones. Los éticos afirman cias) y de la ética (valores). La civilización es que los animales de granja que mostraron un sinónimo de cultura. La literatura sugiere tendencia a la domesticación por el hombre que la agricultura y la cría de animales con- probablemente confiaban, o esta impresión tribuyeron a la riqueza y al bienestar de genética se fue forjando durante milenios, en nuestros ancestros y desempeñaron papeles que los humanos los cuidarían y, por consi- clave en el progreso de las civilizaciones y la guiente, tenemos una obligación moral. creación de monumentos. Por estas razones, Nuestras auténticas actitudes culturales y los animales ocupan un lugar especial en la religiosas para con los animales se han dete- civilización humana. Muchas de las divini- riorado con el paso de los años desde los sis- dades de las grandes civilizaciones fueron temas agrícolas familiares basados en la imaginadas con las cabezas o cuerpos de ani- compasión por los animales, hasta los siste- males. Incluso hoy, no hay ninguna cultura mas agrícolas intensivos o industriales basa- en el mundo que tolere el daño o la crueldad dos en la productividad y en la rentabilidad. intencionales hacia los animales. Algunas formas de cría, transporte y sacrificio de animales para el consumo no llegan a Las religiones evolucionan en diferentes par- garantizar su bienestar y, según parece, están tes del mundo para reforzar u ofrecer nuevas en contradicción con nuestros valores cultu- pautas morales, valores o códigos. No hay rales y religiosos. religión que carezca de compasión hacia los animales y que no prohíba estrictamente la En vista de que la domesticación de los ani- crueldad hacia éstos. En la sociedad actual, males dio origen a nuestras culturas, religio- los hay quienes sólo obedecen las enseñan- nes y ética, y que los animales siguen siendo zas de su religión y los que aceptan la sabi- importantes para la riqueza y el bienestar de duría convencional del día. Sin embargo, a la humanidad, nuestras actitudes hacia ellos pesar de nuestras diferencias, consideramos han de ser positivas para su bienestar. Las a los animales como seres sensibles. Así pruebas científicas existentes sugieren que pues, los humanistas sostienen que si la civi- una mejora del bienestar de los animales con- lización humana tuviera que volver a desa- tribuiría a mejorar la calidad y seguridad de rrollarse, sería poco probable que se crearan los alimentos que nos brindan. La educación exactamente las mismas religiones. En cam- sobre el bienestar animal es vital para mejorar

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nuestro conocimiento y comprensión; de he- «El ayer no es más que un sueño; el mañana cho, un programa educativo de este tipo debe no es más que una visión, pero el presente tener un buen fundamento científico. El combien vivido hace de cada ayer un sueño de promiso para mejorar el bienestar de los ani- felicidad y de cada mañana una visión de males debe ser una «cultura universal»; creo esperanza. Por lo tanto prestemos atención a que ésta es la perspectiva del futuro. este día.» (Proverbio sánscrito.)

235 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative The way forward

Abstract Cultural, religious and ethical issues

A. B. M. Raj Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal, welfare, civilisation, culture, religion, ethics, attitude, education

Domestication of animals for food was a Ethics is science of morals. It evolved with hu- major event in the civilisation of humankind. mankind and it will continue to do so because It facilitated the hunter-gatherers to become individuals and society as a whole require pastoral nomads and eventually establish value and meaning of their actions. Ethicists ar- stable and sedentary communities. This dra- gue that farm animals that tended themselves matic change in lifestyle brought with it the to be domesticated by humankind probably need for tribal customs, laws, values and trust, or have been genetically imprinted over beliefs. Therefore, we could infer that thousands of years to believe, that humans will domestication of animals was indeed the ori- take good care of them.Therefore, we have a gin of cultures (customs), religions (beliefs) moral obligation to animals. Our true cultural and ethics (values). A synonym of culture is and religious attitudes to animals have been civilisation. Literature suggests that farming gradually eroded over the years from the fam- of crops and animals contributed to the ily farming systems that were based on com- wealth and well-being of our ancestors and passion to animals to intensive or industrial played key roles in the advancement of civil- farming systems based on productivity and isations and creation of monuments. Owing profitability. Some of the ways in which we to this, animals had a special place in human farm, transport and slaughter animals for food civilisation. Many of the deities of gods and are not conducive to ensuring their welfare and goddesses of these great civilisations were they also appear to be in contradiction with our envisioned to have the heads or bodies of true cultural and religious values. animals and birds. Even today, there isn’t a culture in the world in which intentional In view of the fact that domestication of animals harm or cruelty to animals is tolerated. was the origin of our cultures, religions and ethics, and animals continue to be important to Religions evolved in different parts of the the wealth and well-being of humankind, our world to strengthen or provide new moral attitudes to animals should be positive towards guidelines, values or codes. There is no reli- their welfare. Existing scientific evidence sug- gion without compassion to animals and cru- gest that improving animal welfare would con- elty to animals is strictly prohibited. In today’s tribute to improving the quality and safety of society some people just obey the teachings of food we derive from them. Animal welfare ed- their religion and some others accept the con- ucation is vital to improving our knowledge ventional wisdom of the day. However, re- and understanding and such an educational gardless of our differences, we consider ani- programme should be based on sound science. mals as sentient beings. Humanists therefore Commitment to improving animal welfare argue that if human civilisation were to de- should become a ‘universal culture’ and I be- velop all over again, it is highly unlikely that lieve this is the way forward. exactly the same religions would develop. But it is very likely that our basic moral principles ‘Yesterday is but a dream, tomorrow but a (ethics) would be the same, because humans, vision. But today well lived makes every who evolved to live in groups, need the kinds yesterday a dream of happiness, and every of rules which enables us to live together co- tomorrow a vision of hope. Look well, there- operatively and harmoniously. fore, to this day’ – Sanskrit proverb.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 236 The way forward

The application of legislation, scientific guidelines and codified standards to advancing animal welfare

D. J. Mellor (1) and Bayvel A. C. D. (2) (1) Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary The New Zealand experience of incremental animal welfare change management over the last 25 years is used to illustrate the importance of a number of critical factors and the different roles that can be played by legislation, scientific guidelines and codified standards. Matters considered include changes in the law that reflect the evolution of societal attitudes towards animals, the need for leadership and wide participation in achieving forward-looking animal welfare developments, the roles of science in setting standards, and the complementary roles of the veterinary profession, animal welfare advocacy groups and public input. Also addressed are key factors in developing a comprehensive and well-coordinated animal welfare infrastructure, supported by robust legislation. Finally, these factors are related to the OIE strategic animal welfare initiative. Keywords: animal welfare science, leadership, advice, guidelines, participation, law, comprehensive infrastructure

Introduction ing farm livestock and other animals. Exam- ples include practices designed to minimise Progress in animal welfare began well before the pain and distress livestock experience the 1970s when the term ‘animal welfare’ before and during slaughter (5, 15), the dis- first came into use (15). It initially occurred tress, injury and pain caused during trans- mainly via science-based improvements in port (2, 15), the distress caused by painful animal nutrition and health, but these are husbandry practices (7, 8), the suffering only two of the five major areas of need caused by vertebrate pest control methods where compromise to animal welfare may (3, 5), and many more (16). occur, the others being environmental, behavioural and mental areas (6, 9). As good Such scientific advances have driven animal welfare is present when the needs of animals welfare improvements by identifying prob- are met in these five areas (6, 9), defining lem areas and helping to provide practical what those needs are and devising practical solutions, and by validating existing accept- ways of meeting them have made major con- able practices. They demonstrably form the tributions to improving animal welfare. foundations of numerous positive changes that have occurred over many years. The focus of much science-based activity 25 to 50 years ago was on improving the pro- On the other hand, some critics argue that ductivity of farm livestock (e.g. 10), but ani- the application of science has actually caused mal welfare improved at the same time many animal welfare problems by exploiting because of the close linkages between health animals to their detriment, and among the and welfare. During the last 20 to 25 years, examples they cite are some features of and especially the last 10 to 15 years, such intensive pig and poultry production sys- activities have increasingly had an explicit tems. However, it is important to recall that animal welfare focus. Their main purposes major reasons for the original adoption of, being to develop and introduce scientifically for instance, sow stalls and layer hen cages verified and improved methods for manag- were to improve the nutritional and health

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status of the animals and the hygiene and allows some immediate progress, the specif- stability of their environments. It is because ic scheduling of further improvements in the marked improvements were made in these future, sustained stakeholder involvement in areas that we are now free to focus on other the process and time for more complex welfare problems, including those associated issues to be analysed and resolved (9). with barren environments and behavioural Demanding immediate compliance with restrictions. what are at the time unreachably high stan- These science-driven developments in the dards has the opposite effects (9). According- productivity, health and welfare arenas have ly, the New Zealand experience of incremen- been associated with major changes in how tal animal welfare change management, over animals are perceived, especially with regard the last 25 years, is used here to illustrate the to what their needs are, how they are affect- importance of a number of critical factors ed positively or negatively by what is done and the different roles that can be played by to them, and how they should be treated. legislation, scientifically supported guide- These changes are part of a continuing evo- lines and codified standards. lution in thinking about the ways animals may be used legitimately for human purpos- Legislative developments es and the responsibilities we have towards the animals we use for these purposes. When The major changes in our knowledge of ani- evolution in thinking leads to a more gener- mals and our attitudes towards them that al acceptance of new ideas, changes in prac- have occurred during the last 50 years are tice almost invariably follow. This will con- evident in New Zealand legislation. The Ani- tinue to be the case during ongoing change mals Protection Act (1960) focused primarily in the animal welfare arena. However, on defining, identifying and punishing acts although animal productivity and health of neglect, ill treatment and cruelty. It took a will quite rightly continue to receive signifi- traditionally reactive approach. In contrast, cant attention for many years, animal wel- the Animal Welfare Act (1999) now requires fare thinking and practice are developing to a ‘duty of care’ towards animals we control such an extent that they will clearly be major or own. Although neglect, ill treatment and foci internationally for the foreseeable cruelty are still prohibited and punishable future. The mounting of this OIE First Glob- under this act, our ‘duty of care’ covers a al Conference on Animal Welfare attests to much broader spectrum of behaviour this. towards animals. The act takes a proactive approach of defining a number of core obli- Science has been emphasised in this paper gations whereby animal care-givers or own- thus far. However, the challenge posed by ers are required to meet animals’ physical, animal welfare developments is charac- health and behavioural needs. However, terised, nationally and internationally, by a although these outcomes are set by the legis- need to address cultural, religious, ethical, lation, the ways individual animal care- economic and political issues, not only scien- givers or owners reach them are essentially tific issues. All need consideration when we up to each individual. This outcomes orien- seek to formulate robust and credible animal tation is a strong feature of New Zealand’s welfare policies and guidelines for applica- animal welfare policy. It focuses on what is tion globally. Cultural, religious and ethical important — the welfare status of the animal issues are subjects covered in the preceding — and thereby allows flexibility and innova- paper (13) and the others are considered tion in how an acceptable welfare state is here. achieved. There is also a need to adopt credible practical strategies for progressing positive animal Leadership and participation in animal welfare developments. New Zealand experi- welfare change management ence shows that making a genuine commitment to incremental improvement towards Primary responsibility for animal welfare in defined and reachable higher standards New Zealand rests with one government

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minister, the minister of agriculture, who is Moreover, the 10-year period during which advised by two independent national com- the previous voluntary codes were devel- mittees. The first is an animal welfare com- oped and used successfully is also consid- mittee (NAWAC (1)) which deals with wel- ered to have greatly facilitated acceptance by fare-related matters relevant to virtually all stakeholders and others of the legally bind- animal uses in New Zealand. A major excep- ing minimum standards in the codes of wel- tion is the scientific uses of animals (i.e. fare mandated under the Animal Welfare Act research, teaching and testing), which are the (1999). responsibility of a national animal ethics The NAEAC and the regulatory system it committee (NAEAC (2)). These formal advises on were established by amendments arrangements and the duties of the different of the Animals Protection Act in 1984 and parties are outlined in the Animal Welfare 1987. The initiative for this came from New Act (1999). They were developed over a peri- Zealand animal-based scientists and their od of about 20 years by a number of for- institutions (universities, research institutes) ward-looking individuals who recognised with additional participation from animal the value of having animal welfare well welfare advocates, ministry officials and oth- managed and regulated at a national level ers (1). The system was designed to encour- and who displayed the resolve to see the age animal-based scientists and their institu- project through to completion. tions to explicitly take ethical responsibility The provision of independent advice from a for their actions rather than to negotiate a national animal welfare committee centrally regulated, bureaucratic ‘obstacle (NAWAC), consisting of animal welfare course’ without much thought for the ethical advocates, animal welfare and livestock sci- implications of their planned actions (14). entists, educators, veterinarians, primary The system, which involves institutional ani- industry stakeholders, lay people and others, mal ethics committees and codes of ethical was considered to be an important means of conduct which are formally approved on the identifying animal welfare problems and recommendation of the NAEAC, is legally effective remedies for them. This New mandated under the Animal Welfare Act Zealand committee was modelled on a simi- (1999). lar advisory body in the United Kingdom A key mechanism for highlighting the ethical (FAWC (3)). Between 1989 and 1999, this dimensions of the scientific use of animals in committee led the development of 21 codes New Zealand was the establishment in 1993 of recommendations and minimum stan- of an Australian and New Zealand council dards for the welfare of animals. Although (Anzccart (4)) which, through its annual con- these codes were voluntary, they were wide- ferences and other activities, successfully ly adopted. Under the Animal Welfare Act explores the different dimensions of the (1999), codes of welfare replace the previous humane, responsible and ethical use of ani- voluntary codes, and the minimum stan- mals in science (e.g. 4). The work of this dards outlined in them are legally binding. council therefore complements and enhances Input from stakeholders, others likely to be the regulatory oversight role of the NAEAC, affected and by the wider public is required and has attracted international attention and under the law and is essential because the respect. minimum standards, once implemented as regulations, apply to all people living in Wide participation was a major feature of New Zealand. Wide consultation during the these developments and it continues with formulation of these codes, as occurred with the ongoing work of the two national advi- the previous voluntary codes, is considered sory committees (NAWAC, NAEAC) and the to be a major factor in securing stakeholder Anzccart, the members of which are national cooperation with implementing them. figures of high standing whose dedicated

(1) NAWAC: National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee. (2) NAEAC: National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee. (3) FAWC: Farm Animal Welfare Council. (4) Anzccart: Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching.

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and generous input of time and effort is What sort of science? given in a true spirit of public service. Animal-based, as opposed to physical, sci- The Animal Welfare Act (1999) was the prod- ences are clearly the most relevant to animal uct of at least a decade of policy develop- welfare and these may be classified accord- ment and advocacy. After initial drafting, ing to the recognised disciplines of, for in- done by ministry officials (MAF (5)), the stance, anatomy, biochemistry, genetics, nu- draft legislation was not given high priority trition, physiology, pharmacology, parasitol- until the late-1990s when members of a na- ogy, pathology, microbiology, behavioural tional consultative committee (ABWCC (6)) science and clinical sciences. Superimposed wrote to all Members of Parliament (MPs) on these disciplines, and evident within asking for their support for new animal wel- each, are three orientations. They relate to fare legislation. One MP, a veterinarian, of- whether research activity in particular is di- fered to guide such a bill through the parlia- rected towards: (1) acquiring knowledge of mentary process. The ABWCC, which in- biological processes simply to improve un- cludes representatives of animal welfare or- derstanding (fundamental studies); (2) seek- ganisations, the national veterinary associa- ing solutions to practical, husbandry, clinical tion, animal welfare scientists and other re- or other problems in the medium term by ac- searchers, educators, primary industry quiring fundamental knowledge in a more groups, companion animal groups, zoos, redirected way (strategic studies); or (3) seek- search funding authorities, regulators, vari- ing such solutions in the near future by us- ous ministries, and others, then commis- ing established knowledge to solve specific sioned an animal welfare lawyer to draft a problems (applied studies). private member’s bill. This bill was selected Animal welfare science has emerged during by ballot and, together with an updated ver- the last 10 to 15 years as a recognised disci- sion of a government bill (drafted by the pline and encompasses animal-based facets MAF), was considered by Parliament with of nutritional, environmental, health, active input from members of the ABWCC, behavioural and cognitive/neural sciences. the two national advisory committees and As noted above, consideration of all five numerous others. The act came into force on areas is necessary to achieve comprehensive 1 January 2000. These events further illus- coverage of the different dimensions of ani- trate how a group of action-orientated indi- mal welfare. Moreover, it is necessary for viduals, who were also committed to seeing fundamental, strategic and applied research the process through to completion, achieved to be conducted in all five of these areas. major advances in the animal welfare arena in New Zealand. What part does science play? Science plays a major role when minimum Roles of science in setting animal standards and recommendations for best welfare standards practice are formulated. Scientific knowledge with the dimensions outlined above and the The Animal Welfare Act (1999) requires that scientific method in terms of its rigour and ob- when the NAWAC considers the content of jectivity of evaluation, including critical peer- draft codes of welfare, in particular mini- review, are both employed. However, it is not mum standards and recommendations for only experimental support for animal care best practice, it must, among other things, and management practices that is considered. have regard to good practice, scientific Also included are common sense (critically knowledge and available technology. Science evaluated), experience with the practical care is therefore expected to play a major part and management of animals in the circum- when the committee seeks to define animal stances of their use, clinical observation of welfare standards: but what sort of science, health and welfare status, and experience and what part does it play? with the outcomes of veterinary therapies.

(5) MAF: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (6) ABWCC: Animal Behaviour and Welfare Consultative Committee.

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However, these elements of knowledge and in Animal Welfare Science. The leadership experience are not sufficient in themselves, provided greatly strengthened the country’s individually or collectively, to determine burgeoning animal welfare research and ed- precisely what are and are not acceptable ucational activities. A continuing commit- minimum welfare standards. They allow the ment to animal welfare science, together known and unknown, theoretical and practi- with a growing interest nationally and inter- cal, workable and unworkable facets of each nationally in ethical issues raised by animal problem to be evaluated, and thereby pro- management and use generally (e.g. 3, 5, 9, vide a basis for decision-making. In some 16, 17), led to the establishment in 1998 of a cases, what a standard should be is appar- Massey University centre to provide leader- ently obvious, whereas in others it is less ship in this additional area (AWSBC (10)). clear. In all cases, however, it is a matter of Throughout the same period, animal welfare judgement, judgement exercised collectively research was also undertaken by a group in through the combined and diverse expertise an institute funded by the meat industry of the NAWAC members, expertise which (MIRINZ (11)) and by individuals in other re- extends beyond science (see above). search centres. No such animal welfare decisions can be These and other developments have provid- made on the basis of science alone, but sci- ed New Zealand with wide-ranging exper- ence does underpin all of them. Judgement, tise in animal welfare science and the capac- broadly based and carefully exercised, is the ity for linked bioethical analysis. This other major element. Thus, the New Zealand strength is essential for reviewing and estab- NAWAC defines minimum welfare stan- lishing credible animal welfare standards dards and makes recommendations for best nationally, for providing authoritative cri- practice by exercising scientifically informed tiques of standards operating in other coun- best judgement. tries, and to maintain the respect currently accorded to New Zealand standards internationally. Both national advisory committees New Zealand’s animal welfare science (NAWAC, NAEAC) regularly draw on this research capability expertise. During the 1990s, increasing MAF funding was made available to support spe- Building on decades of wide-ranging re- cific research projects designed to address search in animal and veterinary sciences, the particular issues of interest to these national 1990s saw a marked increase in New committees (12). Other areas of animal wel- Zealand’s specific animal welfare science ca- fare research were also supported by indus- pability. In 1991, an animal welfare science try groups and by a national public good sci- research group was created in the country’s ence-funding agency (FRST (12)). only veterinary school (7) at Massey Univer- sity and a centre for research into animal be- Roles of the veterinary profession haviour and welfare was established at a national animal research institute (ABWRC (8)) From the mid-1990s, in recognition of the at AgResearch (Hamilton). A growing recog- close relationship between animal health and nition within livestock industries of the welfare, the veterinary profession in New strategic significance of animal welfare for Zealand strongly supported specific animal New Zealand’s continuing export success, welfare initiatives. This built on the profes- resulted, in 1993, in an agricultural trust sion’s comprehensive contributions over (AGMARDT (9)) providing funds for the es- many decades through its focus on promot- tablishment at Massey University of a Chair ing animal health. Thus, veterinarians con-

(7) Veterinary Science Faculty. (8) ABWRC: Animal Behaviour and Welfare Research Centre. (9) AGMARDT: Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust. (10) AWSBC: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre at Massey University. (11) MIRINZ: Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand. (12) FRST: Foundation for Research, Science and Technology.

