Government of Maharashtra Hydrology Project II Water Resources Department IBRD Loan No: 4749-IN

Real Time Streamflow Forecasting and Reservoir Operation System for Krishna and Bhima River Basins in Maharashtra (RTSF & ROS)

Knowledge Base System Documentation

June 2012

DHI Water Environment Health

Real Time Streamflow Forecasting and DHI (India) Water & Reservoir Operation System for Krishna and Environment Pvt Ltd rd Bhima River Basins in Maharashtra (RTSF & 3 Floor, NSIC Bhawan, Okhla ROS) Industrial Estate New Delhi 11 00 20

India

Tel:+911147034500 +91 11 4703 4500 Knowledge Base System Fax:+911147034501 +91 11 4703 4501 [email protected] June 2012 www.dhigroup.com Client Client’s representative

Chief Engineer, Planning & Hydrology Superintending Engineer

Project Project No Real Time Streamflow Forecasting and Reservoir Operation System for Krishna and Bhima River Basins in 63800247 Maharashtra (RTSF & ROS)

Authors Date: Guna Paudyal 17 June 2012 Anders Klinting Dhananjay Pandit Approved by Hans G. Enggrob

Revision Description By Checked Approved Date Key words Classification Real Time, Streamflow, Flood, Forecasting, Open Reservoir Operation, Forecast Models, Hydrology, Hydraulics, River Basin, Capacity Building Internal

Proprietary

Distribution No of copies Client: PDF File 10 DHI: PDF file (+1 CD)

Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

BSD Basin Simulation Division CWC Central Water Commission DA Data Assimilation DAS Data Acquisition System DEM Digital Elevation Model DSS Decision Support System FCL Flood Control Level FCS Full Climate Station FMO Flood meteorological Office (of IMD) GIS Geographic Information System GMRBA Godavari Marathwada River Basin Agency GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GoI Government of India GoM Government of Maharashtra GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HD Hydrodynamic HIS Hydrological Information system HP-II Hydrology Project Phase II IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IMD Indian Meteorological Department KBS Knowledge Base System KRBA Konkan River Basin Agency MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute MKRBA Maharashtra Krishna River Basin Agency MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer MoWR Ministry of Water Resources NIH National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee NCMRWF National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting NRSA National Remote Sensing Organisation NWP Numerical Weather Prediction QA Quality Assurance QAP Quality Assurance Plan QC Quality Control QPF Quantitative Precipitation Forecast RIMES Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Asia & Africa RMC Regional Meteorological Centre (of IMD)

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RMSE Root Mean Square Error ROS Reservoir Operation System RR Rainfall-Runoff RS Remote Sensing RTDAS Real Time Data Acquisition System RTDSS Real Time Decision Support System RTSF Real Time Streamflow Forecasting SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SO Structure Operation SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission TKRBA Tapi Khandesh River Basin Agency VRBA Vidarbha River Basin Agency WALMI Water and Land Management Institute WB World Bank WRD Water Resources Department

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Table of Contents

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... i

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... V

2 INTRODUCTION ...... 6 2.1 Features of RTSF & ROS ...... 6 2.2 Database-Models Integration ...... 6 2.3 Progress of stipulated output ...... 7 2.4 Hardware and Software ...... 8 2.4.1 Hardware ...... 8 2.4.2 Software ...... 8

3 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT ...... 12 3.1 Data Types ...... 12 3.1.1 Real time Data ...... 12 3.1.2 Historical Data ...... 17 3.1.3 Crop Water Requirement ...... 18 3.1.4 Spatial Data ...... 19 3.2 Database Design ...... 22 3.2.1 Introduction ...... 22 3.2.2 Data categories ...... 22 3.2.3 Historical and Real Time Series ...... 24

4 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...... 25 4.1 Analysis of Time Series Data ...... 25 4.2 Analysis of Historical Hydro-climatic Data ...... 28

5 OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT ...... 31 5.1.1 External Data ...... 31 5.1.2 Dissemination ...... 31 5.2 Database Management ...... 32 5.2.1 Installation ...... 32 5.2.2 Staff Training ...... 32 5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance ...... 33 5.2.4 Control Room and Website ...... 33 5.2.5 Program for technical support and strategy for sustainability ...... 33 Appendix A Computer Specifications ...... 34

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Database Server...... 34 Web Server ...... 35 Client PCs ...... 35 Appendix B: List of Real Time Stations ...... 36 Appendix C Analysis of Historical Data ...... 48

iv Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Project “Consultancy services for the implementation of streamflow forecasting and reservoir operations for Krishna and Bhima River Basins in Maharashtra” commenced with the opening of the project office in Pune on the auspicious day of Ganesh Chaturthi on 17th August 2011. DHI (India) Water and Environment are the Consultants assigned by the Water Resources Department of Government of Maharasthra, India. The assignment is scheduled to be completed in 18 months with an extended technical support period of two years. This “Knowledge Base System (KBS)” Report, which is part of the consultancy project deliverables, presents the details of the knowledge base development, data base, knowledge system and related elements. A KBS User Guide together with an Installation Guide has been prepared as separate volumes to this documentation. The Knowledge Base System contains available data relating to GIS data, topographic data, satellite imageries showing administrative/land use/land cover/cropped and irrigated areas, soils, climate, historical hydro-meteorological data, water levels and flow, water resources including reservoirs, daily crop water requirements and other data. The database is updated as all data becomes available including the real time data from the various sources and RTDAS. The knowledge base also has the capability of analysing hydro-climatic time series data. Examples of analysis of historical hydro-climatic data are given with reference to typical flood and drought years. The knowledge base system including all data and analysis software which are installed in a high-end branded server (DELL PowerEdge T710 High Performance Intel 2S Tower Server with additional hard drive backup facility) has been transferred to the Basin Simulation division (BSD) in Sinchan Bhavan, Pune. Therefore, the TOR requirements for the interim deliverable related to Task 2: Knowledge Base Development have been fulfilled.

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2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Features of RTSF & ROS The specific objective of the Project is to develop a Real Time Streamflow Forecasting and Reservoir Operation System (RTSF & ROS) for the Krishna and Bhima River Basins in Maharashtra. The System will integrate the real time Data Acquisition System (RTDAS) with data from external sources, meteorological forecasts, flow forecast modelling, analysis and decision support tools in an IT system designed for ease of use by operators. The main features of the RTSF & ROS are:  Comprehensive database  Comprehensive facilities for integrated presentation of the dynamics of the hydrology and water resources of the basin  A range of hydrological, river basin water resources and hydrodynamic river models  Predictions of the future hydrologic state of the catchment and river system  Reservoir Operation Guidance system The domain of the models of the RTSF & ROS is the area of the Krishna and Bhima River Basins in Maharashtra. 2.2 Database-Models Integration At the core of the RTDSS are mathematical models which describe the state of the catchment and main rivers, and predict future states for a range of scenarios relating to natural events and human intervention. The models require data:  describing the physical features of the catchments, rivers, reservoirs and other hydraulic structures  hydrologic data describing the state of the catchment and rivers – historical data for model calibration  real time and forecast data for making forecasts of future catchment states  water demand data for optimizing the operation of reservoirs All data used for modelling purposes and output from model simulations are stored and maintained in the database. The RTSF & ROS provides a large number of functionalities for working with data, comprising database input and output tools, data visualisation and data processing (filtering, gap filling, etc). Modelling-wise the RTSF & ROS includes functionality for automatically extracting and arranging the necessary data for the model simulations and subsequently for importing the generated data to the database. This ensures that data (covering both observations and model output) are readily available in the RTSF &ROS user interface and that system management becomes easier compared to having data stored in file system folders.

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The database will be updated as all data becomes available including the real time data from the RTDAS.

2.3 Progress of stipulated output

The TOR stipulated output of Task 2. Knowledge Base Development, are 1. Comprehensive GIS-based database accessible to all key stakeholders and operators 2. Analysis of historical hydro-climate data

The TOR also states that the database would include the following:  Administrative (districts, blocks, cities/towns, villages – all with population and other basic census data; WRD and other related dept office locations and jurisdictions with basic information)  Climate (stations and records such as rainfall, temperature as attributes) collected from available sources including auto weather stations.  Generate daily crop water requirement of major crops based on the real time data of climate stations for the basin at key locations.  Topography (SRTM, SOI, other records); training in use of GPS to improve records in flood-prone areas  Landuse/ landcover/cropped and irrigated areas/soils  Water Infrastructure (dams and water spread area, barrages, diversions, irrigation systems, water supply intakes)  Flood-related (historical flood extents, embankments)  Water Resources (flows, groundwater, water quality as available especially from HIS)

The main output is the Knowledge Base System (KBS), designed and installed with all historical hydro-meteorological data, river flows and levels, irrigation data, available satellite images and other GIS data collected and populated in the database. Data from the reservoirs have been collected and included in the database. The database system is flexible to receive any additional data from other sources. Also the features include update and incorporation new data. For the real time data, facilities and links have been developed to import al RTDAS data. However, as the RTADS is not ready to provide data, the real time data will be imported into the system whenever the RTDAS is completed. Links have been established to automatically down load reservoir data from the Pune Control Website as well as the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) from the Regional Integrated Multi Hazard Early Warning System for Asia and Africa (RIMES) Bangkok. Analysis of historical hydro-climatic data have been performed in a sample basis to find out typical flood and drought years. A theoretical and practical training on the use of GPS has been given to selected WRD staff. The descriptions in following sections explain that all the TOR requirements on Task 2 have been fulfilled.

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2.4 Hardware and Software

2.4.1 Hardware 1. Database Server Specifications Database Server Dell(TM) PowerEdge(TM) T710 is a is a powerful machine with 24GB RAM and 1 TB Hard Drive. The Database Server hosts all the historical as well as Real Time data received thru the RTDAS as well as various sources. The KBS uses the data from Database server. Detailed specifications of the servers and PC are given in Appendix A. 2. Web Server Specifications Web Server Dell(TM) PowerEdge(TM) T110 II has 4GB RAM and 500 GB Hard Drive. The Web Server is mainly for dissemination modelling results, warnings and any other information which WRD wants to publish.

