Why Runoff Volume?
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
(P 117-140) Flood Pulse.Qxp
117 THE FLOOD PULSE CONCEPT: NEW ASPECTS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS - AN UPDATE Junk W.J. Wantzen K.M. Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Working Group Tropical Ecology, P.O. Box 165, 24302 Plön, Germany E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The flood pulse concept (FPC), published in 1989, was based on the scientific experience of the authors and published data worldwide. Since then, knowledge on floodplains has increased considerably, creating a large database for testing the predictions of the concept. The FPC has proved to be an integrative approach for studying highly diverse and complex ecological processes in river-floodplain systems; however, the concept has been modified, extended and restricted by several authors. Major advances have been achieved through detailed studies on the effects of hydrology and hydrochemistry, climate, paleoclimate, biogeography, biodi- versity and landscape ecology and also through wetland restoration and sustainable management of flood- plains in different latitudes and continents. Discussions on floodplain ecology and management are greatly influenced by data obtained on flow pulses and connectivity, the Riverine Productivity Model and the Multiple Use Concept. This paper summarizes the predictions of the FPC, evaluates their value in the light of recent data and new concepts and discusses further developments in floodplain theory. 118 The flood pulse concept: New aspects, INTRODUCTION plain, where production and degradation of organic matter also takes place. Rivers and floodplain wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems. For example, 77 percent These characteristics are reflected for lakes in of the water discharge of the 139 largest river systems the “Seentypenlehre” (Lake typology), elaborated by in North America and Europe is affected by fragmen- Thienemann and Naumann between 1915 and 1935 tation of the river channels by dams and river regula- (e.g. -
Protection Against Wave-Based Erosion
Protection against Wavebased Erosion The guidelines below address the elements of shore structure design common to nearly all erosion control structures subject to direct wave action and run-up. 1. Minimize the extent waterward. Erosion control structures should be designed with the smallest waterward footprint possible. This minimizes the occupation of the lake bottom, limits habitat loss and usually results in a lower cost to construct the project. In the case of stone revetments, the crest width should be only as wide as necessary for a stable structure. In general, the revetment should follow the cross-section of the bluff or dune and be located as close to the bluff or dune as possible. For seawalls, the distance that the structure extends waterward of the upland must be minimized. If the seawall height is appropriately designed to prevent the majority of overtopping, there is no engineering rationale based only on erosion control which justifies extending a seawall out into the water. 2. Minimize the impacts to adjacent properties. The design of the structure must consider the potential for damaging adjacent property. Projects designed to extend waterward of the shore will affect the movement of littoral material, reducing the overall beach forming process which in turn may cause accelerated erosion on adjacent or down-drift properties with less protective beaches. Seawalls, (and to a lesser extent, stone revetments) change the direction (wave reflection) and intensity of wave energy along the shore. Wave reflection can cause an increase in the total energy at the seawall or revetment interface with the water, allowing sand and gravel to remain suspended in the water, which will usually prevent formation of a beach directly fronting the structure. -
Shoreline Management in Chesapeake Bay C
Shoreline Management In Chesapeake Bay C. S. Hardaway, Jr. and R. J. Byrne Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary 1 Cover Photo: Drummond Field, Installed 1985, James River, James City County, Virginia. This publication is available for $10.00 from: Sea Grant Communications Virginia Institute of Marine Science P. O. Box 1346 Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Number 356 Virginia Sea Grant Publication VSG-99-11 October 1999 Funding and support for this report were provided by... Virginia Institute of Marine Science Virginia Sea Grant College Program Sea Grant Contract # NA56RG0141 Virginia Coastal Resource Management Program NA470Z0287 WILLIAM& MARY Shoreline Management In Chesapeake Bay By C. Scott Hardaway, Jr. and Robert J. Byrne Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 1999 4 Table of Contents Preface......................................................................................7 Shoreline Evolution ................................................................8 Shoreline Processes ..............................................................16 Wave Climate .......................................................................16 Shoreline Erosion .................................................................20 Reach Assessment ................................................................23 Shoreline Management Strategies ......................................24 Bulkheads and Seawalls -
Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
Erosion-1.Pdf
