Prepared For: Prepared By

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APPENDIX A TERA 2011-2012 Traditional Knowledge Report for the Proposed Nova Gas Transmission Ltd. Groundbirch Mainline (Aitken Creek Section) Project PDF Page 2 of 113

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED NOVA GAS TRANSMISSION LTD. NORTH MONTNEY MAINLINE (AITKEN CREEK SECTION)

FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF:

HALFWAY RIVER FIRST NATION SAULTEAU FIRST NATIONS WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS BLUEBERRY RIVER FIRST NATIONS DOIG RIVER FIRST NATION MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND KELLY LAKE CREE NATION NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

July 2013 8860

THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF THE LOCATION AND NATURE OF USE OF ALL SITES HAS BEEN PRESERVED THROUGHOUT THIS REPORT

Prepared for: Prepared by:

NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of TERA Environmental Consultants TransCanada PipeLines Limited Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2 Calgary, Alberta Ph: 403-265-2885

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Details ...... 1 1.2 Purpose ...... 3 1.3 Approach ...... 3 2.0 TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE ...... 4 2.1 Objectives ...... 4 2.2 Methods ...... 4 2.2.1 Field Reconnaissance ...... 5 2.2.2 Reporting ...... 6 2.3 Results ...... 6 2.3.1 Aquatics ...... 6 2.3.2 Vegetation ...... 6 2.3.3 Wetlands ...... 8 2.3.4 Wildlife ...... 8 2.3.5 Archaeology ...... 11 3.0 TRADITIONAL LAND USE ...... 13 3.1 Objectives ...... 13 3.2 Methods ...... 13 3.2.1 Map Reviews/Interviews ...... 14 3.2.2 Field Reconnaissance ...... 14 3.2.3 Reporting ...... 14 3.3 Traditional Land Use Site Types and Mitigation ...... 14 3.4 Results ...... 16 3.4.1 McLeod Lake Indian Band ...... 16 3.4.2 North East Métis Association ...... 26 4.0 REFERENCES ...... 36 4.1 Literature Cited ...... 36

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Regional Location ...... 2 Figure 2 McLeod Lake Indian Band Traditional Land Use Areas Identified During Map Review and Helicopter Overflight and Ground Reconnaissance for the Project (September/October 2011) ...... 18 Figure 3 North East Métis Association Traditional Land Use Areas Identified During Map Review, Helicopter Overflight and Ground Reconnaissance for the Project (October 2011) ...... 27

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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Biophysical Field Study Participation ...... 4 Table 2.2 Game Trails and Mineral Licks Identified During Biophysical Studies ...... 9 Table 2.3 Cultural Resources Identified During Biophysical Field Studies ...... 12 Table 3.1 Timetable of Traditional Land Use Studies for Each Participating Community ...... 13 Table 3.2 Trails and Travelways Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 19 Table 3.3 Habitation Sites Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band...... 20 Table 3.4 Plant Harvesting Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 22 Table 3.5 Hunting Areas Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 22 Table 3.6 Fishing Areas Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 24 Table 3.7 Trapping Areas Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 24 Table 3.8 Gathering Places Identified by Mcleod Lake Indian Band ...... 25 Table 3.9 Trails and Travelways Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 28 Table 3.10 Habitation Sites Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 29 Table 3.11 Plant Harvesting Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 31 Table 3.12 Hunting Areas Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 31 Table 3.13 Fishing Areas Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 33 Table 3.14 Trapping Areas Identified by North East Métis Association ...... 34 Table 3.15 Sacred Areas Identified by North East Métis Association...... 35

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Game trail identified at NE 33-81-22 W6M...... 10 Plate 2 Mineral lick observed located at NE 29-82-21 W6M...... 10 Plate 3 Root cellar by cabin at 6-82-21 W6M...... 20 Plate 4 Outfitters cabin identified during TLU study...... 21 Plate 5 Wildlife track leading to a river...... 23 Plate 6 Meat drying rack in the Del Rio area...... 30 Plate 7 Elk trail leading to tributary of Moberly River...... 32

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Details NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL), a wholly owned subsidiary of TransCanada PipeLines Limited (TransCanada), is applying to the National Energy Board (NEB) under Section 52 of the NEB Act for authorization to construct and operate new pipeline facilities (the Project) in the North Montney area of British Columbia (BC). These facilities will be known as the North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek and Kahta Sections). The preliminary scope of the Project includes approximately 305 km of up to 1,219 mm (NPS 48) outside diameter (O.D.) pipe and related facilities to provide adequate capacity to transport natural gas supply in the northeast BC area. The results of this report are limited to the Aitken Creek Section.

To support the NEB Section 52 Application, TERA Environmental Consultants (TERA) was commissioned by NGTL to facilitate the collection of Traditional Knowledge with potentially affected Aboriginal communities that focused on experiential knowledge and current use of land for traditional activities along the proposed pipeline routes. This report describes the results of Traditional Knowledge collected for the Project during 2011 and early 2012.

Traditional Knowledge was collected on various pipeline route options in 2011 and early 2012. Figure 1 shows the current 2013 Aitken Creek Route and all pipeline route options that have been considered, including pipeline routes that were surveyed in 2011 and early 2012.

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! ! TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE REPORT FOR THE ! Indian Reserve ! !. Kilometre Post (KP) Railway ! SCALE: 1: 500,000 ! ! PROPOSED NOVA GAS TRANSMISSION LTD.

! ! km ! NORTH MONTNEY MAINLINE Route Alternative !! Park/Protected Area 0 5 10 15 ! 2013 Aitken Creek Route Transmission Line ! (AITKEN CREEK SECTION) ! (Cypress Route) (All Locations Approximate) !! !

!! ! UTM Zone 10N July 2013 8860 !! Meter Station, Proposed Routing: Midwest Surveys Inc. 2011, 2012, 2013; Populated Area: Natural Resources Canada 2009; Road: IHS Inc. 2013; ! Railway: Natural Resources Canada 2012; Transmission Line: BC Hydro 2011; Hydrology: IHS Inc. 2004; Indian Reserve: Government of Canada 2013; !! ! Park/Protected Area: BC Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations 2008; Hillshade: TERA Environmental Consultants 2008. Mapped By: DR !! Checked By: JJ ! Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. t8860_TLU_Figure1_Regional_Location_Rev1.mxd

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! ! PDF Page 7 of 113 NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. Traditional Knowledge Summary Report North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section) July 2013/8860

Purpose The purpose of this report is to incorporate Aboriginal views and the experiential knowledge of the land that has accumulated over generations and passed down from the Elders into the consideration of potential Project-related environmental effects and to describe the baseline characteristics of traditional land and resource use assessed for the development of the Project as presented in the Environmental Socio-economic Assessment (ESA).

This report contains the results of biophysical field study participation and traditional land use (TLU) studies conducted by potentially affected Aboriginal communities for the Project in 2011 and early 2012. Approval to treat Project-specific TLU and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) within this report as public knowledge was received by the participating Aboriginal communities listed herein.

1.2 Approach When planning development projects, NGTL engages with Aboriginal communities and organizations that may be affected by a proposed development or that may have an interest in the development based on the proximity of their community and their assertion of traditional and cultural use of the land along the proposed pipeline routes to maintain a traditional lifestyle. The Project is located within the asserted traditional territories and areas of interest of the following Aboriginal communities and organizations:

• Halfway River First Nation;

• Saulteau First Nations;

• West Moberly First Nations;

• Blueberry River First Nations;

• Doig River First Nation;

• McLeod Lake Indian Band;

• Kelly Lake Cree Nation;

• North East Métis Association;

• Fort Nelson First Nation;

• Prophet River First Nation; and

• Métis Nation British Columbia.

The participating Aboriginal communities are listed in Table 2.1 based on the distance of the community’s reserve or office location in relation to the Project.

The collection of Traditional Knowledge was conducted through the participation of potentially affected Aboriginal communities in the biophysical field studies for the Project to document knowledge about the land (i.e., TEK) and through TLU studies to document knowledge about the use of the land.

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2.0 TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE The following subsections provide the objectives, methods and results of Aboriginal participation during the biophysical field studies for the Project.

2.1 Objectives The objectives of Aboriginal participation during the biophysical field surveys are to:

• document the TEK of Aboriginal communities;

• augment the design and execution of the field surveys;

• inform existing (baseline) environmental conditions;

• identify potential effects of the Project on environmental resources;

• integrate TEK into the consideration and mitigation of environmental effects; and

• contribute to final Project design.

2.2 Methods This report includes engagement for the Project initiated in 2011 and continued throughout 2012. Further engagement conducted in 2013 will be documented in a supplemental report. The methods used to determine how participants were to be involved in Project field surveys were the same for all Aboriginal communities. Each field survey was discussed with the individual community, usually with staff from the community lands department. This discussion included details regarding the type, timing and locations of work to be conducted and, based on this information, each community chose which of their members would participate in each field survey.

NGTL invited all potentially affected Aboriginal communities to contribute TEK during the biophysical field studies for the Project. In 2011 and 2012, TEK was gathered and recorded with community members of Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association, and Kelly Lake Cree Nation during the biophysical field studies for the Project (Table 2.1).

TABLE 2.1

BIOPHYSICAL FIELD STUDY PARTICIPATION

Biophysical Study Date Communities Archaeology October 12 to 26, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association Aquatics July 9 to 12, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, McLeod Lake Indian September 18 to October 8, 2011 Band, North East Métis Association February 26 to March 12, 2012 Halfway River First Nation Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association, Kelly Lake Cree Nation Vegetation August 9 to 20, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association Wetlands August 2 to 9, 2011 Blueberry River First Nations, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Metis Association. October 8 to 10, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association

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TABLE 2.1 Cont’d

Biophysical Study Date Communities Wildlife July 9 to 15, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association September 8 to 9, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association September 16 to 29, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association October 12 to 26, 2011 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association March 10 to 12, 2012 Halfway River First Nation, Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, North East Métis Association, Kelly Lake Cree Nation

TERA understands that Doig River First Nation field participants were directed by their community not to share TEK with TERA for the purpose of the Project; however, all field participants contributed to the discussion of potential Project-related effects on resources and participated in the discussion of potential mitigation measures to reduce potential Project-related effects. In 2011 and 2012, West Moberly First Nations and Saulteau First Nations continued to work with NGTL to determine their interest in field survey participation for the Project.

2.2.1 Field Reconnaissance In 2011 and 2012, TEK was gathered and recorded during the biophysical field surveys (Table 2.1). The dates provided in Table 2.1 may not correspond to the dates noted in the related biophysical technical reports since additional time was spent in the field with the Aboriginal participants for mobilization and demobilization to the field, pre-field work meetings and wrap-up meetings. The field crew consisted of biophysical specialists, Aboriginal participants and a TERA facilitator. Translators were available in the field upon the request of a community. TERA facilitators accompanied participants during the field surveys to document potential effects of the Project on environmental resources, to explain potential construction techniques, to describe Project specifications, to document TEK and to ensure that proprietary information was kept in confidence.

During the biophysical field studies, traditional methods of resource procurement were discussed, as well as modern methods currently employed. Seasonality of resource harvesting was also important information shared by the Aboriginal participants. Geographical locations were identified, as were areas that are not used and the reasons why. Potential mitigation measures to reduce any Project related impacts on a resource were also discussed during the biophysical field studies.

Open discussions occurred regularly between participants and biophysical team leads regarding the resources present and available to Aboriginal communities. These discussions were important in helping to build relationships among the field crews. Aboriginal participants spoke about aspects of the environment that were important to them and the importance of the resource from a western science perspective was also discussed. Study methods for each environmental field program are described in the following reports.

• Aquatic Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section), May 2013 (TERA 2013a).

• Vegetation Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section), March 2013 (TERA 2013b).

• Wetland Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section), March 2013 (TERA 2013c).

• Wildlife Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section), May 2013 (TERA 2013d).

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2.2.2 Reporting Review of collected TEK and discussions of potential Project-related effects and mitigation strategies described in the ESA for the Project were conducted directly with the participating community representatives during the biophysical field studies. This information was used to create this public summary report to be filed with the NEB.

Confidential and proprietary information was also reviewed during follow-up meetings with participating communities to confirm accuracy and to seek approval for the inclusion and consideration of any confidential and proprietary information in Project planning, where warranted. TERA held results review meetings with, Halfway River First Nation on May 2, 2013, Doig River First Nation on May 6, 2013, McLeod Lake Indian Band on July 4, 2013, North East Métis Association on May 30, 2013. Blueberry River First Nations and Kelly Lake Cree Nation were sent the results for their review on May 27, 2013 and on July 23, 2013 respectively.

2.3 Results TEK compiled during the aquatics, archaeology, vegetation, wetlands and wildlife studies for the Project are discussed in the following subsections. Potential effects to environmental resources associated with the Project were identified by the participating Aboriginal communities and the field study team. Any KP references in this document are to the 2013 Aitken Creek Route.

2.3.1 Aquatics Participants reported that fish are present in Moberly and Stewart lakes; the Halfway, Blueberry, Pine, Moberly and Peace rivers; and Farrell Creek. Participants reported that there are dolly varden, whitefish, pickerel, jackfish, grayling and rainbow trout in Halfway, Blueberry, Pine, Moberly and Peace rivers, and whitefish in Stewart Lake. Farrell Creek was reported to be a clean, fresh water source and has abundant grayling, dolly varden, rainbow trout and whitefish.

Participants reported that Townsend, Groundbirch and Farrell creeks are not used for navigation due to the bends in the creek, presence of deadfall and beaver activity and areas of shallow water. Navigability of other watercourses was not discussed during these studies.

Participants want to ensure that the proposed crossings do not affect fish habitat. Trenchless and open- cut crossing methods were reviewed in the field with participants. Concerns regarding construction debris entering watercourses in the region were also raised. Access management, clearing and clean-up measures were reviewed. Concerns related to aquatic resources were addressed by the proposed NGTL mitigation measures discussed. Participants have not recommended any additional mitigation strategies related to aquatic resources to be implemented for the Project.

2.3.2 Vegetation The knowledge of locations and uses of medicinal plants held by the participants is proprietary to the community. Many plants of traditional economic value for food and cultural well-being including a variety of medicinal and berry species, as well as lichen, roots, sap and bark of specific trees (e.g., birch) were identified during the field survey. Participants also identified a number of aquatic plants used for medicinal and traditional practices and noted the importance of aquatic plants for amphibian habitat and as a food source for moose and other large game.

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Traditionally harvested plants identified by participants during the field survey include:

• high-bush and low-bush cranberry;

• high-bush and low-bush blueberries;

• saskatoon berries, strawberries, huckleberries and cloudberries;

• mushrooms;

• cow parsnip;

• sage;

• Devil’s club;

• Frog’s blanket/bed;

• wild mint;

• wild rose hips;

• diamond willow fungus;

• lichen and peat moss;

• spruce gum;

• wild rhubarb; and

• common Labrador tea.

Medicinal plant remedies for colds, flu, pneumonia, sore throat, diabetes, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, arthritis, ulcers, painkillers, cancer, energy boosters, heart problems, asthma, toothaches, blisters, bladder problems, bee sting relief, healing aids, salves and skin and ear infections were identified. In addition participants identified several plants with uses such as hide tanning, dying, smoking meat, snowshoes, bug repellants, deodorant, diapers, game attractants, mulch, baskets, home building, waterproofing and crafting instruments and cleanses.

Participants noted that within the entire ecosystem, vegetation supports healthy wildlife. Stands of black spruce, birch, tamarack, jack pine, aspen and poplar in the region were reported to support moose and other ungulates. For example, moose are known to feed on young willow before calving. All berries, cow parsnip and caribou lichen were indicated as an important food source for squirrels, grouse, grizzly and black bears.

Participants were concerned that Project construction would increase the spread of invasive plants and requested that baseline studies be conducted to mitigate the potential spread. Participants have also requested that herbicides and pesticides not be sprayed before, during and after construction. Vegetation management techniques including reclamation and seeding measure were reviewed in the field with participants and at results review meetings with communities. Concerns related to vegetation management were addressed by the proposed NGTL mitigation measures discussed. Participants requested that an old poplar tree identified at NE 15-81-21 W6M be avoided. The poplar tree is located on centerline, in the vicinity of the Pine River crossing. If trenchless crossings methods are successful at this location, the tree can be avoided. In case of contingency, NGTL will work with the community to determine if alternate mitigation, such as ceremony, could be completed if the tree requires removal. Old growth forest was also identified at NW 4-82-22 W6M, however, no additional site-specific mitigation measures were requested at this location.

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2.3.3 Wetlands Participants reported that wetlands provide important habitat for moose, a source of food and medicinal plants and provide clean water. It was explained by participants that moose typically use wet areas for calving and as a cover to protect their young as well as to cool off on hot days. Participants reported that peppermint tea leaves and rat root are typically harvested from wetlands and that these plants are used medicinally.

Participants expressed concern about wetlands located at NE 16-83-21 W6M and D-068-I/094-B-01 and requested that these be avoided, if possible. Avoidance, where possible, was also requested at a wetland identified at D-062-J/094-B-08. NGTL is in the process of reviewing the route in relation to the wetlands to confirm whether the wetlands can be avoided. Specific concerns regarding these wetland locations relate to the protection of specific wetland areas (e.g., moose habitat), the potential for construction to impact important wetland habitat and the concerns regarding spills during construction activity that could potentially impact wetland vegetation. The gas properties of the substance to be transported within the pipeline and spill prevention and response measures were reviewed with participants. Wetland construction methods including matting, winter construction and reclamation techniques were also reviewed with participants. Winter construction is preferred by participants since moose typically move into the highlands in the winter months. Concerns related to these wetland locations and wetland resources in general were addressed by the proposed NGTL mitigation measures discussed in the field. Participants have not recommended any additional mitigation strategies related to wetland resources to be implemented for the Project with the exception that care is taken during construction near wetlands.