3. Client PC Specifications Two high end machines are Lenovo Think Center DeskTop 1607G7Q with Intel Core I3, 4GB RAM and 500 GB Hard Drive. The desktops are for running the models as well as KBS. The results from the models are sent to Web Server for publishing. 2.4.2 Software The database will collect and store a wide range of historical and real time hydrology related data on the basins and from external sources, and provide access to RTSF & ROS operators, and on-line and remote web users. In addition to providing the input data for the mathematical models, the database will also store the results from the models. Proprietary software is required for data storage and data display. The database will be used to store historical hydrologic data on the basin and data collected through the RTDAS, definitions of the various scenarios that WRD will utilise for short and long term planning, and input that can be used to operate the dams and other controls. Data with a spatial context will be accessed in a GIS environment. DHI and Mechatronics will agree on the exchange protocol and format of data to be delivered by the RTDAS to the RTSF & ROS. RTDAS will carry out quality control and present the data to RTSF & ROS. The RTSF & ROS system will at predefined frequencies import newly received and checked data to the Database. The requirements for the database can be grouped by:  Enterprise abilities  Manageability  Functionality

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 Operating system Although there exists a large number of both commercial and open source based database systems, only a limited number of these are applicable to a complex system such as the Krishna-Bhima RTSF & ROS. The basic requirements are that the database is based on both a mature and a widely supported technology. After reviewing many candidate database systems for evaluation with respect to the requirements, the system used in the DSS (Planning) Project and the BBMB RTDSS project has been adopted. The proposed system has a long development history, proven high availability capabilities, a broad user community, and support GIS data. The PostgreSQL together with PostGIS has been adopted as the database solution for the RTSF & ROS.

Database Software The database component is a relational database management system (RDBMS) storing data in the form of related tables. Relational databases require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. The RDBMS is prepared for handling all types of DSS data: GIS (spatial) data, time series data and scenario/model data. The Database components used in the system comprise:  PostgreSQL – a standard well-proven Enterprise-level RDBMS  PostGIS – an extension to PostgreSQL that makes it possible to maintain and process GIS data

PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system.

It is released under a Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) style license and is thus free and open source software. As with many other open source programs, PostgreSQL is not controlled by any single company, but has a global community of developers and companies to develop it. The development of PostgreSQL dates back to the early 1980s. The main features of PostgreSQL comprise:  Stored procedures can be written in high-level languages like Python, C++ and Java  Indexes – based both on column values and expressions. Partial indexes are also supported  Triggers can also be coded in high-level languages  Multi-version concurrency control which provides individual user snapshots of the database  Updatable views

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 A wide variety of data types  User defined objects  Inheritance – tables can inherit characteristics from a parent table. This can be used to implement table partitioning The PostgreSQL database is described in more detail on the PostgreSQL home page (http://www.postgresql.org). The DSS uses PostgreSQL to store all data as shown in Error! Reference ource not found.. The input to PostgreSQL is SQL statements and the output is result sets from the executed SQL statements.

PostgreSQL

Get Get User DSS Front-end DSS Database Put Put

Insert/ Update/ Load Delete

Database tables

Figure 2.1 Database Dataflow

PostGIS PostGIS is an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. PostGIS follows the Simple Features for SQL specification from the Open Geospatial Consortium. The first version of PostGIS was released in 2001. The main features of PostGIS comprise:  Geometry types for points, linestrings, polygons, multipoints, multilinestrings, multipolygons and geometrycollections  Spatial predicates for determining the interactions of geometries using the 3x3 Egenhofer matrix (provided by the GEOS software library)  Spatial operators for determining geospatial measurements like area, distance, length and perimeter  Spatial operators for determining geospatial set operations, like union, difference, symmetric difference and buffers (provided by GEOS)  R-tree-over-GiST (Generalised Search Tree) spatial indexes for high speed spatial querying

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 Index selectivity support, to provide high performance query plans for mixed spatial/non-spatial queries  Raster data in the form of ASCII grids and GeoTiffs as gridded rasters and geo-referenced images (BMP, JPG, GIF, PNG).

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3 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Data Types Data types may be classified according to the frequency at which the data change, and also reflect the means of data collection:  Real Time Data – comprise the data from RTDAS, WRD sources for Rainfall and Reservoir Levels, and Rainfall Forecast Sources.  Historical Time Series Data – comprise point based measurements of meteorological and hydrometric data made at variable intervals.  Other Modelling Data – comprise surveys updated annually or every few years, such as river cross sections and reservoir bathymetry. Water level-discharge rating curves are also included in this category. Rating curves for gates and power stations are included in this category. This also covers the daily crop water requirement data, generated in KBS.  Spatial Data – comprises GIS, DEM and Satellite data The availability of these data is discussed in the following sections.

3.1.1 Real time Data A comprehensive range of high quality ground based point measured data describing the state of the basin and the rivers and reservoirs will become available in real time with implementation of the Real Time Data Acquisition System (RTDAS). The real time network includes rainfall, climatic, reservoir water level and discharge data. It was expected that RTDAS will be ready from June 2012. However, it is learned that due to unavoidable circumstances the delivery of data from RTDAS will be delayed and may be expected to commence from August 2012. WRD has entered into a contract with Mechatronics for the installation of a network of ground based measuring stations recording a variety of parameters, transmitting the data in real time via INSAT and GPRS to a receiving station at the RTDAS data Centre located in Sinchan Bhaban, Pune. A summary of the stations and data types is presented in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 List of Real Time Data from the RTDAS (on-going) Data type Number of stations Remarks Rainfall 149 Full Climate Station 42 Water Level (river) 31 Discharge (river) 31 Water Level (reservoir) 46 59 gate openings (in selected dams)

Detailed list of stations is given in Appendix B. 12 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Meteorological Forecasts A 6-hourly High resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) for three days is received every day from the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) www.rimes.org, an inter-governmental organisation based in Bangkok, Thailand. Data is received as ASCII format for the study area with 9km X 9km grid as well as a pdf file as shown in Figures 3.1a to 3.1c. The RIMES Servers sends the 3-day forecasts automatically to a dedicated E-mail address ([email protected]) every morning before 7 AM local time. A procedure has been developed in RTFS&ROS to download the QPF automatically from the RTSF gmail address and store in the model database for use in the forecast operation. At the same time, the QPF is exported to the KBS data server. Also forecasts of rainfall and other weather parameters will be downloaded on a daily basis from the IMD’s website (www.imd.gov.in). The IMD website also provides a link to satellite data

Figure 3.1a Quantitative Rainfall Forecast (QPF) from RIMES (day-1)

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Figure 3.1b Quantitative Rainfall Forecast (QPF) from RIMES (day-2)

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Figure 3.1c Quantitative Rainfall Forecast (QPF) from RIMES (day-3)

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Table 3.2 Sample QPF Data in ASCII Format as received from RIMES (16 June 2012)

Day-1 (mm) day-2 (mm) day -3 (mm) LAT Long 6 hrs 12 hrs 18 hrs 24 hrs 6 hrs 12 hrs 18 hrs 24 hrs 6 hrs 12 hrs 18 hrs 24 hrs 12.0507 73.0676 2.43023 0.645779 2.03092 4.65556 6.6004 15.134 6.95103 3.42979 3.658 0.512375 3.37674 0.087639 12.0507 73.1514 1.70952 1.06474 1.57849 4.73582 6.72497 9.81503 6.52096 5.57163 3.57053 0.45475 1.95105 0.127373 12.0507 73.2352 1.18706 1.32641 2.05774 3.4689 6.85486 13.6671 12.8583 5.15231 3.64001 2.31439 2.84922 0.341022 12.0507 73.319 1.63828 1.50299 0.640656 3.73094 9.99804 11.6333 19.1539 4.1809 3.06456 3.20093 2.10774 0 12.0507 73.4028 2.04772 1.29966 0.345188 3.10006 4.67676 18.3736 22.492 3.26573 7.34201 3.83077 2.29079 0.755905 12.0507 73.4866 2.82763 0 1.77667 8.05431 0.093516 17.385 25.2848 5.73233 6.64529 2.89059 6.83503 0 12.0507 73.5704 1.95149 0 1.39565 9.0943 2.5342 23.5551 21.2804 5.56665 5.72179 2.95142 6.86285 0 12.0507 73.6542 1.47511 1.08097 1.19042 9.15722 5.87338 22.4592 12.9014 5.13469 6.27769 2.88583 2.68999 1.8625 12.0507 73.738 1.86556 0.225506 3.43898 9.30947 7.4701 18.7152 13.4348 5.48517 6.69526 2.57063 5.58608 1.3445 12.0507 73.8218 1.59819 0.306396 2.56101 8.4331 10.0888 22.1804 7.84835 7.83208 6.73447 5.21133 4.3397 2.95983 12.0507 73.9056 1.13904 2.19194 1.34458 8.56819 14.5704 12.9283 7.54773 7.93586 11.7848 3.73466 3.72308 2.84306 12.0507 73.9894 1.53453 2.49106 1.22613 13.6228 17.2186 11.2638 14.8342 8.57162 16.5434 7.40903 2.89155 3.64574 12.0507 74.0732 2.64397 0.946684 6.32779 18.7267 19.855 13.2581 8.48291 10.1548 15.0739 8.99113 3.34701 6.80997 12.0507 74.157 3.09045 2.46449 6.52518 19.8676 20.0545 12.1029 27.7851 12.8636 15.4732 5.65535 8.90103 8.82253 12.0507 74.2408 3.66816 4.28081 10.7298 21.7633 19.4294 14.4916 22.2648 13.6195 10.22 7.94508 5.88574 8.049 12.0507 74.3246 4.46204 6.80676 14.6061 17.2198 27.697 25.3635 26.1552 19.1215 16.2172 17.3541 7.07391 10.2485 12.0507 74.4084 3.68599 4.75532 14.1935 15.5255 30.434 37.6234 25.6485 20.4875 18.5939 29.5457 17.1708 20.5325 12.0507 74.4922 6.37645 5.05475 15.1774 15.8414 33.7296 46.5007 34.8088 22.7243 22.059 39.1811 18.6596 24.9085 12.0507 74.576 5.26454 3.37273 17.9413 18.0521 40.206 45.5544 49.7475 23.2663 20.6121 33.7492 19.4369 35.7199 12.0507 74.6598 7.50341 14.1102 18.5788 22.7673 43.8544 51.7453 49.8636 20.5736 21.545 42.0475 12.9229 13.9615 12.0507 74.7436 7.71567 15.1462 15.8564 22.6971 46.0211 53.0926 44.4285 17.4081 17.8108 43.559 12.0411 2.26035 12.0507 74.8274 5.86522 13.084 11.1539 1.82971 37.334 51.9574 41.3853 15.6802 17.2453 44.0062 10.8344 0.001462

