Geotourism: the Tourism of Geology and 9 Landscape

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Edited by

David Newsome, Murdoch University, Australia

and Ross K. Dowling, Edith Cowan University, Australia

Contents Introduction 2 http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 The Hawaiian Islands – a hotspot 2 Hawaii’s economic lifeline: tourism 3 Who is Hawaii’s geotourist? 3 Diversity of volcanic-based geotourism activities in the Hawaiian Islands 5 Case studies 6 Conclusion 11

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Geotourism in the Hawaiian 9 Islands

Lisa M. King, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia

Introduction +½Â8½bY8µ½½}bYYbn½}b(8OoO Ob8V½}b8É88µ8Yµ8²b½Ë one of the most isolated places in the world (Juvic and Juvic, 1998), but also one of ½}bFbµ½É¢8É8¯µ8OO8bY8½Â²88½½²8O½µµ½bn²½µÈO8O²uµ – tall mountains deeply eroded by tropical rains and waterfalls into rugged gorges and valleys, a spectacular backdrop for world-class beaches, dramatic volcanic landscapes and forests. The state consists of six main islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=2318Y8É8µ8YV8µÉ8µ½}b uµ8Y¢,Ébµµb²Éµ8YµV}8Â and Kahoolawe, are not open to conventional tourism. Tens of smaller, much older islands, northwest of the main island chain, are protected by-and-large within the Papa- }88ÂÂ8b88²b8½8Âb½¢ 8ËµbO8½b²bµ½½Â²µ½µOµYb²½}b8É88µ8Yµ8µ8½²O88²8Yµb¢ Geotourists are especially drawn to the islands to witness their past volcanic history and bÊb²bOb½}bOÂ²²b½b²Â½8O½È½Ën8Âb88É8µ8Yo²µ½}8Y¢ ,}µ O}8½b² µ 8 ½²YÂO½ ½ }É ½}b 8É88 µ8Yµ Éb²b n²bY 8Y ½}b ²½8Obnub½Â²µ½½}b+½8½b¯µbOË¢,}bµÂ²²µuYÈb²µ½Ënub½Â²µ ²b8½bY8O½È½bµ8È88Fb½}b8É88µ8YµµYµOÂµµbY8uÉ½}Èbµ½u8½u É} µ 8É8¯µ ub½Â²µ½¢ ,}²bb O8µb µ½ÂYbµ 8½ ½}b bY n ½}b O}8½b² }u}u}½ Ynnb²b½µµÂbµb²½8u½ub½Â²µ8É8µ8Y¢,}bo²µ½O8µbµ½ÂYËYµOÂµµbµ }É8É82O8bµ8½8(8²Îbµ½}b²µ½Èµ½²µ88O½ÈbÈO8O landscape while the second reports on how the Park rehabilitated the Sulphur Banks µ½b n² 8 Â²u8ÎbY Oubµ½bY Èµ½² 8²b8 ½ 8 88ubY 8½Â²8 ÈO8O 8²b8 where visitors learn about the active volcanic processes being experienced. The last case µ½ÂYËnOÂµbµ8µ8b½²b²bbÂ²8FÂµbµµÉ²uÉ½}8ÎÂÂ²88È8½ÂFbV oYu8F88Ob½}8½É²µn²F½}½}bÈµ½²8Y½}b²bµÂ²Ob¢,}bO}8½b²OOÂYbµ ½}8½½}b8É88µ8YµÉO½Âb½8½½²8O½8²ubÂFb²µnub½Â²µ½µ½}b foreseeable future. The Hawaiian Islands – a hotspot ÐOO²Yu½8É88bubYV½}bYbuYV8ÂV²8µbY½}bµ8YµÂ½n½}bOb8 É½}}µn8È²½boµ}u}3bµ½b²Èb½V¸¸ ¢,Y8ËV½}b½}b²Ën8½b½bO½Oµ (Wegener, 1912, cited in Kious and Tilling, 1996) offers a different scenario. The theory µÂuubµ½µ½}b 8²½}¯µO²Âµ½µOµbYn}Âub½bO½O8½bµµÉËÈu8Y²b8²- ²8uu½}bµbÈbµÈb²ubuO½b¢2O8O8O½È½ËÂµÂ8ËOOÂ²µ8²ÂY½}bbYubµ n½}bµb8µµÈb8½bµ¢3µ¹¾ YbÈbbY½}b®}½µ½¯½}b²Ë½bÊ8½}b formation of volcanic islands thousands of kilometers from the edges of tectonic plates. ,}b}½µ½½}b²Ë²µbµ½}b8É88µ8YµV8Yµ8²ÈO8Oµ8YµVn²8µ Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231