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tribute in numerous ways: through service vantages. The major advantage is that care- on the two national advisory committees fully argued, detailed comment, both posi- (NAWAC, NAEAC); as independent mem- tive and negative, is provided by some sub- bers of all institutional animal ethics com- mitters on every aspect of draft codes, which mittees; as a respected source of animal wel- helps to ensure that the full spectrum of fare advice for animal owners and care- views on each issue is considered thorough- givers; by providing expert field support in ly before code details are finalised. A major animal welfare investigations and prosecu- disadvantage is that single-issue lobbying, tions; by helping to maintain New Zealand’s supported by advertising campaigns and ‘disease-free’ status through major roles in pre-printed postcard submissions, heightens biosecurity and disease surveillance; by public expectations for change beyond the explicit responsibility for humane handling legally mandated capacity of the national and slaughter of livestock in all commercial advisory committee to respond. An addition- processing plants; as MAF staff members al disadvantage is that consideration of all with specific responsibility for promoting submissions is exceptionally time-consum- animal health and welfare; and other roles. ing and slows completion of codes, which itself elicits critical comment from some Roles of animal welfare advocacy members of the public. Nevertheless, the organisations national advisory committee welcomes all public input, takes it very seriously, and con- A major New Zealand organisation (RNZSP- siders explicitly every matter raised about CA (13)) has made sustained contributions to draft codes. animal welfare nationally by direct involve- New Zealand experience suggests that it is ment in all of the above developments. Its important to encourage wide stakeholder members continue to contribute as input in order to ensure that highly vocal, appointees to the two national advisory committees (NAWAC, NAEAC), as indepen- well-organised, single-issue advocacy dent members of all institutional animal groups are not the only ones heard. Domina- ethics committees and, through their local tion by such groups can impede desired organisations, as animal welfare inspectors progress by generating defensive reactions recognised under the Animal Welfare Act which tend to reinforce the status quo. The (1999). Animal rights advocacy groups (e.g. commitment of the OIE to broadly-based SAFE (14)) are also active in highlighting and internationally recognised stakeholder what they consider to be inappropriate and input into the development of global animal unethical animal use. One of these groups welfare guidelines, as indicated by the (ARLAN (15)) consists of lawyers who pro- diverse affiliations of those attending this vide legal analyses of different features of conference, is therefore to be welcomed. draft codes of welfare when they are released (by the NAWAC) for public com- Principal features of a cohesive animal ment. This trend of increasing legal input welfare infrastructure and challenge to animal welfare standards is also evident internationally. A cohesive and integrated animal welfare infrastructure has developed in New Roles of public input Zealand during the last 20–25 years. Initially, each component emerged independently in The requirement under the Animal Welfare order to manage specific welfare issues as Act (1999) that the public must have input they arose. By the mid-1990s, however, the into all draft codes of welfare before the value of coordinating activities to achieve a NAWAC recommends them to the Minister managed evolution to the current compre- for Agriculture has advantages and disad- hensive national infrastructure was recog-

(13) RNZSPCA: Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (14) SAFE: Save Animals from Exploitation. (15) ARLAN: Animal Rights Legal Advocacy Network.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 242 The way forward

nised. The MAF created an animal welfare system for managing animal welfare nation- group which, in addition to providing sup- ally therefore have the responsibility to port for the two national advisory commit- ensure that this public trust is well founded. tees (NAWAC, NAEAC) and constructive It is interesting to note that welfare standard- input into most other animal welfare activi- setting by multinational food companies that ties nationally, also developed extensive net- use animal-derived products is currently works and relationships with key interna- also contributing to animal welfare initia- tional stakeholders (11). tives internationally. As high animal welfare standards do not arise spontaneously, continuing activity is Concluding remarks required in several areas. These include: education at all levels, high quality research, Improvement in animal welfare standards is defining operationally credible animal wel- facilitated by the introduction of a coordinat- fare standards, continuing formal review of ed national infrastructure. It requires wide those standards, providing practical advice participation of stakeholders, groups with on how to meet them, surveillance to ensure particular interests in animal welfare and the that the standards are maintained, and general public, and time for those directly enforcement accompanied, where necessary, affected by proposed changes to assimilate by penalties. These facets of the New the new ideas and approaches. Changes in Zealand animal welfare infrastructure are animal welfare law generally follow shifts in directly or indirectly defined and empow- thinking and are facilitated when responsi- ered by the Animal Welfare Act (1999). bility for implementing them rests with one minister and ministry. Finally, New Zealand experience demonstrates that assigning responsibility to one Although science has made major contribu- minister and one ministry substantially tions to improving animal welfare, science improves the capacity for integrated, com- alone cannot be used to determine what are prehensive and effective management of ani- and are not acceptable animal welfare stan- mal welfare nationally. dards. Judgement, involving consideration of cultural, social and ethical issues, practi- calities of achieving change, economics and Public awareness of animal welfare other factors, is also required. Nationally, there is value in nurturing animal welfare, The support of all political parties for the veterinary and related sciences and the Animal Welfare Act when it passed through capacity for linked bioethical analysis. There the New Zealand Parliament in 1999 indicat- is also value in having good international ed an undercurrent of thought favouring networks in these areas. commitment to and effective management of animal welfare nationally. However, apart When setting standards that are defined by from sporadic interest in specific animal wel- binding guidelines it is important to focus on fare issues, generated by vocal pressure outcomes, as there are many different ways of groups, in the population as a whole, the achieving a good welfare status, and being majority of people probably do not think too prescriptive with regard to inputs tends to about animal welfare very much. Most peo- stifle innovation and impede progress. More- ple are content to be reassured that process- over, continuing progress is possible when es, procedures, standards and binding wel- standard setting is done in the context of a fare guidelines are in place to allow them to genuine commitment to incremental im- go about their daily lives without worrying provement towards defined and reachable about whether they are contributing to ani- higher welfare standards. Some progress is mal suffering. They place their trust in the possible immediately, further improvements governmental system and voluntary national can be scheduled, sustained stakeholder par- organisations, such as the SPCA (16), to keep ticipation is encouraged and time is allowed things right. Those directly involved in the to deal with more complex issues.

(16) SPCA: Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

243 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative The way forward

The OIE, with its extensive international net- D. J. Mellor eds, Anzccart, Glen Osmond, works and its commitment to consultation South Australia, pp. 3–18. and participation, is well suited to undertake (7) Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (1999). ‘Assess- this global animal welfare initiative. The ing and minimising the distress caused by diverse inputs that this process will elicit painful husbandry procedures’. Practice, 21, will undoubtedly contribute to significant pp. 436–446. further developments in animal welfare (8) Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (2000). ‘Acute thinking and practice. Thus, all of those castration and tailing distress and its allevia- attending this conference will contribute to tion in lambs’. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, the continuing improvement in animal wel- 48, pp. 33–43. fare standards, but now, and for the first (9) Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (2001). ‘Integrat- time, credibly on a global scale. ing practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare’. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79, pp. 762–768. Acknowledgements (10) Mellor, D. J. and Stafford, K. J. (2003). ‘Animal Helpful discussion on various aspects of this welfare implications of perinatal mortality and topic with colleagues at Massey University morbidity in farm animals’. The Veterinary Jour- and in the Ministry of Agriculture and nal (in press). Forestry is gratefully acknowledged. (11) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1999). Animal welfare in New Zealand. MAF, Welling- ton, New Zealand, pp. 1–19. References (12) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2002). (1) Elliott, R. (1998). ‘Animal welfare — public Summary of operational research 1993–2001, perceptions and reality’. Ethical approaches to MAF, Wellington, pp. 1–14. animal-based science, D. J. Mellor, M. Fisher and (13) Raj, A. B. M. (2004). ‘Cultural, religious and G. Sutherland, eds, Anzccart, Wellington, New ethical issues’. Proceedings: global conference on Zealand, pp. 47–51. animal welfare: an OIE initiative, pp. 225–231. (2) Gregory, N. G. (1998). ‘Livestock presentation (14) Schofield, J. and Mellor, D. J. (1998). ‘Regulat- and handling before slaughter’. Animal welfare ing scientific animal use: centralised control or and meat science, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, facilitated self-regulation’. Ethical approaches to United Kingdom, pp. 15–41. animal-based science, D. J. Mellor, M. Fisher and (3) Littin, K. E, Mellor, D. J., Warburton, B. and G. Sutherland, eds, Anzccart, Wellington, New Eason, C. T. (2004). Animal welfare and ethical Zealand, pp. 99–103. issues relevant to the humane control of verte- (15) Stafford, K. J., Mellor, D. J. and Gregory, N. G. brate pests. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 52 (2002). ‘Advances in animal welfare in New (in press). Zealand’. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 50, (4) Mellor, D. J., Fisher, M. and Sutherland, G., eds pp. 17–21. (1998). Ethical approaches to animal-based science, (16) Webster, A. J. F. and Main, D. C. J., eds (2003). Auckland 1997, Anzccart, The Royal Society of ‘Proceedings of the second international work- New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, shop on the assessment of animal welfare at pp. 1–159. farm and group level’. Animal welfare (Special (5) Mellor, D. J. and Littin, K. E. (2004). ‘Using sci- issue), 12, pp. 429–760. ence to support ethical decisions promoting (17) Wilson, P. R., Mellor, D. J., Stafford, K. J., and humane livestock slaughter and vertebrate Haigh, J. C. (2001). ‘Velvet antler removal: pest control’. Animal welfare (Special issue) (in international welfare, ethical and legal issues’. press). Antler science and product technology, J. S. Sim, (6) Mellor, D. J. and Reid, C. S. W. (1994). ‘Con- H. H. Sunwoo, R. J. Hudson and B. T. Jeon, cepts of animal well-being and predicting the eds, Antler Science and Product Technology impact of procedures on experimental ani- Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, mals’. Improving the well-being of animals in the pp. 363–386. research environment, R. M. Baker, G. Jenkin and

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 244 The way forward

Résumé Application de la législation, des lignes directrices scientifiques et des normes codifiées relatives à l’amélioration du bien-être des animaux

D. J. Mellor (1) et Bayvel A. C. D. (2) (1) Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; E-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; E-mail: [email protected] Mots clés: bien-être animal, direction, conseil, lignes directrices, participation, législation, organisation

L’évolution de l’état d’esprit au regard du bien- portance d’un certain nombre de facteurs essen- être animal au cours des cinquante dernières tiels et de mettre en lumière les différents rôles années a engendré un important problème de que peuvent jouer la législation, les recomman- gestion du changement. Cela s’applique tant à dations scientifiques et les normes codifiées. l’amélioration des systèmes existants qu’au Figurent parmi ces facteurs: passage à des systèmes plus acceptables dans ❒ des délais plus réalistes. Les notions de gestion Le rôle des associations de défense du de la qualité totale, d’amélioration permanente bien-être animal et de gestion du changement font l’objet de ❒ Le rôle de la profession vétérinaire nombreuses publications et s’appliquent direc- ❒ Le rôle des comités consultatifs ministé- tement au domaine du bien-être animal. riels indépendants Le défi du bien-être animal se caractérise par ❒ Le rôle des comités consultatifs nationaux la nécessité de prendre en compte des questions d’ordre culturel, religieux, économique, ❒ L’importance des capacités scientifiques politique, éthique et scientifique dans la mise en faveur du bien-être animal en place de politiques et de pratiques tangibles ❒ Le recours initial aux codes librement et crédibles en matière de bien-être animal. Il consentis est également nécessaire d’adopter des straté- ❒ gies pratiques fiables visant à soutenir l’amé- Le passage aux codes adoptés par voie lioration du bien-être des animaux. S’attacher réglementaire à évoluer progressivement vers des normes ❒ Les avantages et les inconvénients des supérieures bien définies permet de réaliser consultations publiques des avancées immédiates, de programmer les ❒ Les lois fondées sur les résultats par améliorations de demain, de faire participer opposition à une législation normative durablement les parties prenantes au proces- ❒ sus et de dégager du temps pour analyser et L’importance de l’implication des parties résoudre des problèmes plus complexes. Il est prenantes et de leur sentiment d’adhésion toutefois admis que les politiques reposant sur pleine et entière une philosophie de changement évolution- ❒ Le rôle et les possibilités des programmes niste et progressif ne satisferont pas les d’assurance qualité groupes minoritaires de l’une ou l’autre des L’importance que revêtent certains de ces extrémités de l’éventail d’opinions concernant facteurs sera illustrée par des exemples pra- le bien-être et les droits des animaux. tiques. Il sera également fait mention du L’expérience de la Nouvelle-Zélande concer- poids croissant du marché en tant que nant la gestion progressive du changement en moyen permettant d’établir les normes et matière de bien-être animal au cours des vingt- d’assurer leur respect, à travers l’influence cinq dernières années permet d’illustrer l’im- des consommateurs et des détaillants.

245 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative The way forward

Resumen Aplicación de la legislación, de las directrices científicas y de los códigos de normas para favorecer el bienestar de los animales

D. J. Mellor (1) y Bayvel A. C. D. (2) (1) Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected] (2) Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected] Palabras clave: ciencia del bienestar de los animales, liderazgo, asesoría, directrices, parti- cipación, ley, infraestructura global

En la medida en que las actitudes respecto al sirve para ilustrar la importancia de una serie bienestar animal han evolucionado durante de factores críticos y los diferentes papeles que los últimos cincuenta años, también han pre- pueden desempeñar las legislaciones, las di- sentado un importante reto de gestión de rectrices científicas y las normas codificadas. cambio. Esto se aplica tanto a las mejoras de Estos factores incluyen: los sistemas existentes como al paso a sistemas más aceptables en un plazo realista. Los ❒ el papel de las organizaciones que abogan conceptos de gestión de calidad total, mejora por el bienestar animal; continua y gestión del cambio son objeto de ❒ el papel del sector veterinario; una extensa literatura de gestión y son direc- ❒ tamente pertinentes en el ámbito del bienes- el papel de los comités asesores ministe- tar animal. riales independientes; ❒ El reto del bienestar animal se define por la el papel de los comités consultivos nacio- necesidad de hacer frente a cuestiones cultu- nales; rales, religiosas, económicas, políticas, éticas ❒ la importancia de la capacidad de la cien- y científicas en la formulación de políticas y cia del bienestar animal; prácticas sólidas y dignas de crédito. También ❒ es necesario adoptar estrategias prácticas y fi- el uso inicial de códigos voluntarios; dedignas para mejorar el bienestar animal. ❒ la transición a los códigos legislativos; Además, un compromiso para una mejora ❒ continua que aspire a la definición de normas los pros y los contras de la consulta pública; más altas y permita realizar progresos inme- ❒ la legislación basada en los resultados diatos, el calendario específico de otras mejo- frente a la legislación preceptiva; ras en el futuro, la implicación sostenida de ❒ la importancia de la implicación y la «parte las partes interesadas en el proceso y tiempo poseída» por las partes interesadas; para cuestiones más complejas que deben analizarse y resolverse. No obstante, se reco- ❒ el papel y potencial de los programas de noce que las políticas basadas en una filosofía seguro de calidad. de cambio evolutivo creciente no satisfarán a La importancia de una serie de estos factores los grupos minoritarios en los extremos del se ilustrará con ejemplos prácticos. Se aludi- espectro de opinión sobre el bienestar animal rá también al impacto creciente del mercado o los derechos de los animales. como un medio de fomentar las normas y La experiencia neozelandesa de una gestión garantizar su cumplimiento, a través de la mejor del cambio en lo referente al bienestar influencia del consumidor y del comerciante animal, durante los últimos veinticinco años, minorista.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 246 The way forward

Abstract The application of legislation, scientific guidelines and codified standards to advancing animal welfare

As attitudes to animal welfare have evolved a number of critical factors and the different over the last 50 years, they have presented a roles that can be played by legislation, scien- significant change management challenge. tific guidelines and codified standards. This applies to both improvements to exist- These factors include: ing systems and moving to more acceptable systems over a realistic time frame. The con- ❒ the role of animal welfare advocacy cepts of total quality management, continu- organisations; ous improvement and change management ❒ the role of the veterinary profession; are all subjects of an extensive management ❒ literature and have direct relevance in the the role of independent ministerial advi- animal welfare arena. sory committees; ❒ The animal welfare challenge is charac- the role of national consultative commit- terised by a need to address cultural, reli- tees; gious, economic, political, ethical and scien- ❒ the importance of animal welfare science tific issues in the formation of robust and capability; credible animal welfare policy and practice. ❒ There is also a need to adopt credible practi- the initial use of voluntary codes; cal strategies for progressing animal welfare ❒ the transition to legislated codes; improvements. Committing to incremental ❒ improvement towards defined higher stan- the pros and cons of public consultation; dards allows some immediate progress, the ❒ the outcomes-based versus prescriptive specific scheduling of further improvements legislation; in the future, sustained stakeholder involve- ❒ the importance of stakeholder involvement in the process and time for more comment and ‘ownership;’ plex issues to be analysed and resolved. It is accepted, however, that policies based on a ❒ the role and potential of quality assurance philosophy of incremental, evolutionary schemes. change will not satisfy minority groups at The importance of a number of these factors either end of the animal welfare/animal will be illustrated by practical examples. The rights spectrum of opinion. burgeoning impact of the marketplace as a The NZ experience of incremental animal means of raising standards and ensuring welfare change management, over the last 25 compliance, via consumer and retailer influ- years, is used to illustrate the importance of ence, will also be referred to.