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3.1.2 Historical Data

The historical data is collected from hydro-meteorological stations: (a) the rainfall station and (b) the climatic stations. The standard non-recording rain gauge and/or autographic or digital recording rain gauge is installed at the rainfall stations. At climatic stations a few or all parameters like rainfall, dry and wet bulb temperature, minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction, pan evaporation and sunshine duration etc. are observed. However, on many hydrometric stations, which are primarily for measurement of stages and flow, a few meteorological parameters like rainfall, temperature, wind velocity and direction etc. are also observed. The historical time series data also include reservoir inflow outflow, irrigation demand and supply and other water supply data, which is collected from respective management divisions of WRD. Table 3.2 shows a summary of historical time series data collected from WRD and included in the database.

Table 3.2 Summary of historical time series data Data type No. of Frequency Years of data stations

Rainfall 204 Daily (197) Varying from station to station (mostly 1971-2009) Hourly (91)

Evaporation 44 Twice Daily Varying from station to station (mostly 1999-2009)

Full Climatic 42 Hourly (date Varying from station to station (temperature, from 17 (mostly 2002-2009) humidity, wind, stations sunshine, received) rainfall)

Discharge 25 Daily (25) Varying from station to station (mostly 1991-2009) Hourly (21)

Water level 25 Daily (25) Varying from station to station (river) (mostly 1971-2009) Hourly (21)

Reservoir 40 Daily/hourly Varying from station to station inflow-out flow (mostly 2002-2009)

Ground Water CGWB 6 monthly 1991- 2007 (83 wells)

State (397

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wells)

Water Quality 30 Monthly 2003-2009 (surface water)

Water Quality 17 Yearly Only some years’ data available (ground water)

3.1.3 Crop Water Requirement A tool has been developed to compute daily crop water requirement for different crops and for different areas using the data from Full Climate Stations (FCS). The FAO56 method of calculation of crop water requirement has been adopted. This enables computation of daily crop water requirement in near real time using real time data from the FCS of RTDAS . Figure 3.2 shows an example of daily crop water requirement data.

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Figure 3.2 Computation of Daily Crop Water Requirement

3.1.4 Spatial Data

GIS data The GIS data layers consists Basin boundary, drainage network, reservoirs/ponds/lakes, canal network, irrigation command area, soils, geomorphology, lithology, land use/land cover, locations of river gauging stations, rain gauges and full climate stations, administrative boundaries of talukas and districts, surface slope, transport links and village boundaries. The GIS layers are in UTM 43N projection with WGS 84 datum. Satellite Data The satellite data from Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite viz. IRS P6 (RESOURCESAT) AWiFS and LISS-III are incorporated in the KBS (Table 3.3). IRS p6 AWiFS data is shown in Fig. 3.3. Table. 3.3 IRS Data Sr. Satellite / Spatial Radiometric No. Sensor Resolutio Resolution n 1. IRS P6 LISS-III 23.5 m 7 Bit

2. IRS P6 AWiFS 56 m 10 Bit

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Figure 3.3. Sample Satellite image from IRS P6 AWiFS data

Digital Elevation Model A digital elevation model of the entire basin has been generated using 90m SRTM data. The DEM, together with the catchments and rivers derived from the DEM, is illustrated in Figure 3.4. Each grid square represents the average elevation within the square, with an accuracy in the order of ±20m.

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Figure 3.4 Digital Elevation Model (SRTM)

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3.2 Database Design

3.2.1 Introduction The Krishna-Bhima Database is a tailored database system developed using the above described software. Figure 3.5 shows the overall contents of the Krishna- Bhima database system.

Figure 3.5 Overall Content of the RTSF & ROS Database Management System

3.2.2 Data categories The database stores a wide range of data. The data are categorised according to the format in which they are stored. The link between the data types, which essentially describes how the data are collected, and the data categories is set out in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Data Categories

CATEGORY FORMAT TYPES

Spatial Data Shapefile DEM Image Remote Sensing Grid Meteorological Forecasts Temporal Data Time Series Ground Based Point Data (historical) Remote Sensing RTDAS Meteorological Forecasts

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Numerical Rainfall-Runoff Model Parameter Models (NAM) Files Water Resources Reservoir Scenario (MIKE Basin) Bathymetry Definitions Hydrodynamics River Cross Sections (MIKE 11) Structure Geometry

The shapefile format is the most common file format for storing spatial related information. The format is developed by Environmental System Research Institute (ERSI) and is an open and well defined format supported by most providers of spatial information. Some data types appear in both spatial and temporal data categories, ie remote sensing and meteorological forecasts. Figure 3.6 shows the folder structure of GIS data.

Figure 3.6 Folder Structure of GIS Data

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3.2.3 Historical and Real Time Series Historical time series data have been imported to the database and organized in the folder structure shown in Figure 3.7. Real time data from the RTDAS will be stored in the database in a similar folder structure. The exact structure will be defined once the RTDAS is defined and installed. All data quality check will take place in the RTDAS. When data becomes available in RTDAS it will be automatically transferred and stored in the RTDSS database. A status message will be parsed for each station every time a new set of measurements is received from the RTDAS.

Figure 3.7: Historical Time Series

24 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS 4 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

4.1 Analysis of Time Series Data The Time series manager of the KBS provides management and analysis functionalities for storing, querying, importing, exporting and quality checking. In addition, the manager offers a suite of tools for visualising, statistical analysis and processing one or more time series. It may also be used to view data prior to model simulations and to analyse and visualise model simulation outputs. Typical uses of the time series manager are listed in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Examples of the time series manager Task Principal activities Create Time Series A new time series can be created in the database by: directly creating a series using the tool, importing a time series from a variety of sources including RTDAS. Edit Time Series An existing time series can be edited for all its components (time, value) Export Time Series A time series may be exported to Excel, a modelling system or an external file to a prescribed format. Filter Time Series This function is very useful for large databases. Defining a search criteria for looking-up time series in the database, such as name, type data, scenarios etc. Import Time Series Importing Time series data from Excel, etc. Inspect Time Series Looking at the time series attributes and meta data Visualize Time Activities include display time series data in tabular or Series graphical forms, adding time series to an existing series or chart, customizing the chart or table Using/Processing This functionality is the most useful in data processing, Time Series quality checking, gap analysis, resampling, statistical analysis, etc.

In order to illustrate the time series analysis capabilities of the database, rainfall data form Mahabaleshwar and discharge data from Karad G-D station were selected. Data gaps are clearly indicated. Figures 4.1 to 4.3 Show the performed analyses. The analyses include re- sampling, duration curve and statistical analysis.

Knowledge base documentation 25 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Figure 4.1 The Daily Rainfall at Mahabaleshwar (top graph) has been re-sampled into monthly (middle graph) and yearly (bottom graph).

26 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Figure 4.2 Discharge data at Karad G-D Station (top graph) has been used for duration analysis (middle graph) and statistical analysis (seasonal annual maximum)

Figure 4.3 Cumulative probability distribution function (CDF) of discharge at Karad G-D Station

Knowledge base documentation 27 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS 4.2 Analysis of Historical Hydro-climatic Data All available hydro-climatic data are imported to the updated KBS. The KBS has various tools to analyse the historical data. The analysis results for the representative stations in Krishna and Bhima basins are provided below. The rainfall analysis of Miraj station in Krishna basin from 1976 to 2009 indicates that the rainfall was much below average in 1985, 1987 and 2004. These years were drought years. On the contrary in the years 1980, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2006 and 2007 rainfall was much higher than average. Figure 4.4 shows the daily and annual rainfall data for Miraj Station.

Figure 4.4 Daily and Annual rainfall data for Miraj Station.

Analysis of discharge data of Kurundwad river gauging station in Krishna basin shows that in the year 1997, 2005 and 2006, the peak discharges was more than 6,000 m3/s, which caused the flood situation in the Sangli area. Therefore the years 2005 and 2006 can be termed as flood years. Whereas, the year 2004 was a drought year. Figure 4.5 shows the daily and annual hydrographs of Kurundwad river GD station.

28 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Figure 4.5 Hydrograph of Kurundwad river GD station

The rainfall analysis of Nimaj station from 1985 to 2009 indicates that the rainfall was much below average in 1987, 1995, 2000 and 2004. These years were drought years. On the contrary in the years 1988, 1990, 1997 and 1998 rainfall was much higher than average. Figure 4.6 shows the daily and annual rainfall data for Nimaj Station.

Knowledge base documentation 29 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Figure 4.6 Daily and Annual rainfall data for Nimaj Station

Analysis of discharge data of Narsingpur river gauging station in Bhima basin shows that similar to Kurundwad station in Krishna basin, in the year 1997, 2005 and 2006, the peak discharges were more than 6,000 m3/s, which caused the flood situation in the adjoining area. Therefore the years 1997, 2005 and 2006 can be termed as flood years. Whereas, the year 2004 was a drought year. Figure 4.7 shows the daily and annual hydrographs of Narsingpur river GD station.

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Figure 4.7 Hydrographs of Narsingpur river GD station

Other detailed analyses including identification of average, minimum and maximum values of most of the stations are presented in Appendix C. During the final calibration of the model the KBS will be used to perform required analyses so that representative flood and drought years will be selected.