9: Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands 3

a slowly moving tectonic plate intercepts a narrow stream of hot magma rising upward n²½}b 8²½}¯µ½b²²3µV¹¾ ¢,}b8u8n²½}µ®}½µ½¯b²Â½µn² ½}bOb8q²VFÂYu8ÈO8½}8½Èb²ubuO½bbb²ubµ8FÈb½}bµÂ²n8Ob of the ocean as an island. As the tectonic plate continues to move, the hotspot occurs beneath a new portion of the plate and repeats the island building process. For example, Kure Atoll, approximately 2100 km northwest from Oahu (Juvic and Juvic, 1998), is ½}bYbµ½8É88µ8Y8FÈbµb8bÈbVÉ}b¯}µb8Â½V½}bbÉbµ½8É88 ÈO8Vµµ½FbÉ½}bµÂ²n8Obn½}b(8OoO Ob88Y²bµÂbYFËµOb½µ½µ½Fb directly over the hotspot (Anderson and Schram, 2005). Recent research is calling into question aspects of the popular hotspot paradigm (see Foulger et al., 2005) and facets of the hotspot theory may undergo revision in the future. Hawaii’s economic lifeline: tourism 8É8¯µ bOË µ F8µbY 8²ubË ½Â²µ¢ Ð²Ê8½bË ¸¢¹ Èµ½²µ ½²8ÈbbY½½}b8É88µ8YµÁÏÏ¸É½}88Èb²8ubbu½}nµ½8Ënµu}½ËÈb² nine days (Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism [DBEDT] 2008a). 2µ½²bÊbY½Â²bµ½½8bYÁ¢gF-+Y8²µÁÏÏ¸ ,VÁÏÏg8 ¢ ,Â²µ8Y ²bO²b8½ 8²b ½8½bË bY ½ ½}b µ8Yµ¯ OO ÈO8O nb8½Â²bµ¢ 8Yb8YV8b888VO²8½b²V88Â8 8ËV8Â8b8V½}b8(8 http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 8µ½8Y½}bÈO8bµÉ½}8É82O8bµ8½8(8²j8Â888Y- lauea, are all highly popular visitor attractions. These famous sites and landscapes help sell millions of dollars worth of tourist merchandise and memorabilia such as post cards, Fµ8Y 2 µ·µ²½µb§Âb½µÂO}8µÂ½8Fbµ8Y}uub8²VO½}uV art and real estate. Thus, geotourism is a tremendous contributor both directly and in- Y²bO½Ë½½}b8É88bOË¢ Who is Hawaii’s geotourist? 3} µ ½}b ub½Â²µ½ 8É8¨ ,}b µb 8µÉb² µ b8²Ë bÈb²Ëb 8µ 8µ½ every island visitor participates in at least one geotourism-related activity during their 8É88}Y8Ë¢+bub½Â²µ²b8½bYÈµ½²µ½8½µ½Oµ8²bObO½bYFË8É88 ½Â²µ8ubObµ·½}b²µÂµ½FbObY²nb²²bYn²8YY½8µÂ²Obµ¢+bb,8Fb ¢n²½}bÂFb²nbbÉ}Èµ½µbn8É8¯µµ½OOubuOnb8½Â²bµ¢ b½Â²µÈµ½²O}8²8O½b²µ½OµO8FbYb½obYV8²½VFË²bÈbÉu½}b+½8½bn 8É8 b8²½b½n ÂµbµµV OOµ8Y,Â²µµ½8½µ½Oµ½}²Âu}8ub½Â²µ lens. Table 9.2 shows the percentage of total visitors in various lifestyle/lifestages par- ½O8½u8²½OÂ8²8É88ub½Â²µ²b8½bY8O½È½bµ8YÈµ½8½µ½8½Âµ¢² example, newlyweds and honeymooners provide a solid market for helicopter and plane ½Â²µ ,VÁÏÏgF ·½}bµb½Â²µµbuV8²ub8²½V8É8¯µOO8YµO8bµ¢ ,Â²FÂµbÊOÂ²µµVÂµb8YÈ8½Â²µµ½VÈbÉ8Y½b²²b½8É8¯µn8Âµ landforms. Self-guided geotourists literally stop everywhere with their travel guidebook ²É½}8Îb½½8YËY8¯µ¹ Roadside Geology of Hawai’i }8Y¢b²µV campers and backpackers may conduct such activities to gain a more intimate connec- tion with the land and its values, to take in less accessible views or spend a longer period of time immersed in the landscape and its contents. Public and commercial parks and gardens are often developed nestled against rugged mountains or with sea views as an additional enticement to pull visitors to the attraction. Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231

4 Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape

Table 9.1: Visitation to some of Hawaii’s iconic geologic features (2007).