247 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Closing remarks Closing remarks

The OIE animal welfare strategic initiative — The way forward

A. C. D. Bayvel Animal Welfare Group, Biosecurity Authority, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected]

Summary The active involvement of all OIE member countries and international stakeholder organisations will be critical to the success of the OIE strategic initiative on animal welfare. The key objectives of the global conference were achieved and a number of important issues identified. These will be included in OIE’s short and medium term operational planning and also included in strategic updates of the animal welfare initiative. Keywords: animal welfare, animal health, office international des épizooties, public policy, standards, trade policy, trade barriers, World Trade Organisation

Introduction The permanent working group recommendation to hold an international conference The decision to include animal welfare as was directly related to these perceived prior- one of two strategic initiatives in the 2001–05 ities and the following conference objectives OIE strategic plan was fully supported by all were agreed: member countries and was recognised as a • to give visibility to OIE’s work and to significant departure from the historical OIE explain the OIE’s strategy on animal wel- focus on animal diseases of international sig- fare to the widest number of stakeholders, nificance and their potential impact on inter- and to obtain their support; national trade. It was recognised, from the outset, that involvement in animal welfare • to enhance OIE’s leadership role in pro- would present the OIE with some unique viding global animal welfare guidance and demanding challenges and, particularly, and standards; the challenge of approaching animal welfare • to examine the role of stakeholders in the on a truly international basis, rather than framework of the OIE standards develop- from a narrower, regional perspective. ment process and the most effective way The initial background scoping paper and they may contribute; recommendations of the permanent animal • to stimulate links with international welfare working group identified a number organisations liable to support OIE’s of issues which were considered to be critical work and to agree on how they can best to the successful implementation of the ini- contribute; tiative. These included: • to consider the future role of OIE in ani- • the need to initially develop guiding prin- mal welfare and its influence on member ciples and policies, establish priorities countries’ decision-making worldwide; and agree a clear mission statement, prior to commencing work on the detail of • to support the OIE in a science-based standards; approach to the welfare of animals including the provision of international • the need to involve experts from scientific guidance and standards. disciplines other than veterinary science; It is considered that the conference achieved • the need to involve, and communicate all these objectives. Strong support for the effectively with, all stakeholders at inter- OIE’s international animal welfare leader- national level. ship mission was provided by representa-

249 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Closing remarks

tives of member countries, industry organi- • the need to promote the teaching of ani- sations, non- government organisations and mal welfare and ethics at both undergrad- the scientific community, plus regulators and uate and postgraduate levels and as part policy-makers. Very importantly, the confer- of ongoing continuing professional devel- ence also provided the OIE with the oppor- opment programmes; tunity to emphasise its commitment to con- • the need to actively involve all OIE mem- sultation and communication. ber countries in the implementation of the initiative and to ensure that effective com- Specific issues munication and consultation with stakeholders take place at member country In continuing to implement the strategic ini- level; tiative, a number of issues received particular emphasis, and support, from conference • the need to harness available resources delegates. These will be carefully noted by and utilise information already available the OIE and include the following: internationally; • the importance of science-based standards; • the need to ensure that expectations of the OIE role are realistic in relation to • the importance of incremental change and a resource availability; commitment to continuous improvement; • the need for the OIE to clearly focus on • the importance of the stockperson/care- agreed priorities. giver in ensuring the achievement of animal welfare objectives; Operational planning • the need to clarify the legal significance of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), The 2003/04 OIE animal welfare working sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and group operational plan has already ad- technical barriers to trade (TBT) agree- dressed, and progressed, a number of these is- ments, in relation to animal welfare and sues. The conference discussions and recom- international trade; mendations will provide valuable focus and direction to the 2004/05 operational plan. • the successful track record of the OIE ad This plan will continue the work of the exist- hoc group model in providing expert ing four ad hoc groups and include the estab- international opinion on specific animal lishment of a fifth group to address aquatic welfare topics; animal welfare issues relating to transport, • the respective merits of voluntary, as slaughter and killing for disease control pur- opposed to compulsory standards; poses. • the respective merits of outcome-based, as opposed to prescriptive (input-based) stan- Conclusion dards. The progress made by the OIE, to date, in relation to international animal welfare lead- Specific challenges ership is, by any standards, impressive. The future OIE modus operandi will be charac- In continuing to implement the strategic ini- terised by a commitment to communication, tiative, a number of important issues were consultation, continuous improvement and identified, which will pose particular chal- incremental change, as part of a long-term lenges. ‘journey’, rather than any expectation of These include the following: reaching a short to medium-term ‘destina- tion’. The notion of approaching animal wel- • the need for science-based standards to fare change management on a truly global, also take into account regional, religious rather than a regional, basis, represents a sig- and cultural issues; nificant paradigm shift. The support good- • the need to better coordinate animal wel- will and esprit de corps so evident during the fare research internationally; conference bode well for the future.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 250 Closing remarks

Formal closure

B. Vallat Director-General of the OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health

The outcome of this conference and the inten- the debates has indeed demonstrated that all sive debate which it fostered will guide the OIE the participants in the conference are already as it takes its first steps in this new field for our adopting this scientific and multicultural organisation, namely animal welfare. approach. Numerous participants in the conference indi- The debates that took place in the various dis- cated that the OIE has successfully demon- cussion groups have of course indicated poten- strated, for the first time, that it is possible to tial strategies and steps for the future. More have an open and constructive dialogue between than 120 of the OIE’s member countries are institutions, the animal production sector, scien- developing countries or transition countries. tists and animal welfare activists from all conti- Their representatives at the conference have nents. Furthermore, thanks to this conference, clearly indicated their interest in developing the OIE now appreciates on a worldwide scale animal welfare in their countries, but they have those who are involved in animal welfare issues. also emphasised that it will take them a long time and that their constraints will have to be We were warned to expect clashes between the taken into account. They have promised to do different groups but in the event this did not their best to advance the concepts developed at occur and we are therefore encouraged to pur- the OIE, but it will be essential to provide them sue our course of action. Participants came with the necessary technical and financial aid. from all over the world and all played an active part in the conference in the course of which all The conference also emphasised the key role demonstrated great maturity. The OIE sees this that the veterinary services of our member as an endorsement of our role as the world- countries (veterinary administrations, private wide leader in developing guidelines on ani- veterinarians, para-veterinarians) play, or mal welfare. indeed should play. Firstly, they are involved in preparing their country’s legislation, but Transparency and openness are basic principles they must also monitor its application. that must be respected in future. Whether or not they are attached to the public It has become apparent, however, that progress sector, all veterinarians have a fundamental will be difficult without the simultaneous sup- role to play in mediating between the State, the port not only of institutions, the private sector private sector and consumers. Even in devel- and non-governmental organisations cam- oped countries, they are rarely provided with paigning for animal welfare, but also of other the necessary support and resources to accom- international organisations. Indeed, the confer- plish the tasks in the field of animal welfare ence has confirmed the key role that the World and they will therefore need to be strengthened Trade Organisation could play in the context of before any animal welfare policy can be devel- international trade and the standards that are oped. used for this purpose. On behalf of the OIE International Committee, The use of scientific evidence as the foundation I should first like to thank the OIE staff who for any international standard has once again organised this conference (David Wilson, Anto- been shown as essential. A science-based nio Petrini and all the others), the Conference approach that acknowledges the cultural diver- Steering Committee, the members of the OIE sity existing worldwide is essential if all those Working Group on Animal Welfare, chaired by involved in discussions in the field of animal David Bayvel, the organisations and member welfare are to reach a consensus. The quality of countries that provided financial support (the

251 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Closing remarks

European Commission, the United States of ular all the participants who gave us their con- America, Germany, Canada, the United King- fidence and will, I hope, continue to support us dom, Ireland, New Zealand, etc.) and in partic- in the future.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 252 Appendices Appendices

Appendix I Conference programme

23 February 2004 10.00 am–1.00 pm Registration

Session 1: Setting the scene Chair: Dr Abdulaye Bouna Niang (President, OIE Administrative Commission)

2.00–3.00 pm Official conference opening Dr Adjoudji Hamadjola Minister for Animal Production, Fisheries and Animal Industries (Cameroon)

Commissioner David Byrne European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection (European Union)

Mr Daniel Caron Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Rural Affairs (France)

Ms Renate Künast Minister for Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture (Germany)

Mr Joe Walsh TD Minister for Agriculture and Food (Ireland)

3.00–3.15 pm The OIE: History, scientific basis Dr Bernard Vallat and future opportunities OIE Director General

3.15–3.30 pm The OIE — Processes, procedures Dr Alex Thiermann and international relations President of OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission

3.30–3.45 pm The OIE animal welfare strategic Dr David Bayvel initiative — Progress, priorities Chair OIE Working Group on and prognosis Animal Welfare

3.45–4.15 pm Afternoon tea/coffee Global animal welfare challenges: Some perspectives Chair: Dr Barry O’Neil (Vice President, OIE Administrative Commission)

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 254 Appendices

4.15–4.30 pm The role of the veterinarian Dr Jim Edwards in animal welfare World Veterinary Association A global perspective

4.30–4.45 pm Animal welfare in the veterinary Prof. Leopoldo Estol curriculum Universidad del Salvador, Argentina

4.45–5.00 pm The expectations of the Mr David Wilkins international International Coalition for Farm animal welfare movement Animal Welfare (ICFAW)

5.00–5.15 pm Discussion and identification Ms Emma Stamper of important issues Animal Transport Association 5.15–5.30 pm An industry viewpoint (AATA)

5.30–5.45 pm A marketplace perspective Ms Karen Brown Food Marketing Institute, USA

5.45–6.00 pm Consumer concerns Mr Riccardo Quintili Chief Editor, Il Salvagente, Italy

6.00–6.15 pm A perspective from developing Dr Sira Abdul Rahman countries Retired Dean, Bangalore Veteri- nary College, India

6.15–6.30 pm Discussion and identification of important issues

6.45–8.00 pm Reception (Salons Hoche, 9, avenue Hoche, F-75017 Paris)

24 February 2004

Session 2: Applying science to animal welfare Chair: Dr Hamadou Saïdou (OIE Regional Commission for Africa)

9.00–9.20 am Applying science to animal Prof. David Fraser welfare University of British Columbia, Q + A 10 mins Canada

9.30–9.50 am Space, environmental design Dr Pierre Le Neindre and behaviour Institut National de la Recherche Q + A 10 mins Agronomique INRA, France

10.00–10.20 am Management, handling Prof. Joy Mench and transport University of California, USA Q + A 10 mins

255 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

10.30–11.00 am Morning tea/coffee Chair: Dr Hernan Rojas Olavarria (OIE Regional Commission for the Americas)

11.00–11.20 am Pain, fear and distress Prof. Ian Duncan Q + A 10 mins University of Guelph, Canada

11.30–11.50 am Injury and disease Prof. Bo Algers Q + A 10 mins Swedish University of Agricul- tural Science, Sweden

12.00–12.20 pm Food, water and malnutrition Prof. Alistair Lawrence Q + A 10 mins Scottish Agricultural College, United Kingdom 12.30–1.00 pm Panel discussion

1.00–2.30 pm Lunch

Areas of practical application Chair: Dr Hassan Abdul Aziz Aidaros (OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East)

2.30–2.50 pm Issues relating to slaughter Dr Muhammad Chaudry for human consumption OIE ad hoc group Q + A 10 mins

3.00–3.20 pm Issues relating to killing for Dr Harry Blokhuis disease control purposes OIE ad hoc group Q + A 10 mins

3.30–4.00 pm Afternoon tea Chair: Dr Nikola Belev (OIE Regional Commission for Europe)

4.00–4.20 pm Issues relating to land Dr Donald Broom transportation OIE ad hoc group Q + A 10 mins

4.30–4.50 pm Issues relating to sea Dr Richard Norris transportation OIE ad hoc group Q + A 10 mins

5.00–5.20 pm Animal welfare: between Dr Hans Wyss profit and protection Chief Veterinary Officer, Q + A 10 mins Switzerland

5.30–5.50 pm Issues relating to aquaculture Prof. Tore Håstein Q + A 10 mins National Veterinary Institute, Norway

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 256 Appendices

25 February 2004

Session 3: The way forward Chair: Dr Herbert Schneider (World Veterinary Association)

9.00–9.20 am Cultural, religious and Dr Mohan Raj ethical issues University of Bristol, Q + A 10 mins United Kingdom

9.30–9.50 pm The application of legislation, Prof. David Mellor scientific guidelines and standards Massey University, New Zealand Q + A 10 mins

10.00–10.30 am Morning break Feedback questionnaire

10.30 am–1.00 pm Syndicate groups Topics arising from earlier conference discussions

Other possible issues for discussion include: — land transport of animals; — sea transport of animals; — killing of animals for disease control purposes; — slaughter of animals for human consumption; — animal welfare research: current activities and future priorities; — role of the veterinarian in animal welfare and its incorporation into the veterinary curriculum; — communication challenges in animal welfare.

1.00–2.00 pm Lunch

Closing session Chair: Dr Carlos Correa Messuti (OIE Administrative Commission)

2.00–4.00 pm Reports from syndicate groups and general discussion

1.00–2.00 pm Lunch

Closing session Chair: Dr Carlos Correa Messuti (OIE Administrative Commission)

2.00–4.00 pm Reports from syndicate groups and general discussion

4.00–5.00 pm The way forward Dr David Bayvel Chair OIE Working Group on Animal Welfare

Formal closure Dr Bernard Vallat OIE Director General 5.00 pm Press conference

257 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Appendix II List of participants

COUNTRIES

ARGENTINA Prof. David Adams Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Dr Cora Mónica Ponce del Valle Forestry Coordinadora Programa Office of the Australian Chief Veterinary de Bienestar Animal Officer Ministerio de Economía y Producción Animal Health Science Unit SENASA GPO Box 858 Av. Paseo Colón 367, 9º piso 2600 Canberra 1063 Buenos Aires Australia Argentina E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (54-11) 43 31 60 41 ext 1410-1413 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Keith Adams Chairman, Quarantine Animal Health Task Dr Roberto Omar Galeano Force Presidente National Farmers Federation of Australia Asociación Industrias Frigoríficas PO Box E10 de Entre Ríos (AIFRIER) 2604 Kingston, ACT Avda. de las Américas 3105 Australia 3100 Paraná Tel. (61-2) 62 73 38 55 Argentina Fax (61-2) 62 73 23 31 Tel. (54-343) 435 11 47 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (54-343) 435 02 25 Miss Kate Blaszak E-mail: [email protected] Principal Veterinary Officer Bureau of Animal Welfare, Victoria Dr Hanne Martine Stabursvik 475 Mickleham Road Consultant/University lecturer 3049 Attwood Ville, Victoria Red Alimentaria/Preceptos Australia Universidad del Salvador Tel. (61-3) 92 17 41 07 Santa Fe 788 2p Fax (61-3) 92 17 43 31 CP 1059 Capital Federal Buenos Aires E-mail: [email protected] Argentina Tel. (54-911) 53 28 17 10 Dr William (Bill) Darmody Fax (54-11) 43 11 14 50 Member of the Board of Directors E-mail: [email protected] Australian Veterinary Association 271 Armours Road AUSTRALIA 3820 Warragul, Victoria Australia Mr Dean Merrilees Tel. (61-3) 56 22 31 35 General Manager, Animal and Plant Health Fax (61-3) 56 22 31 36 Policy Product Integrity, E-mail: [email protected] Animal and Health Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box 858 2601 Canberra, ACT Australia E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 258 Appendices

Dr Kevin Doyle Dr Alexander Rabitsch Veterinary Director Official vet Australian Veterinary Association Amt der Kaerntner Landesregierung PO Box 4257 Waldstraße 13 2611 Kingston A-9170 Ferlach Australia Tel. (43-42) 27 27 20 Tel. (61-2) 62 39 59 28 Fax (43-42) 27 27 20 33 Fax (61-2) 62 39 69 79 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Andreas Sax Mr Malcolm Harvey Campaign Director Regional Manager — Europe Vier Pfoten/ Four Paws Meat and Livestock Australia Sechshauserstraße 48 5th Fl., Grünenburgweg 58-62 A-1150 Vienna D-60322 Frankfurt am Main Tel. (43-1) 895 02 02 30 Tel. (49-69) 90 55 85 00 Fax (43-1) 895 02 02 99 Fax (49-69) 90 55 85 19 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Peter Wagner Mr Ed McAlister Veterinary Officer CEO Styrian Provincial Government, Royal Zoological Society of South Australia Department for Veterinary Administration (Adelaide Zoo) Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Frome Road Fachabteilung 8C Veterinärwesen 5000 Adelaide Zimmerplatzgasse 15, Australia A-8010 Graz Tel. (61-8) 82 67 32 55 Tel. (43-316) 877 35 86 Fax (61-8) 82 39 06 37 Fax (43-316) 877 35 87 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Robin Vandegraaff BELGIUM Director Animal Health/Chief Veterinary Officer Dr Luc Lengelé Primary Industries and Resources South Chef des services vétérinaires Australia (PIRSA) Service public fédéral santé publique GPO Box 1671 Sécurité de la chaîne alimentaire et environ- 5001 Adelaide, South Australia nement Australia Direction de la santé animale et des pro- Tel. (61-8) 82 07 79 70 duits animaux Fax (61-8) 82 07 78 52 Cité administrative d’État — quartier E-mail: [email protected] Arcades – 3e étage Boulevard Pachéco 19, bte 5 AUSTRIA B-1010 Bruxelles E-mail: [email protected] Dr Gabriele Damoser Government Officer Dr Philippe Dodion Ministry of Health and Women Agence fédérale pour la sécurité de la Radetzkystraße 2 chaîne alimentaire A-1030 Vienna Direction générale du contrôle — produc- Tel. (43-1) 711 00 48 34 tion primaire — Secteur animal WTC III – Fax (43-1) 710 41 51 24e étage E-mail: [email protected] Boulevard Simon Bolivar 30 B-1000 Bruxelles E-mail: [email protected]

259 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr Eric Van Tilburgh Dr Olivier Espeisse Service public fédéral santé publique, sécu- Technical Manager rité de la chaîne alimentaire et environ- Elanco c/o IFAH nement Rue Defacqz 1 Responsable de la division bien-être animal B-1000 Brussels Cité administrative de l’État — quartier Tel. (32) 0 476 666 704 Arcades — 3e étage E-mail: [email protected] Boulevard Pachéco 19, bte 5 B-1010 Bruxelles Mrs Hazel Gulliver E-mail: [email protected] Consultant International Fur Trade Federation (IFTF) Dr Lars Aalmoes Rue Archimede 5, Bte 12 Herman Kiezebrink Institute B-1000 Brussels Kerkstraat 2 Tel. (32-2) 282 09 29 B-9160 Lokeren Fax (32-2) 230 74 26 Tel. (32-9) 348 84 06 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (32-9) 328 46 28 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs Natalia Jaraba Policy Adviser Assistant (Veterinary) Mr Arnaud Bouxin UECBV Deputy Secretary-General Rue de la Loi 81A FEFAC (Fédération européenne des fabri- B-1040 Brussels cants d’aliments composés pour animaux) Tel. (32-2) 230 46 03 Rue de la Loi 223, Box 3 Fax (32-2) 230 94 00 B-1040 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (32-2) 285 00 50 Fax (32-2) 230 57 22 Mr Niels Juul E-mail: [email protected] Chief Legal Adviser Danske Slagterier S/A Mr Denis De Caluwe Rue du Luxembourg 47–51, Bte 2 Herman Kiezebrink Institute B-1050 Brussels Kerkstraat 2 Tel. (32-2) 230 27 05 B-9160 Lokeren Fax (32-2) 230 00 98 Tel. (32-4) 96 25 44 44 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (32) 328 46 28 E-mail: [email protected] Mr David Peeling Scientific Officer Dr Jean-Louis Delforge Eurogroup for Animal Welfare Executive Director Rue des Patriotes 6 IFAH B-1000 Brussels Rue Defacqz 1 Tel. (32-2) 740 08 20 B-1000 Brussels Fax (32-2) 740 08 29 Tel. (32-2) 541 01 11 E-mail: D.Peeling@eurogroupanimalwel- Fax (32-2) 541 01 19 fare.org E-mail: [email protected] Dr Hans-Peter Schons Dr Alejandro Diestre Director-General Pork Chain Manager ADT — Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Pig Improvement Company Tierzüchter Av. E Speeckaert 8 Rue du Luxembourg 47–51 B-1200 Brussels B-1050 Brussels Tel. (34) 649 98 42 20 Tel. (32-2) 286 59 54 Fax (34) 935 89 07 92 Fax (32-2) 285 40 59 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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Ms Kirsten Sejlstrup BRAZIL General Manager European Fur Breeders’ Association Mr Benedito Fortes De Arruda Rue du Luxembourg 47–51, Boîte 2 Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária B-1050 Brussels do Brasil Tel. (32-2) 230 27 05 Scs – qd. 01; lt. E n. º30, Ed. Ceará, 14º Fax (32-2) 230 01 43 andar E-mail: [email protected] 70 303 – 900 Brasilia Brazil Dr Marc Vandenheede Tel. (55-61) 322 77 08 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (University Fax (55-61) 226 13 26 of Liège) E-mail: [email protected] Boulevard de Colonster 20, Bât. B43 B-4000 Liège CANADA Tel. (32-4) 366 41 48 Fax (32-4) 366 41 22 Dr Sarah Kahn E-mail: [email protected] Deputy CVO Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ms Debby van Son 59 Camelot Drive Head of Goods Transport K1A 0Y9 Ottawa IRU delegation to the EU Canada Avenue de Tervuren 32–34, Box 37 E-mail: [email protected] B-1040 Brussels Tel. (31-79) 363 61 95 Dr Gorazd Ruseski E-mail: [email protected] Deputy Director Multilateral Technical Trade Issues Division Mrs Sonja Van Tichelen International Issues Team Director Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Eurogroup for Animal Welfare 930 Carling Avenue Rue des Patriotes 6 K1A 0C5 Ottawa, Ontario B-1000 Bruxelles Canada Tel. (32-2) 740 08 20 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (32-2) 740 08 29 E-mail: S.VanTichelen@eurogroupanimal- Dr John Church welfare.org Head — Livestock Welfare Unit Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Devel- BENIN opment # 306 7000-113 Street Dr Louis K. Gnaho T6H 5T6 Edmonton, Alberta Directeur de l’Elevage Canada Benin Delegate to the OIE Tel. (1-780) 644 12 07 Ministere de l’agriculture de l’élevage et de Fax (1-780) 14 22 97 45 la pêche E-mail: [email protected] 01 BP 2041 P.K. 0.5 Route de Porto-Novo, Cotonou Dr Graham Clarke Benin Director — Animal Industry Division Tel. (229) 33 18 15 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fax (229) 33 54 08 1341 Baseline Road, 7th Floor, Room 7206 E-mail: [email protected] K1A 0C5 Ottawa, Ontario Canada Tel. (1-613) 759 62 24 Fax (1-613) 759 63 16 E-mail: [email protected]