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Erosion Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/erosion/ Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. A similar process, weathering, breaks down or dissolves rock, but does not involve movement. Erosion is the opposite of deposition, the geological process in which earthen materials are deposited, or built up, on a landform. Most erosion is performed by liquid water, wind, or ice (usually in the form of a glacier). If the wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place. The brown color indicates that bits of rock and soil are suspended in the fluid (air or water) and being transported from one place to another. This transported material is called sediment. Physical Erosion Physical erosion describes the process of rocks changing their physical properties without changing their basic chemical composition. Physical erosion often causes rocks to get smaller or smoother. Rocks eroded through physical erosion often form clastic sediments. -
APPENDIX a Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations In
APPENDIX A Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge Physiographic Provinces This Appendix provides summaries of field data collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) at fourteen U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gage station monitored stream sites in the Allegheny Plateau and Valley and Ridge hydro-physiographic region of Maryland. For each site, information and survey data is summarized on four pages. The first page for each site contains general information on the drainage basin, gage station, and the study reach. The Maryland State Highway Administration provided land use/land cover information using the software program GIS Hydro (Ragan 1991) and 1994 Landsat and Spot coverage information. The land use/land cover information may be incomplete for drainage basins that extend beyond the state of Maryland boundaries, this is noted in the General Study Reach Description for the pertinent sites. Stream order and magnitude are based on Strahler (1964) and Shreve (1967), respectively. The reported discharge recurrence intervals are from the log-Pearson type III flood frequency distribution for the annual maximum series calculated by USGS according to the Bulletin 17B procedures. The second page provides information on the study reach including cross-section plots and particle size distributions in the riffle and reach. The third page presents photographic views of the surveyed cross-section in the study reach and the fourth page provides a scale plan form diagram of the study reach mapped using a total station survey instrument and generated with the graphic and survey reduction software Terra Model. -
Probabilistic Extreme Flood Hydrographs That Use Paleoflood Data for Dam Safety Applications
Probabilistic Extreme Flood Hydrographs That Use PaleoFlood Data for Dam Safety Applications Dam Safety Office Report No. DSO-03-03 Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation June 2003 Contents Page Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Objectives....................................................................................................................................4 1.3 Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................4 Probabilistic Extreme Flood Hydrographs from Streamflow Sampling................................. 5 2.1 General Procedure .......................................................................................................................5 2.2 Example Applications................................................................................................................11 Probabilitic Extreme Flood Hydrographs Using Rainfall-Runoff Models............................ 18 3.1 General Procedure .....................................................................................................................19 3.2 Example Applications s.............................................................................................................20 Reservoir Routing -
Stormwater Design Manual Chapter Three
CHAPTER 3 HYDROLOGY Chapter 3 HYDROLOGY Table of Contents 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 2 3.2 HYDROLOGIC DESIGN POLICIES........................................................................ 2 3.2.1 FULLY DEVELO PED CONDITIONS......................................................................... 3 3.2.2 DRAINAG E AREA ............................................................................................... 4 3.2.3 RAINFALL DATA AND INTENSITY .......................................................................... 4 3.3 TIME OF CONCENTRATION ................................................................................. 4 3.3.1 SCS METHOD................................................................................................... 5 3.3.1.1 Lag Time .................................................................................................. 5 3.3.1.2 Travel Time .............................................................................................. 5 3.3.1.3 Sheet Flow ............................................................................................... 6 3.3.1.4 Shallow Concentrated Flow....................................................................... 7 3.3.1.5 Channelized Flow ..................................................................................... 7 3.3.2 KIRPICH EQUATION ........................................................................................... 8 3.4 RATIONAL METHOD............................................................................................ -
Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville Newfoundland
Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville Newfoundland Submitted by: James H. McCarthy AMEC Earth & Environmental Limited 95 Bonaventure Ave. St. John’s, NL A1C 5R6 Submitted to: Mr. Kirk Peddle SGE-Acres 45 Marine Drive Clarenville, NL A0E 1J0 January 8, 2003 TF05205 Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal Harbour River Shoal Harbour, Clarenville, NF, TF05205 January 8, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 WETTED PERIMETER METHOD ................................................................................... 1 2.0 STUDY TEAM ...................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 CRITICAL AREAS (TRANSECTS).................................................................................. 3 3.2 SURVEY DATA................................................................................................................ 4 4.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Survey data from each transect Page i Wetted Perimeter Assessment Shoal -
State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FLOOD MITIGATION SECTION State Standard For Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines Under the authority outlined in ARS 48-3605(A) the Director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources establishes the following standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines in Arizona. State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling, or “guidelines for the experienced modeler”, has been developed to address hydrologic conditions for a variety of statewide watersheds. Included are problems and situations identified by the State Standard Work Group (SSWG) and floodplain managers. The intended audience is statewide; engineers, professionals and Floodplain Administrators. The following topics are included: • Hydrologic Model comparison and recommendation • Guidelines and parameters • Model application for specific situations, and associated hydrologic parameters • Precipitation values (NOAA 14) • Storm duration • Unique conditions, such as wildfire burn, overgrazing, logging, drought, rapid snowmelt, urbanization. The State Standard includes examples addressing the above key issues. This requirement is effective August, 2007. Copies of this State Standard and the State Standard Technical Supplement can be obtained by contacting the Department’s Water Engineering Section at (602) 771-8652. SS10-07 1 August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................5 1.1 Purpose and Background .......................................................................5 -
Rainfall-Runoff Relationship (Contd.) Rainfall-Runoff
Module 3 Lecture 2: Watershed and rainfall-runoff relationship (contd.) Rainfall-Runoff How does runoff occur? When rainfall exceeds the infiltration rate at the surface, excess water begins to accumulate as surface storage in small depressions. As depression storage begins to fill, overland flow or sheet flow may begin to occur and this flow is called as “Surface runoff” Runoff mainly depends on: Amount of rainfall, soil type, evaporation capacity and land use Amount of rainfall: The runoff is in direct proportion with the rainfall. i.e. as the rainfall increases, the chance of increase in runoff will also increases Module 3 Rainfall-Runoff Contd…. Soil type: Infiltration rate depends mainly on the soil type. If the soil is having more void space (porosity), than the infiltration rate will be more causing less surface runoff (eg. Laterite soil) Evaporation capacity: If the evaporation capacity is more, surface runoff will be reduced Components of Runoff Overland Flow or Surface Runoff: The water that travels over the ground surface to a channel. The amount of surface runoff flow may be small since it may only occur over a permeable soil surface when the rainfall rate exceeds the local infiltration capacity. Module 3 Rainfall-Runoff Contd…. Interflow or Subsurface Storm Flow: The precipitation that infiltrates the soil surface and move laterally through the upper soil layers until it enters a stream channel. Groundwater Flow or Base Flow: The portion of precipitation that percolates downward until it reaches the water table. This water accretion may eventually discharge into the streams if the water table intersects the stream channels of the basin. -
Impacts of a Flood Pulsing Hydrology on Plants and Invertebrates in Riparian Wetlands
IMPACTS OF A FLOOD PULSING HYDROLOGY ON PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATES IN RIPARIAN WETLANDS A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Maureen K. Drinkard August 2012 Dissertation written by Maureen K. Drinkard B.S., Kent State University, 2003 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2012 Approved by ___Ferenc de Szalay_, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee ___Mark Kershner_______, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee _____Oscar Rocha________, ____Mandy Munro-Stasiuk_, Accepted by _____James Blank______, Chair, Department of Biological Sciences ______Raymond Craig___, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Dissertation Goals ............................................................................................. 1 Definition of the Flood Pulse Concept .............................................................. 2 Ecological and economic importance ............................................................... 3 Impacts of environmental