2.3.4 Wildlife Participants reported that the lands along the proposed pipeline routes provide ideal habitat for moose and elk and also habitat for white-tail and mule deer, wolf, coyote, black bear, grizzly bear, cougar, lynx, porcupine, bison, beaver, squirrel, buffalo, caribou, rabbit, raven, woodpecker, hawks, grouse, grey owl and swan. Participants reported that they hunt moose, elk and deer and trap marten, wolverine, fisher, wolf, rabbit and lynx on lands along and surrounding the proposed pipeline routes. Participants indicated that big horn sheep live in the wildlife study area and that this area supports a migratory route for caribou through NE 17-82-23 W6M; however no evidence of sheep or caribou were observed during the wildlife studies conducted in 2011 and 2012. The location of the caribou migration route will be recorded in the EPP and appropriate mitigation will be implemented to reduce the barriers to wildlife movement. Participants requested that the caribou migration route be avoided.

Participants shared that their traditional hunting practices use animals in their entirety, including the bones, intestine, and snout. A variety of animal products with traditional purposes were identified by participants, including medicines for colds and congestion, decorative uses, materials for scraping and tanning hides and products for hair rejuvenation. Participants shared that wild meat can be preserved by smoking or canning.

Many game trails and mineral licks were identified throughout the wildlife study area (Table 2.2). Plate 1 shows an active game trail located at NE 33-81-22 W6M. Participants reported that wildlife will use low areas, gullies and the existing right-of-way while foraging and travelling between food and water sources. Concerns were raised regarding the high volume of wildlife traffic on these game trails and the impact that construction might have on movement patterns. Participants have requested that active game trails remain open during construction and that major games trails be avoided, where possible. In particular, participants were concerned about game trails near the NE 15-81-21 W6M since this area is relatively undisturbed and participants request that game movement remain undisturbed in this area. Measures to mitigate impacts of construction on wildlife trails including gaps left in the pipe and spoil during construction to allow for wildlife travel as well as timing restrictions and winter construction were reviewed in the field.

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TABLE 2.2

GAME TRAILS AND MINERAL LICKS IDENTIFIED DURING BIOPHYSICAL STUDIES

Description Legal Location Game trail NE 29-82-21 W6M Game trail SW 31-81-21 W6M Game trail A-085-A/094-B-16 Game trail C-081-I/094-B-01 Game trail D-046-A/094-B-01 Game trail A-004-A/094-B-01 Game trail B-003-A/094-B-01 Game trail NE 17-82-23 W6M Game trail NW 32-82-21 W6M Game trail SW 28-80-20 W6M Game trail A-068-I/094-B-01 Game trail SE 27-83-25 W6M Game trail D-014-E/094-A-13 Game trail C-089-D/094-A-13 Game trail C-085-D/094-A-13 Game trail B-057-I/094-B-01 Game trail B-047-I/094-B-01 Game trail C-026-A/094-B-01 Mineral lick A-041-B/094-B-16 Mineral lick SW 15-81-21 W6M Mineral lick A-085-A/094-B-16 Mineral lick C-100-I/094-B-08 Mineral lick NE 16-81-21 W6M Mineral lick A-050-A/094-B-09

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Plate 1 Game trail identified at NE 33-81-22 W6M.

Plate 2 Mineral lick observed located at NE 29-82-21 W6M.

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Participants identified six mineral licks, reporting that mineral licks provide game with valuable sources of water and minerals. Participants requested that the natural springs identified at D-081-B/094-B-16 be protected to reduce impact during construction since pooling water has created a drinking water source for wildlife. This natural mineral lick is located off the right-of-way and will not be impacted by construction. An active mineral lick was identified at A-041-B/094-B; measuring 50 m by 100 m, with animal tracks leading to the mineral lick. Participants requested that this mineral lick and another at NE 16-81-21 W6M be avoided. Both mineral licks are off the right-of-way. NGTL will record the locations of the mineral licks in the Environmental Alignment Sheets and will ensure that access across the right-of-way in the vicinity of the mineral licks is maintained. A mineral lick was identified at NE 29-82-21 (Plate 2). Active game trails leading to and from both locations were recorded.

Participants identified active beaver dams at NE 17-82-23 W6M, at SE 4-83-21 W6M, at SW 27-83-24 W6M, at D 049-H/094-B-09, at NW 32-82-21 W6M, at NE 17-82-23 W6M, at A-014-B/094-B-16 and at D 049-H/094-B-09. Participants requested that a large active beaver dam located at NW 32-82-21 W6M be avoided during construction. NGTL is confirming whether the beaver dam will be impacted by construction activities and will avoid the beaver dam, if possible. For all other beaver dams identified, participants were satisfied with local trappers being employed to trap the beavers and removal of the beaver dams during construction.

A coyote or fox den was identified on the bank of Townsend Creek at NE-14-82-23 W6M. Participants have requested that the den be assessed for activity prior to clearing and construction activities, to determine if it is active. A squirrel midden was identified at NE 27-83-25 W6M. Participants requested the protection of the squirrel midden during construction. The Project route was realigned after the completion of these studies. As a result the squirrel midden will no longer be impacted. Participants expressed concerns about potential disturbance of bear dens however no bear dens were observed during the wildlife study. Participants also expressed concerns regarding declining wildlife populations especially moose, elk and deer and the potential for predation to increase in cleared areas created by Project construction. Blinds to reduce line-of-sight for predators were discussed in the field and participants accepted this as a mitigation measure.

A large nest was identified by participants at NW 15-81-21 W6M. Participants requested that the nest be revisited in the spring to determine if it is actively being used and if construction will have an impact. Participants also noted eagle and falcon nests along the banks of the Peace River, requesting that these nests are protected during construction. Participants described the interconnectedness of wildlife within the environment and noted that wildlife such as beaver, squirrel and bear were responding to changes in the season and the importance of each animal population in the food cycle, noting, as an example, that squirrels and beaver are a food source for bears. Participants drew connections between weather and seasonal patterns and their influences on the behavior of hibernating animals and game, explaining that moose will spend more time in water when bug populations are high and elk take advantage of windy conditions to dry and harden their antlers.

2.3.5 Archaeology Participants reported that the community of Halfway River was originally located between Halfway River First Nation’s current reserve and the city of Fort St. John, in an area called Chowdee, reporting that there are burial grounds within this area and at an area near Davies Lake at B-070-I/094-B-8.

A blaze or trail marker on a poplar tree was located at NW 33-84-25 W6M, and participants suggested that the marking could indicate a historic pack trail route. Trapper’s blazes were identified on trees at D- 059-H/094-B-08 where a large cross was also identified. Participants reported that trapper’s blazes in trees indicate trails. Trappers are often buried away from their cabins and participants believe that this is a burial site. This site is 15 m from centreline and narrowing of the right-of-way in this location is recommended. Participants identified a culturally modified birch tree NE 32-83-23 W6M and have requested that this birch tree is preserved. The route has been revised and the site will not be impacted. Continued avoidance is requested. Table 2.3 describes these cultural resources identified during the field surveys.

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TABLE 2.3

CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING BIOPHYSICAL FIELD STUDIES

Description Legal Location Site Description Twin Sisters Mountain -- Sacred site where ceremonies are held. Dancing circle C-076-E/094-A-13 Dancing circle used for tea ceremonies Cabin SW-29-83-23 W6M Old trappers cabin Pack trail NW 4-82-22 W6M Old pack trail from Halfway River Reserve through the Pine River Valley Flagged archaeological site NE 13-81-21 W6M Golder flagged off site Culturally modified tree NE 32-83-23 W6M Culturally modified tree Blaze marks and cross D-059-H/094-B-08 Blaze marked trees thought to be trapper’s blazes and a cross at the base of the trees.

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3.0 TRADITIONAL LAND USE The following section describes the objectives, methods and results of the TLU studies completed to date for the Project.

3.1 Objectives The aim of the TLU studies is to assess and mitigate effects of the Project on current use of Crown lands for traditional activities and on identified TLU sites. This is achieved by meeting the following objectives:

• determine the extent and general nature of each community's current use of lands for traditional activities relative to the Project;

• identify existing concerns and potential effects of the Project on traditional land and resource use for baseline scoping and selection of social or environmental indicators for the effects assessment;

• provide traditional knowledge information, where appropriate, for the assessment of potential Project-related effects on traditional land and resource use; and

• establish appropriate site-specific mitigation measures to address concerns raised relative to the Project regarding traditional land and resource use.

3.2 Methods Following Project initiation, interested communities were invited to participate in a TLU study for the Project (Table 3.1). NGTL provides funding to assist Aboriginal communities with community-directed TLU studies. Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, and Halfway River First Nation chose to conduct community-directed (i.e., third-party) TLU studies for the Project. At this time, only McLeod Lake Indian Band and North East Métis Association have completed TLU studies for the Project. Further information related to the status of each community’s TLU study is provided in Section 3.5 of this report.

TABLE 3.1

TIMETABLE OF TRADITIONAL LAND USE STUDIES FOR EACH PARTICIPATING COMMUNITY

Results Community Map Review Interviews Overflight(s) Site Visits Review Halfway River First Nation Conducting third-party TLU study To be determined (TBD) TBD Saulteau First Nations Conducting third-party TLU study TBD TBD West Moberly First Nations Conducting third-party TLU study TBD TBD Blueberry River First Nations Conducting third-party TLU study TBD TBD Doig River First Nation Conducting third-party TLU study. June 11, 2013 TBD McLeod Lake Indian Band September 26, 2011 N/A October 13, 2011 October 13 to 15, 2011 July 4, 2013 North East Métis Association October 7, 2011 N/A October 25, 2011 October 26 to 30, 2011 May 30, 2013 Kelly Lake Cree Nation Conducting third-party TLU study. TBD TBD

TERA-facilitated TLU studies were conducted in a phased approach consisting of map reviews, community interviews, field reconnaissance, and follow-up reporting. Translators are made available upon the request of a given community. Each of these phases of the TLU studies is described in further detail in the following subsections.

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3.2.1 Map Reviews/Interviews Maps were provided to orient community representatives to the location of the Project. At the discretion of the individual communities, an evaluation of the Project was conducted by field reconnaissance. The goal of the map review was to document information or concerns that the Aboriginal communities may have regarding the Project and identify potential Project effects on resources and on current use of land for traditional activities. In particular, the discussions clarified the areas to target during the field reconnaissance or areas that required additional mapping. The map review also provided an opportunity to schedule field work.

3.2.2 Field Reconnaissance Field TLU study teams were established with representatives selected by the participating Aboriginal community to conduct field reconnaissance of areas identified to be of interest, concern or importance during the community interviews. During the field reconnaissance, there was an open dialogue between community members and TERA TLU community liaisons. Field work is normally conducted with one community at a time, unless communities request to conduct a joint field reconnaissance.

Upon observing a TLU site, it was described in writing, its location recorded on a sketch map and by using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS), and digital photographs were taken, if culturally appropriate. The proximity of the TLU site to the Project Footprint was documented and the importance of each site discussed at its location in the field, taking into account its setting within the context of local knowledge, history, construction limitations, potential impacts and recommended mitigation strategies.

The goal of the field reconnaissance was to locate and record traditional use sites that may potentially be affected by the Project. All identified TLU sites in the Project Footprint were recorded and proposed mitigation strategies were recorded and discussed at the site.

3.2.3 Reporting Identification of TLU sites and discussions of potential mitigation strategies described in Section 3.3 of this Traditional Knowledge Report were conducted directly with the participating community representatives during the field reconnaissance. This information was used to create two reports, a detailed community-specific report for those communities that have conducted a TERA-facilitated TLU study and this public summary report to be filed with the NEB. The detailed community reports document each community's TLU involvement and the results of the field reconnaissance, including the confidential and proprietary information provided by the TLU study participants. Confidential and proprietary information provided during the TLU study are also reviewed during results review meetings for those communities that elected to conduct TERA-facilitated TLU studies.

3.3 Traditional Land Use Site Types and Mitigation Each participating Aboriginal community was asked to identify potential TLU sites along Crown lands potentially disturbed by pipeline construction, including associated physical works and activities (e.g., pipeline right-of-way, temporary construction workspaces) including trails, habitation sites, plant harvesting locations, hunting, fishing, trapping and gathering places, and sacred areas. Mitigation strategies were discussed at the TLU site location.

In TERA's experience, the types of accepted mitigation listed in the following subsections have been successful in mitigating effects on TLU sites.

Trails and Travelways Travelways are essential for conducting traditional activities and effects on actively-used trails should be reduced and mitigated. Trails include well-defined all-terrain vehicle and snowmobile corridors, navigable waterways, river portages and historic foot, dog sled and pack horse pathways.

Successful and proven mitigative measures available to trails transecting the pipeline right-of-way include:

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• detailed recording and mapping to within 100 m on both sides of the pipeline right-of-way; in partnership with community representatives, a decision is then made about the relative importance of the trail and, if warranted, how best to maintain and control access; and

• other mitigation options include signage or scheduling construction during periods of least impact.

Habitation Sites Habitation sites are located in prime, resource-rich areas and include traditional campsites, cabins and settlements. Campsites typically have defined hearths (fire rings), de-limbed trees, tent frames and/or miscellaneous cached or discarded camping supplies and equipment. Cabin structures represent a more permanent occupation of the land and include central log or timber-framed structures, traditional activity areas such as drying racks and smoking tents, and ancillary equipment storage areas. A group of cabins or campsites may signify a long-term or intermittent occupation. A settlement may have been used seasonally or throughout the year, depending on location or necessity. The relative size and nature of habitation sites continuously evolve based on how families and communities grow and often expand from campsites to cabins and possibly to settlements.

Successful and proven mitigative measures for habitation sites include:

• detailed mapping, photographic recording and avoidance of the location by the proposed development; or

• should avoidance of a site not be feasible, mitigative measures consisting of detailed recording and controlled excavations may be implemented.

Plant Harvesting Many Aboriginal individuals harvest medicinal, ceremonial and food source plants. Plants are gathered in a variety of environments, which include old growth forests, along watercourses and in rugged or mountainous areas. Detailed information regarding medicinal plants is passed down from the Elders and is considered proprietary by the communities.

Effective mitigative measures are dependent on the context and relative location of a harvesting area to the proposed development, but may include:

• limiting the use of chemical applications;

• replacement of plant species during reclamation; and

• avoidance of the site.

Hunting Hunting and wildlife sites are areas where large mammals such as elk, moose, deer, caribou and bear are commonly harvested. They are identified both in community discussion and by observed game ambushes, blinds and hunting stands, dry meat racks and butchered animal remains. Furthermore, locales where game can be expected, such as mineral licks, calving areas and well-used game trails, are typically prized hunting areas.

Successful and accepted mitigation for hunting sites may include:

• adhering to species-specific timing constraints;

• leaving breaks in the pipeline trench to allow animals to cross; and

• limiting the use of chemical applications.

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Fishing Changes to local fishing spots, as well as the broader water system, can impact Aboriginal harvesting. Fishing sites relate to the use of specific reaches of lakes and streams and, generally, this information is gathered by having community representatives identify fishing locales and specify the nature of their use and success rates.

Standard and effective mitigative measures for fishing areas may include:

• recording and mapping of fishing locales; and

• strict adherence to the regulations, standards and guidelines set by provincial and federal regulatory agencies for watercourse crossings.

Trapping Trapping and snaring of animals for food and pelts are activities that continue to be engaged in by Aboriginal individuals. These traps and snares may or may not be located within registered trap lines.

To avoid accidental damage where the pipeline transects a trap line, mitigative measures may include:

• maintaining access to the trap line; and

• moving of trap line equipment by the trapper prior to construction.

Gathering Places Aboriginal people often met in gathering places to share in ceremonial activities, exchange items of trade, arrange and celebrate marriages, and for other activities. Additionally, indigenous grave sites are sometimes recorded in the general area of large gathering places. Such gathering places have historical, ceremonial, cultural and economic significance to Aboriginal communities.

Potential effects on gathering places may be mitigated through detailed recording, mapping and avoidance; however, the visual impact will be assessed in the field and mitigative measures will be refined and optimised, if warranted.

Sacred Areas One of the primary concerns of Aboriginal communities with regard to any proposed development project is to ensure that sites sacred to the local communities are protected from adverse effects. These areas include burials, vision quest locations, rock art panels, birth locations and ceremonial places, among others. A particular element is often only a small component of a larger spiritual complex, which can encompass topographic features and may, by its very nature in the context of Aboriginal spirituality, be inestimable and irreplaceable.

Mitigative measures for sacred areas may include detailed recording, mapping and avoidance; however, additional mitigative measures, if warranted, will be refined and optimised in the field and through community discussions.

3.4 Results The following subsections provide the results to date of TERA-facilitated TLU studies. Any KP references in this section are to the 2013 Aitken Creek Route.

3.4.1 McLeod Lake Indian Band McLeod Lake Indian Band’s McLeod Lake IR 1 is located approximately 155 km southwest of the Project. A TERA-facilitated TLU study, including a map review, community interviews and an overflight was conducted with McLeod Lake Indian Band focusing on the portion of the asserted traditional territory of McLeod Lake Indian Band crossed by the Project.

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The map review meeting was held with McLeod Lake Indian Band on September 26, 2011 at the McLeod Lake Indian Band Administration Office in McLeod Lake, BC. During this meeting, members of the McLeod Lake Indian Band examined the regional Project maps with TERA TLU facilitators to determine what areas would be surveyed during the overflight (Figure 2). The map review, helicopter overflights and site visits did not reveal any TLU sites requiring mitigation, as requested by McLeod Lake Indian Band community members. The draft community TLU study results prepared by TERA were reviewed and approved by McLeod Lake Indian Band on July 4, 2013.