5 OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT

5.1.1 External Data Three types of external data sources will be interfaced to the Krishna-Bhima Knowledge Base:  Data from the Real Time Data Acquisition System (RTDAS)  Data derived from Satellite images  Weather data including forecasts e.g. from IMD, RIMES etc.  Data from Satellite Images

5.1.2 Dissemination It is proposed to install the database system at six offices: BSD, Operational Control Room (Sinchan Bhavan Pune), Office of the Chief Engineer (Hydrology and Planning) at Nashik, and offices of three Chief Engineers at the Sinchan Bhavan. Password protection (as shown in Figure 4.8) may be implemented as per

Knowledge base documentation 31 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

the direction of the Chief Engineer (Planning & Hydrology). In addition, relevant WRD Offices will have access to all relevant data from the RTDSS Centre database through a Web based application.

Figure 4.8 Password Protection of the RTDSS database

5.2 Database Management

5.2.1 Installation The following software packages must be installed before the installation of the Krishna-Bhima Knowledge base. (1) The Krishna-Bhima Knowledge Base is a software package which builds upon Microsoft .Net Framework 3.5 SP1 and thus depends on it being installed for the correct functionality. (2) The RTDSS uses PostgreSQL 9 as the database server and PostGIS 2.0 as the GIS extension to PostgreSQL. The main copy of the Knowledge Base has been installed in the main server at the Basin Simulation Division (BSD) at Sinchan Bhavan, Pune. A high-end database server (DELL PowerEdge T710 High Performance Intel 2S Tower Server with additional hard drive backup facility) has been provided. The Knowledge Base is operated from two high end PCs also installed at BSD.

5.2.2 Staff Training Dedicated hands-on-training on the knowledge base system has been conducted for the staff of BSD. They need to practice continuously to get expertise in maintenance and management of the knowledge bases system. Although all officers are expected to work on the KBS, specific responsibility may be given to one or two officers who will work as system administrators.

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System Administration corresponds to the skills associated with administering the RTDSS system. An officer with IT knowledge personnel shall be required to work as (a) Computer Systems Manager, (b) Network Manager, (c) Data Manager, and (d) Website administrator. The system administrator has to receive specialised training on the above areas. A hands-on and on-the-job training has been provided by the Consultants. It is also expected that the RTDAS contractor will provide adequate training to WRD staff during the installation and maintenance periods.

5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Most database administration tasks can be performed from within the KBS, e.g., user management, data import and data export. There are a few situations where a systems administrator must interact directly with the database, from outside the KBS. Examples comprise backup and restore. It is essential that the database server is secured by a well functioning backup solution. The database should have an incremental backup daily and a full backup weekly. Integration of the backup tools with the backup system should be handled by the System Administrator. 5.2.4 Control Room and Website Once the basic infrastructure of the control room is ready, the computer hardware and software will be moved to the control room from BSD. A high speed dedicated broad band Internet connection should be installed by WRD in the control room. WRD is also requested to register a new domain name of the website in which data and information related to forecasting and reservoir operation will be released. 5.2.5 Program for technical support and strategy for sustainability A programme for the technical support as well a strategy for making the RTSF&ROS sustainable in WRD will be prepared and discussed in future workshops.

Knowledge base documentation 33 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Appendix A Computer Specifications

Database Server

34 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Web Server Dell(TM) PowerEdge(TM) T110 II Server Intel(R) Xeon(R) Processor E3-1220, 3.10 GHz, 8MB Cache, 4GB Memory (1X4GB), 1333MHz Dual Ranked UDIMM for 1 Processor 500GB 3.5-inch 7.2K RPM SATA II Hard Drive With appropriate software

Client PCs (two numbers)

Lenovo THINKCENTER Desktop (1607G7Q) Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2120 Processor (3.30GHz,3MB, w/ Intel(R) HD Graphics 2000) 4GB (1x4GB) Non-ECC DDR3 1333MHz SDRAM Memory 500GB 7200 RPM 3.5" SATA Hard Drive Software: Windows 7, MS Office

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Appendix B: List of Real Time Stations

Real Time Data Acquisition System for Krishna and Bhīma Basin

Category: RIVER WATER LEVEL AND STAGE DISCHARGE

STATION SR.NO. G.D.Station BASIN District Taluka LATITUDE LONGITUDE ID

1 Krishna Bridge (Sangam Mahuli) 2001 Krishna 17°41’14” 74°02’59” 2 Navarasta (Sangavad Bridge) 2002 Krishna 17°20’05” 73°57’43” 3 Shigaon 2003 Krishna Sangli Walwa 16°52’17” 74°21’18” 4 Nitawade 2004 Krishna Kolhapur Karveer 16°44’45” 74°08’35” 5 Balinga 2005 Krishna 16° 41’30’’ 74° 09’55’ 6 Wadange 2006 Krishna Kolhapur Karveer 16°42’43’’’ 74 16’20’’ 7 Ichalkaranji 2007 Krishna Kolhapur Hatkangale 16°39’56” 74°28’34” 8 Shivade 2008 Krishna Satara Karad 17°23’50” 74°06’16” 9 Sangli Byepass 2009 Krishna 16°52’01” 74°33’21” 10 Ankali Bridge 2010 Krishna 16°48’19” 74°33’58” 11 Mhaisal 2011 Krishna Sangli Miraj 16°43’33” 74°42’03” 12 Shelakbao (Arphal Aqueduct) 2012 Krishna Sangli Kadegaon 17°14’11” 74°25’30” 13 Karad 2013 Krishna 17°17’20” 74°11’42”

14* Kurundwad 2014 Krishna 16°14’57” 74°36’40” 15 Shirur 2015 Bhima 18°50’28” 74°20’38” 16 Amdabad 2016 Bhima 18°51’20” 74°15’34” 17 Koregaon Bhima 2017 Bhima Pune Shirur 18°38’38’ 74°03’15’

36 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

18 Nighoje 2018 Bhima Pune Khed 18°42’35” 73°47’37” 19 Pimple Gurav 2019 Bhima 18°36’17” 73°48’48” 20 Paud 2020 Bhima 18°31’43” 73°36’40” 21 Dattawadi 2021 Bhima 18°30’16” 73°50’11” 22 Kalyaninagar Bridge 2022 Bhima 18°32’27” 73°54’16” 23 Khamgaon 2023 Bhima Pune Daund 18°32’42” 74°13’07” 24 Pargaon 2024 Bhima Pune Daund 18°34’10” 74°22’44” 25 Kashti 2025 Bhima Ahemednagar Shrigonda 18°33’01” 74°34’38” 26 Pandharpur 2026 Bhima 17°41’27” 75°19’36” 27* Takli Barur 2027 Bhima Solapur South Solapur 17°24’53” 75°50’45” 28 Siddhewadi 2028 Bhima Solapur Pandharpur 17°10’01” 74°45’53” 29 Daund 2029 Bhima Pune Daund 18°28’00” 74°34’00”

30* Wadakbal 2030 Bhima 17°32’11” 75°52’56”

31 Nira Narsinhpur 2031 Bhima 17°58’12” 75°08’15” 32 Umbre Kasurdi 2032 Bhima Pune Bhor 18°13’25” 73°54’31” 33 Late 2033 Bhima Pune Baramati 18°04’09” 74°24’17” 34 Ambeghar 2034 Bhima 18°08’12” 73°47’59”

Real Time Data Acquisition System for Krishna and Bhīma Basin

Category:Automated Rainfall Stations

RAIN GAUAGE STATION District Taluka SR.NO. BASIN RIVER LATITUDE LONGITUDE NAME ID

1 Dhom Dam 1001 Krishna Satara Wai Krishna 17° 58’ 23’’ 73° 49’ 13’’ 2 Balkawadi 1002 Krishna Satara Wai Krishna 17° 57’ 43’’ 73° 42’ 38’’ 3 Jambhali 1003 Krishna Satara Wai Krishna 18° 01’ 35” 73°42 ‘ 54”

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4 Jor 1004 Krishna Satara Wai Krishna 17° 58’53 “ 73° 40’ 28” 5 Nagewadi 1005 Krishna Krishna 17°55’20” 73°50’07” 6 Targaon 1006 Krishna Krishna 17°30’47” 74°09’17” 7 Upshinge 1007 Krishna Krishna 17°36’58” 74°13’42” 8 Shirdhon 1008 Krishna Krishna 17°40’27” 74°08’32” 9 Ranjani 1009 Krishna Satara Jawali Kudali 17° 53’ 07” 73° 47’ 36” 10 Malewadi 1010 Krishna Vena 17° 43’ 39” 73 54’ 55” 11 Moleshwari 1011 Krishna Vena 17° 53’06” 73° 43’ 30” 12 Medha 1012 Krishna Satara Jawali Vena 17° 47 ‘39” 73° 49’ 39” 13 Sandvali 1013 Krishna Urmodi 17°38’27” 73°50’17” 14 Kas 1014 Krishna Urmodi 17°42’50” 73°48’33” 15 Nagthane 1015 Krishna Urmodi 17°33’58” 74°02’48” 16 Thoseghar 1016 Krishna Tarali 17° 35’ 57” 73° 52’ 06” 17 Tarali 1017 Krishna Satara Patan Tarali 17° 32’ 01’’ 73° 53’ 55’’ 18 Padloshi 1018 Krishna Tarali 17°25’41” 73°57’16” 19 Koynanagar 1019 Krishna Satara Patan Koyana 17°23’ 19” 73° 44’ 28” 20 Bamnoli 1020 Krishna Koyana 17° 43’ 55” 73° 45’ 32” 21 Navaja 1021 Krishna Koyana 17° 26’ 36” 73° 43’ 52” 22 walwan 1022 Krishna Koyana 17° 43’ 58” 73° 36’ °4” 23 Kati 1023 Krishna Koyana 17° 29’ 12” 73° 48’ 48” 24 Pratapgad 1024 Krishna Koyana 17° 56’ 12” 73° 34’ 41” 25 Sonat 1025 Krishna Koyana 17° 50’ 16” 73° 42’ 32” 26 Surul 1026 Krishna Koyana 17°23’ 39” 73° 54’ 05” 27 Chaphal 1027 Krishna Satara Patan Mand 17° 23’ 47” 74° 01’ 01” 28 Belewade 1028 Krishna Morna 17°19’37” 73°55’42” 29 Chandoli Bk 1029 Krishna Warna 17° 08’ 17” 73° 52’ 03” 30 Dhangarwada 1030 Krishna Warna 17°10’ 29” 73° 52’ 36” 31 Dhakale 1031 Krishna Warna 17° 05’ 50” 73° 46’ 00” 32 Patherpunj 1032 Krishna Warna 17° 18’ 03” 73° 41’ 52” 33 Shigaon 1033 Krishna Warna 16°52’42” 74°21’33” 34 Satve Sawarde 1034 Krishna Warna 16°54’15” 74°06’45” 35 Morna colony 1035 Krishna Warna 16°58’51” 74°06’59”