Island Total no. Geosite Description of geologic feature Approx. no. of visitors of visitors to geosite

Oahu 4,694,750a Hanauma Bay Flooded volcanic crater with one side open 1,088,660a Nature Preserve to the sea forming a curved beach with a protected coral reef and stunning views from the crater rim. Diamond Head Iconic volcanic crater adjacent to Waikiki. 584,909a State Monument Nuuanu Pali Deeply eroded cliffs with panoramic 905,300b State Wayside coastal views immediately off a major Park tourist route. Maui 2,463,594a Haleakala Dormant volcano with colourful cinder 1,322,817a National Park cones and dramatic volcanic landscapes. Iao Valley State Eroded caldera of the West Maui volcano 431,400a Monument covered with lush vegetation. Big Island 1,622,359a Hawaii Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes along 1,467,779a of Hawaii Volcanoes with cinder cones, pit craters, active lava http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231National Park ÜRZVDQGRWKHUYROFDQLFIHDWXUHV Mauna Kea Mauna Kea, Hawai’i’s tallest volcano at 64,600b State Park 4025m, partially protected within this park. Akaka Falls Two large waterfalls, Akaka and Kahuna, 189,400b State Park along with several smaller waterfalls are easily viewed by visitors. Lava Tree State Impressive lava tree molds standing where 44,400b Monument a forest once was before taken by lava. Kauai 1,200,045a Na Pali Coast Deeply eroded sea cliffs resulting from of a 423,100b State Park FDWDVWURSKLFODQGVOLGHIURPWKHQRUWKÜDQN of the Wai‘ale‘ale volcano. Waimea Canyon A gigantic volcanic erosional feature 430,700b State Park FRPSRVHGRIWKRXVDQGVRIODYDÜRZOD\HUV oxidized from black to bright reds.

a DBEDT (2008b); b OmniTrak Group Inc, 2007.

Table 9.2: Breakdown of the total number of Hawaii’s visitors participating in some geotourism-related activities ( %) (compiled from DBEDT, 2008c).

Lifestyle/lifestage segments Visitor status

Wedding/ Middle First- Repeat Activity Family Young Seniors Honeymoon age timers visitors

Helicopter or plane tour 19.5 10.7 10.6 13.8 13.1 14.0 11.4 Tour bus excursion 35.1 22.3 21.9 25.2 37.5 38.9 20.6 Private limousine/van tour 11.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 12.8 11.1 9.5 Self-drives 72.3 79.0 78.5 74.5 68.1 69.0 75.8 hiking/camping/backpacking 25.9 17.2 35.0 20.7 10.6 23.3 17.2 Parks/gardens 57.9 58.0 60.0 59.0 56.9 59.7 58.1 Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231

9: Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands 5

Diversity of volcanic-based geotourism activities in the Hawaiian Islands ,}b8É88µ8Yµnnb²8nÂ²8ubnÈO8OF8µbYn²8½µ8Y8YµO8bµn² the geotourist. Active volcanoes, steam vents, lava tubes, waterfalls, thermal tide pools, ocean blowholes and overlooks with panoramic cliff, sea, mountain or valley views are just a few of the features around the State for geotourists. Actually, spectacular scenery 8YµObOÈb²µ8²b½½FbÂYb²²8½bY¢,}bÁÏÏ¸8É8®+½8½b(8²µ2µ½² Survey found scenery (61 percent) as the most important factor for the self-drive visitor ½}b²bÈbn8²µ8½µn8O½VÉ½}µObOÈbÉµ¾¸b²Ob½ ²8½bYµbOY - ,²8²ÂO¢VÁÏÏ¸ ¢²bÊ8bV½}bµObOÈbÉµn38b8 8Ë8²b8®Âµ½ µbb¯n²ub½Â²µ½µ½}bµ8Yn8Â8uÂ²b¢ ¢