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Dr Angelo Filiplic Ms Catherine Scovil Director Executive Associate Midlands Av. Animal Clinic Canadian Pork Council 814 Midlands Av. 75 Albert Street, Suite 1101 M1K 4E7 Toronto K1P 5E7 Ottawa, Ontario Canada Canada Tel. (1-416) 267 13 60 Tel. (1-613) 236 92 39 Fax (1-613) 236 66 58 Dr Christiane Gagnon E-mail: [email protected] President Ordre des médecins véterinaires du Québec Dr Valerie Stevens 800 avenue Ste Anne, bureau 200 Science Director J2S 5G7 Saint Hyacinthe (Québec) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Canada PO Box 1000 Tel. (1-450) 774 14 27 VOM 1A0 Agassiz, British Columbia Fax (1-450) 774 76 35 Canada E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-604) 796 22 21 ext. 204 Fax (1-604) 796 03 59 Dr Gordon Doonan E-mail: [email protected] Chief Humane Transportation of Animals Mr Matt Taylor Canadian Food Inspection Agency Executive Director 59 Camelot Drive Canadian Animal Health Coalition K1A 0Y9 Ottawa 2543 Chicoutimi Dr., NW Canada T2L 0W4 Calgary, Alberta Tel. (1-613) 225 23 42/46 39 Canada Fax (1-613) 228 66 37 Tel. (1-403) 210 18 56 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (1-403) 206 73 74 E-mail: [email protected] Ms Roxan Hooshangi Agricultural Affairs Officer Mr David Trus Mission of Canada to the EU Animal Registration Officer Avenue de Tervuren 2 Animal Industry Division B-1040 Brussels Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Tel. (32-2) 741 06 98 1341 Baseline Road, 7th floor, Room 7100 Fax (32-2) 741 06 29 K1A 0C5 Ottawa, Ontario E-mail: [email protected] Canada Tel. (1-613) 759 62 17 Dr Duane Landals Fax (1-613) 759 63 16 President E-mail: trusd@agr;gc.ca Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) Mr Robert Van Tongerloo 339 Booth St Chief Executive Officer K1R 7K1 Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Federation of Humane Societies Canada Suite 102, 30 Concourse Gate Tel. (1-613) 236 11 62 K4M 1G7 Ottawa Fax (1-613) 236 96 81 Canada E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-613) 224 80 72 Fax (1-613) 723 02 52 E-mail: [email protected]

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CHILE CZECH REPUBLIC

Dr Hernán Rojas Olavarria Dr Josef Holejsovsky Director Departamento de Protección Pecuaria State Veterinary Administration Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero Slezska 7 Ministerio de Agricultura CZ-120 56 Prague 2 Avenida Bulnes 140, 7° piso E-mail: [email protected] Casilla 4088 Santiago Chile Mr Jiri Dousek E-mail: [email protected] Chairman of Committee to Protect Farm Animals Dr Leopoldo Stuardo Central Commission of Animal Welfare Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero Tesnov, 17 Subdepartamento Comercio Exterior CZ-117 06 Prague Avenida Bulnes 140, 7° piso Tel. (420) 485 10 76 96 Santiago Fax (420) 485 10 79 03 Chile E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] DENMARK CONGO Dr Preben Willeberg Dr Léon Tati Chief Veterinary Officer Direction de l’élevage Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage Danish Veterinary and Food Administration et de la pêche Veterinary Service 1942, rue N’ko, Plateau de 15 ans Mørkhøj Bygade 19 BP 83 (centre-ville)/BP 2453 (centre-ville DK-2860 Søborg Brazzaville) Tel. (45) 33 95 61 15 Congo Fax (45) 39 67 52 48 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

CROATIA Dr Birte Broberg Head of Division for Animal Welfare Dr Ljerka Zeba Veterinary Medicines State Veterinary Inspector Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Mørkhøj Bygade 19 Veterinary Directorate DK-2860 Søborg Ul. Grada Vukovara, 78 Tel. (45) 33 95 60 96 HR-10000 Zagreb Fax (45) 33 95 66 19 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

CUBA Dr Erika Busch Veterinarian Dr María Gloria Vidal Rivalta Danish Bacon and Meat Council Presidenta de la Comisión Nacional de Axeltorv 3 Bienestar Animal DK-1609 Copenhagen Ministerio de Agricultura Tel. (45) 33 73 27 39 Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria Fax (45) 33 14 57 56 Calle 12 n. 355 e/15 y 17. Vedado E-mail: [email protected] Ciudad de la Habana Cuba Tel. (537) 830 66 15 E-mail: [email protected]

263 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr Leif Christensen Dr Jesper Valentin Petersen Project Manager Danish Bacon and Meat Council Danish Meat Research Institute Axeltorv 3 Maglegaardsvej 2 DK-1609 Koebenhavn DK-4000 Roskilde Tel. (45) 33 73 26 86 Tel. (45) 23 31 01 64 Fax (45) 33 93 10 23 Fax (45) 46 30 31 32 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr Knud Joergen Vest Dr Pernille Fraas Johnsen Member of the Board of Danish Fur Breed- Project Manager, MSc. Animal Behaviour ers Ass. and Welfare Copenhagen Fur Center Ph.d. Danish Animal Welfare Frederiksborgvej 541 Danish Animal Welfare Society DK-4040 Jyllinge Alhambravej 15 Tel. (45) 46 78 83 92 DK-1826 Frederiksberg Fax (45) 46 73 25 04 Tel. (45) 33 28 70 16 E-mail: [email protected] FINLAND

Mr Tage Lysgaard Dr Jaana Mikkola Secretary General Senior Veterinay Officer A.V.E.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Trommesalen 5, 4th floor Mariankatu 23, DK-1614 Copenhagen FIN-00023 Government Helsinki Tel. (45) 33 25 41 00 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (45) 33 25 35 32 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Pirkko Skutnabb Veterinary Counsellor Mr Niels–Peder Nielsen Head of Animal Welfare Unit Head of Department Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Danish Bacon and Meat Council Mariankatu 23, National Committee for Pig Production, FIN-00023 Government Helsinki Research and Development E-mail: [email protected] Axeltorv 3 DK-1609 Copenhagen V Mr Michael Hornborg Tel. (45) 33 73 26 59 Managing Director Fax (45) 33 91 05 00 Finnish Fur Breeders’ Association E-mail: [email protected] PO Box 5 FIN-01601 Vantaa Ms Christina Nygaard Tel. (358-9) 849 81 Head of Section Fax (358-9) 849 84 36 Danish Agricultural Council E-mail: [email protected] Axelborg 3, Axeltorv DK-1609 Copenhagen V Mrs Vuokko Puurula Tel. (45) 33 73 27 39 DVM, Secretary for Livestock Production Fax (45) 33 14 57 56 Finland Central Union of Agricultural Pro- E-mail: [email protected] ducers and Forest Owners PO Box 510 FIN-00101 Helsinki Tel. (358-20) 413 23 77 Fax (358-20) 413 24 08 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 264 Appendices

FRANCE Mr Alain Blogowski Chargé de mission auprès du directeur Dr Isabelle Chmitelin général de l’alimentation Direction générale de l’alimentation Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’alimentation, 251, rue de Vaugirard de la pêche et des affaires rurales F-75732 Paris Cedex 15 251, rue de Vaugirard E-mail: [email protected] F-75732 Paris Cedex 15 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs Agnès Alessandrin Chef de projects Dr Perre Didier ADIV Association Adjoint au sous-directeur de la santé et de 9, rue Alfred-Kastler — BP 70754 la protection animales F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3 Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche Tel. (33) 251 13 54 17 251, rue de Vaugirard Fax (33) 251 13 54 17 F-75732 Paris Cedex 15 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr Frederic Amblard Dr Agnès Fabre de Loye President (P.D.G) Conseil général vétérinaire Amblard S.A. Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche 20, avenue de la Chevalière 251, rue de Vaugirard F-81200 Mazamet F-75015 Paris Tel. (33) 563 98 20 09 / 6 09 24 55 78 Fax (33) 563 61 24 91 Dr Nathalie Melik E-mail: [email protected] Chef du bureau de la protection animale Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche Dr Dorothée Bizeray 251, rue de Vaugirard Enseignant chercheur F-75732 Paris Cedex 15 Institut supérieur d’agriculture de Beauvais E-mail: [email protected] (ISAB) Rue Pierre-Waguet — BP 30313 Dr Olivier Prunaux F-60026 Beauvais Cedex Chef du bureau des accords multilatéraux Tel. (33) 344 06 76 06 sanitaires et phytosanitaires Fax (33) 344 06 25 26 Mission de coordination sanitaire interna- E-mail: [email protected] tionale Direction générale de l’alimentation Dr Anne Brule Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche Ingénieur 251, rue de Vaugirard Institut de l’élevage F-75732 Paris Cedex 15 Monvoisin — BP 85225 E-mail: F-35652 Le Rheu [email protected] Tel. (33) 299 14 86 34 Fax (33) 299 14 87 55 Dr Gilles Quinet E-mail: [email protected] Contrôleur général de services vétérinaires Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche Ms Hélène Canon 13, rue Sébastopol CDMP F-94210 Saint-Maur-des-Fossés 149, rue de Bercy Tel. (33) 142 83 11 91 F-75595 Paris Cedex 12 Tel. (33) 140 04 53 57 Fax (33) 140 04 53 77 E-mail: [email protected]

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Dr Patrick Chevillon Prof. Bertrand Deputte Ingénieur Professeur d’éthologie Institut technique du porc École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort La Motte au Vicomte — BP 3 7, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle F-35651 Le Rheu F-94704 Maisons-Alfort Tel. (33) 299 60 98 20 Tel. (33) 143 96 70 77 Fax (33) 299 60 93 55 Fax (33) 143 96 71 39 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Thierry Chillaud Mr Alexandre Dusanter Chef de la mission d’assistance à l’exporta- Ingénieur avicole tion Institut technique de l’aviculture Office national interprofessionnel des vian- Maison de l’agriculture — Cité Galliane BP des, de l’élevage et de l’aviculture OFIVAL 279 80, avenue des Terroirs de France F-40005 Mont-de-Marsan F-75607 Paris Cedex 12 Tel. (33) 558 85 44 10 Tel. (33) 144 68 53 46 Fax (33) 558 85 44 11 Fax (33) 144 68 50 06 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr François Frette Prof. Helene Combrisson Chargé de mission Professeur de physiologie FNICGV École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort 17, place des Vins-de-France 7, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle F-75012 Paris F-94700 Maisons-Alfort Tel. (33) 153 02 40 15 Tel. (33) 143 96 71 38 Fax (33) 143 47 28 58 Fax (33) 143 96 71 39 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Claude-Anne Gauthier Prof. Bernard Denis Directrice Retraité (professeur honoraire à l’école Parc zoologique de Paris vétérinaire de Nantes) 53, avenue de Saint-Maurice Conseil scientifique de Pro. Natura France F-75012 Paris 5, avenue Foch Tel. (33) 144 75 20 58 F-54200 Toul Fax (33) 143 43 54 73 Tel. (33) 383 43 06 45 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 383 43 06 45 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Jean-Paul Girot Chairman Mr Nicolas Douzain-Didier Livestock Risk Management Services Directeur 20 bis, rue Victor-Hugo Fédération nationale de l’industrie et des F-Chantilly commerces en gros de viande (FNICGV) Tel. (33) 607 01 73 73 17, place des vins-de-France F-75012 Paris Mr Dominique Grange Tel. (33) 153 02 40 15 Directeur Fax (33) 143 47 28 58 FFCB E-mail: [email protected] 17, place des Vins-de-France F-75012 Paris Tel. (33) 153 02 40 10 Fax (33) 143 47 28 58 E-mail: [email protected]

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Ms Tamara Guelton Mrs Juliette Loiselet SPA Société protectrice des animaux Société Isa 39, Bd Berthier 5, rue Buffon — BP 308 F-75847 Paris Cedex 17 F-22003 Saint-Brieuc Cedex 1 Tel. (33) 143 80 40 66 Tel. (33) 296 77 46 36 Fax (33) 143 80 99 23 Fax (33) 296 77 46 01 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Daniel Guémené Mr Jacques Lucbert Directeur de recherches Directeur technique Institut national de la recherche agronomique Institut de l’élevage INRA — Centre de Tours, station de 149, rue de Bercy recherches avicoles F-75595 Paris Cedex 12 F-37380 Nouzilly Tel. (33) 140 04 53 37 Tel. (33) 247 42 76 43 Fax (33) 140 04 49 60 Fax (33) 247 42 77 78 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr Jean Mazet Mr François Hallépée President Engineer FFCB Cybelia 17, place des Vins-de-France Saint Gérand F-75012 Paris BP 61 Tel. (33) 153 02 40 10 F-56302 Pontivy Cedex Fax (33) 143 47 25 58 Tel. (33) 297 28 39 39 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 297 28 38 68 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Marie-Christine Meunier-Salaun Research Engineer Dr Jean-Pierre Kieffer INRA Président Unité mixte de recherches Oeuvre d’assistance aux bêtes d’abattoirs sur le veau et le porc 10, place Léon-Blum F-35590 Saint-Gilles F-75011 Paris Tel. (33) 223 48 50 57 Tel. (33) 143 79 46 46 Fax (33) 223 48 50 80 Fax (33) 143 79 64 15 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Marie Michel Mr Luc Ladonne Chairman, Ethics Working Group, EAAP General Secretary ENSAIA–INPL PRODAF BP 172 2, avenue Jean-Moulin F-54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-94120 Fontenay-sous-Bois Tel. (33) 383 59 58 87 Tel. (33) 148 75 56 57 Fax (33) 383 59 58 04 Fax (33) 148 75 76 12 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Virginie Michel Mr René Laporte Animal Welfare Unit Consultant AFSSA Interbev Zoopole — BP 53 132, Boulevard Saint Germain F-22440 Ploufragan F-75006 Paris Tel. (33) 296 01 62 20 Tel. (33) 155 42 77 45 Fax (33) 296 01 62 23 Fax (33) 155 42 77 40 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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Mr Luc Mirabito Mr Guillaume ROUE ITAVI INAPORC 12, rue du Rocher 149, rue de Bercy F-75008 Paris F-75595 Paris Cedex 12 Tel. (33) 145 22 92 41 Tel. (33) 140 04 51 17 Fax (33) 143 87 18 78 Fax (33) 140 04 53 77 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Pierre Orgeur Mr Pierre Sans Chargé de recherches Enseignant chercheur Responsable d’un projet ‘Agri bien-être’ — École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse INRA 23, chemin des Capelles UMR 6073 INRA-CNRS-université de Tours F-31076 Toulouse Cedex Physiologie de la reproduction et des com- Tel. (33) 561 19 39 77 portements Fax (33) 561 19 39 24 F-37380 Nouzilly E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (33) 247 48 35 74 Fax (33) 247 42 77 43 Dr Jacques Servière E-mail: [email protected] Directeur des recherches INRA Dr Jean-Jacques Pravieux INRA-INA PG Responsable technique pharmaceutique Département des sciences animales Merial 16, rue Claude-Bernard 13b, avenue Einstein F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 F-69100 Villeurbanne Tel. (33) 144 08 18 12/6 60 76 24 13 Tel. (33) 472 72 55 78 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 472 72 31 12 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Laurent Spanghero President Dr Armelle Prunier Fédération nationale de l’industrie et des Directeur de recherche commerces en gros de viande (FNICGV) INRA 17, place des Vins-de-France UMR veau et porc F-75012 Paris F-35590 Saint-Gilles Tel. (33) 153 02 40 15 Tel. (33) 223 48 50 56 Fax (33) 143 47 28 58 Fax (33) 223 48 50 80 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Ms Amelia Tarzi Dr Paul Rault Consultant Service Sanitaire Eurogroup for Animal Welfare Sysaaf, SRA, INRA 2, avenue du Monastère — Bât. Éole F-37380 Nouzilly F-06000 Nice Tel. (33) 247 42 76 90 Tel. (33) 492 26 14 75 Fax (33) 247 42 76 46 Fax (33) 492 26 14 75 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Jérémie Requis Mr Bernard Terrand Chargé d’études Président FNSEA Fesass 11, rue de la Baume 149, rue de Bercy F-75008 Paris F-75595 Paris Cedex 12 Tel. (33) 153 83 47 05 Tel. (33) 140 04 51 24 Fax (33) 153 83 48 30 Fax (33) 140 04 51 28 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 268 Appendices

Dr Philippe Vannier Dr Bernhard Polten Director Head of Unit Animal Welfare Animal Health and Welfare Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, AFSSA Ernährung und Landwirtschaft Zoopôle — BP 53 Rochusstr. 1 F-22440 Ploufragan D-53123 Bonn Tel. (33) 296 01 62 22 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 296 01 62 53 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Wilhelm Priesmeier Mitglied des Bundestages und Tierarzt Mrs Isabelle Veissier Deutscher Bundestag Directeur de la recherche Platz der Republik 1 INRA D-11011 Berlin URH-ACS E-mail: [email protected] INRA- Theix F-Saint-Genès-Champanelle Dr Marianne Andres Tel. (33) 473 62 40 98 Deputy Head of Department Fax (33) 473 62 41 18 German Centre for Documentation and E-mail: [email protected] Information in Agriculture (ZADI) Villichgasse 17 Dr Violaine Colson D-53177 Bonn Ingénieur Tel. (49-228) 95 48-303 INRA de Tours, PRC, équipe ‘comporte- Fax (49-228) 95 48-111 ments’ E-mail: [email protected] F-37380 Nouzilly Tel. (33) 247 42 79 74 Prof. Thomas Blaha Fax (33) 130 53 03 84 Department Chair E-mail: [email protected] School of Veterinary Medicine Buescheler Straße 9 GEORGIA D-49456 Bakum Tel. (49-4446) 959 91 16 Dr Levan Ramishvili Fax (49-4446) 959 91 12 Chief Veterinary Officer E-mail: [email protected] Head of the Veterinary Department Ministry of Agriculture and Food Ms Christa Blanke M. Tamarashvili 15a Director 380077 Tbilisi Animal’s Angels Georgia Bismarckallee 22 E-mail: [email protected] D-79098 Freiburg Tel. (49-761) 292 66 01 GERMANY Fax (49-761) 292 66 02 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Karin Schwabenbauer Leiterin der Unterabteilung ‘Tiergesundheit’ Dr Christiane Gothe Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Plenipotentiary Ernährungund Landwirtschaft Bundesverband Tierschutz Rochusstr. 1 Walpurgisstr. 40 D-53123 Bonn D-47441 Moers E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (49-2841) 252 44 Fax (49-2841) 262 36 E-mail: [email protected]

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Prof. Joerg Hartung GUYANA Professor Institut für Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Dr Steve Surujbally Nutztierethologie Honorary President Bünteweg 17 P Guyana Society for the Prevention of Cruel- D-30559 Hannover ty to Animals Tel. (49-511) 953 88 32 41 High Street Fax (49-511) 953 85 88 Kingston, Georgetown E-mail: [email protected] Guyana E-mail: [email protected] Dr Klaus-Peter Linn Deputy Managing Director HUNGARY German Poultry Association Hinter Hoben 149 Dr Laszlo Pallos D-53129 Bonn/NRW National Animal Welfare Inspector Tel. (49-228) 530 02 41 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- Fax (49-228) 530 02 77 ment E-mail: [email protected] Kossuth ter. 11 H-1055 Budapest Dr Lars Schrader Tel. (36-1) 301 59 07 Institute for Animal Welfare and Animal Fax (36-1) 301 59 60 Husbandry (FAL) E-mail: [email protected] Doernbergstraße 25-27 D-29223 Celle Dr Péter Téglásy Tel. (49-5141) 384 61 01 Lawyer Fax (49-5141) 384 61 17 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- E-mail: [email protected] ment Kossuth ter. 11 Dr Karen von Holleben H-1055 Budapest BSI, Training and Consultancy Institute for Tel. (36-1) 301 44 97 careful handling of breeding and slaughter Fax (36-1) 301 47 70 animals E-mail: [email protected] PO Box 1469 D-21487 Schwarzenbek Dr Akos Vegh Tel. (49-4151) 70 17 County Veterinarian Officer, Inspector on Fax (49-4151) 89 40 46 Animal Welfare E-mail: [email protected] Fejer County Veterinary and Food Controls Station Dr Martin von Wenzlawowicz Csikvari Street 15 BSI, Training and Consultancy Institute for H-8000 Szekesfehervar careful handling of breeding and slaughter Tel. (36-22) 51 11 60 animals Fax (36-22) 50 20 63 PO Box 1469 E-mail: [email protected] D-21487 Schwarzenbek Tel. (49-4151) 70 17 ICELAND Fax (49-4151) 89 40 46 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Halldór Runólfsson Chief Veterinary Officer Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture Sölvhólsgata 7 IS-150 Reykjavík E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 270 Appendices

