Scientific Society of Advanced Research and Social Change

SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

Spatial Distribution Mapping and Assessment of Suitability of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose in District of State,

Reeta Rani & B. S. Chaudhary

Department of Geophysics University, Kurukshetra (Haryana), India [email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract - In present study, an attempt has been made to irrigating crops and for their animals. Many commercial understand the spatial distribution pattern of suitability of business and industries also depend on groundwater for their groundwater quality for domestic use in of processes and operations. Other industries rely on clean Haryana state, India by using Geographical Information System groundwater for production of electric power, food, beverages (GIS) techniques. Groundwater quality data of year 2008 of and material production. Hisar district of Haryana state, India was analyzed for its Groundwater in India is a critical resource. The stage of suitability for drinking purposes. Groundwater samples from 87 borehole locations were used for analysis of different water ground water development for the country as a whole is 58%. quality parameters such as Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), The status of ground water development is comparatively high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC), in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and and UT Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium of Daman & Diu and Pondicherry, where the Stage of Ground Carbonate (RSC) and then classified under various categories as Water Development is more than 100%, which implies the per various national and international standards to determine average annual ground water consumption is more than the suitability of water for domestic use. Spatial distribution average annual ground water recharge in these areas. In the maps of pH, EC, TDS, RSC, and SAR were prepared in GIS states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh environment. These maps were integrated using GIS for the average stage of ground water development is 70% and demarcating different groundwater quality zones for domestic usage. Out of the total area of 4174.52 km2, only 4.48 km2 is above. In rest of the states / UT's the stage of ground water under medium salinity whereas maximum area (3778.8 km2) falls development is below 70% (CGWB, 2010). under very high and 391.2 km2 under very-very high category. Based on yield potential characteristics of aquifers, the Overall the groundwater is not fit for domestic use almost in the Haryana state can be divided into three zones. The first one entire district. comprises of 26,090 sq.km in parts of , Hissar, , Mahendergarh & Districts, where tube wells can yield 50 Keywords - Groundwater quality, Hisar, Spatial Distribution, m3 / hr. The second one falls in parts of Hisar, Kurukshetra, GIS, India , Bhiwani and Districts, covering an area of 7100 sq.km tube wells in this zone, can yield between 50-150 I. INTRODUCTION m3/hr. The third one extends by 9200 sq.km in parts of , Kuruskshetra, Karnal and Sonepat Districts, where Groundwater is a precious natural resource which is essential the yield varies between 150-200 m3/hr. An area of 1660 for life on planet Earth. Due to population growth combined sq.km in parts of Gurgaon, Bhiwani and Mahendergarh with industrialization and urbanization, there is increasing Districts is underlain by consolidated formations, where the pressure on this precious natural resource. Groundwater is a yield prospects of aquifers are limited. fundamental natural resource for the economical and secure Ground water occurs in Hisar district under confined and semi provision of drinking water and plays a critical role in human confined aquifer conditions. The ground water conditions near well-being [6]. It is estimated that approximately one third of surface are in unconfined conditions. Under unconfined world’s population use groundwater for drinking. In addition conditions water is tapped through dug wells for domestic to rural households and public water supplies that depend on purposes. The semi confined and confined aquifer condition in wells and groundwater, farmers too use groundwater for the alluvial formations in which groundwater occurs under

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Scientific Society of Advanced Research and Social Change

SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

hydrostatic pressure is tapped by shallow tube wells in the of the alluvial , with relict channel beds within which the district. The rainfall is the main source of ground water Saraswati, Drishdawati and Ghaggar rivers have occasionally recharging which recharges aquifers every year. The other shifted their beds in Holocene times, are covered by Aeolian indirect source of recharging to the ground water in the district deposits in the recent past with increasing aridity. Some of the is ground water movement from other area towards the district great rivers of fluvial age such as Saraswati and Drishdawati due to the difference of hydraulic gradient. Withdrawal of () have receded leaving inter-locked alluvial fans ground water occurs under hydrostatic pressure and is tapped along its receding course, which was later covered with by shallow tube wells in the district. The other source of Aeolian deposits, and gives a present landscape scenery recharging is canal water. It has been observed during the field within varying monotonous plain having relict channel visits that at many places, the decline in in the ground water courses, levees, bars, depressions and sand dunes. Though the table results into decrease in groundwater quality in most of exact depth of the alluvium is not known, but from many the area. geophysical and bore hole data, it varies from 100 meters to Geographical information system (GIS) is an important and more than 400 meters (Haryana district Gazetteer, Hisar). useful tool for spatial distribution mapping and integration of various databases for various natural resources planning and The climate of the district is sub-tropical, semi-arid, management. It is useful for solving problems for data continental & monsoon type. The main rainy season is from variation in spatial extent. It is also widely used for evaluation July to September by south-west monsoon. Average annual and assessment of water quality and developing solutions for rainfall of the district of last 40 years recorded at IMD Hisar, water resources related problems ([2] [4] [5] [7] [9] [14]). In & (1971-2010) is 295.89 mm. Minimum the present study, spatial distribution maps of pH, EC, TDS, average rainfalls observed is 85.7 mm in the year 2000 and RSC, and SAR which are essential for determining the maximum is 577.15 mm. in the year 1976. This rainfall is less groundwater quality for domestic usage were prepared in GIS towards west side of the district and more towards East & environment using Arc GIS software. central part. The maximum mean monthly temperature is 320 C (1971- 2010) at Hisar. The maximum temperature recorded II. STUDY AREA was in the month of June 1985 that was 49.60 C. Owing to high temperature, the relative humidity remains low from The Hisar district, a part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain is March to June but because of lower morning temperature in situated between 28053’45” to 29049’15” N latitudes and Hisar area the relative humidity remains higher i.e. about 80% 75013’15” to 76018’15” E longitudes. The location map of the during morning period. Sand/ dust storms are common during study area is shown in Fig 1. It occupies an area of 4174.52 sq summer season. During winter season minimum temperature km (HarSAC report, 2010) and is bordered on the east by falls up to 10 C. The average wind speed is about 7 km/hour district, on the west by & Rajasthan has been recorded during the past many years. Monthly mean state, on the south by and on the north by Jind wind speed ranges from 50-60 kms/hour has been recorded in district. The area is nearly level, with imperceptible slopes, dry hot months of May & June (Haryana district Gazetteer, except for the regions in and around the sand dunes, locally Hisar). known as tibbas. The general gradient of the terrain is from north–east to south-west and then west. Hisar district comprises of three major physiographic units i.e. Aeolian plain, Older alluvial plain and Chautang flood plain. The various sub-units occurring in the district are sand dune, plain, old channel and basin. The western and south western parts are affected by Aeolian activity, comprising of sand dunes, sandy and interdunal areas. The lndo-Gangetic alluvial plain, of which the Hisar district is a part, owes its origin to a sag in the crust, formed contemporaneously with the uplift of the Himalayas. This sag or depression has since been filled up by sediments derived from the rivers and channels of northern Himalayas and southern Aravali hills from Pleistocene to recent times. The sub-surface geology of the area has been a subject of speculation for a long time, as the alluvium effectively conceals the solid geology of the floor. The whole

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SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