During the results review a map of the current proposed route was presented. No concerns were identified at that time. A final meeting to review the proposed route for the application will be required with McLeod Lake Indian Band to ensure there are no further concerns related to potential Project related effects on Traditional Land Use.

3.4.1.1 Community Participants TERA would like to thank the following community members of McLeod Lake Indian Band for their time and assistance.

Community Members: Boris Bayko, Harry Chingee Patricia Chingee, Julie Cooper, Keith Cooper, Virgie Inyallie, Eugene Isadore, Marian Jackson, Jim LeClair, Josie Lylee, Evelyn Patsey, Doris Prince, Mary Prince, Agnes Solonas, Alfred Solonas, Andy Jr. Solonas, Lawrence Solonas, Eran Spence (Lands Department), Josephine Tyler and Cecelia Voyer.

3.4.1.2 Issues and Concerns McLeod Lake Indian Band identified some broad concerns related to the Project during the map review aerial survey and results review. These concerns focused on the cumulative impacts of industry on water and wildlife, introduction and spread of invasive plant species, impact of pollution on wildlife species, burial sites and burial grounds and cabins. The cumulative impacts of industry and pollution on wildlife species was identified as a concern by McLeod Lake Indian Band. Specifically, there was concern related to the potential effects on the predatory- prey dynamics as a result of increased line-of-sight created in general by the right-of-way. Concerns about unmarked burial grounds potentially affected by construction were expressed by McLeod Lake Indian Band, since their exact locations are often unknown. No specific locations of concern were identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band.

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94G5 94G6 ¯ 94G7 94G8 94H5 94H6 94H7

94G4 94G3 94G2 94G1 94H4 94H3 94H2

KP 194.1 !. KP 180.9

94B13 94B14 94B15 94B16 94A13 94A14 94A15

94A12 94A11

T. 88 94B12 R. 21 R. 20 R. 19 R. 18 94B11 94B10 R. 25 R. 24 R. 23 R. 22 94B9 W6M

T. 87

Kobes Creek

end of KP 114 T. 86 ! !

94B5 94B6 94B7 94B8 T. 85

T. 84 Peace River crossing

! ! T. 83 abandoned lease site

habitation site - cabin 94B4 94B3 Moberly River crossing (Farr Creek route) 94B2 94B1 ! T. 82 habitation site - outhouse Farrell/Peace Crossing area ! !! habitation site - root cellar deer tracks

T. 81

!.KP 0 KP 0 T. 80

93O13 93O14 93O15 93O16 T. 79

T. 78

T. 77

93O12 93O11 93O10 93O9

93P12 93P11 93P10

93O5 93O6 93O7 93O8 93P5 93P6 93P7

93O4 93O3 93P2 93O2 93O1 93P4 93P3

FIGURE 2 ! Waypoint Travel Way Plants/Plant Harvesting Kilometre Post (KP) !. Watercourse (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) Plants and Hunting MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND TRADITIONAL LAND USE AREAS !. Kilometre Post (KP) Waterbody Medicinal Plants (Revision 0 - January 22, 2013) IDENTIFIED DURING MAP REVIEW 2013 Aitken Creek Route Fishing Area Camp/Camp Site SCALE:1:750,000 (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE REPORT FOR THE Route Alternatives Hunting Area Hunting, Berries km PROPOSED NOVA GAS TRANSMISSION LTD. (Revision 0 - January 22, 2013) 0 6 12 18 NORTH MONTNEY MAINLINE Trail Fishing and Hunting Area Burials (All Locations Approximate) (AITKEN CREEK SECTION)

UTM NAD 83 Zone 10N July 2013 8860 Imagery: 2012 SPOT5 ©2013 CNES, Licensed by BlackBridge Geomatics Corp, www.blackbridge.com; NASA Geospatial Interoperability Program 2005; Waypoint: TERA Environmental Consultants 2013; Proposed Pipeline Route: Midwest Surveys Inc. 2013; Hydrology: IHS Inc. 2004; TLU Areas Assessed, Traditional Land Use Sites: TERA Environmental Consultants 2011, from MLIB Map Review. Mapped By: DR Checked By: PMS/PA t8860_TLU_Figure2_Traditional_Land_Use_Areas_MLIB_Rev1_Community.mxd Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. PDF Page 23 of 113 NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. Traditional Knowledge Summary Report North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section) July 2013/8860

3.4.1.3 Trails and Travelways McLeod Lake Indian Band members reported that they used to travel up the Peace River from what is now Williston Reservoir, approximately 20 km southwest of KP 80 to the Canyon, approximately 25 km southwest of KP 55 and then portage through to Hudson Hope since there were once trading posts there. Elders recalled that when they were children, river boats were used as their main mode of transportation. Most communities in the area used river systems to travel from place to place until the 1960s when vehicle travel became more prevalent. Riverboats were made from lumber and were propelled by small outboard engines called “kickers”. Elders added that before riverboats were commonly used, dugout boats were constructed from large cottonwood trees. Table 3.2 details the trails and travelways identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

TABLE 3.2

TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Location Site Description Age Requested Mitigation -- Trail from Williston Lake to the Canyon through Hudson Hope Historic None 27-82-24-6 Trail at the proposed Peace River crossing Historic None -- Trail along the Parsnip River Historic None 100 km from Project area Pack trail from War Horse Falls to Fort St. James Historic None

McLeod Lake Indian Band community members visited the proposed river crossings on the Peace River. Being on the waterway reminded one Elder of her childhood as her family travelled and camped along rivers in the region. The Parsnip River, close to McLeod Lake, feeds into the Peace River, therefore it is very likely that river travel brought members of McLeod Lake Indian Band to the area of the proposed Project for hunting, fishing and trade. Elders agreed that their grandfather’s generation likely travelled through the Project area.

Elders reported that a pack trail exists, about 100 km south of the Project that leads from War Horse Falls to Fort St James. War Horse Falls was used in the past for sweats and gatherings by neighbouring communities. Many families used dog sleds in the winter months for travel, hunting and fishing. A community member recalled that her family had a team of 4 to 6 sled dogs when she was growing up.

McLeod Lake Indian Band community members visited the Moberly River and Kobes Creek during ground reconnaissance. The waterways appeared to be too shallow for a canoe and likely not navigable. However, an Elder reported that in the spring, with high water, more waterways may be navigable than in the fall. McLeod Lake Indian Band indicated that the navigability of watercourses crossed by the proposed pipeline routes, and their traditional activities on or surrounding these waters, would not be affected during or after pipeline construction.

No trails and travelways were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to trails and travelways to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.4 Habitation Sites During ground reconnaissance McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified several habitation sites. Table 3.3 details the habitation sites identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

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TABLE 3.3

HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Location Site Description Age Requested Mitigation 6-82-21-6 Hunting and trapping cabin Current None -- Group of three cabins Current None 27-82-24-6 Camping area on an island in the Peace River Current None

A cabin was identified at 6-82-21-W6M, approximately 2 km north of KP 22. The cabin is south of the Monias region between the Moberly and Pine rivers. Elders of McLeod Lake Indian Band said that Monias means “white man” in Cree. The habitation site includes a cabin, outhouse, corral and root cellar (Plate 3) and spans about 150 metres square. The site is approximately 200 m from Jackfish Road. Elders suggested that the cabin was likely used for hunting and trapping as there were large nails sticking out of the rear of the building. These nails would have been used to hang the furs and animal pelts for a trapper. A large rock, approximately two metres square, was investigated about two metres from the cabin. Community members suggested that the rock was a glacial deposit and that the cabin was intentionally built near to the rock. The area was a desirable location for a cabin due to its close proximity to the forest which would have sheltered the dwelling from wind and provided a source of firewood. Elders reported that their childhood homes were built in the same fashion as the cabin, using moss as insulation between the logs. A home of comparable size could have housed a family with a dozen children in the community. In the past the entire community used to pitch in to help construct similar family homes. Clay from local river beds was used to fill the gaps between the logs. However, the material used in this particular cabin appeared to be cement and not clay. Therefore, it was suggested that the cabin was built in the early 1900s but the cement, nails and asphalt shingles appeared to have been added in the 1950s.

Plate 3 Root cellar by cabin at 6-82-21 W6M

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A cluster of three cabins and an outhouse approximately one kilometre northwest of KP 75 were also visited by McLeod Lake Indian Band Elders (Plate 4). The cabins were in very good condition and currently used. The door was unlocked on one of the cabins and a note was left inside stating the land was deeded to John Ardille. Calendars displayed on the cabin walls were dated from the 1970s and 1980s. An Elder suggested that the cabins likely belonged to an outfitter (Plate 4). Game trails leading to a small creek about 100 metres from the cabins would account for an outfitter choosing to have cabins in that area.

Plate 4 Outfitters cabin identified during TLU study.

McLeod Lake Indian Band community members visited a designated camping area on an island, located on the Peace River approximately 300 m southwest of the proposed crossing site at KP 50 of the proposed 2013 route. This area is part of a recreational area called Beaver House and includes a picnic table and a cleared area for tenting. Elders from McLeod Lake Indian Band recalled travelling by boat with their families when they were children and camping, hunting and fishing along the rivers; they said that locations on the Peace River would have been ideal places to camp and gather. An Elder reported that areas surrounded by trees and close to water, such as the banks on Kobes Creek (crossed by the Project at KP 110.9), would have made great camping sites. He added that habitation sites were often found under spruce trees which created shade and shelter from the rain.

No habitation sites were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to habitation sites to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.5 Plant Harvesting McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified several plant harvesting areas during the TLU study with the main plant harvesting area located around McLeod Lake approximately 155 km southwest of the Project. Cat tail, wild rhubarb, birch syrup, muskeg tea and fiddleheads are harvested in this plant harvesting area. Table 3.4 details the plant harvesting areas identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

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TABLE 3.4

PLANT HARVESTING IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation 155 km southwest of KP 80 Labrador tea and plant harvesting around McLeod Lake Current None 27-82-24-6 Big grass harvesting Current None -- Wild onion harvesting on the shores of the Peace River Current None -- Wild onion harvesting on the shores of the Parsnip River Historic None C-039-I/094-B-08 Lichen harvesting along Kobes Creek Current None

Wild rose bushes were identified in the Project area east of KP 4. An Elder described making rose-hip jam by boiling the fruit and straining the seeds through cheese cloth. Elders searched for muskeg tea/Labrador tea in the vegetation near a wetland area, 18 km north of KP 22, and reported that they could not find any. The tea is very strong and is used to cleanse the digestive system once or twice a year.

A plant referred to as “Big Grass” was identified in abundance on the island in the Peace River approximately 15 km northeast of KP 40. An Elder said that she uses this plant to relieve back pain and kidney problems. Wild onion was also identified on the shores of the Peace River. An Elder said that he lived on the Parsnip River as a child and he used to collect wild onion for his parents. Wild onions are delicious when fried with meat. Lichen was identified on the evergreen trees around Kobes Creek which is crossed by the Project at KP 110.5 and in the general area. An Elder reported that this lichen, when boiled, can be used as an antiseptic to clean wounds. Mosses can also be used as mulch around plants in the garden to help retain moisture in the soil.

The use of different plants was explained by Elders. Spruce boughs can be used as tent flooring, to keep mice and snakes out of the tent and act as a mattress. Certain roots can be used for weaving baskets and birch canoe building. Pine pitch is used to waterproof canoes. An unidentified plant and fungus can be used as an insect repellent. Medicinal plants can be used as a cough medicine, an antiseptic for wounds and a stimulant for individuals recovering from stroke or arthritis to regain feeling and mobility. Traditional plant harvesting practices meant that community members carefully removed only what was needed for immediate needs in order to avoid over-harvesting or wasting of medicinal plants.

No plant harvesting areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to plant harvesting areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.6 Hunting McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified several hunting areas during the TLU study including hunting areas crossed by the Project from KP 0 to KP 29 and from KP 45 to KP 70. Table 3.5 details the hunting areas identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

TABLE 3.5 HUNTING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation KP 0 to KP 20 Pine River hunting area Historic None KP 45 to KP 70 Hunting area Historic None -- Boudreau Lake hunting area Historic None -- Bear activity and game trails leading to water Current None 30-83-21-6 Several game tracks and moose hair at a lease site Current None C-046-I/094-B-08 Squirrel cache near Kobes Creek Current None 27-82-24-6 Game tracks Current None 5-82-22-6 Game trails and tracks leading to Moberly River Current None

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An Elder reported that until the late 1800s, members of McLeod Lake Indian Band would have travelled through the entire wildlife and wildlife habitat RSA while hunting, trapping and fishing. Deer, elk, caribou, moose, beaver, rabbit and grouse were harvested. Wild horses also used to be hunted in the area. The wild horse population was robust, then it declined and now it is making a comeback.

Plate 5 Wildlife track leading to a river.

McLeod Lake Indian Band Elders identified a number of game trails leading to Kobes Creek which is crossed by the proposed Project at KP 110.9. Moose, wolf and deer tracks were noted. A number of swallow nests were also identified in the bank of the creek. Caribou and deer tracks leading to the Moberly River were identified at KP 30.8 (Plate 5). The well trodden game trail led to a number of game tracks in the nearby bush. Elk, wolf and moose tracks were identified in the woods. Many game tracks, including moose, deer, coyote, elk and bear tracks, were identified in a lease site near to KP 41 of the Project as well as some moose hair. At the Peace River, approximately 15 km northeast of KP 40, coyote, timber wolf, deer, moose and beaver tracks were identified in the area around Beaver House Provincial Park.

Bear activity was observed at the cluster of cabins visited approximately one km northwest of KP 74. One of the cabins had a number of bear scratches on the door and walls and the adjacent tree also had claw marks in the bark.

An Elder explained that traditional hunting practices used every part of the animal, including moose snout. Moose snout is prepared by singeing the meat over the fire and then boiling it. Elders agreed that moose snout is very good and the texture is similar to hard gelatine. The sinew from moose was also used as a very strong thread and sharp bones could be used for scraping hides.

Two historic hunting areas were identified from KP 0 to KP 29 and from KP 45 to KP 70. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to hunting areas to be implemented for the Project.

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3.4.1.7 Fishing McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified several fishing areas during the TLU study with the nearest historic fishing area crossed by the Project from KP 45 to KP 70. McLeod Lake Indian Band community members reported that they do not currently travel to the Project area to fish, however, Elders believe that in the past the area was travelled through and used by McLeod Lake Indian Band. Table 3.6 details the fishing areas identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

TABLE 3.6

FISHING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Location Site Description Age Requested Mitigation Crossed at KP 30.8 Fishing in Moberly River Historic None 155 km southwest of KP 80 Fishing in McLeod Lake Current None -- Fishing in Carp Lake Current None -- Fishing in McIntire Lake Current None Crossed at KP 110.9 Minnows and suckers in Kobes Creek Current None

Community members often fish in McLeod, Carp and McIntire lakes, outside of the Project area. Dolly varden, trout and ling cod are harvested from these lakes. An Elder reported that he thinks there were minnows and suckers in Kobes Creek which is crossed by the Project at KP 110.9. He said that he had been to smaller creeks in the area that held suckers. Suckers (gooseby) were historically eaten when there was no white fish; however white fish is preferable to suckers because they have fewer bones.

Members of McLeod Lake Indian Band reported fishing the Moberly River which is crossed by the Project at KP 30.8 in the past. Elders from McLeod Lake Indian Band visited the Moberly River, approximately 10 km west of KP 24. An Elder found some black smooth stones and explained that there are certain black stones that can be heated and used for healing purposes. Smooth, oval rocks found along the shores of the Moberly River are ideal for weighing down fish nets. Sharp rocks are never used because they will slice the nets.

Historic fishing areas were identified from KP 45 to KP 70. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to fishing areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.8 Trapping McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified several trapping areas during the TLU study with the nearest trapping area located at McLeod Lake approximately 155 km southwest of the Project. Table 3.7 details the trapping areas identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

TABLE 3.7

TRAPPING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Location Site Description Age Requested Mitigation 155 km southwest of KP 80 Trapline near McLeod Lake Current None 31-83-21-6 Active beaver lodge Current None -- Beaver stumps near Kobes Creek Current None -- Beaver dams off the road parallel to the right-of-way Current None 27-82-24-6 Active beaver lodge Current None KP 23 Trapping Current None

Elders from McLeod Lake Indian Band suggested that the cabin visited 2 km north of KP 22 showed evidence of being used by a trapper. The long nails protruding from the logs on the side of the building were likely used to hang furs.

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Elders reported that when they were children trapping was a source of income for most families and it was a means of trading for flour, sugar and necessities. One Elder and her daughter currently hold a trapline near McLeod Lake, over 100 km from the Project area. Marten, mink, lynx, wolverine and fisher are harvested in the area around McLeod Lake.

A recently constructed beaver lodge was investigated at KP 42. A number of freshly harvested small trees and branches were piled in the water next to the lodge and many beaver tracks lead to the area. Elders report that beaver like poplar and birch and that the animals will eat the bark. A beaver dam was also observed between KP 27 and KP 28 from the road that parallels the right-of-way. Stumps created by a beaver were observed near Kobes Creek which is crossed by the Project at KP 110.9. The beaver signs are very old and likely from a time when the water was higher.

No trapping areas used by McLeod Lake Indian Band were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to trapping areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.9 Gathering Areas McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified two gathering areas during the TLU. Table 3.8 details the gathering areas identified by McLeod Lake Indian Band for the Project.