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Figure 9.1: The spectacular Waimea Canyon, often referred to as ‘the Grand Canyon of the 3DFLÛFpLVRQHRIWKHPRVWIDPRXVVFHQLFYLHZVDQGJHRVLWHVRQ.DXDL3KRWRFUHGLW/HODQG Kim. bO½b²8YoÊbYÉu8b½Â²µµ}8²b½}bbÊ8µÈb8YµO8bµÉ½}½}µbÉ} have more holiday dollars to spend. Bus and van tours provide geotourists the chance to view scenic landscapes and take pictures from overlook spots. Many geotourists choose to combine their special interests, during a holiday. For example, those geotourists hik- u8uµ½½}bOYb²ObµÉ½}8b8888½8(8²8²bOFu½}b²½b²- bµ½ubuËÉ½}½}b²8no½Ën²Â½Y8ËF8O8Ou½²µuÂ²b¢Á ¢ Cavers can undertake tours through a limited number of lava tubes open to the public (King, forthcoming), to add them to their mental tally sheet of collected places (King and Prideaux, forthcoming). Others geotourists may opt for less strenuous options such 8µµËF8²Yu8µ}8YO²Âµu8²ÂY½}bµ8YµV½8u½}bÈ8µ½ÈO8O 8YµO8bµYÂ²u½}bY8Ë8YÈbÉu½}bob²ËOb8b½²Ën8Âb8¯µ8È8µqÉµ8½ night. Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231

6 Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape

http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Figure 9.2: Geotourists hiking in the backcountry of Haleakala National Park on Maui. 3KRWRFUHGLW6KDURQ5LQJVYHQ

Case studies With the wide range of geologic features and ongoing geomorphological processes in the 8É88µ8Yµ½}b²b8²b8µ8ÂFb²nub½Â²µ88ubb½µµÂbµ+½8½bÉYb¢ ,}b½}²bbO8µbµ½ÂYbµ²bµb½bYFbÉnOÂµub½Â²µµµÂbµ8É8µ8Y¢ ,}bo²µ½½ÉO8µbµ½ÂYbµ}u}u}½ub½Â²µ½88ubb½µµÂbµµYb8É82- O8bµ8½8(8²¢,}bo²µ½O8µbµ½ÂYË²b²½µ½}bb8µÂ²bµ½}b(8²}8µb- b½bY½Îb²µµ½Èµ½²µ88O½ÈbÈO8O8YµO8b¢,}bµbOYO8µb study illustrates how the Park redesigned the Sulphur Banks site to reduce impacts on ½}bn²8ub²bµÂ²ObFËÈµ½²µ¢,}b8ÎÂÂ²88È8½ÂFbO8ÈbO8µbµ½ÂYË}u}u}½µ}É a small tour operator carefully balances visitor numbers with a strong conservation ethic in order to conserve one of the most important lava tubes in the world.

Case study 1: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 8É8®2O8bµ8½8(8²µ½}bµ½Â§Âb8²½}b-¢+¢8½8(8² µËµ½b bYÂ²b8Y²8²ËV¸ ¢,}b(8²µ½²b½O}bµn²µb8bÈb½8bbÈ8½n s¹8YbO8µµbµ½}bµÂ½µ8Y²n½Îbµn½Én½}bÉ²Y¯µµ½8O½Èb ÈO8bµV8Â888Y8Âb8-¢+¢8½8(8²+b²ÈObK(+LVÁÏÏg ¢,}b(8² ²½bO½µbYbO8YbY8ub²bYq²88Yn8Â8OÂYu}8Ën8ObµYb²µ(The- ridion grallator), ½}b8É88uµb (Branta sandvicensis) 8µÉ8µ½}bbbV and the Mauna Loa silversword plant (Argyroxiphium kauense).,}b(8²¯µÂ½µ½8Y- u8½Â²88YFuO8²bµÂ²ObµbY½½µYbµu8½8µ8½b²8½8 µ}b²b *bµb²ÈbgÏ8Y8- + 8½Â²83²Yb²½8ub+½bg¸-¢+¢(+VÁÏÏg ¢ ÉbÈb²V½}b²8²Ë½Â²µ8½½²8O½n²½}bb8²Ë¢p8Â8Èµ½²µ½ 8É82O8bµ8½8(8² ,VÁÏÏgF µ8Âb8¯µuuÈO8O8O½È½Ë 8Y½}b8²¯µÈ8²b½ËnY²88½OÈO8O8YµO8bµ¢ Chapter extract

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