The suitability of groundwater for domestic use was determined on the basis of EC, pH, RSC, SAR and TDS and by comparing them with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Fig1. Location Map of Study Area & WHO recommendations. Maps of well location and different water quality parameters of 87 sampling locations III. OBJECTIVE were prepared with the help of spatial interpolation technique in Arc GIS Software. Three spatial interpolation techniques The study has been undertaken with the aim to understand the are used to estimate the missing gages values based on the spatial distribution pattern various parameters determining the remaining ones. These techniques are available in Arc GIS quality of groundwater for domestic usage. The main Software and are ranked based on the best minimum average objectives are summarized below: to the worst maximum average and to other statistics: 1. To understand the spatial distribution pattern of various 1. Spline (Regularized & Tension): It is a form of parameters of groundwater quality for domestic interpolation where interpolate is a special type of suitability piecewise polynomial called spline. Spline interpolation 2. Preparation of Spatial distribution maps of these is preferred over polynomial interpolation because the parameters interpolation error can be made small when using low 3. Preparation of integrated map of groundwater quality degree polynomials for the spline. zones for domestic usage 2. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW): It is a simple technique for curve fitting, a process of assigning values IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS to unknown points by using values from known points. 3. Krigging: Krigging, as a generalized linear regression Survey of India Toposheet Nos.: H43P7, H43P8, H43P10, technique, is used to estimate the value of a property at H43P11, H43P12, H43P14, H43P15, H43P16, H43Q03, unsampled location by referring to neighboring H43Q04, H43Q08, H43V09, and H43V13 on 1:50,000 scales locations. were used for the preparation of digital database of various In this study, IDW technique is used for spatial distribution of locations in the District, demarcation of district boundary and different water quality parameters for year 2008 in Arc GIS. other collateral information. The data related to 87 locations Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) is a method of interpolation for groundwater quality parameters, was obtained from that estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample Groundwater Cell, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of data points in the neighborhood of each processing cell. The Haryana, Hisar. Different water quality parameters, Sodium closer a point to the center of the cell being estimated, the Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and more influence, or weight; it has in the averaging process. Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Total Hardness (TH), and Value of R2 in IDW technique is max (0.76) by comparing all Percent Sodium (PS or Na%) were calculated from ionic above techniques with the help of regression analysis which is + - 2- 2+ 2+ concentrations (meq/l) of Na ,HCO3 ,CO3 and (Ca +Mg ) more correct as compared to other techniques [9] [16]. using the following standard equations.

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SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

V. RESULT & DISCUSSION

The results of various groundwater quality parameters are groundwater in this part may presumably be the cause for given in Table 1. These were compared with domestic high pH values. Residual Sodium concentration (RSC) of water standards of BIS [17] [18]. drinking water is less than 1.25 according to different standards but in study area, maximum area (4141.49 km2) According to BIS standards and WHO, range EC is 250- is covered in this category and very small area under 750 which is good for drinking purpose. In the study area, unsuitable conditions (Fig 2(c)). Sodium Absorption Ratio only 4.45 km2 areas is under this category remaining area (SAR) of drinking water is less than 10. Range of SAR in is not good for drinking purpose (Fig 2(a)). pH value for study area is between 0.1 – 25.58 and maximum area domestic usable water should be in the range of 6.5 to 8.5 (4153.46 km2) is having less than 10 sodium absorption according to BIS standards. The pH values for all ratio (Fig 2 (d)). According to different standards, total observation wells for year 2008 in Hisar District were dissolved solid (TDS) for drinking water is less than 500 found to between 7.3 - 9.0. As per the map of pH, 90.5% but in the study area, only 5.57 km2 area is covered under area of the Hisar district had hydrogen ion concentration this category. There was not much variation in case of pH, in desirable range. However, a small area (9.5%) in the RSC and SAR and showing good results in this study. But, northern part of the district was in non-permissible range in case of EC and TDS, it is at variance. For further with pH exceeding 8.5 is shown in Fig 2(b). High analysis, integration of EC and TDS was carried out (Fig. concentrations of carbonates and bicarbonates in 3).