TABLE 3.8

GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation 155 km south of KP 80 Gathering area Historic None 15 km northeast of KP 40 An island in the Peace River potential gathering area Current None

McLeod Lake Indian Band Elders reported that War Horse Falls, over 100 km from the Project area, was an historic area used for sweats and gatherings by community groups in the area.

Elders remarked that the islands in the Peace River had all of the qualities of suitable gathering and camping areas. Before the 1960s, when water travel became less popular, families would travel via rivers’ banks to camp and hunt. Often families would travel together and camping areas would be inhabited by the group. Elders remarked that the island on the Peace River, approximately 15 km northeast of KP 40 would have been a perfect location for a camping area, although none of the Elders were certain if community members had camped at the site specifically.

No gathering areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to gathering areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.1.10 Sacred Areas McLeod Lake Indian Band community members and Elders identified one sacred area during the TLU study. The Carrier people were historically nomadic and cremated the deceased rather than bury them. Ashes were spread in significant places but no monuments were left. Elders suggested that sometimes areas or landmarks would be named after the dead but no specific burial grounds were created.

War Horse Falls, near to McLeod Lake, approximately 155 km from KP 80, is an area that has been used for sweat lodges. An Elder explained that remote places that are far from activity and habitation are the preferred locations for sweats and prayer.

While conducting ground reconnaissance, Elders made tobacco offerings at each site. These offerings were made to pay respect to the territory of the local people whose land they were visiting.

No sacred areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to sacred areas to be implemented for the Project.

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3.4.2 North East Métis Association The North East Métis Association is located in Dawson Creek BC, approximately 141 km southeast of the Project. A TERA-facilitated TLU study including a map review, overflight and site visits were conducted with the North East Métis Association focusing on that portion of the asserted traditional territory of North East Métis Association crossed by the Project.

The map review meeting was held with North East Métis Association on October 25, 2011 at the North East Métis Association administration office in Dawson Creek, BC. During this meeting, members of the North East Métis Association examined the regional Project maps with TERA TLU facilitators to determine what areas would be surveyed during the overflight. The map review, helicopter overflight and site visits did not reveal any TLU sites requiring mitigation as requested by North East Métis Association community members. The draft community TLU study results prepared by TERA were reviewed and approved by North East Métis Association on May 30, 2013.

No additional concerns were identified during the results review. A final meeting to review the proposed route for the application will be required with North East Métis Association to ensure there are no further concerns related to potential Project related effects on Traditional Land Use.

3.4.2.1 Community Participants TERA would like to thank the following community members of North Métis Association for their time and assistance.

Community Members: Judith Desjarlais (coordinator), Leon Belcourt, Glenda Campbell, Mitchell Campbell, Jeanette Calliou, Roy Calliou, Stanley Gladue, Bruce Knott, Jerry Knott, Darcy Letendre, Shirley Letendre, Sadie Lukan, Kane Supernault, Malcom Supernault, Stanley Testawich and Blanche Wight.

3.4.2.2 Issues and Concerns North East Métis Association identified some broad concerns related to the Project during the map review and aerial survey. These concerns focused on potential employment opportunities, impacts beyond the Project footprint, the archaeology study process, water quality, wild fires and their natural cycle being interrupted by industry, above ground river crossings, how the pipeline pressure is monitored to identify breaks in the line, out of season trapping and the impacts of increased access on hunting and predation along the right-of-way, watercrossing methods, invasive weed species as a result of pipeline construction, litter and contaminants in the Project area. Community members inquired about potential work/monitoring opportunities that may arise prior, during and after construction and requested that they continue to be considered for these opportunities. They also requested to be contacted in regards to future employment, training and contracting opportunities connected to the Project.

North East Métis Association requested that studies for the Project go beyond the proposed right-of-way to address increased traffic due to pipeline construction. Concerns regarding forest fires being unable to complete their natural cycles due to industry in the area were expressed by community members. It was noted that certain species of moss that choke out trees and pine beetle kill are the symptoms of suppressed fire cycles. Pipeline pressure monitoring to identify breaks is also a concern for community members. Community members also prefer out-of-season trapping be avoided in the event that beaver need to be removed from the Project area. The building and maintenance of additional access roads and cutlines in the Project area is a concern amongst community members since this allows for an increase in hunting and predation. The spread of invasive weed species in the Project area from construction equipment or as result of revegetation processes were also noted as concerns by community members and litter and contaminants in the Project area during and after construction.

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!. Kilometre Post (KP) (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) FIGURE 3 Kilometre Post (KP) !. Waypoint Historic Travel Route (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) ! !. Kilometre Post (KP) NORTH EASTERN METIS ASSOCIATION (Revision 0 - May 7, 2013) !. Kilometre Post (KP) Watercourse Hunting Area TRADITIONAL LAND USE AREAS (Revision 0 - January 22, 2013) IDENTIFIED DURING MAP REVIEW Proposed Pipeline Route 2013 Aitken Creek Route (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) Waterbody Trapping and Transportation (Revision 1 - July 9, 2013) SCALE:1:475,000 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE REPORT FOR THE km PROPOSED NOVA GAS TRANSMISSION LTD. Route Alternatives Fishing Area Camping and Berry Picking 0 4 8 12 Proposed Pipeline Route (Revision 0 - January 22, 2013) NORTH MONTNEY MAINLINE (Revision 0 - May 7, 2013) (All Locations Approximate) (AITKEN CREEK SECTION)

UTM NAD 83 Zone 10N July 2013 8860 Imagery: 2012 SPOT5 ©2013 CNES, Licensed by BlackBridge Geomatics Corp, www.blackbridge.com; KP, Proposed Pipeline Route: Midwest Surveys Inc. 2013; Waypoint: TERA Environmental Consultants 2013; Hydrology: IHS Inc. 2004; TLU Areas Assessed, Traditional Land Use Sites: TERA Environmental Consultants 2011, from NEBA Map Review. Mapped By: DR Checked By: PMS/LP t8860_TLU_Figure3_Traditional_Land_Use_Areas_NEMA_Rev1_Community.mxd Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. PDF Page 32 of 113 NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. Traditional Knowledge Summary Report North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section) July 2013/8860

3.4.2.3 Trails and Travelways North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several trails and travel ways during the TLU study with the nearest trail located approximately 2.5 km west of the Project. Table 3.9 details the trails and travelways identified by North East Métis Association for the Project. Community members from North East Métis Association reported that their grandparent’s generation lived a nomadic lifestyle that revolved around trapping as a source of income. An Elder explained that in the past, North East Métis Association members would have travelled by foot and dogsled, in the southern part of the Project, while camping, hunting and harvesting vegetation.

TABLE 3.9

TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation -- Historic trail east of Stuart Lake north to Historic None Charlie Lake -- Historic trail from Kelly Lake to Flatbed Historic None KP 30.8 Waterway on Moberly River Current None KP 49 to KP 50 Waterway on Peace River Current None KP 13.5 Waterway on Pine River Current None 2.5 km west of KP 27 Trail parallel to Moberly River Current None

During the map review a historic route was identified by North East Métis Association community members in the area east of Stuart Lake running north to Charlie Lake. A second historic trail was identified which ran from Kelly Lake west to Flatbed and eventually to the mountains. A community member added that 100 years ago when forest fires were allowed to burn, there were many more wagon travel routes, since the fires established clearings to make travel possible. Community members report that today these travel routes are overgrown with vegetation.

North East Métis Association community members visited proposed river crossings at the Pine, Moberly, and Peace rivers. It was reported that all three waterways appeared to be navigable and may have been travelled by their community members in the past. All three waterways are crossed by the proposed pipeline at KP 13.5, KP 30.8, and KP 49 to KP 50.

A number of all terrain vehicle routes and vehicle roads were observed by North East Métis Association community members in the Del Rio area, along Jackfish Road running north of Chetwynd. During a helicopter overflight, a community member pointed out a number of all terrain vehicles, likely conducting hunting activities in the area. A trail that parallels the Moberly River was followed by North East Métis Association members to a hunting camp and meat hanging area approximately 2.5 km west of KP 27.

It was shared by a community member that many Kelly Lake community members have family who live in and around Chetwynd and West Moberly. He recalls community members using a number of cross-country trails that linked Kelly Lake with neighbouring communities when he was a child. He also explained that trails running from Kelly Lake to Wapiti River and Dawson Creek still exist and are currently used by community members of North East Métis Association travelling by quad and snowmobile. These trails are over 50 km from the proposed East Route and will not be affected by the Project.

North East Métis Association indicated that their navigability of watercourses crossed by the proposed pipeline, or that their traditional activities on or surrounding these waters, would not be affected during or after pipeline construction.

No trails or travelways were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to trails or travelways to be implemented for the Project.

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3.4.2.4 Habitation Sites North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several habitation sites during the TLU study with the nearest habitation site located at KP 23. Table 3.10 details the habitation sites identified by North East Métis Association for the Project. Community members of North East Métis Association reported that in the past their members lived in temporary camps, always near to water, while they hunted and harvested vegetation. Stewart Lake Recreation Area, approximately three km west of KP 3 was visited during ground reconnaissance. The area can be accessed by road or all terrain vehicle routes. North East Métis Association community members reported using the site frequently for camping and hunting.

During the map review it was explained by community members that cabin ruins can be found along the Pouce Coupe River outside of the Project area. During ground reconnaissance community members investigated the remains of an old sawmill beside Stewart Lake. An Elder reported that he worked at the mill as a young man before it burned down in the 1950s (Plate 2).

TABLE 3.10

HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation 3 km west of KP 3 Stewart Lake recreation area Current None 2 km north of KP 22 Possible homestead Historic None 15 km northeast of KP 40 Campsite Current None 26 km southwest of KP 50 Possible hunters camp Current None 2.5 km west of KP 27 Del Rio campsite Current None At KP 75 Cabin on overflight Historic None

A possible homestead or trapper’s cabin, approximately 2 km north of KP 22 was visited during ground reconnaissance. The site is located south of the Monias region between the Moberly River and the Pine River. North East Métis Association community members noted that Monias is the maiden name of Blanche Wight, one of the ground reconnaissance participants. The site was comprised of a cabin, outhouse, corral and root cellar within an area of approximately 150 metres square. A community member pointed out the cabin’s dove-tail style of construction and recalled that, in his youth, his father used a similar style of carpentry. An Elder suggested that the structure had been renovated. She said that a cabin of its age originally would have had clay-mud filling the gaps between the logs and likely the mud had been replaced with cement chinking in the 1950s. A community member surmised that the building could be over 80 years old because of the cross–cut saw and axe marks in the finish of the logs, which he felt indicated that the building predated the invention of the chainsaw. Community members reported that their childhood homes used similar construction methods. They felt that the cabin was situated in a strange location, since there did not appear to be water nearby. Perhaps, one community member suggested, a water source had existed when the cabin was built and had since dried up. It was thought that the cabin was built by European settlers and was not used by anyone from the community. The fescue grass growing around the cabin was not native to the region and had likely been planted by homesteaders after clearing the land and community members agreed that the site appeared to be a farm rather than a trapper’s cabin. Community members agreed this appears to be a white man’s cabin due to its design and carvings of the exterior wood. An Elder added that it looks 50-60 years old with evidence of renovations along the exterior of the cabin. An old battery circuit near the cabin was observed and an Elder pointed out an animal barn circle, further evidence that this site was a farm. A root cellar was observed which was used to store vegetables during the winter and a handmade couch that had been left in front of the cabin was also observed. A huge rock was also situated beside the cabin, however, the community members were unsure of how it got there.

North East Métis Association community members visited a campsite on an island, located in the Peace River approximately 15 km northeast of KP 40. This area is located in a designated British Columbia Provincial Park called Beaver House and includes a picnic table, fire pit and a cleared area for tenting.

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None of the ground reconnaissance participants were familiar with the location but they suggested that likely members of North East Métis Association travelled through the area in the past.

Another island, approximately 26 km southwest of the proposed Peace River crossing at KP 50 was investigated. Community members found a clearing with a picnic table and fire pit. North East Métis Association community members located a hunting blind approximately 20 metres from the site, indicating that the camp could have been used by hunters. A community member suggested that the hunting blind was used to hunt elk or geese.

Plate 6 Meat drying rack in the Del Rio area.

A number of temporary hunting camps were observed in the Del Rio area during ground reconnaissance and the helicopter overflight. Evidence of a recently used campsite, meat rack and tent poles were discovered approximately 2.5 km west of KP 27 (Plate). A community member believed that the area was most likely used by people from Moberly Lake and Chetwynd area. A community member reported that he camped and hunted in the area until the 1990s. The grandparents of another North East Métis Association member lived in the vicinity of Del Rio Road in the community of Jackfish Lake in the 1930s. She reported that her mother and uncle were born in Jackfish Lake, approximately 30 km southeast of the proposed Project and lived in the area for a number of years hunting and trapping along the Moberly River.

A community member pointed out a cabin, during a helicopter overflight of the Project at KP 75. He said that this cabin is used by Halfway River First Nation and Blueberry River First Nations community members. A North Eastern Métis Association community member said they have many relatives from both communities, who have used the cabin.

No habitation sites were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to habitation sites to be implemented for the Project.

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3.4.2.5 Plant Harvesting North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several plant harvesting areas during the TLU study with the nearest plant harvesting site located approximately 2.5 km west of the Project. Table 3.11 details the plant harvesting areas identified by North East Métis Association for the Project.

TABLE 3.11

PLANT HARVESTING IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Location Site Description Age Requested Mitigation 101 km and 94 km southeast of KP 0 Plant harvesting near Kelly Lake and Tumbler Ridge Current None 37 km southwest of KP 81 Berry picking near Carbon Lake Current None 64 km northwest of KP 151 Berry picking near Pink Mountain Current None From KP 0 to KP 23 Berry picking area south of Peace and Pine rivers Current None 132 km southeast of KP 0 Berry picking area near Beaverlodge Current None

Community members reported that they conduct much of their plant harvesting near Kelly Lake, approximately 101 km southeast of KP 0 and Tumbler Ridge, approximately 94 km southeast of KP 0 and neither of these areas will be affected by the Project. A community member recalls that as a child she picked berries near to Carbon Lake, approximately 37 km southwest of KP 81 and Pink Mountain, approximately 64 km northwest of the KP 151.

During the map review a berry picking area was identified south of the Peace and Pine rivers. Another berry picking area was pointed out on the map near Beaverlodge outside of the Project area, approximately 132 km southeast of KP 0.

3.4.2.6 Hunting North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several hunting areas during the TLU study with the nearest hunting area located approximately 2.5 km west of the Project. Table 3.12 details the hunting areas identified by North East Métis Association for the Project.

TABLE 3.12

HUNTING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation -- Moose and elk habitat in Beryl Creek area Current None 3 km west of KP 3 Grouse hunting at Stewart Lake Current None KP 50 Signs of elk, deer and wolf at Peace River crossing Current None 20 km west of Project Game trails between Peace and Pine rivers Current None KP 14 Wolf tracks at Pine River crossing Current None 10 km northeast of KP 30 Moose and elk hunting in the Del Rio area Current None 10 km northeast of KP 30 Moose and elk observed on overflight Current None 12 km northeast of KP 30 Meat hanging rack Current None 94 km southeast of KP 0 Hunting at Tumbler Ridge Current None 130 km southeast of KP 0 Moose camp at Wapiti River Current None

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A community member reported that she has hunted grouse at Stewart Lake, approximately 3 km west of KP 3. She said that North East Métis Association members have used the area for camping and hunting for many years.

Plate 7 Elk trail leading to tributary of Moberly River.

During the map review two community members pointed out moose and elk habitat in the Beryl Creek area and south of the Pine river.

At the proposed Peace River crossing at KP 50 members of North East Métis Association noted signs of elk, deer and wolf. Islands in the Peace River would make good calving sites for wildlife and community members said that they have seen wildlife including wolves swimming in the water near the islands.

During a helicopter overflight, an Elder noted a number of game trails in the area between the Peace River and the Pine River approximately 20 km west of the Project.

Community members from North East Métis Association visited the proposed Pine River crossing at KP 14 of the proposed Project. Wolf and other wildlife tracks were identified at the shores of the river. A herd of wild horses is known to live in the area and a lone white stallion was identified by community members approximately 100 metres from the river (Plate 4).

An Elder pointed out a number of moose and elk from the helicopter overflight of the Del Rio area, approximately 10 km northeast of KP 30 and reported that this area is a good area for hunting moose and elk. Elk are especially abundant in the Del Rio Area, however due to a rise in hunting activity and industry over the past 15 years, game populations in the area have declined.

A meat hanging rack, approximately 12 km northeast of KP 30 was investigated during ground reconnaissance. An Elder estimated that the rack was approximately 40 years old. A community member pointed out a deer leg, evidence that the area had been used recently and added that his brother in law hunts around Stewart Lake and had recently harvested a moose in the area. It was explained that the meat drying process takes approximately four days and often groups will spend a week or two on a hunting trip and will dry their meat on site. Near to the meat rack, North East Métis Association members pointed out a well-used elk trail leading to a tributary of the Moberly River.

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Community members reported that they also hunt moose and elk in Tumbler Ridge, approximately 94 km southeast of KP 0. They explained that hunting trips usually involve other families from Kelly Lake who share the harvest and smoke their meat during the hunting trip. In late summer and fall community members of North East Métis Association use a moose camp at the Wapiti River, approximately 130 km southeast of KP 0. The area is good for hunting and it is within quading distance of a berry picking area and a fishing locale.