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36 Ambawade – 1 1036 Krishna Wang 17°15’53” 74°03’50” 37 Kadvi Colony 1037 Krishna Kolhapur Shahuwadi Kadvi 17° 00’ 34” 73° 52’ 12” 38 Jambhur 1038 Krishna Kadvi 17°02’10” 73°55’21” 39 Gajapur 1039 Krishna Kolhapur Shahuwadi Kasari 16° 53’ 21” 73° 45’ 43” 40 Borivade 1040 Krishna Kolhapur Panhala Kasari 16° 50’ 21” 74° 04’ 00” 41 Revachiwadi 1041 Krishna Kumbhi 16° 33’ 07’’ 73° 52’22’’ 42 Kumbhi 1042 Krishna Kolhapur Gaganbawada Kumbhi 16° 31’43’’ 73° 51’41’’ 43 Gaganbawada 1043 Krishna Kumbhi 16° 32’56’ 73° 47’48’’ 44 Mandukali 1044 Krishna Kumbhi 16° 38’28’’’ 73° 56’24’’ 45 Padsali 1045 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari Dhamani 16° 42’12’’ 73° 52’50’’ 46 Dajipur 1046 Krishna Bhogawati 16° 23’ 4’’ 73° 51’54’’ 47 Hasne 1047 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari Bhogawati 16° 21’ 10” 73° 51’ 44” 48 Padali 1048 Krishna Bhogawati 16° 24’49’’ 73° 58’12’’ 49 Bhagojipatil wadi 1049 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari Bhogawati 16° 57’ 19” 73° 51’ 20” 50 Dudhganga Nagar 1050 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari Dhudhganga 16° 21’ 25” 74° 00’ 24” 51 Bhandane 1051 Krishna Dhudhganga 16° 20’4’’ 73° 58’12’’ 52 Bagalwadi 1052 Krishna Dhudhganga 16° 14’ 17” 73° 58’ 24” 53 Waki 1053 Krishna Dhudhganga 16° 17’ 10” 74° 00’ 27” 54 Yelgaon 1054 Krishna 17°07’55” 74°01’33” 55 Wathar 1055 Krishna Krishna 17°11’33” 74°10’53” 56 Wathar Station 1056 Krishna Krishna 17°53’02” 74°08’39” 57 Rethare Dharan 1057 Krishna Krishna 17°00’53” 74°11’12” 58 Sangli 1058 Krishna Sangli Miraj Krishna 16° 51'07” 74°36’21” 59 Kirloskarwadi 1059 Krishna Sangli Palus Krishna 17°05’02” 74°24’52” 60 Siddhewadi 1060 Krishna Yerla 17°09’51” 74°46’09” 61 Gorergaon Wangi 1061 Krishna Yerla 17°26’12” 74°19’31” 62 Songe Bange 1062 Krishna Vedganga 16° 25’36’’ 74° 45’32’’ 63 Kagal NH-4 1063 Krishna Vedganga 16° 33’ 16” 74° 19’ 05’’ 64 Tandulwadi 1064 Krishna Jambhali 16°40’51” 74°00’58” 65 Nitawade 1065 Krishna Jambhali 16°44’45” 74°08’35” 66 Rukadi 1066 Krishna Panchganga 16°43’34” 74°21’44” 67 Wadange 1067 Krishna Panchganga 16°42’43” 74°16’20”

Knowledge base documentation 39 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

68 Chilewadi Dam Site 1068 Bhima Pune Junnar Mandvi 19° 20’ 26’’ 73° 58’ 09’’ 69 Madh 1069 Bhima Pune Junnar Aar 19° 18’ 21’’ 73° 49’ 33’’ 70 Khireshawar 1070 Bhima Pune Junnar Aar 19° 22’ 03’’ 73° 48’ 48’’ 71 Pimpalgaon Joga 1071 Bhima Pune Junnar Aar 19° 18’ 51” 73° 52’ 55” 72 Ghatghar 1072 Bhima Kukadi 19° 16’ 53” 73° 41’ 53” 73 Manikdoh Dam Site 1073 Bhima Pune Junnar Kukadi 19° 14’ 29” 73° 48’ 58” 74 Ozar 1074 Bhima Pune Junnar Kukadi 19° 12’ 03’’ 73° 57’ 28’’ 75 Amboli 1075 Bhima Pune Junnar Mina 19° 13’ 59” 73° 42’ 21” 76 Ahupe 1076 Bhima Pune Ambegaon Ghod 19° 10’ 27’’ 73° 34’ 05’’ 77 Dimbe Dam Site 1077 Bhima Pune Ambegaon Ghod 19° 05’ 10” 73° 45’ 02” 78 Bhimashankar 1078 Bhima Pune Rajgurunagar Ghod 19° 04’ 22” 73° 32’ 07” 79 Asane 1079 Bhima Pune Ambegaon Ghod 19° 09’ 54” 73° 40’ 22” 80 Rajapur 1080 Bhima Pune Ambegaon Ghod 19° 05’ 23” 73° 36’ 27” 81 Chandoh 1081 Bhima Ghod 18° 58’ 18” 74° 10’ 37” 82 Khodad 1082 Bhima Pune Junnar Ghod 19° 04’ 27” 74° 02’ 26” 83 Ambegaon 1083 Bhima Pune Shirur Ghod 19° 07’ 07” 73° 44’ 00” 84 Aundhe 1084 Bhima Bhima 18° 57’ 16” 73° 37’ 41” 18° 57’ 85 Chaskaman Dam Site 1085 Bhima Pune Rajgurunagar Bhima 73° 47’ 02’’ 24’’ 86 Whiram 1086 Bhima Bhima 18° 57’ 31” 73° 35’ 36” 87 Koliye 1087 Bhima Bhima 18° 53’ 48” 73° 38’ 06” 88 Amboli 1 1088 Bhima Bhima 18° 56’ 35” 73° 36’ 29” 89 Shive 1089 Bhima Bhima 18° 55’ 36” 73° 41’ 03” 90 Kharoshi 1090 Bhima Pune Khed Bhima 19° 01’ 19” 73° 40’ 48’’ 91 Daund 1091 Bhima Bhima 18°27’’ 31’’ 74° 34’ 43” 92 Nimgaon Ketki 1092 Bhima Pune Indapur Bhima 18° 05’’ 12’’ 74° 55’ 43” 93 Palasdev 1093 Bhima Pune Indapur Bhima 18° 09’’ 45’’ 74° 57’ 57” 94 Pabal 1094 Bhima Bhima 18° 50’ 19” 74° 03’ 40” 95 Waki Bk. 1095 Bhima Bhima 18° 47’ 06” 73° 52’ 32” 96 Bhalawani 1096 Bhima Solapur Pandharpur Bhima 17° 41’ 52” 75° 07’ 14” 97 Ghotewadi 1097 Bhima Pune Khed Arala 18° 59’ 21” 73° 38’ 01” 98 Savale 1098 Bhima Andhra 18° 57’ 15” 73° 29’ 25”

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Wadgaon 99 Andhra Dam Site 1099 Bhima Pune Andhra 18° 47’ 08’’ 73° 39’ 02’’ Maval 100 Mau 1100 Bhima Pune Maval Andhra 18° 50’ 22’’ 73° 34’ 13’’ 101 Nigade 1101 Bhima Pune Maval Andhra 18° 49’ 49’’ 73° 38’ 55’’ 102 Alandi 1102 Bhima Andhra 18° 40’ 47” 73° 53’ 21” 103 Wadiwale 1103 Bhima Pune Maval Kundalika 18° 49’ 07” 73° 30’ 54” 104 Bhudhawadi 1104 Bhima Kundalika 18° 47’ 17” 73° 32’ 35” 105 Khandala (Lonavala) 1105 Bhima Pawana 18° 03’ 31” 74° 01’ 16” 18° 20’ 73° 29’ 106 Pawana Dam Site 1106 Bhima Pune Maval Pawana 30’’ 37’’ 107 Kole 1107 Bhima Pune Maval Pawana 18° 40’ 27’’ 73° 27’ 33’’ 108 Kivale 1108 Bhima Pawana 18° 39’ 27” 73° 43’ 22” 109 Kasar Sai Dam Site 1109 Bhima Pune Mulshi Local Nala 18° 37’ 07” 73° 39’ 52” 110 Kumbheri 1110 Bhima Mula 18° 35’ 41” 73° 24’ 23” 111 Davdi Camp 1111 Bhima Pune Mulshi Mula 18° 28’ 19’’ 73° 26’ 46’’ 112 Weghre 1112 Bhima Mutha 18° 27’ 15” 73° 37’ 05” 18° 27’ 113 Temghar Dam Site 1113 Bhima Pune Mulshi Mutha 73° 32’ 26’’ 11’’ Khadakwasala Dam 114 1114 Bhima Pune Haveli Mutha 18° 26’’ 50’’ 73° 46’ 24’’ Site 115 Katraj Tunnel 1115 Bhima Mutha 18° 23’ 49” 73° 51’ 28” 116 Khamgaon 1116 Bhima Mutha 18° 33’ 34” 74° 13’ 09” 117 Dasawe 1117 Bhima Mose 18° 24’ 31” 73° 30’ 21” 118 Warasgaon Dam Site 1118 Bhima Pune Velhe Mose 18° 23’ 05’’ 73° 36’ 42’’ 119 Shirkoli 1119 Bhima Pune Velhe Ambi 18° 20’ 09’’ 73° 33’ 47’’ 120 Saiu 1120 Bhima Pune Velhe Ambi 18° 23’ 08’’ 73° 35’ 40’’ 121 Kolgaon 1121 Bhima Ghod 18°48’18” 74°39’52” 122 Chinchondi Patil 1122 Bhima Sina 18° 59’ 53” 74° 55’ 02” 123 Karmala 1123 Bhima Solapur Karmala Sina 18° 24’ 32” 75° 11’ 27” 124 Ashti 1124 Bhima Ahemednagar Jamkhed Sina 18° 48’ 03” 75° 10’ 06” 125 Ghisar 1125 Bhima Kanaad 18° 17’ 26” 73° 33’ 34” 126 Bhattiwaghdara 1126 Bhima Pune Velhe Kanaad 18° 16’ 59” 73° 36’ 28’’ 127 Velhe 1127 Bhima Kanaad 18° 18’ 08” 73° 38’ 35’’