Table 1: Water Quality parameters in year 2008

Sr. CO Ca2+ + Station 3 HCO - Cl- RSC EC pH TDS TH SAR Na+ No. 2- 3 Mg2+ 1 Alakhpura 1.0 3 36 60 -56.0 5580 7.5 3571 3000 7.56 41.40 2 Chaudhariwali 1.0 11 46 32 -20.0 4580 7.6 2931 1600 3.45 13.8 3 Gursal 2.2 12 24 26 -11.8 3880 8.1 2483 1300 3.55 12.79 4 Kohli 1.0 7 21 10 -2.0 2060 7.9 1318 500 4.74 10.59 5 Ladwi 1.0 7 16 16 -8.0 1850 8.2 1184 800 0.88 2.48 6 Modha Khera 1.2 21 48 38 -15.8 5320 7.6 3404 1900 3.48 15.16 7 Sadalpur 2.0 3 18 22 -17.0 2670 8.0 1708 1100 1.41 4.67 8 1.0 8 14 16 -7.0 1770 7.6 1132 800 0.60 1.69 9 Chikanwas 1.0 2 12 14 -11.0 1660 7.8 1062 700 0.98 2.59 10 Franci 2.0 2 6 12 -8.0 1180 8.1 755 600 1.56 3.82 11 Kaliravan 2.0 6 166 106 -98.0 12500 7.4 8000 5300 2.60 18.92 12 Kanoh 2.0 2 100 14 -10.0 8170 8.5 5228 700 25.58 67.67 13 Kirmara 1.6 4 10 14 -8.4 1230 8.6 787 700 4.89 12.93 14 Kuleri 2.0 4 12 16 -10.0 1890 8.4 1209 800 1.02 2.88 15 Nangthala 1.0 4 13 16 -11.0 2140 8.3 1369 800 1.90 5.37 16 Sandol 2.0 2 11 16 -12.0 1630 8.5 1043 800 0.10 0.28 17 Siwani Bolan 1.0 24 64 48 -23.0 7220 7.9 4620 2400 4.93 24.15 18 Thaska 0.4 8 34 27 -18.6 4120 8.0 2636 1350 3.86 14.18 19 Badala 1.2 5 15 13 -6.8 1400 7.8 895 350 2.56 6.52 20 Kharbla 0.5 7 11 12 -4.5 1570 8.0 1101 720 1.45 3.55 21 Balak 1.0 13 10 18 -4.0 1520 8.7 972 900 5.32 15.96 22 Barwala kow 0.5 10 16 30 -19.5 3650 7.8 2336 1500 1.67 6.46 Bhaini 23 0.4 10 10 12 -1.6 1360 8.5 870 600 0.65 1.59 Badashapur 24 Babuwa 1.6 7 4 10 -1.4 920 8.6 588 500 1.54 3.44 25 Badhawar 0.5 18 13 12 6.5 2150 8.1 1376 600 3.87 9.47 26 Ban Bhori 0.8 4 18 30 -25.2 3600 8.7 2304 1500 1.54 5.96 27 Chhan 0.4 22 36 34 -11.6 6800 8.3 4352 1700 8.24 33.97 28 Dhigtana 1.0 14 44 40 -25.0 5320 8.3 3404 2000 2.95 13.19 29 Dhand 1.0 5 18 18 -12.0 2800 8.5 1792 900 3.33 9.99 30 Gabipur 1.5 5 18 20 -13.5 3370 8.0 2156 1000 4.33 13.69 31 Juglan 1.2 8 6 6 3.2 1460 8.6 934 300 4.96 8.59 32 Khedar 1.0 9 3 10 0.0 1780 8.4 1139 500 3.48 7.78 www.ssarsc.org Page 4

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SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