INDONESIA Dr Bernadette Earley Principal Research Officer and Head of the Dr Bachtiar Moerad Animal Health and Welfare Department Director of Veterinary Public Health Teagasc, Grange Research Centre Ministry of Agriculture Dunsany, County Meath Citra Gran Blok G. 1 No 2 Ireland Jl Alternatif, Cibubur Tel. (353-46) 906 11 66 17435 Bekasi Fax (353-46) 902 61 54 Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (62-21) 845 85 32 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Alison Hanlon University Lecturer IRELAND University College Dublin (UCD) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dr Patrick J. Rogan Belfield Chief Veterinary Officer Dublin 4 Department of Agriculture, Food Ireland Kildare Street Tel. (353-1) 716 62 49 Dublin 2 Fax (353-1) 716 62 53 Ireland E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr Kevin Kinsella Dr Billy McAteer Director of Livestock Department of Agriculture, Food Irish Farmers’ Association Kildare Street Irish Farm Centre, Bluebell Dublin 2 Dublin 12 Ireland Ireland Tel. (353-1) 450 02 66 Mr Seamus Healy Fax (353-1) 455 10 43 Assistant Secretary General E-mail: [email protected] Department of Agriculture, Food Kildare Street ISRAEL Dublin 2 Ireland Prof. Arnon Shimshony PO Box 13327 Mr Seamus O’Flaherty 61132 Tel Aviv Premier Secrétaire aux Affaires Agricoles Israel Ambassade d’Irlande Fax (972-3) 644 55 81 4, rue Rude E-mail: [email protected] F-75016 Paris E-mail: [email protected] ITALY

Mr John Bryan Dr Romano Marabelli Chairman IFA National Livestock Committee Director-GeneralVeterinary Health and Food Irish Farm Centre Ministry of Health Bluebell Piazza Marconi, 20I-00144 Roma — EUR Dublin 12 E-mail: [email protected] Ireland Tel. (353-1) 450 02 66 Dr Sergio Papalia Fax (353-1) 455 10 43 Veterinary Health and Food E-mail: [email protected] Ministry of Health Piazza Marconi, 20I-00144 Roma — EUR

271 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Mrs Stefania Del Papa Dr Paolo Dalla Villa Coordinator, Animal Welfare Centre Veterinarian Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del- l’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ l’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ Campo Boario Campo Boario I-64100 Teramo I-64100 Teramo Tel. (39) 08 61 33 23 18 Tel. (39) 08 61 33 21 Fax (39) 08 61.33 22 51 Fax (39) 08 61 33 22 51 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Barbara Alessandrini Mr Gianluca Felicetti Coordinator of international training Head of Institutional Relations — Member and communication activities Executive Committee Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del- LAV — Eurogroup for Animal Welfare l’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ Via Sommacampagna, 29 Campo Boario I-00185 Roma I-64100 Teramo Tel. (39) 033 58 20 13 61 Tel. (39) 08 61.33 23 18 Fax (39) 064 46 13 26 Fax (39) 08 61.33 22 51 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Flaviana Gottardo Dr Massimo Amadori Researcher Head of Laboratory Department of Animal Science Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna University of Padova Via A. Bianchi, 9 Viale dell’Università, 16, Agripolis I-25124 Brescia I-35020 Legnaro Tel. (39) 03 02 29 03 49 Tel. (39) 04 98 27 26 20 Fax (39) 03 02 29 03 82 Fax (39) 04 98 27 26 69 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Elisabetta Canali Dr Giovanna Marino Istituto di Zootecnia, Facoltà di medicina Senior Scientist veterinaria ICRAM Via Celoria, 10 Via Casalotti, 300 I-20133 Milano I-00166 Roma Tel. (39) 02 50 31 80 27 Tel. (39) 06 61 57 04 95 Fax (39) 02 50 31 80 30 Fax (39) 066 15 61 57 04 95 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Filippo Cerulli Irelli Dr Paola Nicolussi Purchasing Raw Materials and Finished Veterinarian Products Manager Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della Barilla Alimentare Spa Sardegna Via Mantova, 166 Via Duca Degli Abruzzi, 8 I-43100 Parma I-07100 Sassari Tel. (39) 05 21 26 27 42 Tel. (39) 07 92 89 22 69 Fax (39) 05 21 26 34 00 Fax (39) 079 27 21 89 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 272 Appendices

Dr Annamaria Passantino Prof. Marina Verga Professor University Full Professor and Member of Dip. Scienze mediche veterinarie the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Ani- Polo universitario Annunziata mal Welfare Organisation I-98168 Messina Istituto di Zootecnia, Facoltà di medicina Tel. (39) 090 35 30 41 veterinaria Fax (39) 090 35 69 91 Via Celoria 10 E-mail: [email protected] I-20133 Milano Tel. (39) 02 50 31 80 37 Dr Licia Ravarotto Fax (39) 02 50 31 80 30 Manager Biologist E-mail: [email protected] Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale delle Venezie JAPAN Viale dell’Università, 10 I-35020 Legnaro Prof. Dr Matsuki Yoichi Tel. (39) 04 98 08 42 64 Professor Fax (39) 04 98 83 05 30 Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science Uni- E-mail: [email protected] versity Kyonancho 1-7-1, Musashino Dr Roberta Sacchi 180-8602 Tokyo Veterinarian Japan ASL Provincia Milano 1 – AISEAB Tel. (81) 422 32 43 46 E-mail: [email protected] Via della Valle, 9 I-20013 Magenta Dr Shusuke Sato Tel. (39) 02 97 00 79 16 Department Director Fax (39) 02 97 00 79 45 National Institute of Livestock and Grass- E-mail: [email protected] land Science 768 Senbomatsu Mr Adolfo Sansolini 329-2793 Nasu Tochigi President Japan LAV Tel. (81) 287 37 7807 Via Sommacampagna, 29 Fax (81) 287 37 7807 I-00159 Roma E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (39) 064 46 13 25 Fax (39) 064 46 13 26 LATVIA E-mail: [email protected] Dr Vinets Veldre Dr Luigi Pio Scordamaglia Director President State Veterinary Service European Meat Association (EMA) Ministry of Agriculture Piazza di Spagna, 35 Republikas laukums 2 I-00187 Roma LV-1981 Riga Tel. (39) 06 69 19 06 40 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (39) 06 69 92 51 01 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Arnis Jurevics Councillor Dr Martina Tarantola Food and Veterinary Service Researcher Republic of Latvia Dept. Animal Production, University of Turin Republikas Squire 2 Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44 LV-1010 Riga I-10095 Grugliasco E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (39) 01 16 70 92 50 Fax (39) 01 16 70 92 40 E-mail: [email protected]

273 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr Iveta Kocina MALTA Head of Animal Welfare Division Food and Veterinary Service Dr Carmel Lino Vella Republic of Latvia Director Republikas Squire 2 Department of Veterinary Services LV-1010 Riga Albertown Barriera Wharf E-mail: [email protected] Marsa Malta LEBANON E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Etienne Bonbon MÉXICO Attaché vétérinaire régional Proche et Moyen Orient Dr Francisco Galindo Mission Economique au près l’Ambassade Professor UNAM/ IFAW de France Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootec- Espace des Lettres — Rue de Damas nia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Beyrouth México (UNAM) – IFAW Latin America Lebanon Departamento de Etología y Fauna Silvestre E-mail: [email protected] Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Ciudad Universitaria (UNAM) LITHUANIA 04510 México D.F. México Dr Kazimieras Lukauskas Tel. (52-55) 56 22 59 41 Director of the State Food and Veterinary Fax (52-55) 56 16 23 42 Service E-mail: [email protected] Siesiku g. 19 Dr María Zenaida Vera Espinosa LT-2010 Vilnius Médico Verificador autorizado por la E-mail: [email protected] SAGARPA Av. Vasco de Quiroga 1684-6, Col. Santa Fé Dr Ben Noreikis CP 01420, Del Álvaro Obregón Chairman Ciudad de México, D.F. Lithuanian Society for the Protection of Ani- México mals Tel. (52-55) 70 74 05 Radvilu Dvaro 33-1 E-mail: [email protected] LT-48332 Kaunas Tel. (370-37) 36 33 33 MOZAMBIQUE Fax (370-37) 36 33 33 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Adolfo Paulo Mavale National Directorate of Livestock LUXEMBOURG Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- ment Dr Arthur Besch Praça dos Heróis Moçambicanos Directeur des services vétérinaires CP 1406 Maputo Ministère de l’agriculture, de la Mozambique viticulture et du développement rural E-mail: [email protected] 211, rte d’Esch L-1014 Luxembourg Dr F. Songane E-mail:[email protected] National Directorate of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- ment Praça dos Heróis Moçambicanos CP 1406 Maputo Mozambique E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 274 Appendices

NAMIBIA Dr Wim De Leeuw Senior Veterinary Officer Dr Roger Paskin Food and Consumer Trade Manager Product Safety Authority Meat Board of Namibia Dept Veterinary Public Health, Animal Dis- PO Box 38 eases Windhoek Animal Welfare and Feed Namibia PO Box 19506 Tel. (264-61) 27 58 42 2500 CM Den Haag Fax (264-61) 22 83 10 The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (31-70) 448 49 08 Fax (31-70) 448 40 61 THE NETHERLANDS E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Peter W. de Leeuw Dr Egbert Dinand Ekkel Chief Veterinary Officer Associate Professor Department of Food and Veterinary Affairs Wageningen UR Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Marijkeweg 40 Quality 6709 PG Wageningen Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 The Netherlands PO Box 20401 Tel. (31-317) 48 31 20 2500 EK Den Haag Fax (31-317) 48 50 06 The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (31-70) 378 50 37 Fax (31-70) 703 78 61 34 Dr Hans Hopster E-mail: [email protected] Research Leader, Animal Welfare Group and Lecturer on Animal Welfare Dr Martijn Weijtens Wageningen University/Van Hall Institute Deputy CVO Edelhertweg 15, PO Box 65 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food 8200 Lelystad Quality The Netherlands Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 Tel. (31-320) 23 82 06 Fax (31- 320) 23 80 94 PO Box 20401 E-mail: [email protected] 2500 EK Den Haag The Netherlands Dr Suzan Horst E-mail: [email protected] Food Safety Competence Manager Nutreco International BV Mw. Drs. L.E.E. van Weereld PO Box 220 Coordinator 5830 AE Boxmeer International Affairs on Animal Welfare The Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Tel. (31-485) 58 92 93 Quality Fax (31-485) 58 94 82 Bezuidenhoutseweg 73, PO Box 20401 E-mail: [email protected] 2500 EK The Hague The Netherlands Dr Bert Lambooij E-mail: [email protected] Scientist Animal Science Group of the Wageningen University and Research Centre PO Box 65 8200 AB Flevoland The Netherlands Tel. (31-320) 23 89 70 Fax (31-320) 23 73 20 E-mail: [email protected]

275 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr Ineke Puls-van der Kamp Dr Lindsay Matthews Trainer and consultant Team Leader — Senior Scientist International Agricultural Centre — ISAE Wageningen UR AgResearch Ruakura PO Box 88 Agricultural Research Centre 6700 AB Wageningen Private Bag, The Netherlands 3123 Hamilton Tel. (31) 651 05 84 96 New Zealand Fax (31-317) 49 53 95 Tel: (64-7) 838 55 69 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (64-7) 838 50 38 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Willem Schouten Senior Scientist Ms Susan Redward Wageningen UR Consultant Manshotllaan 10-12 International Federation of Agricultural Pro- 6708 PA Wageningen ducers (IFAP) The Netherlands c/o Angela Brierley Federated Farmers of Tel. (31-317) 47 64 16 New Zealand (Inc.), PO Box 715 Fax (31-317) 47 53 47 6001 Wellington E-mail: [email protected] New Zealand Tel. (64-4) 494 91 83 Mr Pieter Abraham Thijsse Fax (64-4) 473 10 81 President E-mail: [email protected] Dutch Livestock Export Association Louis Braillelaan 80 Mr John Tacon 2719 EK Zoetermeer Quality Manager The Netherlands Deer Industry New Zealand Tel. (31-79) 368 75 03 PO Box 10-702 Fax (31-79) 368 75 93 6004 Wellington E-mail: [email protected] New Zealand Tel. (64-4) 382 86 26 Mr Bert van den Berg Fax (64-4) 382 91 43 Policy worker for farm animals E-mail: [email protected] Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals PO Box 85980 Mr Gerry Thompson 2508 CR The Hague Meat New Zealand The Netherlands Rue de la Loi 99-101 Tel. (31-70) 314 27 60 B-1040 Brussels Fax (31-70) 314 27 77 Tel. (32-2) 230 62 63 E-mail: bert.van.den.berg@ Fax (32-2) 230 50 67 dierenbescherming.nl E-mail: [email protected]

NEW ZEALAND Dr Virginia Williams Animal Welfare Coordinator Dr Christopher Kebbell New Zealand Veterinary Association Counsellor (Veterinary Services) 15 Tongariro Street New Zealand Embassy Mt Eden Square de Meeus 1 1003 Auckland B-1000 Brussels New Zealand Tel. (32-2) 550 12 19 Tel. (64-9) 630 11 97 Fax (32-2) 513 48 56 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 276 Appendices

NORWAY Dr Inge Midtveit Senior Adviser Mr Kari Bryhni Norwegian Meat Research Centre Head Box 396 Oerken Division animal welfare, contaminants and N-0513 Oslo public interest Tel. (47) 22 09 23 00 Norwegian Food Safety Authority Fax (47) 22 22 00 16 PB 8056 E-mail: [email protected] N-0031 Oslo Tel. (47) 23 21 68 50 Dr Marit Nesje E-mail: [email protected] Amanuensis Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Dr Tolo Elisiv PO Box 8146 Senior Advisor DVM N-0033 Oslo Norwegian Meat Research Centre Tel. (47) 22 96 49 01 PB 396 Oekern Fax (47) 22 59 70 83 N-0513 Oslo E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (47) 22 09 22 87 / 95 91 96 92 Fax (47) 22 22 00 16 Dr Randi Oppermann Moe E-mail: [email protected] Researcher Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Dr Vonne Lund Department of Production Animal Clinical National Veterinary Institute Science PO Box 8156 Dep. Lilleåsen 12A N-0033 Oslo N-1396 Billingstad Tel. (47) 23 21 63 67 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (47) 23 21 63 04 E-mail: [email protected] Ms Inger Helen Stenevik Adviser Dr Olav Lyngset Norwegian Food Safety Authority Adviser PB 303 The Royal Ministry of Agriculture N-2381 Brumunddal PO Box 8007 Tel. (47) 23 21 65 83 N-0030 Oslo Fax (47) 23 21 65 01 Tel. (47) 22 24 94 25 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (47) 22 24 95 59 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Jorunn Vormeland Veterinary Adviser Dr Cecilie Mejdell Norwegian Meat Cooperative Senior Veterinary Consultant PO Box 360 Økern Council on Animal Ethics N-0513 Oslo Arnemoveien 6 Tel. (47) 22 09 23 92 N-2500 Tynset Fax (47) 22 15 59 08 Tel. (47) 62 48 20 26 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (47) 62 48 23 26 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs Tania Wolffrom Project Manager VESO (National Centre for Veterinary Con- tract Research and Commercial Services Ltd) PO Box 8109 Dep N-0032 Oslo Tel. (47) 23 21 65 83 Fax (47) 23 21 65 01 E-mail: [email protected]

277 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

POLAND Dr Camelia Tanase Veterinarian Dr Magdalena Zietara Veterinarian Institute of Diagnosis and Ani- Inspector mal Health Animal Health and Welfare Office Dr Staicovici Street, General Veterinary inspectorate No 64, Sect. 5 30 Wspolna Str. RO-Bucharest PL-00-930 Warsaw Tel. (40) 410 12 99 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (40) 411 33 94 E-mail: [email protected] PORTUGAL SLOVENIA Prof. Fernando Bernardo – Subdirector Dr Ales Brecelj Direcção-Geral de Veterinária Deputy Director Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvi- Veterinary Administration of the Republic mento Rural e das Pescas of Slovenia Largo Academia das Belas-Artes, 2 P.P. 2639 P-1249-105 Lisboa SLO-1001 Ljubljana E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (386-1) 300 13 00 Fax (386-1) 300 13 56 ROMANIA E-mail: [email protected] SOUTH AFRICA Dr Mihai Dumitru Director Executive Dr Ziyanda Majokweni Directia Sanitara Veterinara Brasov Experimental Animals Manager Calea Feldioarei Nr 20/A Onderstepoort Biological Products RO-2200 Brasov OBP P/B X07 Onderstepoort Tel. (40-268) 44 02 57 0110 Pretoria Gauteng Fax (40-268) 44 17 22 South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (27-12) 522 15 44 – (27) 84 616 60 84 (mobile) Dr Nicolae Marin Fax (27-12) 522 15 91 Directeur Executive E-mail: [email protected] Direction Sanitare Veterinare Constanta Rue Mangaliei 78 SPAIN RO-900111 Constanta Tel. (40-241) 68 24 17 Dr María Josefa Lueso Sordo Fax (40-241) 68 21 19 / 67 48 64 Subdirectora General E-mail: [email protected] Ordenación de Explotaciones Dirección General de Ganadería Dr Daniela-Letitia Petrosann Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Ali- Veterinarian mentación The Veterinary and Food Safety Agency c/ José Abascal, 4 Institute of Diagnosis and Animal Health E-28003 Madrid Dr Staicovici Street No 64, Sect. 5 Mrs Teresa Villalba RO-Bucharest Jefe de Servicio de Bienestar Animal Tel. (40) 410 12 99 Dirección General de Ganadería Fax (40) 411 33 94 Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Ali- E-mail: [email protected] mentacion c/ José Abascal, 4-7 E-28071 Madrid E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 278 Appendices

Dr Inés Blanco Peréz Prof. Gustavo A. Maria Levrino Jefa de Servicio de Control Veterinario Professor Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria University of Zaragoza Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Facultad de Veterinaria C/ Alcalá, 56 Miguel Servet, 177 E-28071 Madrid E-50013 Zaragoza Tel. (34) 913 38 01 71 Tel. (34) 976 76 24 90 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (34) 976 76 16 12 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Miranda de Larra Conseillé agricole Mr José Millas Albafull Ambassade d’Espagne Secretario General 22, avenue Marceau Anafric — Gremsa Anicoc Ovicebo F-75008 Paris Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes, 631 6° Tel. (33) 44 43 19 41 Fax (33) 44 43 19 41 E-08010 Barcelona Tel. (34) 933 01 33 74 Dr Miguel Ángel Aparicio Fax (34) 934 12 26 68 Profesor Titular de Universidad E-mail: [email protected] Universidad de Extremadura Facultad de Veterinaria Dr Antonio Velarde Calvo Campus Universitario, s/n Investigador Superior E-10071 Cáceres IRTA Tel. (34) 927 25 71 42 Granja Camps i Armet Fax (34) 927 25 71 10 E-17121 Monells (Girona) E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (34) 972 63 00 52 Fax (34) 972 63 03 73 Ms Marta Raquel Avelleyra Segredo E-mail: [email protected] Coordinadora Programa Genotipado Empresa Pública Desarrollo Agrario y Pes- Dr Morris Villarroel Robinson quero Professor c/Bergantín, 39 University of Zaragoza E-41012 Sevilla Miguel Servet, 177 Tel. (34) 955 05 97 00 E-50013 Zaragoza Fax (34) 955 05 97 12 Tel. (34) 976 76 24 90 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (34) 976 76 16 12 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs María del Mar Fernández Director SWEDEN Organización Interprofesional del Huevo Y sus productos (Inprovo) Dr Leif Denneberg Juan Montalvo 5, 1° D E-28040 Madrid Chief Veterinary Officer Tel. (34) 915 98 59 20 National Swedish Veterinary Services Fax (34) 914 56 05 32 Head of Department for Animal Production E-mail: [email protected] and Health — Swedish Board of Agriculture Mr Alberto Herranz S-551 82 Jönköping Gerente E-mail: [email protected] Ancoporc-Anta-Elt Santísima Trinidad, 30 Ms Ingrid Mossberg E-28010 Madrid Senior Adviser Tel. (34) 914 44 33 52 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Fax (34) 914 46 11 34 Fredsgatan 8 E-mail: [email protected] S-103 33 Stockholm E-mail: [email protected]