A community member noted that elk and moose do not share habitat and that elk populations are higher now than they were when he was a child. Another community member suggested that bison and elk populations have risen in recent years because of local game farms that freed the animals the farm shut down. She feels that these animals are very hard on wildlife habitat and crowd out the native wildlife species. An Elder remarked that game populations have declined around Dawson Creek and Kelly Lake, as a result of sport hunting and wasting of the meat.

No hunting areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to hunting areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.2.7 Fishing North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several fishing areas during the TLU study with the nearest fishing area located approximately 30 km southwest of the Project. Table 3.13 details the fishing areas identified by North East Métis Association for the Project.

TABLE 3.13

FISHING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation -- Fishing in Peace and Pine Rivers Current None 30 km southwest of KP 17 Fishing for perch and jackfish in Jackfish Lake Current None

During the map review a community member reported fishing on the Peace and Pine rivers. He said that in the past he had fished for pickerel here, but could not recall all of the species of fish present in these rivers. A community member noted that Kelly Lake, approximately 101 km southeast of KP 0, used to have abundant fish, but now fish are scarce here.

North East Métis Association members reported that Jackfish Lake, approximately 30 km southwest of KP 17 is stocked with fish including perch and jackfish. Community members suggested that dolly varden, pickerel and jackfish could be harvested from the Peace River. Of the North East Métis Association members that participated in the ground reconnaissance, none had fished in Stewart Lake, approximately 3 km west of KP 3, but community members suggested that suckers and jackfish likely inhabit the lake. One community member noted that fishing is less popular now because of rising mercury levels in the water.

No fishing areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to fishing areas to be implemented for the Project.

3.4.2.8 Trapping North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified several trapping areas during the TLU study with the nearest trapping area at Stewart Lake 3 km west of the Project. Table 3.14 details the trapping areas identified by North East Métis Association for the Project.

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TABLE 3.14

TRAPPING AREAS IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation 3 km west of KP 3 Trapping at Stewart Lake Historic None 101 km southeast of KP 0 Trapline from Kelly Lake to Belcourt Lake Historic None -- Trapping on eastern slope of Pine River Current None -- Trapping at Moberly River Current None 94 km southeast of KP 0 Trapline from Kelly Lake to Tumbler Ridge Current None 12 km northeast of KP 30 Beaver stump Historic None

During ground reconnaissance, North East Métis Association members reported that until the 1970s, the entire southern part of the Project was used for trapping beaver and muskrat around lakes, slews, bogs and waterways. North East Métis Association members used to trap in the area around Stewart Lake, approximately three km west of KP 3. A community member said that her great grandfather owned a trapline that spanned from Kelly Lake to Belcourt Lake, approximately 101 km southeast of KP 0.

A community member identified the eastern slope of the Pine River as a good area for trapping. He added that trapping is currently conducted along the Moberly River, predominantly by people from West Moberly. He explained that before traplines were registered, trappers had great respect for boundaries and other people’s traps. He recalled that, in those days, if someone came across a trapped animal, they would kill it, hang it up and reset the trap for the owner. A community member reported that there are many unused, registered traplines in northeastern British Columbia. He said that trapping is no longer a lucrative business and animal populations are down. He mentioned that the area around Kelly Lake, approximately 101 km southeast of KP 0 used to be teeming with rabbits but the populations diminished and never rose again. An Elder stated that he owns a trapline that runs from Kelly Lake to Tumbler Ridge, approximately 94 km southeast of KP 0. This year he caught 18 lynx, 50 martins, one albino martin, and over 200 beaver and squirrels. The Elder added that the only animal population that is still seems robust is beaver.

An Elder pointed out a beaver stump, that he believed could be over 100 years old, approximately 12 km northeast of KP 30.

No trapping areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to trapping areas to be implemented for the Project. 3.4.2.9 Gathering Areas North East Métis Association community members and Elders did not identify any specific gathering areas. One community member explained that, in the past, members of North East Métis Association lived nomadically. Often a number of families would set up temporary campsites where they would live and hunt together. No specific sites were identified during the ground reconnaissance but community members reported that gathering areas would have been near to water and close to game and plant harvesting areas.

No gathering areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to gathering areas to be implemented for the Project.

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3.4.2.10 Sacred Areas North East Métis Association community members and Elders identified one sacred area during the TLU study. Table 3.15 details the sacred area identified by North East Métis Association for the Project.

TABLE 3.15

SACRED AREAS IDENTIFIED BY NORTH EAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION

Requested Location Site Description Age Mitigation 132 km southeast of KP 0 Cemetery near Beaverlodge Historic None

During the map review community members identified a cemetery near Beaverlodge, approximately 132 km southeast of KP 0, which will not be impacted by the Project.

An Elder said that, until the 1960s, North East Métis Association community members travelled, camped and lived nomadically; therefore areas that were once used for sweats and burial grounds may not be apparent and can only be identified through storytelling. Another community member added that sweats and gatherings were outlawed when she was a child. She explained that because she was punished for speaking her language in school, she did not speak Cree to her own children and as a result the language and culture has been lost. A community member noted that a sweat lodge is currently maintained by another Kelly Lake community member and he holds sweats each week for both men and women.

During the ground reconnaissance an Elder said a prayer on the shores of the Moberly River. He said that he prays to all things in Cree and he believes that the environment provides for those who ask.

No sacred areas were identified along the proposed pipeline routes. Participants have not recommended any mitigation strategies related to sacred areas to be implemented for the Project.

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4.0 REFERENCES 4.1 Literature Cited TERA Environmental Consultants. 2013a. Aquatic Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section).

TERA Environmental Consultants. 2013b Vegetation Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section).

TERA Environmental Consultants. 2013c. Wetland Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section).

TERA Environmental Consultants. 2013d. Wildlife Summary Report for the proposed NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd, North Montney Mainline (Aitken Creek Section).

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APPENDIX B Traditional Knowledge Literature Review: North Montney Project PDF Page 42 of 113

North Montney Project

Traditional Knowledge Literature Review

Draft

August 2013

Prepared for: NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. Calgary, Alberta

Prepared by: Stantec Consulting Ltd. Calgary, Alberta

Project Number: 121511126 PDF Page 43 of 113 PDF Page 44 of 113

North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Table of Contents August 2013

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 FIRST NATIONS AND MÉTIS COMMUNITIES ...... 1-1 1.1.1 British Columbia Métis Federation...... 1-1 1.1.2 Blueberry River First Nations...... 1-1 1.1.3 Dawson Creek Métis Society...... 1-5 1.1.4 Dene Tha’ First Nation...... 1-5 1.1.5 Doig River First Nation...... 1-5 1.1.6 Fort Nelson First Nation...... 1-6 1.1.7 Fort Nelson Métis Society...... 1-7 1.1.8 Fort St. John Métis Society...... 1-7 1.1.9 Halfway River First Nation ...... 1-7 1.1.10 Horse Lake First Nation ...... 1-8 1.1.11 Kelly Lake Cree Nation ...... 1-8 1.1.12 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society ...... 1-9 1.1.13 McLeod Lake Indian Band ...... 1-9 1.1.14 Métis Nation British Columbia...... 1-10 1.1.15 Moccasin Flats Métis Society ...... 1-11 1.1.16 Northeast Métis Association ...... 1-11 1.1.17 Prophet River First Nation ...... 1-11 1.1.18 Red River Métis Society ...... 1-12 1.1.19 Saulteau First Nations ...... 1-12 1.1.20 West Moberly First Nations...... 1-13

2 LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY ...... 2-1 2.1 INFORMATION SOURCES ...... 2-1 2.2 ORGANIZATION OF DATA ...... 2-9

3 ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY-SPECIFIC CONCERNS ...... 3-1 3.1 BLUEBERRY RIVER FIRST NATIONS...... 3-1 3.1.1 Wildlife ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-1 3.1.3 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-2 3.1.4 Socio-economics ...... 3-2 3.1.5 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-2 3.1.6 Archaeology...... 3-3 3.1.7 Water Resources ...... 3-3 3.1.8 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-3 3.1.9 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-4 3.1.10 Monitoring and Reclamation ...... 3-4 3.2 HALFWAY RIVER FIRST NATION...... 3-4 3.2.1 Vegetation...... 3-4 3.2.2 Wildlife ...... 3-4 3.2.3 Fish ...... 3-6 3.2.4 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-6 3.2.5 Trails/Travel Routes...... 3-6 3.2.6 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas...... 3-6 3.2.7 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-6

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3.2.8 Socio-economics ...... 3-7 3.2.9 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-8 3.2.10 Archaeology...... 3-8 3.2.11 Water Resources ...... 3-8 3.2.12 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-8 3.2.13 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-9 3.2.14 Cumulative Effects...... 3-9 3.3 MCLEOD LAKE INDIAN BAND ...... 3-10 3.3.1 Vegetation...... 3-10 3.3.2 Wildlife ...... 3-10 3.3.3 Fish ...... 3-10 3.3.4 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-11 3.3.5 Cabins/Camps/Settlements ...... 3-11 3.3.6 Trails/Travel Routes...... 3-11 3.3.7 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas...... 3-11 3.3.8 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-11 3.3.9 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-12 3.3.10 Socio-economics ...... 3-12 3.3.11 Archaeology...... 3-13 3.3.12 Water Resources ...... 3-13 3.3.13 Air Quality ...... 3-13 3.3.14 Noise/Light ...... 3-14 3.3.15 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-14 3.3.16 Monitoring and Reclamation ...... 3-14 3.3.17 Cumulative Effects...... 3-14 3.4 NORTHEAST MÉTIS ASSOCIATION ...... 3-15 3.5 DOIG RIVER FIRST NATION...... 3-15 3.5.1 Wildlife ...... 3-15 3.5.2 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-15 3.5.3 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-15 3.5.4 Socio-economics ...... 3-16 3.5.5 Water Resources ...... 3-16 3.5.6 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-16 3.6 SAULTEAU FIRST NATION ...... 3-16 3.6.1 Vegetation...... 3-16 3.6.2 Wildlife ...... 3-17 3.6.3 Fish ...... 3-17 3.6.4 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-17 3.6.5 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-17 3.6.6 Socio-economics ...... 3-18 3.6.7 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-18 3.6.8 Noise/Light ...... 3-18 3.6.9 Water Resources ...... 3-19 3.6.10 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-19 3.6.11 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-20 3.6.12 Monitoring and Reclamation ...... 3-20 3.6.13 Cumulative Effects...... 3-20 3.7 WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATION ...... 3-20 3.7.1 Wildlife ...... 3-20 3.7.2 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-21 ii Draft PDF Page 46 of 113

North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Table of Contents August 2013

3.7.3 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-21 3.7.4 Socio-economics ...... 3-22 3.7.5 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-22 3.7.6 Archaeology...... 3-22 3.7.7 Water Resources ...... 3-22 3.7.8 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-22 3.7.9 Monitoring and Reclamation ...... 3-23 3.8 PROPHET RIVER FIRST NATION...... 3-23 3.8.1 Vegetation...... 3-23 3.8.2 Wildlife ...... 3-24 3.8.3 Fish ...... 3-25 3.8.4 Trails/Travel Routes...... 3-25 3.8.5 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas...... 3-26 3.8.6 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-26 3.8.7 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-27 3.8.8 Socio-economics ...... 3-27 3.8.9 Archaeology...... 3-27 3.8.10 Water Resources ...... 3-27 3.8.11 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-28 3.8.12 Cumulative Effects...... 3-28 3.9 FORT NELSON FIRST NATION ...... 3-29 3.9.1 Vegetation...... 3-29 3.9.2 Wildlife ...... 3-29 3.9.3 Fish ...... 3-30 3.9.4 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-30 3.9.5 Cabins/Camps/Settlements ...... 3-30 3.9.6 Trails/Travel Routes...... 3-30 3.9.7 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas...... 3-31 3.9.8 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-31 3.9.9 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-31 3.9.10 Socio-economics ...... 3-32 3.9.11 Water Resources ...... 3-32 3.9.12 Air Quality ...... 3-33 3.9.13 Noise/Light ...... 3-33 3.9.14 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-33 3.9.15 Monitoring and Reclamation ...... 3-34 3.9.16 Cumulative Effects...... 3-35 3.10 KELLY LAKE CREE NATION ...... 3-35 3.10.1 Vegetation...... 3-35 3.10.2 Wildlife ...... 3-35 3.10.3 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-35 3.10.4 Trails/Travel Routes...... 3-35 3.10.5 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-36 3.10.6 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-36 3.10.7 Socio-economics ...... 3-36 3.10.8 Air Quality ...... 3-36 3.10.9 Noise/Light ...... 3-37 3.10.10 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-37 3.10.11 Cumulative Effects...... 3-37 3.11 KELLY LAKE MÉTIS SETTLEMENT SOCIETY...... 3-37

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Table of Contents August 2013

3.11.1 Vegetation...... 3-37 3.11.2 Wildlife ...... 3-37 3.11.3 Hunting/Trapping ...... 3-38 3.11.4 Traditional Knowledge ...... 3-38 3.11.5 Health/Community Well-being ...... 3-38 3.11.6 Socio-economics ...... 3-38 3.11.7 Archaeology...... 3-39 3.11.8 Water Resources ...... 3-39 3.11.9 Air Quality ...... 3-39 3.11.10 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design ...... 3-39 3.11.11 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures...... 3-39 3.11.12 Cumulative Effects...... 3-40

4 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 4-1

List of Figures

Figure 1 Community Locations...... 1-3 Figure 2 Industrial Developments ...... 2-5

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Abbreviations August 2013

Abbreviations

BRFN……………….…………………………………………………………………Blueberry River First Nations CMTs……………………………………………………………………………………...culturally modified trees DRFN………….……………………………………………………………………………..Doig River First Nation EIA……………………………………………………………………………..Environmental Impact Assessment FNFN………….…………………………………………………………………………….Fort Nelson First Nation HRFN…………………………………………………………………………………….Halfway River First Nation I.R……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Indian Reserve KLCN……………………………………………………………………………………...... Kelly Lake Cree Nation KLMSS…………………….…………………………………………………Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society km……………….………………………………………………………………………………………….kilometres MLIB……………………….……………………………………………………………..McLeod Lake Indian Band NEMA………………………………………………………………………………….Northeast Métis Association PRFN………….………………………………………………………………………….Prophet River First Nation the Project…………………………………………………………………………………...North Montney Project RoW……...... …………………………………………………………………………………………Right-of-Way SFN…………………………………………………………………………………………….Saulteau First Nation Stantec………….…………………………………………………………………………...Stantec Consulting Inc. TEK………………………………………………………………………………Traditional Ecological Knowledge TK………………………….………………………………………………………………….Traditional Knowledge TLU………………….………………………………………………………………………….Traditional Land Use WMFN……………………………………………………………………………………West Moberly First Nation

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 1: Introduction August 2013

1 INTRODUCTION

Stantec Consulting Inc. (Stantec) was contracted by NGTL to complete the Environmental and Socio- Economic Assessment (ESA) for the North Montney Project (the Project). In partial completion of this task, Stantec has compiled a literature review of publically available Traditional Land Use (TLU), Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) studies, primarily from Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), and other publicly available secondary source material relevant to the region of the Project.

The purpose of this literature review is to compile the issues and concerns of First Nations and Métis communities that were previously recorded in publicly available documents, as a means of better understanding potential issues and concerns regarding the Project. This literature review makes use of this data in good faith to provide background information on current issues and concerns in the region.

1.1 First Nations and Métis Communities

This section provides a brief overview of the First Nations and Métis organizations identified through the NGTL Aboriginal Consultation process for engagement on the Project (see Figure 1: Community Locations). Ten of the First Nation communities identified below are adherent to Treaty 8, originally signed in 1899, which provides for the protection of the First Nation’s “usual vocations of hunting, trapping, and fishing” throughout the Treaty Territory.

1.1.1 British Columbia Métis Federation

The British Columbia Métis Federation (BCMF) is a non-profit association that works with Métis communities to ensure the well-being of grassroots BCMF members. The BCMF will recognize full membership upon proof of possession of a genealogical verified card from one of the provincial Métis organizations including the Métis Nation British Columbia (BC Metis Federation 2012).