33 Kharak Punia 0.4 9 14 14 -4.6 1750 8.6 1120 700 1.32 3.49 34 Kumba Khera 1.0 6 10 14 -7.0 1360 8.8 870 700 1.56 4.12 35 Panghal 0.8 9 5 6 3.8 960 8.7 640 300 2.07 3.58 36 Matloda 0.6 16 14 18 -1.4 2200 8.5 1408 900 1.33 3.99 37 Sarhera 1.5 5 26 26 -19.5 4070 8.2 2604 1300 4.07 14.67 38 Sarsana 0.6 6 3 10 -3.4 1460 8.4 934 500 2.05 4.58 39 Bichapari 0.8 8 8 16 -7.2 1760 7.9 1126 800 0.56 1.58 40 Sulkhani 1.0 2 9 12 -9.0 1520 8.2 972 600 1.30 3.18 41 Sultanpur 1.0 12 10 20 -7.0 2340 8.2 1497 1000 1.07 3.38 42 Dhana kalan 0.4 4 10 20 -15.6 2130 8.1 1363 1000 0.41 1.29 43 Ghirai 0.8 4 43 36 -31.2 5250 7.8 3360 1800 3.88 16.46 44 Shekpura KOW 1.2 8 20 12 -2.8 1700 8.0 1088 600 2.04 4.99 45 Jamawari 2.0 6 2 16 -8.0 560 8.4 358 800 4.89 13.83 46 Data 0.4 8 6 6 2.4 1220 8.1 780 300 3.57 6.18 47 Chanat 0.6 6 14 24 -17.4 2200 8.1 1408 1200 4.89 16.93 48 Kulana 0.5 13 23 15 -1.5 3549 7.8 2089 750 7.60 20.86 49 Bhagana 1.6 21 46 42 -19.4 6240 8.1 3393 2100 4.45 20.39 50 Charnound 1.5 13 61 54 -39.5 8650 7.3 5536 2700 6.25 32.47 51 Daya 0.2 10 60 14 -3.8 4200 7.6 2688 700 10.58 27.99 52 1.0 5 3 10 -4.0 840 8.8 537 500 3.05 6.82 53 Harita 0.2 3 50 12 -8.8 1130 8.1 723 600 2.00 4.89 54 Kamari 0.8 18 224 160 -141.2 13820 7.3 8844 8000 8.79 78.62 55 0.8 12 5 8 4.8 1230 7.9 787 400 2.15 4.3 56 Ladwa KOW 1.2 4 8 10 -4.8 1260 8.6 806 500 1.16 2.59 57 Mirzapur 1.5 8 19 8 1.5 1530 8.9 979 400 3.65 7.3 58 Niyana 1.5 23 111 72 -47.5 9800 7.5 6272 3600 4.33 25.98 59 0.2 6 52 81 -74.8 7520 7.7 4812 4050 9.78 62.23 60 Bandaheri 2.8 10 7 11 1.8 1480 8.3 947 550 1.62 3.79 61 Basra 1.6 42 34 28 15.6 5860 8.2 3750 1400 8.17 30.56 62 Bhaini Rohila 2.0 13 11 19 -4.0 2780 7.8 1779 950 2.85 8.78 63 Burak 0.9 8 23 22 -13.1 3340 7.8 2137 1100 3.43 11.37 64 Hindwan 1.2 8 6 9 0.2 1340 7.8 857 450 2.07 4.39 65 Neoli klan 1.0 8 18 18 -9.0 2370 7.8 1516 900 1.90 5.7 66 Neoli kd 1.0 4 10 26 -21.0 2860 8.0 1830 1300 0.72 2.59 67 Ralwas kalan 1.0 5 30 34 -28.0 3560 8.0 2278 1700 0.38 1.56 68 Sundawas 1.5 5 4 6 0.5 790 8.1 505 300 2.82 4.88 69 Tokas Patan 1.0 6 28 19 -12.0 2980 8.4 1907 950 3.50 10.78 70 Gawar 1.4 7 5 10 -1.6 1980 8.4 1267 500 4.38 9.79 71 Chaudhriwas 1.0 4 6 8 -3.0 900 8.6 576 400 0.50 1.00 72 Panihar check 2.0 20 6 8 14.0 2150 8.7 1376 400 6.75 13.5 73 Budana 1.0 10 14 10 1.0 2400 8.6 1536 500 6.26 13.99 74 Gamara 0.5 2 38 26 -23.5 4130 7.9 2643 1300 4.24 15.28 75 2.0 6 12 24 -16.0 2270 8.1 1452 1200 4.23 14.65 76 Kinnar 2.0 16 28 16 2.0 3580 8.2 2291 800 7.00 19.79 77 Majra 1.0 5 9 9 -3.0 1830 8.6 1171 450 4.38 9.29 78 Rajthal 2.5 12 16 14 0.5 2440 7.7 1561 700 3.93 10.39 79 Bithmara 1.0 8 16 17 -8.0 3580 8.4 2291 850 6.44 18.77 80 Hansawala 1.3 8 13 10 -0.7 1310 9.0 838 500 1.38 3.08 81 2.0 5 8 15 -8.0 1900 8.5 1216 750 1.46 3.99 82 Sahu 2.0 6 19 19 -11.0 3580 8.9 2291 950 5.45 16.79 83 Uklana KOW 2.0 4 17 18 -12.0 4150 8.8 2656 900 7.83 23.49 84 Faridpur 1.0 4 3 8 -3.0 740 8.4 473 400 2.28 4.56 85 Kinala 2.0 8 8 8 2.0 1420 8.7 908 400 3.10 6.2 86 Nehla 5.0 23 37 30 -2.0 5480 8.8 3507 1500 6.40 24.78 87 Pabra 2.0 6 7 10 -2.0 1480 8.6 972 500 2.14 4.78