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Dr Anna Tofftén SWITZERLAND Director Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Dr Jacques Merminod S-103 33 Stockholm Suppléant du Chef E-mail: [email protected] Swiss Federal Veterinary Office Schwarzenburgstrasse 161 Mr Matz Hammarstrom CH-3003 Berne Director-General Tel. (41-31) 323 85 11 Swedish Animal Welfare Agency Fax (41-31) 324 82 56 Box 80 E-mail: [email protected] S-532 21 Skara Tel. (46-511) 274 01 Miss Elise Saunier Fax (46-511) 274 90 Ingénieur agronome E-mail: matz.hammarstrom@djursky- ddsmyndigheten.se SRVA, Service romand de vulgarisation agricole Dr Karin Ahl SRVA, Jordils 1 CP 128 Veterinarian CH-1006 Lausanne Head of Division Tel. (41-21) 619 44 23 Swedish Animal Welfare Agency Fax (41-21) 617 02 61 Box 80 E-mail: [email protected] S-532 21 Skara Tel. (46-511) 274 00 Dr Claire-Marie Vacher Fax (46-511) 274 90 Researcher in Neurobiology E-mail: [email protected] University of Basel Pharmazentrum/Biozentrum Dr Bjorn Dahlén Department of Physiology Board member Klingelbergstrasse 50/70 Swedish Federation for Animal Welfare CH-4056 Basel Stationsvägen 2 Tel. (41-61) 267 16 44 S-36072 Klavreström Fax (41-61) 267 16 28 Tel. (46) 702 90 32 93 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (46) 47 08 63 09 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Beat Wechsler Head of Research Group Prof. Linda Keeling Swiss Federal Veterinary Office Professor in Animal Welfare Zentrum für tiergerechte Haltung Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Wiederkaüer und Schweine c/o FAT Department of Animal Environment and CH-8356 Tänikon Health Box 234 Tel. (41-52) 368 33 71 S-532 23 Skara Fax (41- 52) 365 11 90 Tel. (46-511) 672 20 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (46-511) 672 04 E-mail: [email protected] TAIWAN

Dr Gunnela Stahle Mr Ray Ruey-Jang Chang Expert Animal Welfare, Food Safety Second Secretary LRF, Federation of Swedish Farmers Permanent Mission of Taiwan, Penghu, Kin- LRF men and Matsu to the WTO S-105 33 Stockholm 6th floor BIBC, Chemin de Blandonnet 8 Tel. (46-8) 787 53 28 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Fax (46-8) 787 53 50 Tel. (41-22) 545 53 43 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (41-22) 545 53 61 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 280 Appendices

Dr Shian-Jyue Du THAILAND Supervisor Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspec- Dr Darunee Tuntasuvan tion and Quarantine Senior Veterinary Officer 3F, 51 Chung Ching S. Rd, Sect. 2 National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity 100 Taipei and Food Standards Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Tel. (886-2) 23 62 82 25 3 Rajchadamnoen Nok Fax (886-2) 23 66 14 75 10200 Bangkok E-mail: [email protected] Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Andrew Chang Young Fei Professor Mr Somkiat Sripisuth National Taiwan University Veterinary Officer 1st fl. 60-5 Chang-Sing St. National Bureau of Agricultural 10659 Taipei Commodity and Food Standards Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Tel. (886-2) 23 62 82 25 3 Rajchadamnoen Nok Fax (886-2) 23 66 14 75 10200 Bangkok E-mail: [email protected] Thailand

Prof. De-Shien Jong TUNISIA National Taiwan University 50 Lane 155 Keelung Rd, Sect. 3 Dr Faouzi Kechrid 106 Taipei President Euro-Arab Veterinary Association Taiwan 5, rue Ibn Kouteiba El Menzah 7 Tel. (886-2) 27 32 73 01 ext 110 1004 Tunis Fax (886-2) 27 32 70 70 Tunisia E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (216-71) 38 09 90 Fax (216-1) 38 02 10 Prof. Yao-Chi Su E-mail: [email protected] Associate Professor Department of Veterinary Medicine UKRAINE National Chiayi University 300 University Road Dr Alexandr Verzhykhovskiy 600 Chiayi city Deputy Head Taiwan State Department of Veterinary Medicine Tel. (886-5) 271 75 81 Ukraine Fax (886-5) 271 75 66 E-mail: [email protected] UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Dr Tien Shuh Yang Eng. Saeed Khalifa Al Shaaly Research Fellow Head of Animal Production Section Animal Technology Institute Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries No 52 Kedung 2 Rd, Ding-pu Lii, Chunan PO Box 1519, Dubai 350 Miaoli United Arab Emirates Taiwan Tel. (971-4) 295 98 08 Tel. (886-37) 58 59 60 Fax (971-4) 295 85 25 Fax (886-37) 58 59 69 E-mail: [email protected]

281 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr Elniema Abdul Khalig Mustafa Dr Megan Roberts Scientific Studies and Research Unit Department of Agriculture and Rural Devel- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries opment for Northern Ireland, Room 716, PO Box 1519, Dubai Dundonald House, Upper Newtownards United Arab Emirates Road Tel. (971-4) 295 98 08 Belfast BT4 3SB Fax (971-4) 295 85 25 United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Thomas C. Marten Mr Edward Varley Adviser for Equestrian and Racing Associa- AHEG tion Animal Welfare Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Area 502A 1 Page Street PO Box 1519, Dubai London SW1 4PQ United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Tel. (971-4) 295 98 08 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (971-4) 295 85 25 Mr Mike Attenborough Dr Alexander Atok Technical Director Adviser of Vet Section Meat and Livestock Commission U.A.E. Equestrian and Racing Federation Winterhill House, Snowdon Drive Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Milton Keynes MK6 1AX PO Box 1519, Dubai United Kingdom United Arab Emirates Tel. (44-1908) 84 41 05 Tel. (971-4) 295 98 08 Fax (44-1908) 84 42 14 Fax (971-4) 295 85 25 E-mail: [email protected]

UNITED KINGDOM Mr John Avizienius Senior Scientific Officer Dr David Pritchard The Royal Society for the Prevention of Head of Animal Welfare Veterinary Division Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) DEFRA Wilberforce Way Room 303 B 1A Page Street Southwater RH13 9RS London SW1P 4PQ United Kingdom United Kingdom Tel. (44-870) 754 02 03 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (44-870) 753 00 73 E-mail: [email protected] Ms Siobhan Taylor Animal Welfare Division Mr Lee Bansil DEFRA External Relations Room 303 B, 1A Page Street Procter and Gamble Technical Centres Ltd London SW1P 4PQ Whitehall Lane United Kingdom Egham TW20 9NW, Surrey E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Tel. (44-1784) 47 41 88 Mr Kirk Thompson Fax (44-1784) 27 12 13 Animal Welfare Division E-mail: [email protected] DEFRA Room 303 B, 1A Page Street London SW1P 4PQ United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 282 Appendices

Dr Stuart Barlow Ms Joyce De Silva Director-General Executive Director International Fish Meal and Fish Oil Organi- Compassion in World Farming sation Charles House, 5A Charles Street 2 College Yard Petersfield GU32 3EH, Hampshire St Albans AL3 4PA, Herts United Kingdom United Kingdom Tel. (44-1730) 26 42 08 Tel. (44-1727) 84 28 44 Fax (44-1730) 26 07 91 Fax (44-1727) 84 28 66 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Meritxell Donadeu Mr David Bowles European Health Manager Head, External Affairs PIC Europe RSPCA 2 Kingston Business Park Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Kingston Bagpuize OX13 5FE Horsham RH13 9RS, West Sussex Oxfordshire United Kingdom United Kingdom Tel. (44-870) 754 02 72 Tel. (44-1865) 82 22 78 Fax (44-870) 753 02 72 Fax (44-1865) 82 01 87 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Ms Kerry Burgess Dr Amanda Fox Campaigns Director R&D Programme Manager CIWF Department for Environment, Food and 5A Charles Street Rural Affairs Petersfield GU32 5EH, Hampshire Rm 505, Cromwell House, Dean Stanley United Kingdom Street Tel. (44-7867) 50 89 03/(44-1730) 23 73 72 Westminster Fax (44-1730) 267 91 London SW1P 3JH E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Tel. (44-207) 238 15 57 Dr Robert Connor Fax (44-207) 238 15 90 Director E-mail: [email protected] Anseris 98 High Road, Halton-on-Lune Ms Rebeca Garcia Lancaster LA2 6PU Official Veterinary Surgeon United Kingdom Meat Hygiene Service Tel. (44-1524) 81 14 18 46 Cardiff Road Fax (44-1524) 81 14 18 Reading RG1 8EP E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Tel. (44-77) 99 47 09 51 Mr Keith Davenport E-mail: [email protected] Chief Executive Ornamental Aquatic Trade Association Dr Emma Harding 1st floor Office Suite, Wessex Houses, Farm Animal Welfare Council Secretariat 40 Station Road Room 511, 1A Page Street, Westminster Westbury BA13 3JN, Wiltshire London SW1P 4PQ United Kingdom United Kingdom Tel. (44-1373) 30 13 52 Tel. (44-207) 904 67 41 Fax (44-1373) 30 12 36 Fax (44-207) 904 69 93 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

283 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Mr Paul Hook Prof. James Kirkwood Deputy Political Director Chief Executive/Scientific Director 5A Charles Street UFAW & HAS Petersfield GU32 3EH, Hampshire The Old School Brewhouse Hill United Kingdom Wheathampstead AL4 8AN, Hertfordshire Tel. (44-1730) 26 42 08 United Kingdom Fax (44-1730) 26 07 91 Tel. (44-1582) 83 18 18 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (44-1582) 83 14 14 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Andrew Joret Operations Director – Agriculture Dr Judy MacArthur Clark Deans Food Ltd Chairwoman The Moor, Bilsthorpe UK Farm Animal Welfare Council Newark NG22 8TS PO Box 192 United Kingdom Canterbury CT3 2GB Tel. (44-1623) 87 03 84 United Kingdom Fax (44-1623) 87 06 57 Tel. (44-1843) 23 20 90 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (44-1304) 81 39 65 E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Morgan Kenton Professor of Epidemiology Mr Julian Madeley University of Liverpool Secretary-General Leahurst Neston International Egg Commission CH64 7TE Wirral 89 Charterhouse Street United Kingdom London EC1M 6HR Tel. (44-151) 794 60 01 United Kingdom Fax (44-151) 794 60 28 Tel. (44-207) 490 34 93 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (44-207) 490 34 95 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs Kate Kerr Chairman of BVA/AWF Dr Keith C. Meldrum Animal Welfare Foundation ILPH Political Consultant 7 Mansfield Street International League for the Protection of London W1G 9NQ Horses (ILPH) United Kingdom Anne Colvin House Tel. (44-207) 636 65 41 Norwich NR16 2LR Fax (44-207) 436 29 70 United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (44-870) 366 69 28 Fax (44-870) 904 19 27 Mr Peter Kettlewell Research Engineer Mr Nigel Miller Silsoe Research Institute Chairman Wrest Park Silsoe NFU Scotland Animal Health and Welfare Bedford MK45 4HS and Livestock Committees, NFU Scotland United Kingdom Rural Centre Tel. (44-1525) 86 40 27 West Mains Ingliston Fax (44-1525) 86 17 35 Newbridge EH28 8LT, Midlothian E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Tel. (44-131) 472 40 00 Fax (44-131) 472 40 10 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 284 Appendices

Dr Malcolm Mitchell Miss Joanne White Principal Scientist Campaigns Manager Roslin Institute International League for the Protection of Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian Horses (ILPH) United Kingdom Anne Colvin House, Snetterton Tel. (44-131) 527 42 14 Norwich NR16 2LR Fax (44-131) 440 04 34 United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (44-870) 366 69 39 Fax (44-870) 904 19 27 Mr David Neale E-mail: [email protected] UK Director Animals Asia Foundation Mr Mark Williams PO Box 5713 Chief Executive Clacton on Sea CO15 6QT, Essex British Egg Industry Council United Kingdom 89 Charterhouse Street Tel. (44-870) 241 37 23 London EC1M 6HR Fax (44-870) 225 60 62 United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (44-207) 608 37 60 Fax (44-207) 608 38 60 Mr John Ruane E-mail: mark.williams@britisheggindus- Director trycouncil.com Naturewatch 122 Bath Road Mr Roger Wrapson Cheltenham GL53 7JX, Gloucestershire Secretary, Livestock Carriers Group United Kingdom Road Haulage Association Ltd Tel. (44-1242) 25 28 71 35 Monument Hill Fax (44-1242) 25 35 69 Weybridge KT13 8RN, Surrey E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom Tel. (44-1932) 84 15 15 Mr Peter Stevenson Fax (44-1932) 83 89 12 Political and Legal Director E-mail: [email protected] Compassion in World Farming 5A Charles Street UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Petersfield GU32 3EH, Hampshire United Kingdom Mr Chester A. Gipson Tel. (44-1750) 823 21 Deputy Administrator Fax (44-1750) 823 23 USDA, APHIS, Animal Care E-mail: [email protected] 4700 River Road, Unit 97 20737 Riverdale, MD Mr Daniel Turner USA Zoo Check Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Born Free Foundation 3 Grove House, Foundry Lane Ms Elizabeth (Libby) Harris Horsham RH13 5PL, West Sussex USDA, APHIS, Animal Care United Kingdom 4700 River Road, Unit 97 Tel: (44-1403) 24 01 70 20737 Riverdale, MD Fax (44-1403) 32 78 33 USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

285 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Dr William James Mr Gene Bauston Senior Director, Office of Public Health and President Science Farm Sanctuary Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA PO Box 150 Room 343, Aerospace Center 14891 Watkins Glen, NY 1400 Independence Ave, SW USA 20250 Washington DC Tel. (1-607) 583 22 25 USA Fax (1-607) 583 20 41 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Ms Mary Lisa Madell Dr Marilyn Brown Trade Policy Analyst Director, Animal Welfare and Training USDA-APHIS Charles River Laboratories 1400 Independence Avenue SW PO Box 69 20520 Washington DC 05043 East Thetford, VT USA USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-802) 785 27 00 Fax (1-802) 785 29 00 Mr Cem Akin E-mail: [email protected] Research Associate People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Mr Daniel Carey 501 Front St Ville The Iams Company 23510 Norkfolk, VA PO Box 189 USA 45338 Lewisburg, OH Tel. (1-757) 622 73 82 ext 1492 USA Fax (1-757) 628 07 84 E-mail: [email protected] Mrs Terrie Dort President Dr Michael Appleby National Council of Chain Restaurants Vice President, Farm Animal and Sustain- 325, 7th Street N.W., Suite 1100 able Agriculture 20004 Washington DC The Humane Society of the United States USA 2100 L Street, NW Tel. (1-202) 626 81 83 20037 Washington DC Fax (1-202) 626 81 85 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-301) 258 31 11 Fax (1-301) 258 30 81 Ms Adele Douglass E-mail: [email protected] Executive Director Humane Farm Animal Care Dr Katherine Barger 1043 Sterling Road Export Department Manager 20170 Herndon, VA Cobb-Vantress USA USA 4703 US Hwy. 412 East Tel. (1-703) 435 38 83 72761 Siloam Springs, AR Fax (1-703) 435 39 81 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-479) 549 28 41 Fax (1-479) 524 34 19 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 286 Appendices

Ms Jennifer Felt Ms Marlene Halverson Program Manager, Latin America and the Farm Animal Economic Advisor Caribbean Animal Welfare Institute Humane Society International PO Box 286 2100 L Street 55057 Northfield, MN 20037 Washington DC USA USA Tel. (1-507) 645 84 34 Tel. (1-301) 548 77 27 Fax (1-507) 664 94 48 Fax (1-301) 258 30 82 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Jill Hollingsworth Mrs Cassie Folk Vice President Manager of Government Relations Food Marketing Institute Feld Entertainment 655, 15th Street NW Inc/Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Suite 700 Circus 20005 Washington DC 8607 Westwood Center Drive USA 22182 Vienna Tel. (1-202) 220 06 58 USA Fax (1-202) 220 08 76 Tel. (1-703) 448 36 09 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (1-703) 448 40 34 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Anna Johnson Director, Animal Welfare Ms Joan Galvin National Pork Board Animal Exhibitors Alliance 1776 NW 114th St. PO Box 8337 50325 Clive, IA 34228 Longboat Key, FL USA USA Tel. (1-515) 223 35 33 Tel. (1-941) 383 56 24 Fax (1-515) 223 26 46 Fax (1-941) 387 98 72 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Kay Johnson Dr Gail Golab Vice President Assistant Director Animal Agriculture Alliance Professional and Public Affairs 1501 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1100 American Veterinary Medical Association 22209 Arlington, VA 1931 North Meacham Road, Suite 100 USA 60173 Schaumburg, IL Tel. (1-703) 562 51 60 USA Fax (1-703) 524 19 21 Tel. (1-847) 285 66 18 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (1-847) 925 13 29 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Marshall Meyers Executive Vice-President and General Coun- Dr Nancy Halpern sel Director, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council Division of Animal Health 1220, 19th Street NW New Jersey Department of Agriculture 20036 Washington DC PO Box 330 USA John Fitch Plaza Health and Agriculture Tel. (1-202) 452 15 25 08625 Trenton, NJ Fax (1-202) 293 43 77 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-609) 292 39 65 Fax (1-609) 777 83 95 E-mail: [email protected]

287 Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Appendices

Ms Cindy Milburn Dr Robert Smith Director, Animals in Crisis and Distress Chair, Cattle Health and Well-Being Com- Department mittee International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) National Cattlemen’s Beef Association 75 Attucks Lane 3404 Live Oak Lane 02675 Hyannis, MA 74075 Stillwater, OK USA USA Tel. (1-508) 744 20 91 Tel. (1-405) 372 86 66 Fax (1-508) 744 20 99 Fax (1-405) 743 84 22 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Richard D. Reynnells Prof. W. Ray Stricklin National Program Leader, Animal Produc- Professor tion Systems University of Maryland USDA/CSREES/PAS Department of Animal and Avian Sciences 800, 9th Street, SW 20742 College Park, MD Room 3130, Waterfront Centre USA 20250-2220 Washington DC Tel. (1-301) 405 13 74 USA Fax (1-301) 405 79 80 Tel. (1-202) 401 53 52 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (1-202) 401 61 56 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Paul Sundberg Vice-President, Science and Technology Dr Don Ritter National Pork Board Director of Health Services/Veterinarian PO Box 9114 National Chicken Council USA/Mountaire 50306 Des Moines, IA Farms Inc. USA PO Box 1320 (Hwy Rt 24 East) Tel. (1-515) 223 27 64 19966 Millsboro, DE Fax (1-515) 223 26 46 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-302) 934 40 91 Fax (1-302) 934 40 99 Mr Neil Trent E-mail: [email protected] Executive Director Humane Society International Dr Larry Schuler 2100 L Street, NW North Dakota State Veterinarian 20037 Washington DC United States Animal Health Association USA 600 E Boulevard Ave, Dept 602 Tel. (1-301) 548 77 79 58503 Bismarck, ND Fax (1-301) 258 30 82 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-701) 328 26 55 Fax (1-701) 328 45 67 Mr Richard Wood E-mail: [email protected] Executive Director Food Animal Concerns Trust PO Box 14599 60614 Chicago, IL USA Tel. (1-773) 525 49 52 Fax (1-773) 525 52 26 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 288 Appendices