1.1.2 Blueberry River First Nations

Blueberry River First Nations (BRFN) is a signatory to Treaty 8 and a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. BRFN are culturally Beaver (Dane-zaa), part of the Northern Athapaskan language group, although some members also speak Cree (Nehiyawewin), part of the Algonquian language group (First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council, n.d.). BRFN have two reserves: Beaton River Indian Reserve (I.R.) #204 and Blueberry River I.R. #205. The main community is on Blueberry River I.R. #205 which covers 1148.50 hectares and is located approximately 80 km northwest of Fort St. John. The second reserve occupies the south half of Beaton River I.R. #204, covering 357.30 hectares, while the remainder of this reserve belongs to the Doig River First Nation (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Historically, BRFN was a single administrative entity with the Doig River

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 1: Introduction August 2013

First Nation, known as the Fort St. John Indian Band. When the Fort St. John Band dissolved in 1977, BRFN became an independent band (Martineau, Site C Clean Energy Project Community Summary: Blueberry River First Nations Final Report, 2013). As of June 2013, BRFN had a registered population of 470, with 238 members living on reserve, and 232 members living off reserve. BRFN is governed under an Indian Act electoral system and is represented by a Chief and four Councillors elected for a two-year term (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

BRFN has been involved in eight land claims in the province of British Columbia. At the time of writing, three claims have been concluded including Mineral Rights to IR Nos. 204 – 205 – 206, closed March 5, 2008, which involved allegations that Canada failed in the performance of its legal and fiduciary obligations to secure subsurface rights (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); Non-fulfillment of Terms of Surrender of IR #172 closed November 17, 2008, and involved alleged failed adherence to terms of surrender by failing to set aside additional reserve lands (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); and Treaty 8 Tribal Association’s claim entitled Annuity Arrears, closed January 30, 2009, which involved seven First Nations that were allegedly owed Treaty Annuities from date Treaty 8 was signed (1899) rather than from the date of adhesion (1910) (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

The remaining claims are in the process of active negotiations. Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits, received October 16, 2008, involves allegations that Canada has neither extinguished nor performed its obligations under the agricultural benefits of Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Treaty 8 Land Entitlement, received October 25, 2002, concerns unfulfilled treaty land entitlement pursuant to Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). BC Trapline Registration, received October 16, 2008, involves alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of British Columbia Trapline Registration process (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Two claims put forward by the member communities of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association are also in the process of active negotiations, including Ammunition and Twine, received October 16, 2008, which concerns a purported breach of treaty by Canada in the provision of twine and ammunition to Blueberry River, Doig River, Halfway River and Saulteau First Nations (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); and Highway Right-of-Way on IR #172, received May 8, 1995, which involves allegations that the Crown breached its legal and fiduciary obligations to the then Fort St. John First Nation by agreeing to the transfer of lands within Fort St. John I.R. # 172 to the Province of British Columbia in 1934, without consent of, or compensation to, the First Nation (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

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K LA

T T OU R

I ± R D R IA L R I E S Y R R I T O U K O N N O R T H W E S T T E

Fort Nelson 2 (Fort Nelson First Nation)

Bistcho Lake 213 (Dene Tha' First Nation) Jackfish Point 214 Upper Hay River 212 (Dene Tha' First Nation)

LIARD RIVER Snake 5 (Dene Tha' First Nation) MUNCHO (Fort Nelson First Nation) CORRIDOR Zama Lake 210 LAKE PARK PARK (Dene Tha' First Nation) Fort Nelson Métis Society Amber River 211 (Métis Nation BC) (Dene Tha' First Nation)

Fort Fort Nelson 2 Hay Lake 209 Nelson (Fort Nelson First Nation) Fontas 1 (Dene Tha' First Nation)

A I B M U L O C H S I T I (Fort R NelsonB First Nation) DUNE ZA KEYIH PARK Kahntah 3 [A.K.A. Bushe River 207 FROG-GATAGA (Fort Nelson First Nation) (Dene Tha' First Nation) NORTHERN PARK]

ROCKY A T R E B L A MOUNTAINS PARK

Prophet River 4 KWADACHA (Prophet River First Nation) WILDERNESS PARK

SIKANNI 125+000 CHIEF FALLS D)"> PROTECTED AREA Blueberry River 205 D (Blueberry River First Nations) 100+000 >)" D)" Beaton River 204, North Half REDFERN-KEILY D> (Doig River First Nation) D 75+000 FINLAY PARK )")" D)" RUSSEL )D">)D" PARK )D" Beaton River 204, South Half D 0+000 50+000 >" D Finlay Bay 21 PINK ) )" D>)" (Blueberry River First Nations) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) MOUNTAIN 25+000 > PARK D 175+000 Doig River 206 Ingenika )" D Aitken Creek (Doig River First Nation) Point 150+000 )">)" )D" CompressorH Weston Bay 20 GRAHAM - ig Station hw Clear Hills 152c LAURIER PARK a y (McLeod Lake Indian Band) 9 7 (Horse Lake First Nation) > 125+000 W )D")D" Halfway River 168 I Red River Métis Society L L D (Halfway River First Nation) I S (BC Métis Federation) )" T > O 100+000 Fort St. John Métis Society N Fort L BUTLER (Métis Nation BC) A 75+000 K RIDGE PARK D St. John E )D")" Mackenzie 19 > > 25+000 Dawson Creek )D")D" (North East Métis Association) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) East Moberly Lake 169 50+000 > Dawson Creek Métis Federation McIntyre Lake 23 (Saulteau First Nations) )")D" 0+000 Saturn > (BC Métis Federation) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) West Moberly Lake 168A Dawson Pack River 2 (West Moberly First Nations) Compressor Creek Station)D" )" (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Moccasin Flats Métis Society Pouce Coupe McLeod Lake 1 Groundbirch (Métis Nation BC) Highw (McLeod Lake Indian Band) a y 97 Compressor Blue Lake 24 Station (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Quaw Island 25 Horse Lakes 152b (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (Horse Lake First Nation) War Lake 4 McLeod Lake 5 (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Weedon Carp 6 Tom Cook 26 Kelly Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society, Carp Lake 3 Kelly Lake Cree Nation) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Kerry Lake West 8 Weedon Lake 27 (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Kerry Lake East 9 MONKMAN (McLeod Lake Indian Band)PARK Hominka 11 Indian Reserve Tacheeda Lake 14 (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Borrow Pit (McLeod Lake Indian Band)

> Kilometre Post Arctic Lake 10 Sas Mighe 32 (McLeod Lake Indian Band) BurnsD (McLeod Lake Indian Band) Lake)" Meter Station Davie Lake 28 Temporary Facilities KAKWA Fraser (McLeod Lake Indian Band) PARK Lake )D" Camp Prince George )D" Lay Down Yard

)D" Pipe Yard

Aitken Creek Section O OT SAKahta Section LA KE Primary Highway ENTIAKO McBride PARK Railway BOWRON Municipality LAKE CARIBOO MOUNT PARK Natural Area MOUNTAINS ROBSON PARK PARK TWEEDSMUIR WELLS 0 20 40 60ITCHA 80 100 Quesnel PARK ILGACHUZ GRAY PARK Valemount Kilometres PARK 121511126-0108 1:2,500,000 NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N W:\Clients\TransCanada\AitkenCreek\Figures\TK\121511126_0108_TDR_Aitken_Creek_Communities.mxd

PREPARED BY YT NWT NORTH MONTNEY PROJECT

BC AB Aitken Creek and Kahta Sections PREPARED FOR CLIENT LOGO Project Community Locations Location FIGURE NO.

USA Sources: Base data: Canvec, GeoBase, Province of British Columbia, & Province of Alberta Disclaimer: This map is for illustrative purposes to support this Stantec project; questions can be directed to the issuing agency. 1 Last Modified:11/4/2013 By: mbelbin PDF Page 52 of 113

North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 1: Introduction August 2013

1.1.3 Dawson Creek Métis Society

The Dawson Creek Métis Society (DCMS) is a nonprofit society supporting the needs of Métis people in the Dawson Creek area. DCMS has approximately 40 members is represented by the BC Métis Federation; engagement on the Project is primarily facilitated through the BC Métis Federation.

1.1.4 Dene Tha’ First Nation

Dene Tha’ First Nation (DTFN) is a member of the North Peace Tribal Council, incorporated in 1987, and a signatory to Treaty 8. DTFN are a part of the Athapaskan Slave linguistic group. DTFN are divided into three communities in Northwest Alberta: Bushe River, Meander River and Chateh (formerly Assumption (Martineau 2013). DTFN have seven reserves near High Level and Bistcho Lake with a total area of 30,038 ha. Amber River I.R. #211 (2,332.3 ha) consists of a portion of TWP 113 and 114 Range 6 W5M, Bistcho Lake I.R. #213 (354.1 ha) is located at the southeast end of Bistcho Lake, and Bushe River I.R. #207 (11,167.5 ha) consists of portions of TWP 110 and ranges 8 and 19. Hay Lake I.R. #209 (12,355.30 ha) is located 100 km northwest of High Level, Alberta, Jackfish Point I.R. #214 (103.6 ha) is located on the south shore of Bistcho Lake, Upper Hay River I.R. #212 (1,418 ha) is located 80 km northwest of High Level, and Zama Lake I.R. #210 (2,307.2 ha) is located on the southwest shore of Zama Lake (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013).

As of September 2013, DTFN has a registered population of 2,883 members, with 1,959 members living on reserve, 51 members living on other reserves, 6 members living on crown land, and 867 members living off reserve. DTFN is governed under a Custom Electoral System and represented by a Chief and eight Councillors elected for four-year terms (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013).

1.1.5 Doig River First Nation

Doig River First Nation (DRFN) members are direct descendants of the Beaver (Dane-zaa) people, speaking Dane-zaa, a member of the Athapaskan language family (First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council, n.d.). Historically, DRFN was a single administrative entity with BRFN, known as the Fort St. John Indian Band. When Fort St. John Band dissolved in 1977, DRFN became an independent band (Government of British Columbia, 2013). Doig River is a Treaty 8 First Nation that enjoys all the rights and promises contained in the Treaty, and is also a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. DRFN has two reserves, Beaton River .IR. # 204 (357.30 hectares), located on the Beatton River south of the mouth of the Blueberry River, and Doig River I.R. # 206 (1000.80 hectares), where the main community is situated, located north of the mouth of the Osborn River and approximately 30 km northeast of Fort St. John (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). As of June 2013, DRFN had a total registered population of 293, with 141 members living on reserve, and 152 members living off reserve. DRFN is governed under an Indian Act electoral system, with one Chief and two Councillors , appointed for a two-year term (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 1: Introduction August 2013

The DRFN has been involved in ten land claims in the province of British Columbia. No lawful obligation was found in the case of two claims including Misuse of Band Funds for Agricultural Development, received October 8, 2009, involving allegations that Canada spent the First Nations funds for agricultural development, (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); and Peterson’s Crossing, received October 16, 2008, concerning allegations that Canada failed to acquire land at Peterson’s Crossing after the First Nation, formerly part of the Fort St. John Band, surrendered I.R. # 172 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Commercial Hunting-Fishing & Trapping Rights alleging failure by Canada to protect Treaty 8 hunting, fishing and trapping rights from restrictions imposed by provincial regulations was concluded June 26, 2008 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Annuity Arrears, concluded January 30, 2009, and involved allegations that seven First Nations were owed Treaty Annuities from the date Treaty 8 was signed (1899) rather than from the date of adhesion (1910) (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

The remaining five claims are in the process of active negotiations. British Columbia Trapline Registration, received October 16, 2008, involves alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of British Columbia Trapline Registration Process (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Treaty 8 Land Entitlement, Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits, and Ammunition and Twine, all received October 16, 2008, involve allegations that the Crown has neither extinguished nor performed its obligations to the First Nation pursuant to Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). The Highway Right-of-Way on I.R. # 172, received May 8, 1995, involves allegations that the Crown breached its legal and fiduciary obligations to the then Fort St. John First Nation by agreeing to the transfer of lands within Fort St. John I.R. # 172 to the Province of British Columbia in 1934, without consent of, or compensation to, the First Nation. (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

1.1.6 Fort Nelson First Nation

Fort Nelson First Nation (FNFN) is a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association and a signatory to Treaty 8. The band’s primary languages are Dene (Slavey) of the Athapaskan linguistic stock and Cree of the Algonquian linguistic stock (Wolfenden, 2012; Fort Nelson First Nation). Some members also speak Beaver (Dane-zaa) (Wolfenden, 2012). From 1957 to 1974, the Fort Nelson Slave Band, as FNFN was formerly known, and PRFN were joined as one and shared reserve lands. (Fasken Martineau, 2013).

There are eight reserves located on FNFN traditional territory, encompassing a total land base of 9,752 hectares, with the main reserve, Fort Nelson I.R. #2, located approximately 6 km southeast of the community of Fort Nelson (Wolfenden, 2012). FNFN has a registered population of 885 members, with 426 members living on reserve, 23 members on other reserves, 435 off reserve and one member living on Crown land (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). FNFN is governed under the Indian Act Electoral System and represented by a Chief and five Councillors elected for two-year terms (Fort Nelson First Nation).

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As of August 2, 2013, FNFN has been involved in three land claims in the province of British Columbia. One claim is in active negotiations: the British Columbia Trapline Registration claim, received October 16, 2008, involving alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of the British Columbia Trapline Registration process (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

One claim remains under assessment: the Frontage Lands claim, filed on June 12, 2013, alleges a breach of lawful obligation regarding the establishment of I.R. #2 in a timely manner consistent with Treaty 8 and the establishment of reserve boundaries. Research began on June 13, 2013 and is ongoing (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

FNFN was also involved in a Joint Annuity Arrears claim filed by the Treaty 8 Tribal Association on August 9, 1993. They, along with BRFN, DRFN, SFN, HRFN, PRFN and WMFN alleged that Treaty Annuities were owed dating back to 1899 when Treaty 8 was signed as opposed to from the date of adhesion in 1910. On March 1, 2006 the claim was no longer accepted for negotiations and the file was officially closed on January 30, 2009 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

1.1.7 Fort Nelson Métis Society

The Fort Nelson Métis Society (FNMS) is affiliated with the Métis Nation of British Columbia, and engagement is primarily facilitated through the Métis Nation of British Columbia.

1.1.8 Fort St. John Métis Society

The Fort St. John Métis Society (FSJMS) represents Métis people in the Fort St. John area. FSJMS is affiliated with the Métis Nation of British Columbia, and engagement is primarily facilitated through the Métis Nation of British Columbia.

1.1.9 Halfway River First Nation

Halfway River First Nation (HRFN) is a signatory to Treaty 8 and a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association and the Council of BC Treaty 8 Chiefs. HRFN members are culturally Beaver (Dane-zaa), part of the Northern Athapaskan language group (Martineau, Site C Clean Energy Project Community Summary: Halfway River First Nation Final Report, 2013). HRFN has one reserve entitled Halfway River I.R. # 168 and covers 3988.80 hectares. The main community is located approximately 100 km northwest of Fort St. John on the north bank of the Halfway River (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). As of June 2013, HRFN had a registered population of 259, with 162 members living on reserve, and 97 living off of the reserve. HRFN is governed under an Indian Act electoral system, and is represented by a Chief and two Councillors, elected for a two-year term (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). HRFN was originally administered with the West Moberly First Nation as a single entity, known as the Hudson’s Hope Band, although the communities separated in 1977.

The HRFN has been involved in eight land claims in the province of British Columbia. Of these claims, one has been settled through negotiations and is entitled IR #168 – Highway 117 Expropriation, settled

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December 22, 2010. It involved allegations that 8 hectares of HRFN territory were improperly acquired and not paid for during the construction of Provincial Highway 117 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). The Misuse of Band Funds for Agricultural Development, received October 8, 2009, was found to have no lawful obligation requiring settlement (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). Two claims have been closed, including Commercial Hunting-Fishing & Trapping Rights, closed June 26, 2008, which involved an alleged failure by Canada to protect Treaty 8 hunting, fishing, and trapping rights from restrictions imposed by provincial regulations (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); and Annuity Arrears, closed January 30, 2009, which involved a claim from the members of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association that seven First Nations were owed Treaty Annuities from the date Treaty 8 was first signed (1899) rather than from the date of adhesion (1910) (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

The remaining four claims are in the process of active negotiations and include British Columbia Trapline Registration, received October 16, 2008, which involves alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of the British Columbia Trapline Registration Process (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013); and Treaty 8 Land Entitlement, Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits, and Ammunition and Twine, all received October 16, 2008, which involve allegations that the Crown has neither extinguished nor performed its obligations to the First Nation pursuant to Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

1.1.10 Horse Lake First Nation

Horse Lake First Nation (HLFN) is a member of the Western Cree Tribal Council and a signatory to Treaty 8. Despite being a member of the Western Cree Tribal Council, HLFN is linguistically and culturally Dane-zaa (Beaver), belonging to the Athapaskan language family. Ancestors of the HLFN were referred to by many names including, “Beaver Indians of Dunvegan,” the “Beavers of Grande Prairie,” and the “Dunvegan Band” (Martineau 2013). HLFN has two reserves with a total area of 3,099.1 ha. Clear Hills I.R. #152C (1,547.1 ha) is located 56 km northwest of Fairview, Alberta, and Horse Lakes I.R. #152B (1,552 ha) is located 60 km northwest of Grande Prairie, Alberta (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013), although the band’s current place of contact is the village of Hythe, Alberta.

As of September 2013, HLFN has a registered population of 904 members, with 401 living on reserve, 10 members on other reserves, and 493 members living off reserve. HLFN is governed under a Custom Electoral System and represented by a Chief and four Councillors elected for four-year terms (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 2013).

1.1.11 Kelly Lake Cree Nation

Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) is located in northeast British Columbia near Dawson Creek. In 1996, KLCN separated from Kelly Lake First Nation to become an independent group (Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, 2005). At the same time, KLCN filed a comprehensive land claim for an area that stretches from Jasper to the Peace River and the Rocky Mountains (Enbridge Northern Gateway

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Pipelines, 2010). Cree, of the Algonquian linguistic stock, is the predominant Aboriginal language, and is often influenced with modifications that reveal the community’s French ancestry (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

KLCN is governed under a system based on a holistic philosophy, recognizing the inherent interdependence among all elements of creation, and the ideals of economic self-sufficiency and self- government. The community is represented by a hereditary tribal Chief, who is advised by eight headmen (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

KLCN is not a recognized signatory of Treaty 8, nor currently recognized as an “Indian Band” (or First Nation) by the Federal Government. The community filed a comprehensive land claim with the federal government in 1994 based on continuing Aboriginal rights and title, which had not been dealt with by treaty or other legal means (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

1.1.12 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society

Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS), located in the community of Kelly Lake, 120 km southwest of Dawson Creek, is recognized today as the only historic Métis settlement community in British Columbia (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010). The community has a population of approximately 160 people residing in 45 homes, with the majority of land being privately owned, having been acquired by the original Métis settlers under the right of pre-emption (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010). KLMSS lands of traditional occupancy and use generally extends from the Continental Divide in British Columbia east to the Little Smoky River, AB in the northeastern portion of the territory, and to Lac Ste. Anne in the southeast following common travel routes. North-south, it encompasses lands from the Peace River south to about the latitude of Hinton, Alberta. The Métis people of Kelly Lake have used this area since the mid- 18th century to sustain their economic, social, spiritual and cultural way of life.