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SSARSC International Journal of Geo Science and Geo Informatics Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2015, ISSN 2348-6198

A

Table2: Distribution of salinity in the area

S. No. Class EC (µs/cm)

Area Area (Sq km) (%) 1 Low Salinity Zone (LSZ) (< __ - 250) 2 Medium Salinity Zone (MSZ) 4.45 0.11 (250-750) 3 High Salinity Zone (HSZ) 1184.33 28.37 B (750-2250) 4 Very high Salinity Zone 2062.42 49.4 (VHSZ) (2250-4000) 5 VV high Salinity Zone 923.32 22.12 (VVHSZ) (> 4000) Total 4174.52 100

Table 3: pH distribution under various ranges Table 3 S. Class pH

No. Area (Sq Area km) (%)

1 Acidic non-desirable (<6.5) 0 0 C 2 Desirable (6.5-8.5) 3776.52 90.5 3. Alkaline non-desirable (>8.5) 398 9.5 Total 4174.52 100

Table 4: Distribution of RSC in the study area

S. Class TDS (mg/l) No. Area Area (Sq km) (%) 1 Low Salinity Zone (LSZ) __ 0 D (< 200) 2 Medium Salinity Zone (MSZ) 5.57 0.14 (200-500) 3 High Salinity Zone (HSZ) 1328.89 31.83 (500-1500) 4 Very high Salinity Zone (VHSZ) 2448.86 58.66 (1500-3000) 5 VV high Salinity Zone (VVHSZ) 391.2 9.37 (> 3000) Total 4174.52 100

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Table 5: Area under various TDS ranges

S. No. Class RSC E Area (Sq Area (%) km) 1 Suitable (<1.25) 4141.49 99.21 2 Marginal (1.25-2.5) 12.54 0.30 3 Unsuitable (2.5-3.0) 2.75 0.06 4 Bad (>3.0) 17.74 0.43 Total 4174.52 100

Table 6: SAR distribution statistics

S. Class SAR No. Fig 2: Spatial Distribution of Groundwater quality Area Area (%) parameters (A) EC, (B) pH, (C) RSC, (D) SAR & (E) TDS in year 2008 (Sq km) 1 Excellent (<10) 0 0

Total area under various categories of EC and TDS 2 Good (10-18) 4153.46 99.5 respectively are given in Table 2 and 6. It indicates that 3 Doubtful (18-26) 16.12 0.38 almost entire district is having the values ranging from medium salinity to very-very high salinity. The spatial 4 Unsuitable (>26) 4.94 0.12 distribution maps of EC and TDS were integrated and to Total 4174.52 100 derive the final map. This indicates the groundwater usage for domestic purpose in the District. Table 7: Salinity distributions zones

Zone CLASS Area (Sq Area km) (%) I MSZ - MSZ 4.48 0.11 II HSZ - MSZ 1.14 0.03 III HSZ - HSZ 1183.15 28.34 IV VHSZ - HSZ 145.76 3.49

V VHSZ - VHSZ 1916.67 45.91

VI VVHSZ - VHSZ 532.08 12.75 VII VVHSZ - VVHSZ 391.24 9.37 Total 4174.52 100

Fig. 3 Water quality map for year 2008 VI. CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrates the role of geospatial technology in assessing and understanding the spatial The area distribution under various zones is shown in Table distribution of groundwater quality parameters for domestic 7 below: usage in efficient and prudent manner. The study concludes that out of the total area of 4174.52 km2, only 4.48 km2 is under medium salinity whereas all other area falls either under high, very high or very-very high category of salinity thereby making it unfit for the domestic usage. As most of these samples are from shallow to medium depth range www.ssarsc.org Page 7