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128 Sangvi (Near Dam) 1128 Bhima Yelwandi 18° 10’ 04” 73° 51’ 51” 129 Pangari 1129 Bhima Yelwandi 18° 11’ 41” 73° 43’ 36” 130 Bhutonde 1130 Bhima Pune Bhor Yelwandi 18° 12’ 53” 73° 39’ 06’’ 131 Kambre(Kh) 1131 Bhima Pune Bhor Yelwandi 18° 13’ 26” 73° 44’ 18’’ 132 Vir Dam Site 1132 Bhima Pune Purandhar Nira 18° 07’ 14” 74° 05’ 51” 133 Shirgaon 1133 Bhima Nira 18° 05’ 55” 73° 37’ 44” 134 Deoghar 1134 Bhima Pune Bhor Nira 18° 06’ 16” 73° 43’ 53” 135 Khandala (Pargaon) 1135 Bhima Satara Khandala Nira 18° 03’ 31” 74° 01’ 16” 136 Pangare 1136 Bhima Pune Purandhav Nira 18° 15’ 35” 74° 03’ 21” 137 Shirvali 1137 Bhima Pune Bhor Nira 18° 04’ 58” 73° 40’ 29’’ 138 Hirdoshi 1138 Bhima Pune Bhor Nira 18° 06’ 59” 73° 40’ 12’’ 139 Saswad 1139 Bhima Nira 18° 20’ 57” 74° 01’ 36” 140 Morgaon 1140 Bhima Nira 18° 16’ 28” 74° 19’ 22” 141 Ambegahar 1141 Bhima Nira 18° 08’ 07” 73° 47’ 59” 142 Sansar 1142 Bhima Pune Indapur Nira 18° 07’ 00” 74° 41’ 37” 143 Dharmpuri 1143 Bhima Solapur Malshiras Nira 17° 56’ 06” 74° 41’ 10” 144 Banganga Dam 1144 Bhima Osmanabad Bhoom Nira 18° 29’ 11” 75° 39’ 31” 145 Siddhewadi 1145 Bhima MAN 17° 33’ 28” 75° 24’ 40” 146 Madha 1146 Bhima Sina 18° 02’ 03” 75° 31’ 15” 147 Umadi 1147 Bhima Doddanalla 17° 25’ 12” 75° 35’ 45” 148 Andhali 1148 Bhima Man 17° 45’ 30” 74° 28’ 48” 149 Mhaswad 1149 Bhima Satara Man Man 17° 38’ 23” 74° 48’ 20”

Real Time Data Acquisition System for Krishna and Bhīma Basin

Category: Full Climate Stations

STATION SR.NO. FCS STATIONS NAME BASIN District Taluka LATITUDE LONGITUDE ID

1* RWRRS Mahabaleshwar, Satara 3001 Krishna 17°56’15” 73° 40’28”

42 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

2* KDMSD Koyanagar , Patan, Satara 3002 Krishna 17°26’36” 73°43’52” 3* ARS Radhanagari, Kolhapur 3003 Krishna 16°24’20’’ 73°57’35’’ 4* ARS Karad ,Satara 3004 Krishna 17°17’30” 74°08’22” 5* ARS Kasabe Digraj ,Sangli 3005 Krishna 16°53’46” 74°31’12” 6* HPSD RGS at Ambavade Khatav, Satara 3006 Krishna 17°30’24” 74°28’19” 7* CA Kolhapur 3007 Krishna 16°41’53” 74°12’47” 8* ARS Gadhinglaj ,Kolhapur 3008 Krishna 16°12’40” 74°21’47” 9* Satara ,IMD 3009 Krishna 17°35’24” 74°01’12” 10* TIFR,Junnar, Pune 3010 Bhima 19° 12’ 27” 73° 52’ 06” 11* SHPSD Shirur, Pune 3011 Bhima 18° 49’ 49” 74° 21’ 00” 12* ARS,Lonawala Maval, Pune 3012 Bhima 18° 44’ 51” 73° 24’ 12” 13* INS Shivaji, Lonawala 3013 Bhima 18° 43’ 12” 73° 22’ 26” 14* WRSD, Weghare Mulashi (Paud) 3014 Bhima 18° 32’ 00” 73° 37’ 00” 15* ZARS,Ganeshkhind,Pune 3015 Bhima 18° 33’ 12” 73° 44’ 18” 16* ARS,Wadgaon Maval,Pune 3016 Bhima 18° 44’ 17” 73° 38’ 20” 17* AS Manjari Farm,Pune 3017 Bhima 18° 30’ 47” 73° 51’ 23” 18* POCRTC,Pandharpur, Solapur 3018 Bhima 17° 42’ 30” 76° 20’ 00” 19* ARS Jeur, Karmala, Solapur 3019 Bhima 18° 13’ 16” 75° 09’ 41” 20* ZARS, Raviwarpeth, Solapur 3020 Bhima 17° 48’ 04” 75° 54’ 00” 21* ARS, Mohol, Solapur 3021 Bhima 17° 49’ 19” 75° 37’ 27” 22* KVK, Tuljapur, Osmanabad 3022 Bhima 18° 00’ 45” 76° 04’ 05” 23* CoA, Barshi Bypass Rd., Osmanabad 3023 Bhima 18° 10’ 17” 76° 02’ 19” 24* Swantra Pul Vasahat, Atpadi, Sangli 3024 Bhima 17° 24’ 30” 74° 55’ 30” 25* Jat tal Sangli 3025 Bhima 17° 02’ 46” 75° 13’ 19” 26* ARS, Chas, Ahmednagar 3026 Bhima 19° 02’ 17” 74° 39’ 06” 27* Rajgurunagar IMD 3027 Bhima 18° 51’ 00” 73° 53’ 04” 28* Gudhe, Pune (Nira-Deoghar catchment) 3028 Bhima 18° 04’ 21” 73° 43’ 55” 29* CSRS, Padegaon, Satara 3029 Bhima 18° 05’ 39” 74° 12’ 52” 30 Bhuinj 3030 Krishna Satara Wai 17° 51’00” 73°59’34” 31 Parali 3031 Krishna 17° 39’ 36” 73°54’ 51” 32 Amabale 3032 Krishna 17° 30’ 19” 73°56’ 52” 33 Shivade 3033 Krishna 17°23’49” 74°06’25” 34 Sarud 3034 Krishna 16°54’54” 74°02’32”

Knowledge base documentation 43 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

35 Gudhe 3035 Krishna 17°14’02” 73° 58’41” 36 Patrayachiwadi 3036 Krishna 16°36’48” 73°59’51” 37 Mhaisal 3037 Krishna 16°43’37” 74°42’04” 38 Tasgoan 3038 Krishna Sangli Tasgaon 17°01’26” 74°36’21” 39 Ichalkaranji 3039 Krishna 16°42’34” 74°27’58” Kavthe 40 Kavthe Mahankal 3040 Krishna Sangli 17°00’16” 74°52’21” Mahakal 41 Chandgad 3041 Krishna Kolhapur Chandgad 15° 56’12’’ 74° 10’37’’ 42 Islampur 3042 Krishna Sangli Walwa 17°02’29” 74°14’31” 43 Khanapur 3043 Krishna Sangli Kanapur 17°15’51” 74°42’24” 44 Rhimatpur 3044 Krishna Satara Rahimatpur 17°35’36” 74°11’56” 45 Shelakbao (Arphal Aqueduct) 3045 Krishna 17°14’11” 74°25’30” 46 Pimpalwandi 3046 Bhima 19° 18’ 34” 73° 52’ 52” 47 Chaskaman 3047 Bhima 18° 54’ 31” 73° 50’ 41” 48 Koregaon Bhima 3048 Bhima 18°38’38’ 74°03’15’ 49 Nighoje 3049 Bhima 18°42’37” 73°47’03” 50 Pargaon 3050 Bhima 18° 33’ 48” 74° 22’ 13” 51 Bhigwan 3051 Bhima 18° 17’ 48” 74° 45’ 31” 52 Kashti 3052 Bhima 18°33’04” 74°34’52” 53 Bhimanagar 3053 Bhima Solapur Madha 18° 04’ 03” 75° 07’ 12” 54 Nazare 3054 Bhima Pune Bhor 18° 17’ 51” 74° 11’ 30” 55 Takli Barur 3055 Bhima 17° 25’ 13” 75° 51’ 07” 56 Nimgaon Gangurde 3056 Bhima 18° 48’ 42” 74° 56’ 55” 57 Kolawadi (Karjat) 3057 Bhima Ahemadnagar Karjat 18° 31’ 10” 74° 59’ 07” 58 Rosa 3058 Bhima 18° 18’ 04” 75° 24’ 02” 59 Diksal 3059 Bhima Solapur Mohol 17° 54’ 23” 75° 41’ 36” 60 Nannaj 3060 Bhima Solapur North Solapur 17° 49’ 46” 75° 51’ 46” 61 Sangola 3061 Bhima Solapur Sangola 17° 26’ 39” 75° 11’ 32” 62 Nighoj (Parner) 3062 Bhima Ahemadnagar Parner 18° 57’ 51” 74° 17’ 09” 63 Bhoom 3063 Bhima Osmanabad Bhoom 18° 29’ 11” 75° 39’ 32” 64 Bori Dam (Akkalkot) 3064 Bhima Solapur Akkalkot 17° 37’ 05” 76° 12’ 46” 65 Mangalwedha 3065 Bhima Solapur Mangalwedha 17° 30’ 51” 75° 27’ 10” 66 Sakhar 3066 Bhima 18° 16’ 32” 73° 43’ 15”

