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Comparative Systematics of Subterranean Amphipod Crustaceans in the Families Crangonyctidae and Bogidiellidae Stefan Koenemann Old Dominion University

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Comparative Systematics of Subterranean Amphipod Crustaceans in the Families Crangonyctidae and Bogidiellidae Stefan Koenemann Old Dominion University Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations Biological Sciences Summer 2000 Comparative Systematics of Subterranean Amphipod Crustaceans in the Families Crangonyctidae and Bogidiellidae Stefan Koenemann Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Koenemann, Stefan. "Comparative Systematics of Subterranean Amphipod Crustaceans in the Families Crangonyctidae and Bogidiellidae" (2000). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/bjvj- vj04 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds/69 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPARATIVE SYSTEMATICS OF SUBTERRANEAN AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEANS IN THE FAMILIES CRANGONYCTIDAE AND BOGIDIELLIDAE by Stefan Koenemann B.S. January 1994, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universitat (Oldenburg, Germany) M.S. January 1997, University of Amsterdam A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2000 Approved by: John R. Holsinger (Director) Kent E. Carpenter(Member) Michael F. Gable (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE SYSTEMATICS OF SUBTERRANEAN AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEANS IN THE FAMILIES CRANGONYCTIDAE AND BOGIDIELLIDAE Stefan Koenemann Old Dominion University, 2000 Director Dr. John R. Holsinger The research project presented in this doctoral dissertation deals with the systematics of two different taxonomic groups of subterranean amphipods (Crustacea). Therefore, rather than being a single project, this study is divided into several sub-projects. Altogether, the chapters for the sub-projects are composed of five publications. An introductory chapter and a summarizing discussion are added to provide a structural unit for the collection of papers and to compare the results of the individual projects. The thesis investigates the systematics of the amphipod families Bogidiellidae Hertzog, 1936, and Crangonyctidae Bousfield, 1973. Based on descriptive taxonomy according to modem standards, revisions are given for the crangonyctid genus Bactrurus Hay, 1902, the bogidiellid genus Spelaeogammarus da Silva Brum. 1973, and the family Bogidiellidae. The bogidiellid sub-project also includes the description of the new genus and species Megagidiella azul. This study makes an attempt to compile and evaluate molecular and morphological data for two families of gammaridean amphipods. To research the phylogenetic relationships of the Bogidiellidae and Crangonyctidae, cladistic analyses, using external morphological characters, are conducted for each family. In addition, sequence analyses of the 18S (small subunit) rDNA gene are carried out for three species of Bactrurus and several selected amphipod taxa. The results of morphological and molecular analyses are compared and the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa under investigation are discussed, especially emphasizing their biogeographic distribution patterns and current taxonomic classification. In a summarizing chapter, the biogeography and evolutionary history of both families are compared. Moreover, the application of different methods of phylogenetic reconstructions is discussed for the Bogidiellidae and Crangonyctidae, as well as for stygobiont amphipods in general. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This thesis is dedicated to my wife Cora who never seemed to get tired listening to the story of the Amphipoda, to my father who is very proud of me because I made a profession of my admiration for life and nature, and to my mother who certainly is equally proud of me but still not quite sure what exactly I am doing. "In science one tries to tell people, in such a way as to be understood by everyone, something that no one ever knew before. But in poetry, it is the exact opposite. " Paul Dirac (1902-1984) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my major advisor Dr. John R. Holsinger, for his assistance and support throughout the whole research project and being the second author of the papers presented in Chapters 2-5. 1 am also very grateful to my graduate committee members, Drs. Kent E. Carpenter and Michael F. Gable, for their constructive contributions to this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge numerous people who assisted with the individual sub-projects: • I thank Eleonora Trajano (University of S2o Paulo) for providing me with some of the specimens examined in this study and for helpful comments on Brazilian caves, and Paolo S. Young, curator of the Museum Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, for making the paratypes o f Spelaeogammarus bahiensis available to me. • I am grateful to the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) for lending us the topotypes of Paracrangortyx compacius, and L. B. Holthuis, who read manuscript drafts of the revision of the Bogidiellidae and offered helpful suggestions for improvement. • I thank Ulrike Englisch for joining me on a 4-week field trip in May 1999 and sharing her experience during the DNA cooperation project at Ruhr-Universitdt Bochum (Germany), Don Web and Larry Page (Illinois Dept, of Natural Resources) for assistance in locating Bactrurus habitats in Illinois, and Lynn M. Ferguson for making the initial collections of the new species Bactrurus wilsoni. The following persons spent several days with me in the field, often hiking over rough terrain in search of springs, caves or wells: Johnny R. Wilson in Alabama; Chris Hobson in Virginia; Julian J. Lewis (Conservation Consultant) in Indiana; Earl Biffle and Jane Walker (Tyson Research Center) in Missouri (special thanks to Earl. Biffle for showing us his artificial cave called “Biffs bunker”); William R. Elliott (Missouri Dept, of Conservation) and Neil R. Babik (Watershed Program Manager, Mark Twain National Forest) in Missouri. I am particularly grateful to Jane Culver (Hayden, Alabama) for her persistent “hunting” efforts that resulted in two additional, badly needed specimens of the new species B. wilsoni. I also thank Dave Larson and Brandon Curry of the Illinois State Geological Survey for sending me numerous relevant publications on the geology/hydrology of Illinois. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the Graphic Office at Old Dominion University for generating numerous distribution maps, slides, posters, etc., during the entire project. This study was supported by a PEET (Partnership for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy) grant from the National Science Foundation to JRH (DEB-9521752). I extend sincere thanks to the Cave Research Foundation and the Cave Conservancy of the Virginias for providing additional funds for fieldwork and travel to Ruhr-Universitat Bochum in 1999. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures .. viii List of Tables . C h a p te r I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 II. MEGAGIDIELLA AZUL, NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF A CAVERNICOLOUS AMPHIPOD CRUSTACEAN OF THE FAMILY BOGIDIELLIDAE FROM BRAZIL, WITH REMARKS ON ITS BIOGEOGRAPHIC AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................3 Taxonomic part .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 D iscussion .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Sum m ary .....................................................................................................................................................................11 III. REVISION OF THE SUBTERRANEAN GENUS SPELAEOGAMMARUS (BOGIDIELLIDAE) FROM BRAZIL, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES AND CONSIDERATIONS OF THEIR PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY .............. 12 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................12 Taxonomic part ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 D iscussion ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Sum m ary ....................................................................................................................................................................31
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