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aquifers, there is a need to explore deeper strata for district of Haryana, India, J. Ind. Geophys. Union Vol.14, No.2, understanding the groundwater quality in deeper layers. pp.75-87. [15] SHI JianSheng, MA Rong, LIU JiChao & ZHANG YiLong. Suitability assessment of deep groundwater for drinking, irrigation VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and industrial purposes in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, north China. September 2013, Vol.58, No.25: 3098-3110. The authors are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for [16] T. Subra mani, L. Ela ngo and S. R. Damoda rasamy. Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar sponsoring Major Research Project in the area and for River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Geol (2005) 47: 1099– providing financial support for carrying out this study. 1110. [17] WHO (2001). Water health and human rights, world water day http://www.worldwaterday.org/wwday/2001/thematic/hmnrights.htm l. [18] WHO (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality incorporating Ist REFERENCES and 2nd addenda Vol.1 Recommendations, (3rd edit) http:/ /www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev [1] BIS (1998) Characteristics for Drinking Water, IS, 10500, New Delhi. [2] Chaudhary BS, Kumar M, Roy AK, Ruhal DS (1996) Applications of RS and GIS in groundwater investigations in block, , Haryana, India. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 31, B-6, Vienna, Austria. pp 18–23. [3] Dimitris Alexakis. Assessment of water quality in the Messolonghi– Etoliko and Neochorio region (West Greece) using hydro chemical and statistical analysis methods. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 182:397–413. [4] Goyal SK, Sethi GK, Chaudhary BS (2006) Integrated groundwater studies in district of Haryana, using remote sensing and GIS. Proceedings of National Conference on Environmental Conservation. Sept 1–3, Pilani, India, pp 745-751. [5] Gulshan K. Sethi, Bhagwan S. Chaudhary, Sanjay K. Goyal & Praveen K. Thakur, 2012. Suitability Analysis of Groundwater Quality for Domestic and Irrigation Usage in Nagar District, India: A GIS Approach, J Indian Soc Remote Sens 40(1):155 – 165, DOI 10.1007/s12524-011-0116-0. [6] Imtiyaz, M. & Rao, D.J.M., 2008. Influence of overexploitation on groundwater ecosystem in hard rock terrain, Proceedings of International Groundwater Conference, March 19-22, Jaipur, India. 88 [7] M. Suresh, B. Gurugnanam, S. Vasudevan, K. Dharanirajan and N. Jawahar Raj, 2010. Drinking and Irrigational Feasibility of Groundwater, GIS Spatial Mapping in Upper Thirumanimuthar Sub- basin, Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu, Journal Geological Society Of India, Vol.75, pp.518-526. [8] Masood Alam, Sumbul Rais and Mohd Aslam. Hydrochemical investigation and quality assessment of ground water in rural areas of Delhi, India. Environ Earth Sci (2012) 66:97–110. [9] Muzafar N. Teli, Nisar A. Kuchhay, Manzoor A. Rather , Umar Firdous Ahmad, Muzaffar A. Malla, Mudasir A. Dada. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 10, Issue 3 (March 2014), PP.55-66. [10] Narsimha A et al. An integrated approach to assess the quality of groundwater in part of Cheralapally area, Rangareddy District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2013, 4(1):244-253. [11] Nosrat Aghazadeh and A. A. Mogaddam. Investigation of hydro chemical characteristicsof groundwater in the Harzandat aquifer, Northwest of Iran, Environ Monit Assess (2011) 176:183–195 [12] Omar Ali Al-Khashman and Aiman Qasem Jaradat. Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in arid environment, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess (2014) 28:743–753. [13] Rajkumari Suryawanshi and Dr. I. A. Khan. Assessment of Ground Water Quality and its Spatial Distribution Near Old Landfill Site of Kothrud, Pune, The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321 – 919X), Vol 2 Issue 4, April, 2014 [14] S.K.Goyal and B.S.Chaudhary, 2010. GIS based study of Spatio- Temporal changes in groundwater depth and quality in Kaithal www.ssarsc.org Page 8