Scientific Society of Advanced Research and Social Change SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198 Spatial Distribution Mapping and Assessment of Suitability of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in Hisar District of Haryana State, India Reeta Rani & B. S. Chaudhary Department of Geophysics Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana), India [email protected] , [email protected] Abstract - In present study, an attempt has been made to irrigating crops and for their animals. Many commercial understand the spatial distribution pattern of suitability of business and industries also depend on groundwater for their groundwater quality for domestic use in Hisar district of processes and operations. Other industries rely on clean Haryana state, India by using Geographical Information System groundwater for production of electric power, food, beverages (GIS) techniques. Groundwater quality data of year 2008 of and material production. Hisar district of Haryana state, India was analyzed for its Groundwater in India is a critical resource. The stage of suitability for drinking purposes. Groundwater samples from 87 borehole locations were used for analysis of different water ground water development for the country as a whole is 58%. quality parameters such as Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), The status of ground water development is comparatively high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC), in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan and UT Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium of Daman & Diu and Pondicherry, where the Stage of Ground Carbonate (RSC) and then classified under various categories as Water Development is more than 100%, which implies the per various national and international standards to determine average annual ground water consumption is more than the suitability of water for domestic use. Spatial distribution average annual ground water recharge in these areas. In the maps of pH, EC, TDS, RSC, and SAR were prepared in GIS states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh environment. These maps were integrated using GIS for the average stage of ground water development is 70% and demarcating different groundwater quality zones for domestic usage. Out of the total area of 4174.52 km2, only 4.48 km2 is above. In rest of the states / UT's the stage of ground water under medium salinity whereas maximum area (3778.8 km2) falls development is below 70% (CGWB, 2010). under very high and 391.2 km2 under very-very high category. Based on yield potential characteristics of aquifers, the Overall the groundwater is not fit for domestic use almost in the Haryana state can be divided into three zones. The first one entire district. comprises of 26,090 sq.km in parts of Sirsa, Hissar, Bhiwani, Mahendergarh & Jind Districts, where tube wells can yield 50 Keywords - Groundwater quality, Hisar, Spatial Distribution, m3 / hr. The second one falls in parts of Hisar, Kurukshetra, GIS, India Karnal, Bhiwani and Gurgaon Districts, covering an area of 7100 sq.km tube wells in this zone, can yield between 50-150 I. INTRODUCTION m3/hr. The third one extends by 9200 sq.km in parts of Ambala, Kuruskshetra, Karnal and Sonepat Districts, where Groundwater is a precious natural resource which is essential the yield varies between 150-200 m3/hr. An area of 1660 for life on planet Earth. Due to population growth combined sq.km in parts of Gurgaon, Bhiwani and Mahendergarh with industrialization and urbanization, there is increasing Districts is underlain by consolidated formations, where the pressure on this precious natural resource. Groundwater is a yield prospects of aquifers are limited. fundamental natural resource for the economical and secure Ground water occurs in Hisar district under confined and semi provision of drinking water and plays a critical role in human confined aquifer conditions. The ground water conditions near well-being [6]. It is estimated that approximately one third of surface are in unconfined conditions. Under unconfined world’s population use groundwater for drinking. In addition conditions water is tapped through dug wells for domestic to rural households and public water supplies that depend on purposes. The semi confined and confined aquifer condition in wells and groundwater, farmers too use groundwater for the alluvial formations in which groundwater occurs under www.ssarsc.org Page 1 Scientific Society of Advanced Research and Social Change SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198 hydrostatic pressure is tapped by shallow tube wells in the of the alluvial plain, with relict channel beds within which the district. The rainfall is the main source of ground water Saraswati, Drishdawati and Ghaggar rivers have occasionally recharging which recharges aquifers every year. The other shifted their beds in Holocene times, are covered by Aeolian indirect source of recharging to the ground water in the district deposits in the recent past with increasing aridity. Some of the is ground water movement from other area towards the district great rivers of fluvial age such as Saraswati and Drishdawati due to the difference of hydraulic gradient. Withdrawal of (Chautang) have receded leaving inter-locked alluvial fans ground water occurs under hydrostatic pressure and is tapped along its receding course, which was later covered with by shallow tube wells in the district. The other source of Aeolian deposits, and gives a present landscape scenery recharging is canal water. It has been observed during the field within varying monotonous plain having relict channel visits that at many places, the decline in in the ground water courses, levees, bars, depressions and sand dunes. Though the table results into decrease in groundwater quality in most of exact depth of the alluvium is not known, but from many the area. geophysical and bore hole data, it varies from 100 meters to Geographical information system (GIS) is an important and more than 400 meters (Haryana district Gazetteer, Hisar). useful tool for spatial distribution mapping and integration of various databases for various natural resources planning and The climate of the district is sub-tropical, semi-arid, management. It is useful for solving problems for data continental & monsoon type. The main rainy season is from variation in spatial extent. It is also widely used for evaluation July to September by south-west monsoon. Average annual and assessment of water quality and developing solutions for rainfall of the district of last 40 years recorded at IMD Hisar, water resources related problems ([2] [4] [5] [7] [9] [14]). In Hansi & Adampur (1971-2010) is 295.89 mm. Minimum the present study, spatial distribution maps of pH, EC, TDS, average rainfalls observed is 85.7 mm in the year 2000 and RSC, and SAR which are essential for determining the maximum is 577.15 mm. in the year 1976. This rainfall is less groundwater quality for domestic usage were prepared in GIS towards west side of the district and more towards East & environment using Arc GIS software. central part. The maximum mean monthly temperature is 320 C (1971- 2010) at Hisar. The maximum temperature recorded II. STUDY AREA was in the month of June 1985 that was 49.60 C. Owing to high temperature, the relative humidity remains low from The Hisar district, a part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain is March to June but because of lower morning temperature in situated between 28053’45” to 29049’15” N latitudes and Hisar area the relative humidity remains higher i.e. about 80% 75013’15” to 76018’15” E longitudes. The location map of the during morning period. Sand/ dust storms are common during study area is shown in Fig 1. It occupies an area of 4174.52 sq summer season. During winter season minimum temperature km (HarSAC report, 2010) and is bordered on the east by falls up to 10 C. The average wind speed is about 7 km/hour Rohtak district, on the west by Fatehabad district & Rajasthan has been recorded during the past many years. Monthly mean state, on the south by Bhiwani district and on the north by Jind wind speed ranges from 50-60 kms/hour has been recorded in district. The area is nearly level, with imperceptible slopes, dry hot months of May & June (Haryana district Gazetteer, except for the regions in and around the sand dunes, locally Hisar). known as tibbas. The general gradient of the terrain is from north–east to south-west and then west. Hisar district comprises of three major physiographic units i.e. Aeolian plain, Older alluvial plain and Chautang flood plain. The various sub-units occurring in the district are sand dune, plain, old channel and basin. The western and south western parts are affected by Aeolian activity, comprising of sand dunes, sandy plains and interdunal areas. The lndo-Gangetic alluvial plain, of which the Hisar district is a part, owes its origin to a sag in the crust, formed contemporaneously with the uplift of the Himalayas. This sag or depression has since been filled up by sediments derived from the rivers and channels of northern Himalayas and southern Aravali hills from Pleistocene to recent times. The sub-surface geology of the area has been a subject of speculation for a long time, as the alluvium effectively conceals the solid geology of the floor. The whole www.ssarsc.org Page 2 Scientific Society of Advanced Research and Social Change SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198 The suitability of groundwater for domestic use was determined on the basis of EC, pH, RSC, SAR and TDS and by comparing them with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Fig1. Location Map of Study Area & WHO recommendations.