KLMSS are related to the people of KLCN, KLFN and SFN (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines 2010). Cree is the primary language spoken by members thirty and over, but is influenced with modifications that reveal the community’s French ancestry (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010).

KLMSS is a not-for-profit society registered in British Columbia under the Societies Act since April 26, 2002 (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010). KLMSS members have protected Aboriginal rights as Métis people under Section 35 of the Constitution (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010). KLMSS act independently from the Métis Nation of British Columbia (Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society 2010) and are governed by a set of bylaws that define corporate and community governance (Peace River Coal Inc. 2010).

1.1.13 McLeod Lake Indian Band

McLeod Lake Indian Band (MLIB) is part of a larger Aboriginal group, the Tse’Khene (or People of the Rocks), that also includes the Kwadacha Nation and the Tsay Keh Dene Band. The Tse’khene language is a part of the Beaver-Sarcee Tse’khene branch of Athapaskan (Martineau, 2013). MLIB did not ratify the

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 1: Introduction August 2013 original Treaty 8, but signed an adhesion to Treaty 8 in 2000. The Treaty Adhesion Settlement provided the Band with some $38 million that is held in trust, 19,810 hectares of forest lands, Indian Reserves, and fee simple lands (Government of British Columbia, 2013). MLIB consists of 19 reserves located at McLeod Lake roughly 140 km north of Prince George along Highway 97 and covering a total of 20,053 hectares. The main community is located at McLeod Lake I.R. # 1 and I.R. # 5, which are on opposite banks at the northern end of McLeod Lake, while a second community is located at the village of Bear Lake (Martineau, 2013). As of January 2010, MLIB had a registered population of 491 members (Government of British Columbia, 2013). MLIB is currently pursuing a self-government agreement under the six-stage British Columbia Treaty Commission process independently rather than in affiliation with a tribal council. In February 2004, MLIB signed a statement of intent to enter into comprehensive treaty negotiations with Canada and British Columbia. The statement was accepted by the British Columbia Treaty Commission and the three parties have now completed two stages of the six-stage treaty process (Government of British Columbia, 2013). The Band is represented by a Chief and six Councillors , two of whom reside on reserve, two off reserve, as well as an Elder and youth Councillor.

The MLIB has been involved in 27 land claims in the province of British Columbia. Twenty-five MLIB members have opened specific claims, dating from March 27, 2000, based on the provisions of Treaty 8, which allow for 160 hectares of land (known as Land in Severalty) for individuals choosing to live apart from the community. Nineteen Severalty claims have been settled to date, while six are still in the process of active negotiations (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). A claim entitled 50 acres, received in 1986, involves an alleged 50 acres that was omitted from two reserves in the 1920s due to survey errors was settled through negotiations (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).Treaty Land Entitlement, settled March 27, 2000, stipulates that the Crown fulfill its treaty land entitlement obligations in adherence to Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

1.1.14 Métis Nation British Columbia

The Métis Nation British Columbia, first incorporated under the Society’s Act on October 23, 1996, is recognized by the provincial and federal government and the Métis National Council as the official governing organization in the province of British Columbia, representing over 8000 provincially registered Métis citizens and a population of 69,475 self-identified Métis people (MNBC 2013). Michif is the language of the Métis people that developed in the 1700s as a trade language spoken between the French/English fur traders and the Cree/Algonkian/Sioux speakers (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation 2013).

In 2003, the Métis leadership ratified the MNBC Constitution, thereby establishing a new governance structure (MNBC 2013). The MNBC is comprised of seven elected Regional Directors, an elected representative for the Métis Women’s Secretariat, an elected representative of the British Columbia United Métis Youth Circle, and the President and Vice-President for a total of eleven members. The MNBC is divided into seven regions including Vancouver Island, Lower Mainland, Thompson/Okanagan, Kootenays, North Central, Northwest and Northeast, each with a Regional Governance Council

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comprised of the Presidents of the Communities in each respective region. MNBC represents 35 Métis Chartered Communities in BC and is mandated to develop and enhance opportunities for Métis communities by implementing culturally relevant social and economic programs and services (MNBC 2013).

1.1.15 Moccasin Flats Métis Society

The Moccasin Flats Métis Society (MFMS) is located in Chetwynd BC and represents and provides services on behalf of Métis people on matters related to provincial and federal programs and services. MFMS is affiliated with the Métis Nation of British Columbia, and engagement is primarily facilitated through the Métis Nation of British Columbia.

1.1.16 Northeast Métis Association

The North East Métis Association (NEMA), is located in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, and represents 81 Métis citizens (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

1.1.17 Prophet River First Nation

Prophet River First Nation (PRFN) is a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association and a signatory to Treaty 8. Beginning in 1957, PRFN was part of Fort Nelson First Nation, known at the time as the Fort Nelson Slave Band, but split away in 1974 (Fasken Martineau, 2013). The primary language of PRFN is Dane-zaa (Beaver), belonging to the Athapaskan language family (First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council, n.d.).

PRFN has one reserve, Prophet River I.R. # 4, located in the Peace River District at milepost 234 on Highway 97, encompassing a total land base of 373 hectares (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). PRFN is governed under a custom electoral system and represented by a Chief and two Councillors, elected for a three-year term (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). As of June 2013, PRFN had a registered population of 263 members, with 103 members living on reserve, nine members on other reserves, 150 members off reserve, and one member on Crown land (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

PRFN has been involved in six land claims in the province of British Columbia. At the time of writing, three claims filed by PRFN have been concluded, along with one filed by the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. The Commercial Hunting-Fishing and Trapping Rights claim, filed December 10, 2003, alleging failure by Canada to protect Treaty 8 hunting, fishing and trapping rights from restrictions imposed by provincial regulations, was closed on June 26, 2008. The Oil and Gas / Separation from Fort Nelson Band claim, alleging inequitable division of land and assets when PRFN separated from Fort Nelson First Nation, was closed on July 2, 2008. The Treaty Land Entitlement claim, alleging an insufficient quantity of reserve land set aside pursuant to the terms of Treaty 8, was closed on July 2, 2008. PRFN was also involved in a Joint Annuity Arrears claim filed by the Treaty 8 Tribal Association on August 9, 1993. They, along with

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BRFN, DRFN, Fort Nelson First Nation, HRFN, SFN and WMFN alleged that Treaty Annuities were owed dating back to 1899 when Treaty 8 was signed as opposed to from the date of adhesion in 1910. On March 1, 2006, the claim was no longer accepted for negotiations and the file was officially closed on January 30, 2009 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

Two claims filed by PRFN remain in active negotiations: the BC Trapline Registration claim, filed on October 16, 2008, alleges failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of the British Columbia Trapline Registration process, and the Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits claim, filed on October 16, 2008, alleges that the Crown failed to meet its outstanding obligation under Treaty 8 to provide economic benefits related to agricultural provisions (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

1.1.18 Red River Métis Society

The Red River Métis Society (RRMS) is located in Hudson’s Hope. RRMS is represented by the BC Métis Federation, and engagement on the Project is primarily facilitated through the BC Métis Federation

1.1.19 Saulteau First Nations

Saulteau First Nations (SFN) are a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association and a signatory to Treaty 8. East Moberly Lake I.R. # 169 is the Band’s only reserve, situated on 3025.8 hectares of land at the east end of Moberly Lake, approximately 100 km southwest of Fort St. John (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation). As of January 2010, SFN had a registered population of 877 members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation). Traditionally the Band was made-up of Saulteau and Cree speakers, however Cree and Beaver have become the main languages of the SFN community as there are very few Saulteau-speaking Elders remaining (Finavera Wind Energy, 2011). SFN is governed under a custom electoral system and is represented by a Chief and four Councillors, each representing one of the founding families, elected for a three-year term (Finavera Wind Energy, 2011).

SFN has been involved in ten land claims in the province of British Columbia. At the time of writing, four claims specifically filed by SFN have been concluded, along with one related to the associated Treaty 8 Tribal Association. The Commercial Hunting-Fishing and Trapping Rights claim, alleging failure by Canada to protect Treaty 8 hunting, fishing and trapping rights from restrictions imposed by provincial regulations was closed on June 26, 2008. The East Moberly I.R. No. 169 – Hydro Line claim, filed on October 16, 2008, alleging improper procedure and compensation for lands taken for the hydro transmission line, was not accepted for negotiations on February 1, 2010 and no lawful obligation was found. The Lands in Severalty claim, alleging failure to fulfill the land-in-severalty provisions of Treaty 8 was closed on January 11, 2006. The Misuse of Band Funds for Agricultural Development claim received on October 8, 2009, alleging that the Crown failed to meet its outstanding obligation under Treaty 8 to provide economic benefits related to agricultural provisions was not accepted for negotiations on September 29, 2011 and no lawful obligation was found (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

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SFN was also involved in a Joint Annuity Arrears claim filed by the Treaty 8 Tribal Association on August 9, 1993. SFN, along with BRFN, DRFN, Fort Nelson First Nation, HRFN, Prophet River First Nation and West Moberly First Nation alleged that they were owed Treaty Annuities dating back to 1899 when Treaty 8 was signed as opposed to from the date of adhesion in 1910. On March 1, 2006, the claim was no longer accepted for negotiations and the file was officially closed on January 30, 2009 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). The East Moberly I.R. No. 169 claim, received May 28, 1991, alleging improper procedures and compensation regarding the highway through East Moberly I.R. # 169, was settled through negotiations and closed January 6, 1992 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

SFN is involved in four claims that remain in active negotiations. The British Columbia Trapline Registration claim, received October 16, 2008, involves alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of the British Columbia Trapline Registration process. The Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits claim received October 16, 2008, involves the alleged failure by Canada to provide the economic and agricultural benefits that are guaranteed under Treaty 8. Treaty 8 Treaty Land Entitlement, received April 4, 1998, involves unfulfilled treaty land entitlement pursuant to Treaty 8. SFN, along with BRFN, DRFN, and HRFN, is also in negotiation for the Ammunition and Twine claim filed under the Treaty 8 Tribal Association on October 16, 2008, alleging a breach of Treaty by Canada in the provision of twine and ammunition to the aforementioned First Nation communities.

1.1.20 West Moberly First Nations

West Moberly First Nation (WMFN) is a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association and a signatory to Treaty 8. Prior to 1977, WMFN and HRFN were combined under the Hudson Hope Band (Treaty 8 Tribal Association, n.d.). West Moberly Lake I.R. # 168A is the band’s only reserve, situated on 2033.6 hectares of land at the west end of Moberly Lake, approximately 90 km southwest of Fort St. John (Fort Nelson First Nation) (Treaty 8 Tribal Association, n.d.). WMFN members are Dane-zaa, and part of Beaver linguistic stock (First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council, n.d.). As of June 2013, the total registered population of WMFN was 265, with 107 members living on reserve, 5 members living on other reserves, and 153 members living off reserve (Fort Nelson First Nation). WMFN is governed under a custom electoral system and is represented by a Chief and four Councillors , elected for a three-year term (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

WMFN have been involved in six land claims in the province of British Columbia. At the time of writing, two claims specifically related to WMFN have been concluded, along with one related to the associated Treaty 8 Tribal Association. The Commercial Hunting-Fishing and Trapping Rights claim, alleging failure by Canada to protect Treaty 8 hunting, fishing and trapping rights from restrictions imposed by provincial regulations was closed on June 26, 2008, while the Misuse of Band Funds for Agricultural Development claim, received on October 8, 2009, alleging that the Crown failed to meet its outstanding obligation under Treaty 8 to provide economic benefits related to agricultural provisions, was not accepted for negotiations on September 29, 2011 and no lawful obligation was found. WMFN was also involved in a Joint Annuity Arrears claim filed by the Treaty 8 Tribal Association on August 9, 1993 involving an allegation that Treaty

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Annuities were owed dating back to 1899 when Treaty 8 was signed as opposed to from the date of adhesion in 1910. On March 1, 2006 the claim was no longer accepted for negotiations and the file was officially closed on January 30, 2009 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

As of August 2, 2013, three claims remain in active negotiations including: British Columbia Trapline Registration, received October 16, 2008, involving alleged failure by Canada to protect traplines in light of the British Columbia Trapline Registration process; Treaty 8 Agricultural Benefits, received October 16, 2008, involving the alleged failure by Canada to provide the economic and agricultural benefits that are guaranteed under Treaty 8; and Treaty 8 Land Entitlement, received May 29, 1996, regarding unfulfilled treaty land entitlement pursuant to Treaty 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013).

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY

The review of background literature included general historical and ethnographic literature, as well as relevant Internet resources, such as the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, public land claims documents, the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office, the National Energy Board, the British Columbia Treaty Commission, academic libraries and databases. The review focused on non-project-specific data from First Nation and Métis communities, with the intent of better understanding pre-existing issues, concerns and mitigation recommendations in the region. This literature review makes use of this data in good faith and this information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region. For information on Project-specific concerns and anticipated effects, see Appendix II: Traditional Knowledge Report.

2.1 Information Sources

Sources were deemed relevant for review if their content discusses landscape within and in close proximity to the proposed North Montney Project area. Not all documents summarized below are publically available, and thus issues and concerns from these confidential sources couldn’t be included in the Literature Review. The following sources are arranged in chronological order: (see Figure 2: Industrial Developments)

Halfway River Band and Prophet River Band Traditional Knowledge Study - Pink Mountain/Sikanni Chief Area, B.C. Prepared for: Husky Oil Operations Ltd. (August 1994) Husky Oil Operations Ltd. had acquired mineral rights on nine parcels of land with a total area of approximately 179 km2 in the vicinity of Pink Mountain British Columbia, where they drilled several wells within their land holdings, constructed a pipeline and operated a disposal well. In recognition of concerns raised regarding potential impacts of these activities on caribou and other wildlife Husky initiated this study of traditional knowledge with respect to wildlife in the area. HRFN and PRFN provided information for the study.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Traditional Knowledge Study of Natural and Cultural Resources in the Vicinity of the Lower Graham and Chowade Rivers Area, British Columbia. (September 1995) Husky Oil Operations Limited commissioned the study in order to help identify natural and cultural resources of significance to the Halfway River First Nation in the vicinity of the Lower Graham and Chowade rivers area.

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Relevant issues and concerns are raised by HRFN in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nation community involved, and interested parties must consult with HRFN before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region.

Application for a Project Approval Certificate Jedney Gas Plant and Pipeline Expansion Project Prepared by: Westcoast Gas Services Inc. (October 1996) The Jedney Expansion Project consisted of a raw gas pipeline, gas-processing facility, acid gas disposal scheme, hydrocarbon liquids pipeline, truck loading facilities, expansion of the existing Jedney camp, and associated facilities. BRFN and PRFN provided information for the Jedney application.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Traditional Land Use Overview: Husky Oil Operations Ltd., Murphy Oil Company Ltd., Novgas Clearinghouse Ltd. (1996) A TK Study was done in reference to an unknown project situated within the Traditional Territory of the Beaver (Dane-zaa) people. The communities relevant to this study include: BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, DRFN and FNFN.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Traditional Knowledge Study of Natural and Cultural Resources in the Vicinity of the Upper Sikanni Chief River Area, British Columbia prepared for Husky Oil Operations Ltd. (October 1996) Husky Oil Operations Limited and Murphy Oil Company Ltd. commissioned the study to help identify natural and cultural resources of significance to HRFN and PRFN in the vicinity of the Upper Sikanni Chief River area.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by HRFN and PRFN in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nation communities involved, and interested parties must consult with these groups before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region..

Westcoast Gas Services Inc. Highway Gas and Liquids Plant and Pipeline Project Application for a Project Approval Certificate (1997) Westcoast Gas Services applied to build a natural gas processing facility and a raw gas pipeline. Sales gas would be delivered through the existing Aitken Creek sales gas pipeline to the Fort Nelson mainline. BRFN was consulted in conjunction with this application.

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The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation community involved.

Traditional Knowledge Study Doig River First Nation: Ecological and Cultural Resources in Proximity to the Boundary Lake Pipeline Lateral, Alliance Pipeline Project (January 1999) DRFN completed a TK study in the context of the regulatory application for the Alliance Pipeline project, which traverses the Traditional Territory of DRFN in northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by DRFN in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nation involved, and interested parties must consult with DRFN before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region..

Maxhamish Pipeline Project Application for a Project Approval Certificate prepared for: Paramount Resources Ltd. (August 1999) The document outlines Paramount Resources Ltd.’s application to construct, own and operate a 164 km sweet residue gas pipeline that would connect the proposed Maxhamish gas plant to a tie-in and sales point located on the Westcoast Energy Inc. pipeline system immediately south of the Fort Nelson gas plant. FNFN and PRFN were consulted in conjunction with this application.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by FNFN and PRFN in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nations involved, and interested parties must consult with these groups before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region..

Traditional Land Use Assessment of the Proposed Western Canadian Coal Corp. Wolverine Mine Project (July 2002) The main objective of this TLU Assessment was to collect site-specific traditional land use information directly associated with the proposed construction of the Western Canadian Coal Corp. Wolverine Mine development project. MLIB and WMFN provided information for the study.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by MLIB and WMFN in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nations involved, and interested parties must consult with these groups before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region..