44 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

67 Umbre Kasurdi 3067 Bhima 18° 12’45” 73° 53’ 48” 68 Late 3068 Bhima 18° 04’ 18” 74° 24’ 25” 69 Malshiras (Solapur) 3069 Bhima Solapur Malshiras 17° 51’ 30” 74° 54’ 01” 70 Dahiwadi 3070 Bhima Satara Man 17° 42’ 03” 73° 32’ 32” 71 Barhanpur 3071 Bhima 18° 12’ 0” 74° 32’ 00”

Real Time Data Acquisition System for Krishna and Bhīma Basin

Category: Automated Reservoir Water Level and Outflow Discharge Stations

STATION SR.NO. Name of Dam BASIN District Taluka LATITUDE LONGITUDE Type of Dam ID

1 Dhom 4001 Krishna Satara Wai 17° 58’ 23’’ 73° 49’ 13’’ Major 2 Dhom Balkawadi 4002 Krishna Satara Wai 17° 57’ 43’’ 73° 42’ 38’’ Medium 3 Mahu 4003 Krishna Satara Jawali 17° 53’ 25’’ 73° 48’ 57’’ Medium 4 Kanher 4004 Krishna Satara Satara 17° 44’ 13’’ 73° 54’ 57’’ Major 5 Urmodi 4005 Krishna Satara Satara 17° 39’ 44’’ 73° 54’ 35’’ Major 6 Tarali 4006 Krishna Satara Patan 17° 32’ 01’’ 73° 53’ 55’’ Major 7 Koyna 4007 Krishna Satara Patan 17° 24’ 13’’ 73° 44’ 56’’ Major 8 Uttarmand 4008 Krishna Satara Patan 17° 24’ 11’’ 74° 00’ 39’’ Medium 9 Morna (Gureghar) 4009 Krishna Sangli Shirala 17° 17’ 38’’ 73° 50’ 04’’ Medium 10 Warna 4010 Krishna Sangli Shirala 17° 08’ 27’’ 73° 51’ 56’’ Major 11 Wang 4011 Krishna Satara Patan 17° 12’ 40’’ 73° 55’ 58’’ Medium 12 Kadvi 4012 Krishna Kolhapur Shauwadi 17° 00’34’’ 73° 52’12’’ Medium 13 Kasari 4013 Krishna Kolhapur Shauwadi 16° 51’27’’ 73° 47’40’’ Medium 14 Kumbhi 4014 Krishna Kolhapur Gagabavada 16° 31’27’’’ 73° 51’43’’ Medium 15 Dhamni 4015 Krishna 16° 29’42’’ 73° 55’40’’ Medium 16 Radhanagari 4016 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari 16° 24’19’’ 73° 57’35’’ Major 17 Dudhganga 4017 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari 16° 21’25’’ 74° 00’24’’ Major

Knowledge base documentation 45 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

18 Tembhu Barrage 4018 Krishna 17° 16’ 32’’ 74° 13’ 54’’ Major Satpewadi 19 4019 Krishna 17° 06’ 59’’ Major Barrage 74° 21’ 24’’ 20 Chilewadi 4020 Bhima 19° 20’ 34’’ 73° 58’ 04’’ Medium 21 Pimpalgaon Joga 4021 Bhima Pune Junnar 19° 18’ 31’’ 73° 52’ 52’’ Major 22 Manikdoh 4022 Bhima Pune Junnar 19° 14’ 09’’ 73° 48’ 52’’ Major 23 Yedgaon 4023 Bhima Pune Junnar 19° 10’ 23’’ 74° 01’ 14’’ Major 24 Wadaj 4024 Bhima Pune Junnar 19° 09’ 15’’ 73° 51’ 24’’ Major 25 Dimbe 4025 Bhima Pune Ambegaon 19° 05’ 37’’ 73° 44’ 37’’ Major 26 Chaskaman 4026 Bhima Pune Khed 18° 57’ 24’’ 73° 47’ 02’’ Major 27 Kalmodi 4027 Bhima Pune Khed 19° 00’ 00’’ 73° 40’ 00’’ Medium 28 Bhama Askheda 4028 Bhima Pune Khed 18° 49’ 59’’ 73° 43’ 28’’ Major 29 Andhra 4029 Bhima Pune Vadgaon Maval 18° 47’ 07’’ 73° 39’ 00’’ Medium 30 Wadiwale 4030 Bhima Pune Maval 18° 49’ 08’’ 73° 30’ 44’’ Medium 31 Pawana 4031 Bhima Pune Malwal 18° 40’ 50’’ 73° 29’ 41’’ Major 32 Kasar Sai 4032 Bhima Pune Mulshi 18° 37’ 07’’ 73° 39’ 52’’ Medium 33 Mulshi 4033 Bhima Pune Mulshi 18° 31’ 19’’ 73° 30’ 55’’ Major 34 Temghar 4034 Bhima Pune Mulshi 18° 27’ 11’’ 73° 32’ 26’’ Major 35 Warasgaon 4035 Bhima Pune Velhe 18° 23’ 13’’ 73° 36’ 45’’ Major 36 Panshet 4036 Bhima Pune Panshet 18° 22’ 47’’ 73° 36’ 04’’ Major 37 Khadakwasala 4037 Bhima Pune Haveli 18° 26’’ 31’’ 73° 46’ 05’’ Major 38 Ghod 4038 Bhima Pune Shripur 16° 40’ 48’’ 74° 29’ 49’’ Major 39 Ujjani 4039 Bhima Solapur Madha 18° 04’ 0’’ 75° 07’ 15’’ Major 40 Sina-Kolegaon 4040 Bhima 18° 18’ 31’’ 75° 24’ 02’’ Major 41 Sina (Nimgaon) 4041 Bhima Ahemdnagar Karjat 18° 49’ 39’’ 74° 56’ 54’’ Medium 42 Gunjawani 4042 Bhima 18° 18’ 30’’ 73° 38’ 27’’ Major 43 Bhatghar 4043 Bhima Pune Bhor 18° 10’ 27’’ 73° 52’ 11’’ Major 44 Vir 4044 Bhima Pune Purandhar 18° 07’ 20’’ 74° 05’ 48’’ Major 45 Nira Deoghar 4045 Bhima Pune Bhor 18° 06’ 01’’ 73° 43’ 26’’ Major 46 Nazare 4046 Bhima Pune Purandhar 18° 17’ 51’’ 74° 11’ 30’’ Medium

46 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Real Time Data Acquisition System for Krishna and Bhīma Basin Category: Automated Measurements of Gate Opening

STATION Type of SR.NO. Name of Dam BASIN District Taluka LATITUDE LONGITUDE ID Dam

1 Koyna Dam 5001 Krishna Satara Patan 17° 24’ 13’’ 73° 44’ 56’’ Major 2 Radhanagari Dam 5002 Krishna Kolhapur Radhanagari 16° 24’19’’ 73° 57’35’’ Major 3 Dhom Dam 5003 Krishna Satara Wai 17° 58’ 23’’ 73° 49’ 13’’ Major 4 Kanher Dam 5004 Krishna Satara Satara 17° 44’ 13’’ 73° 54’ 57’’ Major 5 Warna 5005 Krishna Sangli Shirala 17° 08’ 27’’ 73° 51’ 56’’ Major 6 Ujjani Dam 5006 Bhima Solapur Madha 18° 04’ 0’’ 75° 07’ 15’’ Major Khadakwasla 7 5007 Bhima Pune Haveli 18° 26’’ 31’’ 73° 46’ 05’’ Major Dam 8 Vir Dam 5008 Bhima Pune Purandhar 18° 07’ 20’’ 74° 05’ 48’’ Major

Knowledge base documentation 47 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS Appendix C Analysis of Historical Data

Discharge Data from G-D Stations (m3/s)

S. Hourly Data Daily Data Stations No Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 1 Amadabad 1869.71 0.00 38.99 1673.12 0.00 15.30 2 Ambeghar 935.09 0.01 25.48 1315.58 0.00 20.85 3 Ankali 3902.92 11.00 281.46 5122.23 0.00 441.07 4 Balinge 1644.21 4.20 133.61 1631.92 31.19 155.69 5 Bubnal 7634.01 0.00 676.95 7604.52 0.00 446.15 6 Dattawadi 3641.88 0.00 33.95 7 Devikavathe 7752.16 0.00 209.33 7602.96 0.00 168.39 8 Ichalkarangi 2906.23 0.01 253.43 2898.24 0.00 196.11 9 Kashti 2603.80 0.00 90.93 2226.35 0.00 22.98 10 Khamgaon 5885.17 1.28 109.76 5200.28 0.00 99.07 11 Late 2389.24 0.00 67.45 1791.53 0.00 26.78 12 Mhaisal 10277.21 0.00 502.96 10195.71 0.00 364.43 13 Nighoje 2834.56 0.00 44.78 2110.92 0.00 27.82 14 Nitwade 1775.13 0.01 110.12 1691.41 0.00 27.82 15 Pandharpur 7771.41 0.00 402.60 16 Pargaon 7939.29 0.00 176.72 8781.81 0.00 125.57 17 Paud 832.54 0.71 57.57 575.81 0.00 12.85 18 PimpaleGurav 1760.56 32.87 1284.65 0.00 28.85 19 Sangali 3062.28 6.02 270.20 3452.29 0.00 329.27 20 Shigaon 2286.23 139.51 2270.02 0.00 99.07 21 Shirur 2743.43 0.00 35.33 1732.23 0.00 22.57 22 Shivade 3434.82 0.00 64.03 2798.12 0.00 70.24 23 SidhewadiSol 2416.14 0.00 9.93 24 Umbre 2017.82 0.00 23.93 1215.54 0.00 18.34 25 Wadange 3041.58 0.00 243.98 2889.64 0.00 156.71