URUGUAY Dr Shiranee Pereira Expert Consultant and Founder Trustee Dr Álvaro Barros Restano Committee for the Purpose of Control and Instituto Nacional de Carnes (INAC) Supervision of Experiments on Animals, Dirección de Servicios Técnicos (CPCSEA) a la Cadena Agroindustrial Animal Welfare Division, Government of Treinta y tres 1356, piso 1 India CP 11000 Montevideo 13/1 Third Seawrd Rd., Valmiki Nagar Uruguay Thiruvanmiyur Tel. (598-2) 916 04 30 600 041 Chennai, Tamilnadu Fax (598-2) 916 06 93 INDIA E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (91) 44 24403531 / 44 244 16914 Fax: (91) 044 244 03 531 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Stella Maris Huertas Canén Investigadora Facultad de Veterinaria Lasplaces 1550 CP 11600 Montevideo Uruguay Tel. (598-2) 628 35 05 Fax (598-2) 628 01 30 E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA

Mrs Radha Singh Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Krishi Brawan 110 001 New Delhi INDIA

Dr V.K. Taneja Animal Husbandry Commissioner Ministry of Agriculture Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Krishi Brawan 110 001 New Delhi INDIA

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Appendices

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Mr Andrea Gavinelli COUNCIL OF EUROPE Head of Animal Welfare Sector E2 Directorate-General for Health and Con- Mrs Sonia Parayre sumer Protection Juriste European Commission Conseil de l’Union européenne B-1049 Brussels Avenue de l’Europe Tel. (32-2) 296 64 26 F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex Fax (32-2) 295 31 44 Tel. (33) 390 21 54 55 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 388 41 27 64 E-mail: [email protected] Mr Cornelius Rhein Animal Welfare Sector E2 Directorate-General for Health and Con- COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN sumer Protection UNION European Commission B-1049 Brussels Dr Carole Micmacher Tel. (32-2) 295 65 13 Vétérinaire, administrateur direction B/I, Fax (32-2) 295 31 44 1- Agriculture ‘Produits d’origine animale et E-mail: [email protected] questions vétérinaires et zootechniques’ Secrétariat général du Conseil de l’Union Mr Rex Horgan européenne Animal Welfare Sector E2 Rue de la Loi 175 Directorate-General for Health and Con- B-1048 Bruxelles sumer Protection Tel. (32-2) 285 53 89 European Commission Fax (32-2) 285 78 36 B-1049 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (32-2) 298 44 19 Fax (32-2) 295 31 44 E-mail: [email protected] EUROPEAN COMMISSION Mr Heinrich Hick Mrs Jaana Husu-Kallio AGRI DG Deputy Director-General Unit AI 1 WTO, OECD, USA and Canada Directorate-General for Health and Con- European Commission sumer Protection B-1049 Brussels European Commission Tel. (32-2) 298 65 34 B-1049 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] Tel./Fax (32-2) 299 68 87 E-mail: [email protected] Mr John Claxton RTD DG Mr Bernard Van Goethem Unit E3, Safety of Food Production Systems Head of Unit E2, Animal Health and Wel- European Commission fare, Zootechnics B-1049 Brussels Directorate-General for Health and Con- Tel. (32-2) 298 43 75 sumer Protection E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Mr Sergio Pavon-Gonzalez Tel. (32-2) 295 31 43 TRADE DG Fax (32-2) 295 31 44 Unit C2, Agriculture, Fisheries, Sanitary- E-mail: [email protected] phytosanitary measures, Biotechnology European Commission B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 299 90 22 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 290 Appendices

EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY FEI AUTHORITY (EFSA) Dr Frits Sluyter Dr Jordi Ferrés Padró Head of Veterinary Department European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Fédération Equestre internationale AHAW Panel Av. Mon repos 24 10 rue Genève 6/07 PO Box 157 B-1140 Brussels CH-1000 Lausanne Tel. (32-2) 337 22 63 Tel. (41-21) 310 47 47 Fax (32-2) 726 68 13 Fax (41-21) 310 47 60 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

EFTA FAO

Mrs Nicola Britta Holsten Mr Andrew Speedy Senior Officer Senior Officer Veterinary Inspector Animal Production Service Internal Market Affairs Directorate Animal Production and Health Division EFTA Surveillance Authority Agriculture Department Belgium Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Tel: (32-2) 286 18 76 United Nations Fax (32-2) 286 18 00 Viale Terme di Caracalla E-mail: [email protected] I-00100 Rome

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT FVE

Mr Albert Jan Maat Dr Jorna Tjeerd Member of the European Parliament President European Parliament FVE Federation of Veterinarians of Europe European Parliament Office ASP 12 E 146 Rue Defacqz 1 Wiertzstraat B-1000 Brussels B-1047 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 533 70 20 Tel. (32-2) 284 79 54 Fax (32-2) 537 28 28 Fax (32-2) 284 99 54 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Nancy De Briyne Mrs Esther de Lange Deputy Executive Director Policy Assistant to Albert Jan Maat, MEP Federation of Veterinarians of Europe European Parliament Rue Defacqz 1 Europees Parlement Kantoor ASP 12 E 150 B-1000 Brussels Wiertzstraat Tel: (32-2) 533 70 20 B-1047 Brussels Fax (32-2) 537 28 28 Tel. (32-2) 284 62 81 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (32-2) 284 99 54 E-mail [email protected] Dr John Williams Vice-President of FVE and Veterinary Con- sultant Federation of Veterinarians of Europe Rue Defacqz 1 B-1000 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 533 70 20 Fax (32-2) 537 28 28 E-mail: [email protected]

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IATA PAHO

Dr Pierre Lamour Dr Cristina Schneider Director Regional Advisor in Veterinary Public Health IATA/AirFrance Pan American Health Organization Live Animals Board 525 23rd St. N.W., Bd 10251, D7. CA 20037 2895 Washington DC F-Roissy CDG Cedex 95747 USA Tel. (33) 141 56 94 35 Fax (33) 141 56 99 69 UA-IBAR E-mail: [email protected] Dr Ali Mohamed Gedi INTERNATIONAL DAIRY UA-IBAR/LTC FEDERATION (IDF) PO Box 30786 001000 Nairobi Dr Rejean Bouchard Kenya Assistant Director Tel: (254) 734 60 03 89 Dairy Farmers of Canada E-mail: [email protected] 75 Albert Street, Suite 1101 K1P 2E7 Ottawa, Ontario Dr Solomon Muchina Munyua Canada PLP-UA-IBAR Tel. (1-613) 236 99 97 PO Box 30786 Fax (1-613) 236 09 05 001000 Nairobi E-mail: [email protected] Kenya Tel. (254) 34 29 57/9 Dr Mariann Chriel Fax (254) 34 29 58 Epidemiologist E-mail: [email protected] Danish Dairy Board Frederiks Alle 22 WAZA DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel. (45) 87 31 20 00 Dr Peter Dollinger Fax (45) 87 31 20 01 Executive Director E-mail: [email protected] WAZA — The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums INTERNATIONAL MEAT PO Box 23 ORGANISATION CH-3097 Liebefeld-Bern Tel. (41-31) 300 20 30 Dr David Lister Fax (41-31) 300 20 31 IMS Scientific Adviser E-mail: [email protected] International Meat Secretariat 6, rue de la Victoire WHO F-75009 Paris E-mail: [email protected] Dr François Meslin Coordinateur Mr Laurence Wrixon Élaboration et suivi des stratégies de lutte Secretary General contre les zoonoses, les toxi-infections ali- International Meat Secretariat mentaires et les infections à kinétoplastidés 6, rue de la Victoire Organisation mondiale de la santé F-75009 Paris CH-1211 Genève E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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WORLD BANK Dr Bernard Vallat Director-General Mr Oliver Ryan Office international des épizooties Principal Engineer-Agribusiness Department 12, rue de Prony IFC F8K-164-World Bank Group F-75017 Paris 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 20433 Washington DC Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (1-202) 458 50 17 Dr Barry O’Neil WSPA Vice President OIE Administrative Commission Mr Philip Lymbery Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Director of Communications PO Box 2526 The World Society for the Protection of Ani- Wellington mals (WSPA) New Zealand 89 Albert Embankment SE1 7TP London Dr Hamadou Saïdou United Kingdom President Tel. (44-207) 587 50 52 OIE Regional Commission for Africa Fax (44-207) 587 02 08 Directeur des services vétérinaires E-mail: [email protected] Ministère de l’élevage, des pêches et des industries animales WTO Yaoundé Cameroon Mrs Gretchen Stanton Tel. (237) 231 60 48/231 60 49/993 47 50 World Trade Organisation Fax (237) 231 60 48 Centre William Rappard E-mail: [email protected] Rue de Lausanne 154 CH–1211 Geneva 21 Dr Hassan Aidaros Tel. (41-22) 739 50 86 President Fax (41-22) 739 57 60 OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East Ministry of Agriculture E-mail: [email protected] 1-Nadi Al Seid Street WVA PO Box 12618 Dokki-Giza — Cairo Egypt Dr. Herbert Schneider Tel. (20-2) 748 17 50 President Fax (20-2) 335 06 92 World Veterinary Association E-mail: [email protected] PO Box 178 Windhoek Prof. Nikola Belev Namibia President OIE Regional Commission for Europe OIE 110, Bld Wasil Lewski World Organisation for Animal Health BG-1527 Sofia E-mail: [email protected] Dr Abdulaye Bouna Niang President Dr Carlos Correa Messuti OIE Administrative Commission OIE Administrative Commission Ministère de l’agriculture Ministerio de Ganadería 37, avenue Pasteur Agricultura y Pesca BP 67 Dakar Constituyente 1476 Sénégal Montevideo Uruguay

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Dr Alex Thiermann Mrs Mariugenis Oudin President International Trade Department OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Office international des épizooties Commission 12, rue de Prony Office international des épizooties F-75017 Paris 12, rue de Prony Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 F-75017 Paris Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 E-mail: [email protected] Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Jean-Luc Angot Head Prof. Vincenzo Caporale Administrative and Financial Department President Office international des épizooties OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Dis- 12, rue de Prony eases F-75017 Paris Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del- Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 l’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Campo Boario E-mail: [email protected] I-64100 Teramo Tel (39) 08 61 33 21 Mr Stéphane Berlaud Fax (39) 08 67 33 22 51 Deputy Head (Logistics) E-mail: [email protected] Administrative and Financial Department Office international des épizooties Dr David Wilson 12, rue de Prony Head F-75017 Paris International Trade Department Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Office international des épizooties Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 12, rue de Prony E-mail: [email protected] F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Mr Jean-Pierre Croiziers Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Deputy Head (Accountant) E-mail: [email protected] Administrative and Financial Department Office international des épizooties Dr Hiroyuki Kamakawa 12, rue de Prony Chargé de mission F-75017 Paris International Trade Department Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Office international des épizooties Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 12, rue de Prony E-mail [email protected] F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Mrs Maria Zampaglione Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Chargée de mission communication E-mail: [email protected] Office international des épizooties 12, rue de Prony Dr Antonio Petrini F-75017 Paris Chargé de mission Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 International Trade Department Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Office international des épizooties E-mail: [email protected] 12, rue de Prony F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 E-mail: [email protected]

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 294 Appendices

Dr Raymond Dugas Dr Diwan Sibartie Head Deputy Head Publications Department Scientific and Technical Department Office international des épizooties Office international des épizooties 12, rue de Prony 12, rue de Prony F-75017 Paris F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Annie Souyri Dr Jean Boyazoglu Deputy Head Head Publications Department Regional Activities Department Office international des épizooties Office international des épizooties 12, rue de Prony 12, rue de Prony F-75017 Paris F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Karim Ben Jebara Dr Daniel Chaisemartin Head Chargé de mission auprès du directeur général Animal Health Information Department Office international des épizooties Office international des épizooties 12, rue de Prony 12, rue de Prony F-75017 Paris F-75017 Paris Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Angel Omar Flores Dr Julio Pinto Representación Regional de la OIE Deputy Head para las Américas Animal Health Information Department Cerviño 3101 2o Office international des épizooties 1425 Buenos Aires 12, rue de Prony Argentina F-75017 Paris E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 Dr Amadou Sidibe E-mail: [email protected] Représentation régionale de l’OIE pour l’Afrique Dr Alejandro Schudel BP 2954 Head Bamako Scientific and Technical Department Mali Office international des épizooties E-mail: [email protected] 12, rue de Prony F-75017 Paris Dr Ghazi Yehya Tel. (33) 144 15 18 88 Représentant régional de l’OIE Fax (33) 142 67 09 87 pour le Moyen-Orient E-mail: [email protected] Kfarchima Office de la soie BP 268, Hazmieh Liban E-mail: [email protected]

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SPEAKERS

Dr A.C. David Bayvel Mr Riccardo Quintili Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Chief Editor ‘Il Salvagente’ Biosecurity Authority Via Pinerolo, 43 Box 2526, Wellington I-Roma New Zealand E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr Sira Abdul Rahman Dr Jim Edwards Retd. Dean World Veterinary Association Bangalore Veterinary College Rosenlunds Allé, 8 123, 7th ‘B’ Main Road DK-2720 Vanlose 4th Block (West) Jayanagar E-mail: [email protected] 560011 Bangalore India Prof. Leopoldo Estol E-mail: [email protected] Carrera de Veterinaria Universidad del Salvador Prof. David Fraser Campus ‘Nuestra Señora del Pilar’ Animal Welfare Program B1630AHU Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and W. C.C. 198 Pilar Provincia de Buenos Aires Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics Argentina University of British Columbia E-mail: [email protected] 2357 Main Mall V6T 1Z4 Vancouver Mr David Wilkins Canada International Coalition for Farm Animal E-mail: [email protected] Welfare (ICFAW) c/o WSPA, 89 Albert Embankment Dr Pierre Le Neindre London SE1 7TP DS-APA INRA United Kingdom 147, rue de l’Université E-mail: [email protected] F-75338 Paris Cedex 07 E-mail: [email protected] Ms Emma Stamper Animal Transport Association (AATA) Prof. Joy Mench Crowe Livestock Underwriting Limited Department of Animal Science West Farm Office University of California Barnham IP24 2PL One Shields Avenue Norfolk Davis, CA 95616 United Kingdom USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mrs Karen Brown Prof. Ian J.H. Duncan Food Marketing Institute Department of Animal and Poultry Science 655, 15th Street University of Guelph NW Suite 700 N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario 20005 Washington DC Canada USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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Prof. Bo Algers Prof. Donald Broom Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Professor of Animal Welfare Department of Animal Environment and Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Health University of Cambridge PO Box 234 Cambridge CB3 0ES SE-532 23 Skara United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Fax (44-1223) 33 76 10 E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Alistair Lawrence Sustainable Livestock Systems Dr Richard Norris Scottish Agricultural College Department of Agriculture — Western West Mains Road Australia Edinburgh EH9 3JG 3 Baron-Hay Court United Kingdom 6151 South Perth, Western Australia E-mail: [email protected] Australia E-mail: [email protected] Dr Muhammad M Chaudry The Islamic Food and Nutrition Dr Hans Wyss Council of America Swiss Federal Veterinary Office IFANCA Suite 309 Schwarzenburgstrasse 161 5901 N. Cicero Avenue CH-3003 Bern-Liebefeld 60646 Chicago, IL E-mail: [email protected] USA Fax (1-773) 283 39 73 Prof. Tore Håstein E-mail: [email protected] National Veterinary Institute PO Box 8156 DEP Prof. François Adébayo Abiola N-0033 Oslo Directeur école inter-États des sciences et E-mail: [email protected] médecine vétérinaires BP 5077 Dr A.B. Mohan Raj Dakar Department of Clinical Veterinary Science Sénégal University of Bristol Tel. (221) 825 42 83 Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU Fax (221) 825 42 83 United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Harry Blokhuis Prof. David Mellor Manager International Research Networks Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre Animal Sciences Group Massey University Edelhertweg 15 Palmerston North, PO Box 65 New Zealand 8200 AB Lelystad E-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands Tel: (31-320) 23 81 95 Fax (31-320) 23 80 94 E-mail: [email protected]

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GUESTS OF HONOUR

Dr Hamadjoda Adjoudji Mr Daniel Caron Minister for Animal Production, Fisheries Conseiller du ministre and Animal Industries Ministry for Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Yaoundé Rural Affairs Cameroon France

Commissioner David Byrne Ms Renate Künast European Commissioner for Health and Minister for Consumer Protection, Food and Consumer Protection Agriculture European Union Germany

Mr Joe Walsh TD Minister for Agriculture and Food Ireland

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Appendix III

Land transport

Chairman: Donald Broom Rapporteur: Catherine Scovil

Training Other journey issues • encourage training of everyone involved • important not to be able to insure against in animal transport. bad loading and driving practices which • consider obligatory training for personnel would result in poor welfare in transport- involved in commercial transport. ed animals. • need to determine means of assessing • any animals showing significant distress, outcome of training. for example resulting from severe injury, should be euthanised as quickly as possi- Fitness to travel ble by a trained person. • if animals are tied, the ties used must not • someone must be responsible for deter- be harmful to the animal during trans- mining whether animals are fit for the port. particular journey envisaged and it is nec- • for some species, e.g. sheep, goats and essary to specify that person. deer, electric prods should not be used; • the responsible person must ensure that when they are used, they should be used animals are fit for transport using a list of on a small proportion of individuals only recognisable conditions, for example be and not on sensitive areas or when the able to stand on each of the four legs, animal cannot easily move. except for animals going for veterinary treatment. Monitoring and enforcement Journey duration • every vehicle moving with animals must have adequate records carried with the • there was a view that slaughter near the vehicle. point of production is preferable. • effective means of marking and tracing • for long distance transport; better condi- animals and vehicles is a target for the tions and health checks are needed. future. • with good quality transport; it is reasonable to transport some animals, e.g. breeding stock; show horses.

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Sea transport

Chairman: Richard Norris Rapporteur: Jim Edwards

The trade Shipment reports • agreed that we have to accept that there is • records of each shipment enable incre- a trade which is demand driven. mental improvement regarding individu- • agreed that animals should be transport- al ships returning for another export con- ed in the best possible conditions. signment. • agreed that there are opportunities to • controls exerted over exporters and ships influence animal welfare throughout the require on-going approval to operate. export and import process. This enables exporting countries to influ- • acknowledged that animals may not ence issues extending beyond the depar- always be able to be slaughtered as close ture of shipments from their territories. to the place of origin as possible. • governments can refuse to permit future • noted that not all shipments are carried exports when unsatisfactory compliance under good conditions on well designed is reported. ships and that they are carried on small vessels such as dhows. Competence • recognised the different forms of contain- • good management of the whole export ment used – pens, containers, roll-on roll- process is critical to a good animal wel- off vessels. fare outcome. • IATA has defined competence for animal Sources of animals attendants for air transport and this defi- • importance of preparation and selection nition should be considered by the OIE of animals for shipment. for sea transport. • conditions en route should be taken into • exporting countries may assist with account prior to shipment. resources and expertise to provide training under the auspices of the OIE. Regulatory controls • Ireland and New Zealand have adopted OIE’s role ‘Australian rules’ with modifications. • key issue is how the OIE can effect change • some countries have demonstrated that, in those countries that will have difficulty with proper regulatory controls, the meeting animal welfare outcomes that export of live animals and their welfare may be seen as acceptable. can be managed successfully. • OIE guidelines need to become part of • agreed that recommendations also apply member countries’ legislative regulations. to inter-island trade within one nation’s • important that the OIE uses the experi- territories. ence of successful exporting countries • discussed whether the intention of gov- when targeting where standards are ernment controls was to ensure animal required to get and maintain improve- welfare. ments. • discussed the role and independence of • requires an excellent communication the veterinarians who accompany the strategy. shipments. • veterinarian’s role is to monitor and Shipment rejection report on the welfare of the animals • recognised difficulties in dealing with throughout the voyage. shipments when they are not accepted by the importing country.

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• animals should be given first priority – and especially if an importing country early resolution is critical for animal wel- rejects a shipment. fare. • should adopt a ‘duty of care’ approach. • could be aided by use of electronic certifica- • contingency plans should include an tion at the time of export to identify and re- alternate port of discharge. solve problems early – concern expressed • electronic transfer of export certification about quality of present certification. should be exploited to give the importing • OIE has a role in dispute settlement but country time to prepare to receive a ship- OIE involvement needs to be agreed by ment. each party; OIE should take on the role of • the OIE has a standard setting and dis- providing independent assessment of the pute resolution role. health and welfare status of animals, even • should be a focus on communication of if not involved in a formal dispute. the principles and adoption of standards. • a strategically placed conference should Recommendations be used to launch these standards – the • animal welfare should be given the first OIE regional commissions could take the priority throughout the export process lead.

