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A Stream-Gaging Network Analysis for the 7-Day, 10-Year Annual Low Flow in New Hampshire Streams

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A Stream-Gaging Network Analysis for the 7-Day, 10-Year Annual Low Flow in New Hampshire Streams In cooperation with the NEW HAMPSHIRE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES A Stream-Gaging Network Analysis for the 7-Day, 10-Year Annual Low Flow in New Hampshire Streams Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey A Stream-gaging Network Analysis for the 7-Day, 10-year Annual Low Flow in New Hampshire Streams By Robert H. Flynn U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4023 Prepared in cooperation with the NEW HAMPSHIRE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Pembroke, New Hampshire 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief, New Hampshire/Vermont Office U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 361 Commerce Way Building 810 Pembroke, NH 03275 Box 25286, Federal Center http://nh.water.usgs.gov Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Previous Studies ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Method For Network Analysis of Annual 7-Day, 10-Year Low Flow ............................................................... 3 Description of Method ............................................................................................................................... 3 Application of the Method to the New Hampshire Stream-gaging Network ............................................. 9 Network Analysis Scenarios ............................................................................................................................... 9 Scenario 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Scenario 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Scenario 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Results of the Stream-gaging Network Analysis ................................................................................................ 14 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 25 Selected References ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Appendix 1. Basin Characteristics Tested for Significance in the Regression Analysis .................................... 28 Contents iii FIGURES Figure 1. Map showing location of streams, drainage basins, and stream-gaging stations in the study area that were used to develop the equations for estimating the annual 7-day, 10-year annual low flow for New Hampshire streams .................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2. Map showing location of towns, drainage basins, and stream-gaging stations in the study area...... 8 Figure 3. Graph showing the average sampling-error variance for the annual 7-day, 10-year annual low flow as a function of the number and rank of stations operated for scenario 1 in the analysis of the stream- gaging network in New Hampshire ................................................................................................... 12 Figure 4. Graph showing the average sampling-error variance for the 7-day, 10-year annual low flow as a function of the number and rank of stations operated for scenario 1 in the analysis of the stream-gaging network in New Hampshire ....................................................................................... 14 Figure 5. Graph showing the average sampling-error variance for the 7-day, 10-year annual low flow as a function of the number and rank of stations operated for scenario 2 in the analysis of the stream-gaging network in New Hampshire ....................................................................................... 16 Figure 6. Graph showing the average sampling-error variance for the 7-day, 10-year annual low flow as a function of the number and rank of stations operated for scenario 3 in the analysis of the stream-gaging network in New Hampshire ....................................................................................... 17 Figure 7. Map showing location of streams, drainage basins, and stream-gaging stations for network analysis used in scenario 1............................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 8. Map showing location of streams, drainage basins, and stream-gaging stations, and towns for network analysis used in scenarios 2 and 3 ....................................................................................... 20 iv Figures TABLES Table 1. Descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to develop the regression analysis for New Hampshire streams .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Table 2. Basin characteristics for stream-gaging stations used in the regression and network analysis for the annual 7-day, 10-year low flow .................................................................................................. 10 Table 3. Selected basin characteristics of actual and hypothetical stream-gaging stations for network scenarios 1-3 used in the analysis of the stream-gaging network ..................................................... 13 Table 4. Average sampling-error variance for selected network scenarios used in the analysis of the stream-gaging network in New Hampshire ...................................................................................... 15 Table 5. Station ranking in order of importance in providing regional streamflow information for the annual 7-day, 10-year low-flow statistic (with an additional 5 stream-gaging stations) for the 0-, 5-, and 20-year planning horizons for scenario 1 ........................................................................ 21 Table 6. Station ranking in order of importance in providing regional streamflow information for the annual 7-day, 10-year low-flow statistic (with an additional 14 stream-gaging stations) for the 0-, 5-, and 20-year planning horizons for scenarios 2 and 3 ............................................................. 23 Tables v CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATIONS CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To obtain inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3) Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) as follows: oC=(oF-32)/1.8. VERTICAL DATUM Sea level: In this report, “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)—a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. ABBREVIATIONS Organizations NHDES New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services USGS U.S. Geological Survey Basin Characteristics ABT Average mean annual basin temperature, in Fahrenheit DA Drainage area, in square miles SGP Average summer gage precipitation, in inches vi Conversion Factors , Vertical Datum, and Abbreviations Miscellaneous 7Q10 7-day, 10-year low-flow frequency GIS Geographic information system GLS Generalized-least-squares regression analysis GLSNET Generalized-least-squares network computer software OLS Ordinary-least-squares regression analysis WLS Weighted-least-squares regression analysis Conversion Factors, Vertical Datum, and Abbreviations vii viii Conversion Factors , Vertical Datum, and Abbreviations A Stream-gaging Network Analysis for the 7-Day, 10-Year Annual Low Flow in New Hampshire Streams By Robert H. Flynn ABSTRACT GLSNET (generalized-least-squares NETwork) was used to analyze the network by application of The 7-day, 10-year (7Q10) low-flow- GLS regression between streamflow and the frequency statistic is a widely used measure of climatic and basin characteristics of the drainage surface-water availability in New Hampshire. basin upstream from each stream-gaging station. Regression equations and basin-characteristic Improvement to the predictive ability of the digital data sets were developed to help water- regression equations developed for
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