48 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Rainfall Data (mm)

Daily Data Hourly Data Daily Stations Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 1 Adkur 280 0 4.79 2 Ajara 233.6 0 5.30 45 0 0.46 3 Akalpa 426 0 10.17 53 0 1.1 4 Alandi 246.8 0 1.75 5 Ambavade-2 186 0 1.62 60 0 1.01 6 AmbavadeKrd 178.2 0 2.23 7 Ambeghar 260 0 4.22 54.5 0 0.4 8 Amble 207.4 0 3.26 56.7 0 0.29 9 Amboli 286 0 5.24 10 Andhali 110 0 1.21 11 Ardal 200.6 0 3.21 12 Askheda 260 0 2.28 50 0 0.23 13 Atpadi 166 0 1.04 14 Aundhe 390.2 0 4.90 15 Bandalgi 192 0 1.79 58.4 0 0.13 16 Barhanpur 186 0 1.42 65.5 0 0.12 17 Barur 144.6 0 1.71 70 0 0.12 18 Belwade 250.2 0 4.29 60 0 0.32 19 Belwandi 114.5 0 1.18 20 Bhatghar Dam Site 375 0 8.87 21 Borgaon 112.8 0 1.49 33.5 0 0.1 22 Budhawadi 365.6 0 6.38 45.4 0 0.64 23 Chandani 165 0 1.65 24 Chandoh 145.2 0 1.18 25 Chandoli Bk 388.4 0 7.67 26 Chaskman 205.2 0 2.10 58 0 0.15 27 ChichodiP 103 0 1.25 40 0 0.14 28 Chikhalgi 110.3 0 0.93 29 Dajipur 592.4 0 15.69 70 0 1.35 30 Davari 263.8 0 5.13 31 Deoghar Bhor 355 0 7.35 60 0 0.55 32 Devikavathe 174.6 0 1.73 100 0 0.16 33 Dhavals 68.59962 0 0.71 34 Dhulgaon 146 0 1.46 60.7 0 0.12 35 Diksal 105 0 1.73 60 0 0.13 36 Gargoti 200.9 0 3.97 37 Gavase 418.8 0 8.86 70 0 0.79 38 Ghisar 376.2 0 9.34 90.4 0 0.77 39 GoregaonW 110.4 0 1.56 40 Gudhe 219.6 0 3.48 91 0 0.28 41 Gureghar 457.2 0 14.10

Knowledge base documentation 49 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Daily Data Hourly Data Daily Stations Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 42 Harna 0 0 0.00 43 Hatwalan 214 0 1.26 44 Hingangaon 138.6 0 1.53 45 Holkapur 155.4 0 1.96 46 Jambhur 474.2 0 7.63 47 JambreUmgaon 262.2 0 10.50 83.9 0 0.97 48 Jamkhed 175 0 1.88 49 Jangamhatti 341 0 7.52 50 Jawalwadi 140.2 0 1.85 51 Jejuri 200 0 1.31 52 Kabnur 151.2 0 2.71 53 Kadal 115.6 0 2.05 53 0 0.16 54 Kadgaon Har 150 0 1.60 55 Kadus 195 0 1.95 56 Kagal 139.2 0 2.36 57 Kas 402 0 11.58 60 0 0.94 58 KasegaonSan 147.8 0 2.02 59 KasegaonSol 200 0 1.78 60 Kashti 129 0 1.36 84 0 0.12 61 Kasurdi 154.9 0 1.13 62 Kathapur 105.2 0 1.33 63 Katphal 140 0 1.21 64 Katraj Tunnel 144 0 2.50 65 Keral 258.8 0 5.14 66 Khamgaon 123.4 0 1.39 60 0 0.11 67 Khandala 470 0 11.60 60 0 0.94 68 Khed 156 0 1.86 60 0 0.16 69 Kiwale 255 0 2.53 70 K-Mahankal 120 0 1.29 71 Kodapur 490.2 0 7.01 50.4 0 0.59 72 Kolgaon 147 0 1.21 73 Koliye 327.2 0 5.46 74 KoregoanBh 125 0 1.41 75 Kothali 235.4 0 3.27 43.4 0 0.28 76 Kukkadgaon 224 0 1.67 77 Kumbheri 408 0 9.61 55 0 0.9 78 Kurwandi 160 0 2.46 79 Late 144.4 0 1.46 50 0 0.12 80 Lonikand 128 0 1.47 81 Madha 152.4 0 1.65 60.4 0 0.1 82 Mahablesh 550.4 0 17.13 82 0 1.52 83 Mahud 142 0 1.45 84 Malavali 786 0 10.17 50 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Daily Data Hourly Data Daily Stations Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 85 Malewadi 317.4 0 3.19 37 0 0.24 86 Malshiras 95 0 1.02 87 Mandavgan 135 0 1.51 70 0 0.12 88 Mandukali 460 0 11.88 56.5 0 1.06 89 Mangalvedha 200 0 1.59 90 Mangle 350 0 4.69 91 Manikdoundi 146 0 1.42 92 Marali 234.6 0 2.53 93 Mendh 233 0 5.62 94 Mhaisal 103.5 0 1.58 72 0 0.13 95 Miraj 170.4 0 1.71 96 Morgoan 150 0 1.38 97 Morna Colony 230 0 2.70 98 Mulshi 354.7 0 6.40 99 Murum 122.9 0 1.58 100 Nadgadwadi 169.2 0 3.13 68 0 0.26 101 Nagewadi 195 0 3.01 60 0 0.28 102 Nagthane 176.4 0 2.37 103 Nanaj 138 0 1.53 104 Narsinhpur 160.4 0 1.48 105 Nasrapur 321.9 0 3.37 33.7 0 0.28 106 Nighoje 162 0 2.40 56.8 0 0.2 107 Nimaj 115.2 0 1.18 108 Nimgaon G 163.4 0 1.55 50 0 0.13 109 Nitawade 204.7 0 3.34 40 0 0.3 110 Pabal 165.8 0 1.60 111 Padali 393.8 0 10.12 112 Padloshi 250 0 4.73 95 0 0.4 113 Palkhurd 310 0 7.59 45 0 0.41 114 Pangari 351.4 0 10.74 115 Parali 268.4 0 4.40 116 Pargaon 123.19 0 1.35 52 0 0.11 117 Patane 780.6 0 8.95 57 0 0.69 118 Pathari Tank 180 0 1.50 119 Patryachiwad 294.4 0 7.76 72.2 0 0.73 120 Paud 240 0 4.78 60 0 0.46 121 PimpaleGurav 111.8 0 1.89 48.5 0 0.13 122 PimpalgaonJ 215 0 2.94 45 0 0.25 123 Pimpalwandi 142.24 0 1.57 53.8 0 0.13 124 Radhanagari 480 0 12.17 60 0 1.06 125 Rajewadi 167 0 1.38 126 Rakshewadi 105.8 0 1.35 55 0 0.11 127 RanjangaonG 142.4 0 1.56

Knowledge base documentation 51 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

Daily Data Hourly Data Daily Stations Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 128 Rethare 218.4 0 2.58 129 Revechiwadi 590 0 14.35 60 0 1.24 130 Rosa 151 0 1.80 68.5 0 0.14 131 Rukadi 129.6 0 1.78 132 Sagareshwar 96 0 1.69 133 Sakhar 309.8 0 5.09 40 0 0.35 134 Sandavali 397.6 0 11.92 135 Sangola 264 0 1.67 86 0 0.08 136 Sangvi(BK) 191.6 0 3.55 48 0 0.3 137 Sarola Kasar 155 0 1.33 138 Sarud 161.2 0 3.59 60 0 0.32 139 Saswad 126 0 1.83 140 SatveSavarde 156.2 0 3.04 141 Savale 478 0 8.69 142 Sarvargaon 166.2 0 2.03 143 Shigaon 116 0 2.00 60.7 0 0.16 144 Shikrapur 183 0 1.49 145 Shirala 196 0 2.97 146 Shirgaon 502 0 11.74 70 0 1.3 147 Shirur 117 0 1.39 77 0 0.13 148 Shivade 130 0 2.30 60.5 0 0.17 149 Shive 287 0 2.98 150 ShidhewadiSol 177.4 0 1.74 72.5 0 0.13 151 Sitpur 153.6 0 1.56 152 Songe Bange 181.6 0 2.99 50 0 0.25 153 Supa 180 0 1.25 154 Suratgaon 138.4 0 2.05 155 Surdi 199 0 2.12 156 Surul 241.4 0 6.09 157 Talu Project 137 0 0.99 158 Tandulwadi 2 242.8 0 5.64 159 Tarewadi 157.4 0 3.50 43 0 0.28 160 Targaon 233.4 0 1.78 161 Tekodi 180 0 1.25 162 Tembhurni 170 0 1.57 163 Thapewadi 141 0 2.70 164 Thitewadi 100 0 1.46 165 Thoseghar 363 0 8.53 166 Umadi 113.8 0 1.26 64 0 0.12 167 Umbre 260 0 3.37 56 0 0.3 168 Upshinge 174.8 0 2.02 169 Vinzar 245.2 0 4.43 170 Wadange 210 0 2.74 61.9 0 0.24 52 Knowledge base documentation Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF&ROS

Daily Data Hourly Data Daily Stations Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average 171 Wagoli 138 0 1.43 46 0 0.13 172 Walwad 127 0 1.25 173 Wathar 175.4 0 1.68 174 Wathar Stn 104.6 0 1.60 175 Wegre 207 0 4.71 34.5 0 0.42 176 Whiram 384.3 0 6.03 177 Yelgaon 210.3 0 3.59 178 Yermala 210.3 0 1.71

Knowledge base documentation 53 Krishna & Bhima River Basins RTSF & ROS

54 Knowledge base documentation