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The Philosophy of Physics
The Philosophy of Physics ROBERTO TORRETTI University of Chile PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014, Madrid, Spain © Roberto Torretti 1999 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Sabon 10.25/13 pt. System QuarkXPress [BTS] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. 0 521 56259 7 hardback 0 521 56571 5 paperback Contents Preface xiii 1 The Transformation of Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century 1 1.1 Mathematics and Experiment 2 1.2 Aristotelian Principles 8 1.3 Modern Matter 13 1.4 Galileo on Motion 20 1.5 Modeling and Measuring 30 1.5.1 Huygens and the Laws of Collision 30 1.5.2 Leibniz and the Conservation of “Force” 33 1.5.3 Rømer and the Speed of Light 36 2 Newton 41 2.1 Mass and Force 42 2.2 Space and Time 50 2.3 Universal Gravitation 57 2.4 Rules of Philosophy 69 2.5 Newtonian Science 75 2.5.1 The Cause of Gravity 75 2.5.2 Central Forces 80 2.5.3 Analytical -
Can Science Advance Effectively Through Philosophical Criticism and Reflection?
Can science advance effectively through philosophical criticism and reflection? ROBERTO TORRETTI Universidad de Puerto Rico ABSTRACT Prompted by Hasok Chang’s conception of the history and philosophy of science (HPS) as the continuation of science by other means, I examine the possibility of obtaining scientific knowledge through philosophical criticism and reflection, in the light of four historical cases, concerning (i) the role of absolute space in Newtonian dynamics, (ii) the purported contraction of rods and retardation of clocks in Special Relativity, (iii) the reality of the electromagnetic ether, and (iv) the so-called problem of time’s arrow. In all four cases it is clear that a better understanding of such matters can be achieved —and has been achieved— through conceptual analysis. On the other hand, however, it would seem that this kind of advance has more to do with philosophical questions in science than with narrowly scientific questions. Hence, if HPS in effect continues the work of science by other means, it could well be doing it for other ends than those that working scientists ordinarily have in mind. Keywords: Absolute space – Inertial frames – Length contraction – Clock retardation – Special relativity – Ether – Time – Time directedness – Entropy – Boltzmann entropy Philosophical criticism and the advancement of science 2 The mind will not readily give up the attempt to apprehend the exact formal character of the latent connexions between different physical agencies: and the history of discovery may be held perhaps to supply the strongest reason for estimating effort towards clearness of thought as of not less importance in its own sphere than exploration of phenomena. -
Hasok Chang Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo 1 Operational Coherence as the Source of Truth1 (version for publication, 14 February 2017) Hasok Chang Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge Abstract In this paper I seek to defend an epistemology that does not confine itself to the knowledge of propositions. The first section motivates this move, especially from the standpoint of the philosophy of science. The second section presents the notion of operational coherence as the key to understanding how knowledge resides in activities. The third section presents a proposal for making sense of truth on the basis of operational coherence. The final section briefly re- considers the relation between knowledge-as-ability and knowledge-as- information. 1. Knowledge beyond propositions The overall direction of this paper is to move beyond the propositional conception of knowledge. What I mean by that phrase is the widespread notion that knowledge (or at least the kind of knowledge that deserves the attention of epistemologists) consists in possessing the right sort of belief in the right sort of propositions.2 Without denying the importance of propositional knowledge, I want to pay attention to other aspects of what we commonly call knowledge, which cannot comfortably be fitted into a propositional framework. I will not pretend that the move I am making is a novel one, especially in this journal. 1 I would like to thank various members of the audience at the Aristotelian Society meeting of 9 January 2017 for helpful objections and suggestions, as well as encouragement. -
Pragmatic Realism†
Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso Año 4 / 2016 / 2do semestre / N° 8 Págs. 107 - 122 ISSN 0719-4234 / eISSN 0719-4242 Pragmatic Realism† Hasok Chang* Abstract In this paper I seek to articulate and develop Roberto Torretti’s advocacy of pragmatic realism. At the core of Torrietti’s view is a rejection of the notion that the truth of scientific theories consists in their correspondence to the world. I propose to understand correspondence in that sense as a metaphorical notion. I articulate a notion of pragmatist coherence, on the basis of which I make new coherence theories of truth and reality. Then it becomes possible to say that pragmatic realism consists in the pursuit of true knowledge of reality, in a way that is also consonant with Torretti’s pluralism. Keywords: pragmatism, realism, pluralism, coherence, truth, reality Realismo Pragmático Resumen En este trabajo intento articular y desarrollar la defensa que Roberto Torretti hace del realismo pragmático. En el núcleo de la visión de Torretti existe un rechazo a la idea de que la verdad de las teorías científicas consista en su correspondencia con el mundo. Propongo entonces entender la correspondencia como una noción metafórica. Articularé una noción de coherencia pragmática sobre la cual establezco una nueva teoría de la coherencia entre verdad y realidad. __________________En consecuencia, resultará posible afirmar que el realismo pragmático † Recibido: octubre 2016. This paper is partly based on a presentation entitled “Pragmatist Coherence as the Source of Truth and Reality,” given at the sixth biennial conference of the Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (SPSP) on 17 June 2016 at Rowan University. -
Three Schools of Paraconsistency K T∗ P D,M U [email protected]
Three Schools of Paraconsistency K T∗ P D,M U [email protected] Received by Greg Restall Published July 1, 2003 http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/ajl/2003 c 2003 Koji Tanaka Abstract: A logic is said to be paraconsistent if it does not allow everything to follow from contradictory premises. There are several approaches to paraconsistency. This paper is concerned with several philosophical posi- tions on paraconsistency. In particular, it concerns three ‘schools’ of para- consistency: Australian, Belgian and Brazilian. The Belgian and Brazilian schools have raised some objections to the dialetheism of the Australian school. I argue that the Australian school of paraconsistency need not be closed down on the basis of the Belgian and Brazilian schools’ objections. In the appendix of the paper, I also argue that the Brazilian school’s view of logic is not coherent. But though logic has come a long way very recently, it has a longer way to go, both in whom it involves and what it investigates. There are, for in- stance, virtually no black researchers, and exceedingly few women are en- gaged; and for all the proclaimed rationality of modern humans and their institutions, logic touches comparatively little human practice. Differ- ently, there remain many notions of considerable logical import, some of historical significance, of which we lack decent accounts or, sometimes, a clear appreciation. To the satisfactory elucidation of these, sociative logics can make essential contributions. Sylvan (1989) p. 133. 1 I A logic is said to be paraconsistent if it does not allow everything to fol- low from contradictory premises: it is not the case that for any α and β, ∗I would like to thank Graham Priest for making some of the ideas contained in the paper clear and for his comments on drafts of the paper. -
Publications of John Corcoran OCT 04
OCTOBER 2004 PUBLICATIONS OF JOHN CORCORAN I. Articles. MR indicates review in Mathematical Reviews. J indicates available at JSTOR. G indicates available at Google by entering John Corcoran plus the complete title. 1.J Three Logical Theories, Philosophy of Science 36 (1969) 153-77. 2. Logical Consequence in Modal Logic: Natural Deduction in S5 (co-author G. Weaver), Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 10 (1969) 370-84. 3. Discourse Grammars and the Structure of Mathematical Reasoning I: Mathematical Reasoning and the Stratification of Language, Journal of Structural Learning 3 (1971) #1, 55-74. 4. Discourse Grammars and the Structure of Mathematical Reasoning II: The Nature of a Correct Theory of Proof and Its Value, Journal of Structural Learning 3 (1971) #2, 1-16. 5. Discourse Grammars and the Structure of Mathematical Reasoning III: Two Theories of Proof, Journal of Structural Learning 3 (1971) #3, 1-24. 6. Notes on a Semantic Analysis of Variable Binding Term Operators (co-author John Herring), Logique et Analyse 55 (1971) 646-57. MR46#6989. 7. Variable Binding Term Operators, (co-authors Wm. Hatcher, John Herring) Zeitschrift fu"r mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 18 (1972) 177-82. MR46#5098. 8.J Conceptual Structure of Classical Logic, Philosophy & Phenomenological Research 33 (1972) 25-47. 9. Logical Consequence in Modal Logic: Some Semantic Systems for S4 (co-author G. Weaver), Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 15 (1974) 370-78. MR50#4253. 10, 11, and 12. Revisions of 3, 4 and 5 in Structural Learning II Issues and Approaches, ed. J. Scandura, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York (1976). -
Newton Da Costa on Non-Reflexive Logics and Identity
Becker Arenhart, Jonas Rafael Newton da Costa on non-reflexive logics and identity Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Argentina. Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Obra Derivada 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/ Documento descargado de RIDAA-UNQ Repositorio Institucional Digital de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Cita recomendada: Becker Arenhart, J. R. (2019). Newton da Costa on non-reflexive logics and identity. Metatheoria, 9(2), 19-31. Disponible en RIDAA-UNQ Repositorio Institucional Digital de Acceso Abierto de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes http://ridaa.unq.edu.ar/handle/20.500.11807/2536 Puede encontrar éste y otros documentos en: https://ridaa.unq.edu.ar Newton da Costa on Non-Reflexive Logics and Identity Newton da Costa sobre la lógica no-reflexiva y la identidad Jonas Rafael Becker Arenhart† Abstract Newton da Costa pioneered first-order systems of so-called non-reflexive logics (NRL). According to those systems of logic, the reflexive law of identity is restricted; it does not apply to every kind of object the system deals with. NRL were later developed into higher-order systems and quasi-set theory by Décio Krause. The main motivation to develop such systems came from non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Intuitively, it is argued that quantum entities somehow “lost their identities”, they are non-individuals. Non-reflexive logics are the systems employed to formally underpin such a metaphysical interpretation of the theory. In this paper we re-access da Costa’s contributions in the light of recent developments on both the metaphysics of quantum mechanics and on the latest developments of the formalism. -
13 QUESTIONS ABOUT UNIVERSAL LOGIC 13 Questions to Jean-Yves B´Eziau, by Linda Eastwood
Bulletin of the Section of Logic Volume 35:2/3 (2006), pp. 133–150 Jean-Yves B´eziau 13 QUESTIONS ABOUT UNIVERSAL LOGIC 13 questions to Jean-Yves B´eziau, by Linda Eastwood The expression “universal logic” prompts a number of misunderstandings pressing up against to the confusion prevailing nowadays around the very notion of logic. In order to clear up such equivocations, I prepared a series of questions to Jean-Yves B´eziau,who has been working for many years on his project of universal logic, recently in the University of Neuchˆatel, Switzerland. 1. Although your proposal to develop a universal logic is very appealing, isn’t it a utopian one? Isn’t it an absurd, or even dangerous thing to believe that it would be possible to develop a unique logic accounting for everything? Let us immediately reject some misunderstanding; universal logic, as I understand it, is not one universal logic. In fact, from the viewpoint of universal logic the existence of one universal logic is not even possible, and this is a result that can easily be shown. One might thus say somehow ironically the following: according to universal logic there is no universal logic. Some people in some countries have always tried to elaborate a uni- versal system that would account for any sort of reasoning, or reasoning as a whole. Aristotelian logic was depicted itself as a universal one. More recently, first-order classical logic appeared to some as a universal system accounting for mathematical reasoning as well as current one, that is, the one used to buy your bread at the bakery. -
Sentence, Proposition, Judgment, Statement, and Fact: Speaking About the Written English Used in Logic John Corcoran
Sentence, Proposition, Judgment, Statement, and Fact: Speaking about the Written English Used in Logic John Corcoran Dedication: for Professor Newton da Costa, friend, collaborator, co-discoverer of the Truth-set Principle, and co-creator of the Classical Logic of Variable-binding Term Operators-on his eightieth birthday. abstract. The five ambiguous words|sentence, proposition, judg- ment, statement, and fact|each have meanings that are vague in the sense of admitting borderline cases. This paper discusses sev- eral senses of these and related words used in logic. It focuses on a constellation of recommended primary senses. A judgment is a pri- vate epistemic act that results in a new belief; a statement is a public pragmatic event involving an utterance. Each is executed by a unique person at a unique time and place. Propositions and sentences are timeless and placeless abstractions. A proposition is an intensional entity; it is a meaning composed of concepts. A sentence is a linguistic entity. A written sentence is a string of characters. A sentence can be used by a person to express meanings, but no sentence is intrinsically meaningful. Only propositions are properly said to be true or to be false|in virtue of facts, which are subsystems of the universe. The fact that two is even is timeless; the fact that Socrates was murdered is semi-eternal; the most general facts of physics|in virtue of which propositions of physics are true or false|are eternal. As suggested by the title, this paper is meant to be read aloud. 1 Introduction The words|sentence, proposition, judgment, statement, and fact|are am- biguous in that logicians use each of them with multiple normal meanings. -
MICHAEL FREDE Michael Johannes Frede 1940–2007
MICHAEL FREDE Michael Johannes Frede 1940–2007 WHEN MICHAEL JOHANNES FREDE died (11 August 2007), by drowning in the Corinthian Gulf at a beach near Itea below Delphi, Greece, the world of ancient philosophy lost the most accomplished philosopher and scholar, and one of the most distinguished and influential teachers, of the generation of specialists in this field internationally who began their careers in the 1960s and 1970s. He was born 31 May 1940, in Kreuzberg, a working-class district of Berlin, the first child of Roman Catholic parents (a second, Stefanie, was born several years later). He was brought up in Germany and educated there through the Ph.D. and beyond, emigrating later, first to the United States in 1971, then to the United Kingdom, where he was Professor of the History of Philosophy at Oxford University and Fellow of Keble College from 1991 until he chose to retire two years before required, in 2005. In 1943, at the age of two, the apartment building where his family lived was reduced to rubble in an Allied bombing attack while his mother had taken him out for a walk in his carriage, so the family had to move, first to Lippstadt in Westphalia and then in the early 1950s to Hamburg, where Frede attended the Sankt Ansgar-Gymnasium, a Jesuit school, studying classics and the classical languages (Abitur 1959). At university, he studied first in Munich (1959–60) then back in Hamburg (1960–2), where he became a student of Günther Patzig; he rejoined Patzig at Göttingen in 1963 to complete his Ph.D., after a momentous year (1962–3) at Oxford, on Patzig’s suggestion and with his assistance, as a visiting research student, working on his dissertation on Plato’s Sophist, in consul- tation with G. -
STOIC and CHRISTIAN CONCEPTIONS of HAPPINESS Dr
STOIC AND CHRISTIAN CONCEPTIONS OF HAPPINESS Dr. David Naugle Introduction With reference to the Western concept of courage, the "theologian of culture" Paul Tillich (1886-1965) once wrote that Stoicism is "the only real alternative to Christianity in the Western world."1 Affinities between these two Weltanschauungen not only make a comparison between their respective views of courage possible, but the same may be done with regard to their outlooks on happiness as well. In the popular imagination at least, Christians in general and Christian "saints" in particular are stereotypically imaged as "stoical," which, according to the dictionary, refers to those marked by "austere indifference to joy, grief, pleasure, or pain."2 Historically, this impression is neither unjustified nor wholly inaccurate, for views of Christian character have been greatly affected by interaction with the Stoic teaching throughout the centuries.3 For example, with only minor modification, Richard Tarnas' generic description of Stoicism could seemingly be applied to Christianity as well. In the Stoic view, all reality was pervaded by an intelligent divine force, the logos or universal reason which ordered all things. Man could achieve genuine happiness only by attuning his life and character to this all- powerful providential wisdom. To be free was to live in conformity with God's will, and what mattered finally in life was the virtuous state of the soul, not the circumstances of the outer life. The Stoic sage, marked by 1 Paul Tillich, The Courage To Be (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952), p. 9. 2 Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition (1962), s. -
Winter 2011 Department of Philosophy
Department of Philosophy Noûsletter Number 19 - Winter 2011 No. 19 · Fall 2011 noûsletter Page 2 Table of Contents IGERT Fellowship Work .................................................... 21 Letter from the Chair .............................................................. 3 Perry Awards for Best Dissertation ............................. 21 Letter from the Director of Graduate Studies ............ 5 2011 Steinberg Essay Prize Winners .......................... 22 In Remembrance ............................................................................ 6 2011 Whitman Scholarship Winner ............................ 22 Peter Hewitt Hare (1935-2008) ....................................... 6 People Who Made It Possible ............................................... 22 Kenneth Barber (1940-2008) ............................................ 7 The Peter Hare Award ........................................................ 22 Kenneth K. Inada (1924-2011) ......................................... 7 The Hourani Lectures ......................................................... 23 Faculty Updates .............................................................................. 8 The Steinberg Award........................................................... 25 Introducing David Braun ...................................................... 8 The Romanell Award ........................................................... 25 Introducing Richard Cohen ................................................. 8 The Perry Award ..................................................................