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Killing for disease control purposes

Chairman: Harry Blokhuis Rapporteur: Michael Appleby

Disease control • Relative costs must inevitably be consid- • Aiming at best humane practice as ideal. ered. • Important issues: o flexibility Resources o timeliness • OIE coordination will be invaluable. o species differences • Information needs to be shared (e.g. UK’s o human safety – cooperation among Department of Environment, Food and Ru- OIE/WHO/FAO needed. ral Affairs has documented lessons learned from the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak). Contingency plans • Training at all levels is important. • OIE coordination will be invaluable. • Reporting, evaluation and communica- • Both government and industry need to be tion are vital. Some of this may be inte- involved. grated with existing OIE structures. • Plans need to be species and disease spe- • Relevant information will be forthcoming cific. from the European Food Standards • There are regional issues, for example the Agency. difference between industrial, rural and • Financial issues may involve international remote regions. agencies such as the World Bank. • Trial runs and updates will be needed. • Wildlife or other disease reservoirs need Organisation to be considered. • Veterinary services are important where • The broader context is also important: e.g. they exist, but are not well developed in vaccination programmes and production all countries. methods may ameliorate or contribute to • Farmer associations will be important espe- risks. cially where veterinary services are scant. • Finance needs to be considered well in • Cultural factors must be borne in mind. advance: both investment and running • Economics are critical. In some cases effi- costs. ciency of control will be strongly affected by whether farmers get compensation for Methods their animals. Economic impacts include • Methods that do not use ‘machines’ or those on trade (both direct and through expensive equipment (e.g. neck-pulling of bad publicity); awareness of this is an poultry) may be easy to implement but incentive for action. not ideal. Provision of machines (e.g. for • Disposal of carcases is also important, gas slaughter), should be planned, and both intrinsically and because of the pub- will probably need finance from lic impression created. WHO/FAO/EU/Others. • Sometimes additional animals have to be • In some circumstances people may hope culled, for example as a result of movement to use carcases as food, but this should restrictions. This is not a major considera- not be a major consideration compared to tion in disease control programmes but still other priorities. needs to be included. Because such culling • Review/research of appropriate methods will not be as urgent as that carried out – including their humaneness – is still specifically for disease control, use of hu- needed. mane methods is even more appropriate.

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Slaughter of animals for human consumption

Chairman: Mohammad Chaudry Rapporteur: Arnon Shimshony

Introduction • OIE should focus on the state of the ani- • members of the OIE ad hoc group updat- mal rather than physical inputs in the ed the syndicate group on issues it had slaughter process; noted the importance considered and progress to date in its of being clear and specific on what should work. not be done – such as a list of acceptable/ • noted that the OIE was developing guide- unacceptable practices. lines for all 166 OIE member countries to • guidelines must have broad levels of implement. acceptability but individual governments • considered it essential that they address must use these as a baseline for a domes- the important borders between culture, tic debate on welfare; guidelines can thus ethics and religion. be used as a starting point. • noted that the entire process must be • OIE should regularly update the guide- humane lines as necessary. — movement and unloading (arrival on • Universities Federation for Animal Wel- abattoir premises) fare (UFAW) and the Humane Slaughter — lairage issues Association (UK) would like to use OIE as — slaughter process – holding, stunning, a channel to gather information on bleeding. slaughter methods and laws around the • noted that the ad hoc group is working on world. commercial slaughter only — noted that, at this level, guidelines would be easier to Transport implement. • noted the importance of pre-slaughter • recommended that aquatic invertebrates transport, and that a separate group was be covered by welfare standards. working on this. • noted the long distances to which animals OIE guidelines for slaughter are sometimes subjected, • noted that, while local applications of the and that it may lead to compromises in guidelines will differ, the outcome in terms of on-farm slaughter. terms of welfare should be the same; also • noted that transport to an abattoir may be noted that improving welfare is a contin- undertaken by various transporters uous and incremental process. (farmers, companies, even abattoir vehi- • recommended that the OIE take various cles) – guidelines must take this into available guidelines into account when account. drawing up the code, including Codex • believed that the standards should state standards, to avoid contradictions and that responsibility for the animal at each confusion, and noted that the ad hoc group step in the process must be defined, is currently looking for such inputs. The rather than for the code to assign respon- Humane Slaughter Association (UK) is sibilities. currently working on an example intended • considered it critical to have assessment for universal application: OIE needs to en- of animals at the access point to the abat- sure that the guidelines are not seen as just toir. for developing countries. • noted USA FMI recommendations regard- • noted that, as OIE guidelines progress, ing arrival at the abattoir – offloading, they will be sent out to member countries etc.; noted that the OIE guidelines will not for comment. be prescriptive.

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Abattoir • line speed is important to ensure that • considered that it may be better to concen- there is no neglect of standards. trate on export plants where international • noted that some traditional slaughter welfare guidelines could be enforced as methods would not be acceptable from a part of trade; national vs. international di- welfare viewpoint and noted the position mension must be taken into account by the of the ad hoc group on religious slaughter ad hoc group when it reconvenes. ‘exemption’ – welfare principles apply • Code should mention a ‘competent au- throughout to all types of process. thority’ to be designated for policing of • product from animals slaughtered with- abattoirs; provision must be made for per- out stunning should be labelled. formance measurement, inspection, au- • noted the importance of good stunning dits; standards must be set in this respect. but also noted that slaughter without • OIE needs to deal with variations in stunning will be considered in drawing lairage and abattoir design around the up guidelines. Even best killing methods world; in this regard, guidelines should are not reliable if not well implemented; centre on welfare of the animals – design checking and control are necessary. of facilities must be appropriate to species • guidelines must emphasise importance of and their innate behaviour. notification of change of equipment to • guidelines from retailers would be valu- regulatory authority; also need to address able. misuse and failure of equipment in abat- • welfare procedures for mobile plants toirs. should be the same as those for fixed • noted the controversial issue of the clean- abattoirs. ing of animals. • considered that lairage time was important – animal traceability is important to Competence get some idea of how long the animal has • noted the importance of training of all been fasted; time standing in lairage is slaughter personnel; people being trained also important for welfare and disease must also have the right skills level prior transmission. to training.

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Animal welfare research

Chairman: Valerie Stevens Rapporteur: Linda Keeling

• recognised that fundamental and applied etc; emphasised epidemiological appro- research are both needed. ach to identifying these critical indicators • recognised that animal welfare needs to and testing of new techniques. be accepted as a multi-disciplinary sci- • concern about relationship between ani- ence in its own right that incorporates ele- mal breeding and welfare – intensive and ments of ethology, veterinary science, extensive systems. physiology, economics, ethics, etc. • considered the role of multinational cor- • need coordination of research and research porations in global animal welfare. information globally, with priorities re- • noted the importance of economics as an flecting problems of international concern. area of research, including the economic • need to encourage and help developing consequences of changing systems. countries carry out animal welfare re- • requested more research on motivational search. affective states. • need to identify valid, objective indicators • suggested that OIE coordinate research of welfare for use on farm, at slaughter, organisations to identify these priorities.

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Animal welfare in the veterinary curriculum

Chairman: Herbert Schneider Rapporteur: Hanne M. Strabursvik

A. The role of the veterinarian Multidisciplinary approach, veterinarian leadership to be encouraged, but be pre- • Leadership: holistic approach, communicate to farmer and society. pared for the role, and it should be a holis- • Enforcement: vets need para-professional tic approach. Animal behaviour must be assistance to safely comply with our role included. and responsibilities. • Teach students to think: some faculties • Two aspects of our role, animal health and include ethics, philosophy and religion teaching the public as well as judicator in reflection at the beginning of vet study; animal welfare disputes, benchmark stan- ethics, philosophy, legislation, ecumenical dards to come up with uniform guidelines. concepts of animal welfare. Economics • Public health aspects: cooperate with should also be taught to provide an ample industry to develop animal welfare con- basis for our professional services. The cepts. actual welfare studies must come after the student has acquired basic medical knowl- B. Training aspects edge and ethics of use of animals. • Postgraduate courses more suitable for the Rationale more profound aspects of ethics, etc; pre- Veterinarians must receive training in animal graduates cannot relate to certain aspects welfare and ethics at both pre-graduate and of AW and ethics until they have a suitable CPD levels. One example of the importance of scientific background. this is in order to fulfil demands of interna- • Not only focus on student but also on CPD. tional veterinary certification in the trade of • Careful not to shorten vet course to the animals and animal products, which will point of becoming too condensed. increasingly include animal welfare elements. • Teaching important strategies – problem Some teaching material is already available: based vs. traditional. examples are the AFANET (funded by EU Learning – information – must be structured, Socrates) survey on the teaching of animal allow for different experiences. welfare and ethics to veterinary and animal • Highlight relation between animal health science students in Europe. and welfare.

The Animal Welfare Information Centre (part Recommendations of the USDA) collates information on animal welfare and makes it available to the general Medium to long-term project for OIE to sup- public; as well as the Animal Welfare Founda- port and develop network of animal welfare tion of the BVA. experts/professors and knowledge transfer. • Where to place course, SWOT, proactive, 1. OIE to develop network of expertise in ani- must train undergraduates to gain ground, mal welfare science and ethics. global perspective of animal disease and 2. OIE to coordinate a project involving cen- welfare. tres of expertise (veterinary colleges and • Animal welfare is a subject in its own right others) in elaborating a series of courses on (a statement of the WVA). the different aspects of animal welfare and • Uniform teaching backbone. ethics, for the training of pre-graduate stu- • Ethics and ethical commitment from the dents and for continuing education pur- profession: also educate other members of poses. profession to understand our role and 3. OIE to offer access to the courses on its responsibilities. Animal welfare training Internet site for veterinarians and other must be compulsory, also at CPD level. stakeholders.

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Communication challenges in animal welfare

Chairman: Bob Van Tongerloo Rapporteur: Sonia Van Tichelen

Challenges for OIE — Language: five freedoms, humane. Challenges for stakeholders — Context: industrialised vs. least devel- • Communication should be a dialogue – oped countries, economic, cultural. two way process with all stakeholders. — Countries with high animal welfare • Global OIE communication and need for standards vs. no legislation. adapted national dissemination. • Need for a long-term OIE strategy. The need for a long-term OIE strategy • Need to consider animal welfare as a How will OIE proceed? holistic concept. Need to establish short-term and long- • Role of OIE in information exchange. term goals – strategy plan. • Means of communication. Is this a long-term ongoing activity of OIE? Follow-up conference of meeting of stake- Communication should be a dialogue with holders per issue. all stakeholders • NGOs; consumers, farmers, producers, Animal welfare as a holistic concept experts. OIE to consider • Developing countries as well as devel- Social, geographical, economic, ethical, oped. cultural diversities.

Process to communicate with stakeholder The role of OIE in information exchange Need to clarify who stakeholder can contact • To balance information avoiding inaccu- in OIE. rate information. Possibility to participate in meetings. • Sharing animal welfare knowledge and Information on policy/standards expertise; on national rules. review. • Exchange and peer review of research. Means of communication Global OIE communication and need for • Improved ways of communicating events adapted national dissemination such as conferences. • How to set up an effective communica- • Database with relevant animal welfare tion network. information. • How to address different target audi- • Advisory committee with stakeholders. ences. • Forum web.

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Issues concerning animal welfare and international trade, companion animals, wildlife

Chairman: David Bayvel Rapporteur: Alex Thiermann

Issues concerning animal welfare and inter- • Implementation and extension on AW national trade guidelines should be focused and ad- • OIE should develop recommendations on dressed at local government level in addi- how to establish and strengthen a nation- tion to national level. al animal welfare infrastructure, as it has • OIE should set standards that are achiev- done with veterinary services. able by all countries. Training and capaci- • International standards on AW will ty building should assist all countries in become a value added feature for prod- meeting them. ucts in trade (voluntary labelling). • Animal shelters may be part of the solu- • OIE should develop standards on animal tion to companion animal issues. They welfare that facilitate international trade should be applied only after examining and provide a basis for national technical whether local culture and religion accept regulations, standards and conformity as- euthanasia and/or neutering of stray sessment procedures in the context of the dogs. Importance of rabies should not be WTO agreements. This should not preclude forgotten. countries from applying stricter standards. • Need for international standards and • The international AW standards must be guidelines on a minimum age for puppies achievable and applicable to all countries. prior to shipping (animal transport group). • OIE should undertake an international • Recommendation to the OIE to consider survey of member countries’ reports on dogs and cats only as companion animals the existence of animal welfare standards, did not reach consensus by the group. in conjunction with the European Com- mission and other interested countries. Wildlife • The OIE should develop, in conjunction • OIE should work with all stakeholders, with the WTO, a document clarifying the including the World Association of Zoos international legal issues associated with and Aquariums, CITES, animal welfare animal welfare and international trade, organisations as well as other relevant with reference to existing WTO agree- organisations, on the subject of animal ments. welfare standards for wildlife. • OIE should take into consideration Companion animal issues endangered animal species when developing animal welfare standards. • OIE should provide guidance and sup- • OIE should provide guidelines and rec- port for companion animal shelters, spay- ommendations particularly to consumers ing and neutering and euthanasia pro- on the proper care and welfare of wildlife grammes, and legislation. and exotic animals kept in captivity. • OIE should assist in the dissemination of relevant literature on the prevention of Use of animals in research, testing and teach- cruelty to animals used while inflicting ing pain (e.g. fighting dogs and bullfighting). • Research is needed on the growing issues • OIE should liaise closely with the relevant of AW as it relates to confinement. Prob- international animal organisations deal- lems encountered in farm animals are now ing with use of laboratory animals, prior appearing among companion animals. to developing standards. OIE should con-

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sider the welfare of animals kept in labo- • OIE should devote attention and re- ratories and develop standards and sources to training and extension of ani- guidelines. These should include recom- mal welfare issues to all stakeholders. mendations on auditing the implementa- This should be done via website, tion of these standards. courses, training modules and written • OIE should take a leadership role in the rec- material. ommendation on the use of alternative • OIE should strongly pursue the applica- methods to laboratory testing and research. tion of the three Rs.

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Appendix IV

The OIE in summary

The Office international des épizooties (OIE) • to consider and adopt resolutions on the or World Organisation for Animal Health is control of the major animal diseases; an intergovernmental organisation created • to consider the animal health status by the international agreement of 25 January claims of member countries; 1924, signed by 28 countries. The trigger for • to elect the Members of the various gov- the creation of the organisation was the erning bodies of the OIE; incursion of rinderpest into Europe after • to examine and approve the annual report World War I, particularly the epizootic in of activities and the annual budget of the Belgium in 1920. The objectives of the OIE OIE. laid out in 1924 continue to be valid. The OIE is administered by its central The present missions of the OIE can be bureau (about 45 staff) under the leadership described as: of the OIE Director-General. The central • to ensure transparency in the global ani- bureau implements the resolutions of the mal disease and zoonosis situation; international committee, with support from • to collect, analyse and disseminate scien- an administrative commission and five tific veterinary information; regional commissions. The regional commis- • to provide expertise and encourage inter- sions (Africa; the Americas; Asia, the Far national solidarity in the control of animal East and Oceania; Europe and the Middle diseases; East) were formed to promote cooperation, • within its mandate under the WTO SPS to study specific problems encountered by agreement, to safeguard world trade by veterinary services in regions, and to organ- publishing health standards for interna- ise disease surveillance and control activities tional trade in animals and animal prod- on a regional basis. Regional representatives ucts; provide an essential link between the regions • to improve the legal framework and and the central bureau. resources of national veterinary services; • to provide a better guarantee of the safety Animal health information of food of animal origin and to promote One of the main functions of the OIE is to animal welfare through a science-based inform the governments of member coun- approach. tries of the occurrence and course of animal The OIE currently comprises 166 member disease outbreaks which could pose an inter- countries and maintains permanent relations national threat to animal or human health. with more than 20 other international organ- The urgency of dispatching information isations. varies according to the category (urgent/ non-urgent) of the disease. Structure A formal disease notification system enables The OIE operates under the authority of an member countries to act rapidly should the international committee formed by perma- need arise. Within 24 hours of the occurrence of nent delegates designated by the govern- certain diseases or epidemiological events, the ments of all member countries. This commit- affected country is required to report the inci- tee, which meets annually in general session dent to the OIE central bureau. The informa- in Paris, has the following primary function is then transmitted immediately to mem- tions: ber countries and is placed on the OIE web • to consider and adopt international ani- page. Follow-up reports are also required until mal health standards and guidelines pro- the situation in the country has stabilised. posed by the specialist commissions of This emergency notification system is sup- the OIE; plemented by the routine distribution of

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information received from member countries As well as chapters specific for listed dis- through OIE publications and also via the eases, the Terrestrial Animal Health Code web page. contains generic chapters on such subjects as the principles of health certification, obliga- International standards development tions and ethics in international trade, recommendations for the transport of animals, The standards referenced in the WTO SPS import risk analysis methodology, and dis- agreement include the following OIE codes ease monitoring and surveillance standards. and manuals: • the OIE terrestrial animal health code, The manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines prepared by the Terrestrial Animal Health for terrestrial animals contains information Standards Commission, contains stan- on sampling methods, good laboratory prac- dards, guidelines and recommendations tice, quality control, human safety in the vet- designed to prevent the introduction of erinary microbiology laboratory, and the pests and diseases into an importing principles of veterinary vaccine production. country during trade in live animals, ani- The aquatic animal health code and the man- mal genetic material and animal products; ual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals • the manual of diagnostic tests and vac- contain equivalent chapters. cines for terrestrial animals, prepared by the Biological Standards Commission, Disease control lists laboratory diagnostic techniques and requirements for production and control The OIE provides technical support to mem- of biological products (mainly vaccines); ber countries requesting assistance with ani- • an aquatic animal health code and a man- mal disease control and eradication opera- ual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals, tions, including diseases transmissible to prepared by the Aquatic Animal Health humans. The OIE notably offers expertise to Standards Commission, are sister publica- the poorest countries to help them control tions to the above. animal diseases that cause livestock losses, These standards are produced through for- present a risk to public health and threaten mal consultation involving all member coun- other member countries. tries. Proposals from member countries for the development of new standards or the Animal health research revision of existing standards are addressed The task of promoting and coordinating re- by the relevant specialist commission. Firstly, search into the surveillance and control of ani- a draft new or revised existing standard mal diseases throughout the world is under- would be developed, perhaps by an expert taken by OIE specialist commissions and from a member country, an OIE ad hoc working groups, with support from OIE col- working group convened for the purpose, or laborating centres and reference laboratories. by the specialist commission itself. The draft These meet to review progress made in their standard would then be circulated to all field, to ensure that OIE member countries member countries for comment and initial have up-to-date scientific knowledge available discussion by the international committee. to them, and to organise scientific meetings, The specialist commission would then revise seminars, workshops and training courses. the draft, taking into account the comments The role of the reference laboratories and received, and submit the revised draft for collaborating centres is to provide OIE adoption by the next international commit- member countries with scientific and techni- tee in general session. Once formally adopt- cal assistance, and expert advice on topics ed, the standard would be published in the linked to disease surveillance and control. relevant publication. This support can take various forms includ- The OIE terrestrial animal health code aims: ing: funding the availability of experts, ‘…to ensure the sanitary safety of international preparation and supply of diagnostic kits or trade…through the detailed definition of health reference reagents, training courses, work- guarantees to be required of trading partners so shops and the organisation of scientific as to avoid the transfer of disease agents’. meetings.

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Dispute settlement the SPS agreement is necessary. Both parties The OIE’s dispute settlement mechanism is must agree, however, before the process can available for use by member countries to try be initiated. Use of the OIE process is not to resolve differences over, for example, the compulsory (member countries may go recognition of another country’s animal direct to the WTO) and the outcomes are not health status claims, or the use of OIE inter- legally binding. OIE opinion, however, national standards. The offices of the OIE are would be expected to influence any subse- available for settlement of such differences quent WTO proceedings. The OIE also pro- before they become of such significance that vides technical advice to the WTO and nom- recourse to WTO dispute settlement under inates experts for WTO panels.

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative 312 European Commission

Global conference on animal welfare: an OIE initiative Paris, 23–25 February 2004 Proceedings

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities

2004 — X, 333 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm