When Men Are Victims

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

When Men Are Victims INTRODUCTION The forgotten victim WHEN MEN ARE They don’t fit our standard profile of a sexual VICTIMS assault victim Average population of male assault victims is Kate Espy RN, BSN, SANE-P usually 5-10% Harrison’s 10-15% Many legal jurisdiction don’t recognize a crime of rape against a male victim. INTRODUCTION HISTORY Male assaults occur more frequently than ever Rape of males goes back to the beginning of thought time If assaults that occur in prisons are included in Greek mythology king, Zeus,who was the king the statistics, as many or more men are assaulted of gods abducted other males for sexual in the U.S. on any given day than women purposes against their will One study suggested that on average 1 in 10 In some societies the rape of a defeated male men will be sexually assaulted in their adulthood. enemy was considered the prerogative to the victor of the battle HISTORY MYTHS To loose your manhood equals no longer being Male rape is rare. able to be a warrior or ruler. Real men do not get raped. Lawrence of Arabia was captured by the Turks Male rape only occurs in prisons/institutions. and raped. The subsequent disruption of his life Only gay men get raped can now be recognized as rape trauma Males are less traumatized than females syndrome. Males are less traumatized than females If the male experiences sexual arousal or orgasm Gang rape is considered an ultimate form of from the abuse, this means he is a willing punishment and other countries use rape of a from the abuse, this means he is a willing participant or enjoyed it male for adultery and other violations. participant or enjoyed it 1 FACTS FACTS Men get raped by other men Sexual arousal or orgasmic response does not Rapist who rape men are heterosexual in 98% of mean that positive emotions or consent were the cases. involved. It simply means that the body reacted. The act of abuse assumes or disregards a It happens in all parts of society. victim’s feelings. A male can have an erection or Men are less likely to report rape an orgasm even when he is afraid. If a male Males may be more traumatized by the abuse victim became sexually aroused, had an erection, than females because societal views often cause or ejaculated during the sexual assault, he may them to deny there victimization and deal with it not believe that he was raped. on their own. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE FEELINGS WHAT ARE SOME OF THE FEELINGS THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED? THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED? Any survivor of sexual assault may experience the following feelings, but male survivors may Fear -- that he may be blamed, judged, laughed experience these feelings in a different way: at, or not believed. Guilt -- as though he is somehow at fault for not Denial -- because it is upsetting, he may try not preventing the assault because our society to think about it or talk about it; he may try to promotes the misconception that men should be hide from his feelings behind alcohol, drugs, and able to protect themselves at all times. other self-destructive habits. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE FEELINGS REASONS FOR LOW THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED? REPORTING Unbelieved Shame -- as though being assaulted makes him Thought of as gay "dirty," "weak," or less of a "real man." Not a real man Not wanting to be revictimized by Sadness -- feeling depressed, worthless, Not wanting to be revictimized by powerless; withdrawing from friends, family, and agencies/society usual activities; some victims even consider suicide 2 REASONS FOR LOW SIMILARIITES TO FEMALE REPORTING VICTIMS Most men disclose after seeking medical services Know assailant for STD issues, mental health issues, and/or Experience rape trauma syndrome legal problems Request female examiners Forensic exam similar except for a anatomy differences DIFFERENCE TO FEMALE DIFFERENCES TO FEMALE VICTIMS VICTIMS Rarely seen acutely More types of sexual acts being demanded. More likely abused by authority figures like Greater chance of violent behavior from the church leader, coaches, and scout leaders. victims due to no follow-through with law Greater violence enforcement/support systems/prosecutions More use of weapons More non-genital injuries. More severe anal injures FORENSIC EXAM FORENSIC EXAM Detailed history Lift up scrotal sac and exam the area thoroughly. Use quotes Due to men having denser pubic hair patterns, Head to toe assessment with written and photo closely inspect for injury. documentation of injuries. Rectal exam--usually more injury Use clock to document injuries. Knee chest very embarrassingembarrassing,, similar to assault. If uncircumcised, must retract the foreskin to Need sphincter relaxed, 2-3 minutes. inspect for injury. Obtain swabs from shaft, corona, and glans. 3 FORENSIC EXAM LEGAL SYSTEM Look for rectal injury, photo documentation, Laws are the same for both sexes. and forensic swabs. Reality is that juries don’t convict the same. Consider T-blue. If unable to locate source of rectal bleeding, an anoscopy needs to be used either by yourself or the ED physician. Offer STD medication, greater chance of transmission through rectal mucosa. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Rape of males is a wide-spread problem across We continue to see rape as a women’s issue the country. only. It has escaped the attention of society because Need to see emphasis placed on adolescent and of deep taboos springing from the popular adult male rape issues. misconception that to be raped is to forfeit Examine your own attitudesattitudes regarding male one’s masculinity. victims of sexual assault. Remember that women have pushed most of Work through your issues. the rape movements across this country. Be supportive and caring. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Don’t change because your victim is a male. Work with local agencies regarding male victims. Be prepared for male victims, so that the first Offer male victim sexual assault training to time you have a male victim you don’t feel agencies that interact with sexual assault victims. unprepared. Just as with female victims, we want reporting Remember: Don’t re-victimize! numbers of male victims to rise. Not more Ensure patient’s follow through with support rapes, but more reporting. systems. If possible, see them in follow up. Find out about resources that are sensitive to male victims. 4 CONCLUSION We want to foster an environment that encourages male victims feel like they will get help and not be re-victimized again. We have been able to do it for female victims. CASE STUDIES We can do it for male victims as well Case Study Case Study Age: 15 year old male Age: 36 year old male History of Assault: Ran away from foster home History of assault: Held captive for a week at his and took the ferry to Bremerton. Picked up by a home by is significant otother.her. Held physically with restraints. Multiple assaults over the week. stranger and assaulted multiple times. Injuries: Multiple bruises from beating with first Injuries: Redness, soreness, and positive T-blue and a belt. Redness, soreness, and positive T- dye around rectum. blue dye around rectum. Case Study Case Study Age: 17 year old male Age: 18 year old male History of assault: Assaulted in the back seat of his best History of assault: A man called the victim and wanted to friend’s car. Assailant was best friend’s mother. Victim meet him at a local restaurant. Victim thought he stated that he had been drinking during the night of the might be from the Crisis clinic, since he had just called them. He was picked up outside the restaurant and assault. He was brought into the ED for a mental assault. He was brought into the ED for a mental driven to a wooded area. The man began touching the health evaluation after becoming violent at home. victim and attempted to anally assaulted the victim. Injuries: Denied any pain or discomfort. No injuries Injuries: Had bruising on forearms from assailant trying noted except for a bruise on his hand from hitting the to put handcuffs on the victim. Complained of wall at home soreness to the head of his penis due to the assailant sucking on his penis. 5 Case Study Age: 20 year male Questions History of assault: Victim had been partying at a friend’s home. Woke up during the night to Thoughts find an acquaintance on top of him rectally assaulting him. Concerns Injuries: Complained of discomfort to his rectum, but no injury noted. 6.
Recommended publications
  • Rape Stories in Pakistan the Flaws in the Tv
    RAPE STORIES IN PAKISTAN THE FLAWS IN THE TV COVERAGE: REASONS AND SOLUTIONS Sahar Majid Barbara Cochran, Project Chair ANALYSIS According to a research by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), a woman is raped every two hours in Pakistan, and an incident of gang rape occurs every four to eight days. It’s an ongoing issue that needs better media coverage. This article aims to highlight the flaws in the TV coverage of rape cases by the Pakistani national news channels and the possible solutions to improve the reporting on rape. The research is based on one-on-one in-depth qualitative interviews with 18 journalists and journalism trainers in Pakistan and the U.S. The interviews were conducted on phone and via email and besides this analysis, which is based on my interviewees’ opinions; I have also designed a free online course in collaboration with the Poynter’s News University that will be available next year. The course basically targets Pakistani TV journalists but can be useful for journalists across the Indian subcontinent. The reason for choosing TV media for this project is that the literacy rate in Pakistan is 58 percent, according to the 2014-15 Pakistan Economic Survey.1 The national language of the country is Urdu. Because of the high illiteracy rate in 1 http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf Pakistan, only 11 percent of the population can read English newspapers.2 While Urdu language newspapers cater to a wide range of audience, growing number of Urdu language news channels have been playing a great role in informing the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Violence(S) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE
    Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE Series Editors Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, Monash University, Australia. Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grap- ple with the implications of such change. Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly identified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-genera- tional conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gendered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imagined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a disci- pline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its contentious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthening the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquaintance Rape Is a Sexual Assault Crime Committed by Someone Who Knows the Victim
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ~ ___________________________________ -L~~D WHEN THE RAPIST IS SOMEONE YOU KNOW 146610 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Natlonallnstilute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner. • Published by the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault Updated 1993 "I " , illinoiS Coalillon Agaiml Sexual Assault (J123 South Seventh Streel, Swto 500 Sprlngfiald. IL 62701-1302 (217) 753-41~7 TERMS Victim - The words "victim" and "survivor" are both commonly used to describe a person who is raped. In this booklet, the word "victim" is used, as it is more often associated with a person who • was recently assaulted. Attacker - In this booklet, the person who raped the victim is referred to as the "attacker." "She" - In this booklet, the sexual assault victim is referred to as "she" because women are most commonly the victims of sexual assault. Men are also sexual assault victims, and this booklet is for both male and female victims. Sexual Assault and Rape - The terms "sexual assault" and "rape" are used interchangeably in this booklet. Photos by Ginny Lee ILLINOIS CRlMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION AUTHORITY Funding for the printing of this booklet was provided through the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 by the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Neutrality in Rape a Transnational Perspectives
    East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature Abbreviated Key Title: East African Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit ISSN: 2617-443X (Print) & ISSN: 2617-7250 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-4 | Issue-1 | January- 2021 | DOI: 10.36349/easjehl.2021.v04i01.004 Review Article Decoding Rape Laws: Gender Neutrality in Rape a Transnational Perspectives Dr. Devakumar Jacob* Faculty, SLRCG -TISS and Ms. Radha Sharan, LLM-TISS, India Abstract: Rape and sexual crime are a significant problem that affects many countries. It Article History disturbs all classes of people and every member of the community. The legal system around Received: 11.01.2021 the world judges the act of rape through different judicial system. For decades now, rape has Accepted: 22.01.2021 been treated as violence against women alone. Rape or sexual assault against men or any Published: 30.01.2021 LGBTQ+ person is one of the most under-reported crime as it goes against everything that a Journal homepage: man is supposed to represent. India fails to address the men and LGBTQ+ rape victims https://www.easpublisher.com under the rape laws. The new definition of Rape now includes non-penile-virginal acts of penetration, but still, it states that only a female can be the sole victim of Rape. Are males Quick Response Code only capable of raping and cannot be raped? Section 375 clearly states that only a male can be a perpetrator of Rape, and only a female can be a victim. Making Rape, a gender-neutral crime has been a demand of Indian society for a decade now, but the Case of Navtej Singh Johar has given it a new life and fire.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Sexual Assault
    TYPES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT What is Rape? Rape is non-consensual sexual contact. The law makes many distinctions among the types of sexual contact and the level of force used to obligate a victim to have sexual contact. There are many types of sexual abuse and assault. Acquaintance Rape (Links to place on the page below) Marital or Spousal Rape Stranger Rape Multiple Assailant / “Gang” Rape Drug-Facilitate Rape Child Sexual Abuse and Assault Incest Often, survivors of any type of sexual assault experience similar reactions to the trauma. This collection of reactions is called Rape Trauma Syndrome. Acquaintance Rape Acquaintance rape is a sexual assault crime committed by someone who knows the victim. Here are some facts about acquaintance rape: · It can happen any time and any place · The rapist may be a date, neighbor, boss, colleague, delivery person, repair worker, spouse or anyone else you know. Rapists are not usually strangers. Studies show: Over 80% of rape survivors were assaulted by someone they knew. 47% were raped by dates. · One in four college women were victims of rape or attempted rape while they were students. Eight-four percent of them knew the rapist. Fifty-seven percent of the rapes happened during a date. (Dr. Mary Koss, researcher at Kent State University) · Acquaintance rape is rarely reported to police. Less than 2% of acquaintance rape victims reported the assault; 21% of women raped by strangers report the crime to police. · Twelve percent of college men reported that they had physically restrained a woman to gain sexual advantage. REMEMBER: Date rape can occur despite all precautions.
    [Show full text]
  • Terry Crews and the Erasure of Black Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Rape
    Women's Studies in Communication ISSN: 0749-1409 (Print) 2152-999X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uwsc20 Expendables for Whom: Terry Crews and the Erasure of Black Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Rape Tommy J. Curry To cite this article: Tommy J. Curry (2019) Expendables for Whom: Terry Crews and the Erasure of Black Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Rape, Women's Studies in Communication, 42:3, 287-307, DOI: 10.1080/07491409.2019.1641874 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2019.1641874 Published online: 30 Jul 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 192 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uwsc20 WOMEN’S STUDIES IN COMMUNICATION 2019, VOL. 42, NO. 3, 287–307 https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2019.1641874 ARTICLE Expendables for Whom: Terry Crews and the Erasure of Black Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Rape Tommy J. Curry School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The sexual assault of Terry Crews by Adam Venit raises all sorts of Black male studies; Black questions about the nature of sexual violence and our reluctance to male victims of rape and see Black men as victims of sexual assault in the United States. sexual violence; Black male vulnerability; Terry Despite a history of Black men and boys being raped by White men Crews; racism and women, there is no effort to connect the centuries-long record of sexual violence against Black males to the sexual victimization of Black men and boys currently.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Victim Is a Woman
    Chapter Four 113 When the Victim is a Woman he demographics of armed violence are and suffering, especially given that violence T often described in general terms. Men— against women seldom occurs as an isolated especially young men—are determined incident. It is often the culmination of escalating to be most likely to kill and be killed. Women, it aggressions that in some cases lead to fatal out- is often said, are affected in different ways: as comes. Moreover, when a woman is killed, there victims, survivors, and often as single heads of are also frequently indirect casualties; perpetra- households. Yet on closer inspection these crude tors sometimes commit suicide while also taking WHEN THE VICTIM IS A WOMAN generalizations are found wanting. This chapter the lives of others, including children, witnesses, unpacks global patterns of armed violence directed and bystanders. Many women who endure abusive against women. It focuses on ‘femicide’—the and violent relationships also commit suicide in killing of a woman—as well as sexual violence order to end their misery. The sharp increase in committed against women during and following reported suicide and self-immolation among Afghan 1 armed conflict. women is attributed to severe forms of psycho- logical, physical, and sexual violence, including 2 Men generally represent a disproportionately forced marriage (MOWA, 2008, pp. 12–13). high percentage of the victims of homicide, while 3 women constitute approximately 10 per cent of The violent killing of any individual is a tragedy 4 homicide victims in Mexico, 23 per cent in the with traumatic knock-on effects; it generates far- United States, and 29 per cent in Australia (INEGI, reaching repercussions that reflect the victim’s 5 2009; FBI, 2010; ABS, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Women in an Insecure World Has, Long-Term Consequences
    Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Executive Summary Geneva, September 2005 Copyright © 2005 by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) works with governments and civil society to foster and strengthen the democratic and civilian control of security sector organisations such as police, intelligence agencies, border security services, paramilitary forces, and armed forces. The Centre conducts research to identify the central challenges in democratic governance of the security sector, and to collect those practices best suited to meet these challenges. DCAF provides advisory programmes and practical work assistance to all interested parties, most commonly to parliaments, military authorities, and international organisations. Visit us at www.dcaf.ch Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF): rue de Chantepoulet 11, PO Box 1360, CH-1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland Tel: ++41 22 741 77 00; fax: ++41 22 741 77 05; e-mail: [email protected]; website: www.dcaf.ch Table of Contents Slaughtering Eve..................................................................1 The roots of violence against women .........................................4 Violence against women is a violation of human rights ....................5 The scope of violence against women in daily life..........................6 Violence against women in armed conflict and in post-conflict situations
    [Show full text]
  • Acquaintance Rape of College Students
    Problem-Specific Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police No. 17 Acquaintance Rape of College Students Rana Sampson Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series No. 17 Acquaintance Rape of College Students Rana Sampson This project was supported by cooperative agreement #99-CK-WX-K004 by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the author(s) or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of original date of publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. © 2011 Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, Inc. The U.S. Department of Justice reserves a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and authorize others to use, this publication for Federal Government purposes. This publication may be freely distributed and used for noncommercial and educational purposes. www.cops.usdoj.gov ISBN: 978-1-932582-00-0 First published 2003 Revised 2013 Contents Contents About the Problem-Specific Guide Series ....................................... 1 Acknowledgments ........................................................... 5 The Problem of Acquaintance Rape of College Students .......................... 7 Related Problems ........................................................ 7 Scope of the Problem ..................................................... 8 Victim Underreporting ..................................................... 9 Types of Acquaintance Rape ............................................... 11 Temporal Patterns ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Greek and Non-Greek College Student Perpetrator Rape Myths
    behavioral sciences Article “Good Guys Don’t Rape”: Greek and Non-Greek College Student Perpetrator Rape Myths Taylor Martinez 1, Jacquelyn D. Wiersma-Mosley 1,*, Kristen N. Jozkowski 2,3 and Jennifer Becnel 1 1 School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 The Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; [email protected] 3 The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 March 2018; Accepted: 22 June 2018; Published: 27 June 2018 Abstract: The current study examined sexual assault perpetrator rape myths among college students, and in particular Greek students. Fraternity men are overrepresented among sexual assault perpetrators, while sorority women are at increased risk for victimization of sexual assault. The current study examined Greek-affiliated and non-Greek-affiliated perceptions of perpetrator rape myths among 892 college students; 58% of the sample was Greek-affiliated. Men and Greek-affiliated students reported higher agreement on stereotypes than women and non-Greek-affiliated students regarding perpetrator rape myths. Specifically, fraternity men reported higher stereotypical perceptions compared to all women and non-affiliated men, while there was no difference between sorority and non-affiliated women. Keywords: perpetrator rape myths; fraternity men; sorority women; college campus 1. Introduction Research on campus sexual violence has increasingly emphasized the role of rape myths regarding victims and women, but there is considerably less research focused on rape myths regarding perpetrators and men.
    [Show full text]
  • Task Force Report on Care for Victims of Sexual Assault
    Task Force Report on Care for Victims of Sexual Assault April 2004 Task Force Composition and Acknowledgments Task Force Members Ms. Ellen P. Embrey, Director Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth A. Arnold Ms. Cynthia Bingham Lieutenant Colonel James Cockerill Lieutenant Colonel Susan G. Dunlow Dr. Terri J. Rau Ms. Jenice Staniford Major Jayme M. Sutton Task Force Administrative Staff Colonel Ray Cunningham Ms. Barbara Goodno Ms. Tracy Sutton Ms. Elizabeth Welton Ms. Jennifer Barchok Ms. Sarah Fanning Task Force Support The Task Force would like to thank the following organizations for their support and advice: Combatant Commanders Joint Staff Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force Department of Defense, General Counsel Department of Defense, Inspector General The Department of Justice The Department of Veterans Affairs Office of the Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs Office of the Secretary of Defense, Legislative Affairs Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness Deployment Health Support Directorate Florida State University, School of Social Work, The Honorable Kathleen A. Kearney Center for Military Readiness, Ms. Elaine Donnelly The American Prosecutors’ Research Institute The Miles Foundation Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network ii DoD Care for Victims of Sexual Assault Task Force Report Table of Contents Task Force Composition and Acknowledgments............................................... ii Preface .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Gendering and Racialization of Power in Genocide
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Establishing Difference: The Gendering And Racialization Of Power In Genocide Erin E. Welsh University of Central Florida Part of the International Relations Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Welsh, Erin E., "Establishing Difference: The Gendering And Racialization Of Power In Genocide" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2171. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2171 ESTABLISHING DIFFERENCE: THE GENDERING AND RACIALIZATION OF POWER IN GENOCIDE by ERIN E. WELSH B.A. Randolph-Macon College, 1999 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2012 © 2012 Erin E. Welsh ii ABSTRACT This thesis is designed to delve deeper into perceptions of identity, specifically gender and racial identity, the power relationship that emerges as each of these switches is reached in the progression towards genocide, and the effects of these perceptions during and after the genocide takes place. The primary question addressed is whether the power relationship that emerges as a result of these pre-genocidal stages becomes gendered and racialized due to perceptions rooted in a male-dominated hierarchy and a belief in the superiority of one ethnicity over another.
    [Show full text]