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Petroleum Contaminants Community Research Project Final Report (2004) The Petroleum Contaminants Community Research Project, a joint initiative between SFN and WMFN, examined the effects of oil and gas activity on wildlife in the Del Rio area near Moberly Lake, British Columbia. Study area shows the distribution of the 135 well sites within the 75 000 hectare area.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Western Canadian Coal Corp. Traditional Land Use Sites Assessment Basic Report: Wolverine Power Line Right-of-Way, Lateral Power Line Right-of-Way, and Explosives Site (June 2004) The main objective of the TLU Sites Assessment was to collect site-specific traditional land use information directly associated with the proposed construction of power line rights-of-way, and explosives site. Landsong Heritage Consulting Ltd. assisted with the documenting of traditional land use information, the recording of site locations, TLU mitigation discussions and resolutions, and the reporting of TLU information. MLIB, SFN, WMFN, KLCN and KLMSS provided information for the study.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by the aforementioned First Nation and Métis communities in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to the First Nation and Métis communities involved, and interested parties must consult with these groups before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use.

Peejay Secure Landfill Project Assessment Report with respect to: Review of the Application for an Environmental Assessment Certificate submitted by Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership (2008) The document outlines the proposed Peejay Secure Landfill Project which was initiated by Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership in an effort to clean up DRFN's traditional lands. The Proponent proposes to construct and operate a secure landfill at a site that is close to historic and ongoing contaminated areas. The proposed Project is located in Treaty 8 territory in northeastern British Columbia, about 50 km north of the Doig River First Nation community, about 40 km northeast of the Blueberry River First Nations community and about 107 km north of Fort St. John. Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership consulted with DRFN, FNFN, BRFN, SFN, HRFN and WMFN.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Babkirk Secure Landfill Project Assessment Report with respect to: Review of the Application for an Environmental Assessment Certificate submitted by Babkirk Land Services Inc. (November 2008) Babkirk Land Services applied to upgrade three existing bioremediation cells at a treatment facility near Wonowon, British Columbia for the purpose of providing a direct waste disposal option for the oil and gas industry. FNFN, PRFN, DRFN, BRFN, HRFN, SFN, and WMFN were consulted regarding the proposed development and potential effects to their traditional territory.

2-4 Draft Fort Nelson 2 (Fort Nelson First Nation)

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 2: Literature Review Methodology August 2013

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Northern Rockies Secure Landfill Project Assessment Report (March 2009) CCS Landfill Services owns and operates the Northern Rockies Landfill and Special Waste Treatment Facility under CCS Midstream Services. The document outlines the proponent’s proposal to establish a secure landfill at the existing Northern Rockies facility, by constructing secure landfill cells adjacent to the existing industrial landfill. CCS Midstream Services consulted with FNFN, PRFN, BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN and WMFN in regards to the proposed development and potential effects to their traditional territory.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

CCS Northern Rockies Secure Landfill Consultation Report Application Review Phase (March 2009) CCS Landfill Services owns and operates the Northern Rockies Landfill and Special Waste Treatment Facility under CCS Midstream Services. The document outlines the proponent’s application to establish a secure landfill at the existing Northern Rockies facility, by constructing secure landfill cells adjacent to the existing industrial landfill. WMFN, PRFN, BRFN, SFN, FNFN, DRFN, and HRFN were consulted regarding the proposed development and potential effects to their traditional territory.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Application, Volume 5A: Aboriginal Engagement (May 2010) The regulatory application for the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline outlines the results of consultation with a number of the Aboriginal communities potentially affected by the North Montney Project. HRFN, KLCN, KLMSS, SFN, and WMFN each provided information in the context of the pipeline application. The Northern Gateway pipeline and associated facilities extend from Bruderheim, Alberta to Kitimat, British Columbia.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation and Métis communities involved.

Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Community Report: McLeod Lake Indian Band (Tse'Khene Nation), Enbridge Northern Gateway Project (July 2010) The Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Community Report produced for the Northern Gateway project was released publicly to the NEB. It contains baseline; project-specific issues, concerns, and anticipated effects; cumulative effects; as well as more general concerns regarding development in the region.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by MLIB in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to MLIB, and interested parties must consult with them before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 2: Literature Review Methodology August 2013 reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Land Use Study: Kelly Lake Apetokosan Nation Grande Prairie Mainline Loop (Karr North Section) Pipeline Project (September 2011) The Karr North section of the Grande Prairie Mainline Loop is a natural gas pipeline located about 50 km southeast of Grande Prairie, Alberta. The proposed development will parallel the existing Grande Prairie Mainline for approximately 16 km. The main objective of the TEK/TLU study is to compile information about potential project effects and cumulative effects within KLMSS traditional territory, as well as any mitigation measures identified by study participants.

Roman Coal Mine Project Environmental Assessment Report, Volume 3: Human Environmental Assessment (March 2010); Comments for the Peace River Coal Roman Mine EA (June 2010); EA Certification for Roman Coal Mine (September 2012) The proposed Roman Coal Mine Project is located in the Peace Region of northeast British Columbia, approximately 30 km south of Tumbler Ridge. The Project is located in the southern part of historical Treaty 8 lands, with DRFN, HRFN, MLIB, SFN and WMFN each being consulted separately in regards to First Nation interests and use of the Project area. Additionally, the Project lies within the Kelly Lake community, which includes the KLCN and the KLMSS.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

Proposed Wildmare Project, Comments on Documents (February 2012) Finavera’s Wildmare Wind Energy Project is a 77.4 megawatt project located 8 km northwest of Chetwynd in the south Peace River Region of British Columbia, within Treaty 8 territory. The project will consist of approximately 38 wind turbine generators, and affiliated facilities, including connector and access roads, , substation and operations centre, and an overhead transmission line. SFN provided information in the context of this document.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation community involved.

Fort Nelson First Nation Strategic Land Use Plan (June 2012) This document outlines stewardship principles and zoning and management requirements to be actively incorporated into future development projects across FNFN Traditional Territory. Developed by the FNFN Lands Department during 2011 and 2012, the plan combines issues and concerns raised by Elders, land users and other knowledge holders, and FNFN Chief and Council.

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The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights by the First Nation community involved and was found on a public information source.

Site C Clean Energy Project: Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Assessment: Final Report (July 2012) The report presents the KLMSS Aboriginal TK assessment of the proposed BC Hydro Site C Clean Energy Project, and was prepared for the project’s harmonized environmental assessment.

Relevant issues and concerns are raised by KLMSS in the above document, however the traditional knowledge contained therein is considered proprietary to KLMSS, and interested parties must consult with them before the content of the document is used beyond its intended one time use. This information is reviewed here only to provide context and background and demonstrate an understanding of what existing concerns and issues have been identified with respect to other projects in the region.

BC Hydro Power and Authority Site C Clean Energy Project (2012/2013) Site C Clean Energy Project is a proposed dam and hydroelectric generating station on the Peace River in northeast British Columbia BRFN, HRFN, MLIB, FNFN, and KLMSS were consulted in the context of the project and Aboriginal land and resource use summaries were created for BRFN, HRFN, KLMSS, and MLIB.

The information in the aforementioned document was not identified with intellectual property rights or considered confidential by the First Nation communities involved.

2.2 Organization of Data

The data in this literature review outlines concerns specific to particular Aboriginal and Métis communities. Within the Aboriginal Community-specific Concerns section the data is then categorized by typical EIA discipline (that is, by those biophysical disciplines studies that typically make up an EIA) and the standard components of a TLU study, including:

 Vegetation  Wildlife  Fish  Hunting/Trapping  Cabins/Camps/Settlements  Trails/Travel Routes  Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas  Traditional Knowledge  Health/Community Well-being  Socio-economics

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 Archaeology  Water Resources  Air Quality  Noise/Light  Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design  Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures  Monitoring and Reclamation  Cumulative Effects

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North Montney Project Traditional Knowledge Literature Review Section 3: Aboriginal Community-Specific Concerns August 2013

3 ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY-SPECIFIC CONCERNS

3.1 Blueberry River First Nations

3.1.1 Wildlife

 Cut-lines have detrimental, long-term impacts on wildlife. More information on migration patterns and the effect of cut-lines on migration is required (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Winter maintenance of general access roads results in the development of high snow banks on each side, potentially blocking wildlife movements or trapping animals along the road and exposing them to traffic mortality. Wildlife-vehicle collisions involving moose, wolves and other species are already common (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Potential bear denning areas should be re-examined prior to clearing in order to identify and avoid specific denning sites (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Moose and deer use soil berms and the water that accumulates in flare pits as mineral licks, with possible deleterious effects on animal health and meat quality. All such areas should be fenced off to prevent use by wildlife (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  There are concerns regarding access being opened to hunters and their all-terrain vehicles (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Community members questioned the effect of cleared areas on wildlife (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  For BRFN, as well as HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern. (FMA, 1996).

3.1.2 Hunting/Trapping

 Holders of registered trapping areas would like to be kept informed during all stages of the project (including planning) and advised well in advance of construction activities (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Some poaching of valuable furbearers (e.g., lynx) from registered traplines has occurred in the past, and there is a concern that this could increase as more workers gain access to the area (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).

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3.1.3 Traditional Knowledge

 BRFN, as well as HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

3.1.4 Socio-economics

 First Nations businesses want a fair opportunity to bid on contracts (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Training opportunities for First Nations members are required (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Proponents should provide the Bands with a list of the skills needed and the employment opportunities available, so First Nations can provide lists of Band members who are appropriate for work (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Community members would like to be hired for any slashing/clearing operations (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Community members noted interest in opportunities for work as environmental monitors (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  BRFN, as well as HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.1.5 Health/Community Well-being

 For BRFN, as well as HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).

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3.1.6 Archaeology

 Rights-of-way must avoid archaeologically sensitive sites (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).

3.1.7 Water Resources

 Past experience has shown that oil, fuel and other liquids spilled during refueling and vehicle servicing eventually get into creeks, affecting water quality for both wildlife and humans. There is also evidence of improper disposal of filters and other debris along right-of-ways. Appropriate preventative measures need to be developed and enforced (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  There are concerns water may be contaminated with hydrocarbons from spills during construction of pipeline (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  BRFN, along with HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009). A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.1.8 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 There are concerns about the environmental assessment process; it should be more comprehensive than the one done for the Chauvco pipeline (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  First Nations want to be involved in joint stewardship of lands, creating partnerships in planning, development, and operations phases. Therefore, First Nations, industry and government need to work together more (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  A different process of communicating with the First Nation communities is required to get a better turnout at the open houses. It is important to ensure that the community is informed and knowledgeable of the project and the opportunities and issues associated with it (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Need to work through the community leaders to get them to solicit input from community members (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

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3.1.9 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 The apparent oil and gas leak along the existing Chauvco line where it crosses Black Creek emphasizes the need for frequent monitoring of all pipelines and associated facilities during operation, and for the establishment of a clear problem-reporting system (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).

3.1.10 Monitoring and Reclamation

 General concern regarding creation of access along pipeline right-of-ways. Band members have requested that post construction access be prevented by means of slash rollback at road intersections (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).  Pipeline right-of-ways need to be adequately reseeded from the ground, and vegetation establishment needs to be monitored to ensure early detection of bare areas that require additional re-vegetation (Westcoast Gas Services Inc., 1997).

3.2 Halfway River First Nation

3.2.1 Vegetation

 Although unrelated to oil and gas activity, there was strong concern over herbicide spraying being used on some cutblocks. Elders reported having seen dead or dying rabbits and grouse in proximity to sprayed cutblocks and expressed concerns over the impact of spraying on berry picking (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Logged areas were reported to have a negative effect on areas known to traditionally produce huckleberries (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation made to avoid areas with extensive cover of willow, ‘white moss,’ and ‘goose grass,’ and alpine sites with shrubs and young fir (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Herbicides or soil sterilants must not be used as a means of vegetation control in areas traditionally used by the HRFN and PRFN (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.2.2 Wildlife

 Concerns regarding effects on wildlife by the construction of access roads (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  The Halfway River people interviewed felt there were generally fewer caribou around the Pink Mountain area and felt this may be related to hunting (legal and illegal), winter industrial activity and habitat loss. Reported that moose, elk and deer are the most important harvested species for local use (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

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 The creation of access roads, seismic lines, and pipeline right-of-ways is considered a major contributing factor to easier access for hunting and declines in some wildlife populations (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Shot holes from seismic activities were also observed to have been responsible for injury to wildlife and domestic livestock (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to secure all drilling sites from wildlife access (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Elders from Halfway River identified nineteen mineral licks within the study area from roughly Chicken Creek west to Trimble Lake. During the rut, mineral licks were reported to be important focal points for moose. At this time bulls in the area apparently travel from one lick to another in search of receptive females. Elders reported that wolves will preferentially prey on animals at lick sites. First Nations representatives have previously requested a half to two mile buffer be maintained around mineral licks, within which no new access or forest removal would occur. First Nations representatives have also requested that roads which encroach on licks be realigned or closed, where feasible. While the Elders have concerns with respect to all aspects of their environment, their concern for the protection of the moose licks represents the overwhelming focus of their attention (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Calving habitat for elk, moose and deer previously reported by the Elders included stands dominated by aspen, poplar, alder, willow, birch, high-bush cranberry and western mountain ash. Elders reported a preference by some caribou to calve at high elevation and to move to lower elevation once these calves are strong. Areas adjacent to ponds and creeks were also identified as important calving areas (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Use of herbicides to control secondary growth on logged areas was reported to create areas which were not used by wildlife. Reference was made to the invasion of logged areas by ‘stinkweed’ which was not used by wildlife (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to ensure that an approximate 0.5-3.0 km no development buffer is maintained around all water bodies (ponds, streams etc.) and licks. This buffer should be increased beyond the slope break where the river valley slopes are steep. This would apply to all well sites, cutlines, roads, pipelines, forestry cutblocks or other facilities. In addition to this buffer, facilities should not be located within the same clearing as any mineral lick or provide a clear view of any mineral lick. Other key wildlife habitats identified by the band should also be protected (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation made to secure all drilling sites from wildlife access by using fences (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  For HRFN, as well as BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern. (FMA, 1996).

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3.2.3 Fish

 Most fishing by the Halfway River Band is done along the Graham and Chowade Rivers (approximately 60 km south of Pink Mountain). Elders from the Halfway Band felt that numbers of all species of trout were decreasing (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

3.2.4 Hunting/Trapping

 The community has traditionally used the Pink Mountain area for hunting, trapping, berry picking and cultural gatherings both among and between bands (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

3.2.5 Trails/Travel Routes

 The trail system developed by the Aboriginal peoples of the area has existed since time ‘immemorial’ and perhaps dates back to the time when early populations were camped in the Pink Mountain Region some 11 000-12 000 years ago. Trails form an integral part of Dunne-za philosophy, they are essential elements of both the dream world as well as the real world, “experiencing their world as a mosaic of passages and interactions between animal being in motion against the backdrop of a terrain that was itself continually in process through the cyclical transformations of the changing seasons.” They looked upon the trails of people and animals as a record of these interactions (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.2.6 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas

 Recommendation made to undertake project specific studies to locate and map cultural sites (e.g. graves, gathering sites etc.) and design and implement a site preservation program for significant sites (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  The HRFN and PRFN state there is to be absolutely no disturbance in the area of the Dechinn, a symbol in the shape of a cross which acts as a meeting place where trails converged and people came to pray, and at the confluence of Kelly and Besa rivers. A 25 km2 avoidance zone around the Dechinn has been requested (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.2.7 Traditional Knowledge

 During the interviews HRFN Elders spoke of the importance of mineral licks in the area and emphasized the need to protect these. Licks are used by caribou, moose, elk and other species (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to avoid any development which encroaches on the upper Halfway River drainage basin (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

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 Comments have been made that activities such as trapping which helped maintain and build traditional knowledge are being less pursued by the young people of the community. One consequence of this is that traditional knowledge with respect to wildlife within the study area is concentrated within the few elders who have had experience in the more remote areas and more prolonged exposure to traditional harvesting practices (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  In recognition of their heritage, industry should consider participation in a cultural resource management program developed with the Halfway River/Prophet River bands to help ensure that their culture is preserved for future generations (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  HRFN, as well as BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  HRFN, BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

3.2.8 Socio-economics

 Interested in laboring contracts (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Interested in business opportunities associated with this project (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Expressed a general interest in “economic benefits.” (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Interested in local employment (environmental monitoring), education and training (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Reference was made to cases where oil and gas industry company representatives discussed routing/employment issues with affected local land users and then did the opposite of what was proposed without any further face to face consultation (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  HRFN, as well as BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

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3.2.9 Health/Community Well-being

 For HRFN, as well as BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. HRFN, along with MLIB, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, KLCN, and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.2.10 Archaeology

 Noted that under the B.C. Heritage Conservation Act any proposed development may require an Archaeological Impact Assessment (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.2.11 Water Resources

 Recommendation made to not parallel watercourses. Where crossing is required, do so at right angles (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to not withdraw water from beaver dams during frozen conditions (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to avoid any development which encroaches on the upper Halfway River and Prophet River drainage basin (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  HRFN, along with BRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).  A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.2.12 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 Concerns regarding access roads to the pipeline RoW (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns were expressed regarding drilling wastes. It is believed that these materials may leech toxic substances into the groundwater as well as attract and adversely affect wildlife health (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

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 Recommendation made to avoid burying waste materials from the oil and gas industry (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made that communications with local Native trappers should be done in person rather than through mail and involve a local Native person during such consultation (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made that contact be made with HRFN early in the planning stage of any development proposed in their traditional lands. All proposed development sites should be visited by a band representative (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to follow or otherwise use existing disturbed sites (e.g. Seismic lines, roads, logged areas) wherever possible (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to control/restrict human access to areas that are newly opened up by roads and seismic lines. First Nations people should be employed for this task (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.2.13 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 Concerns regarding pipeline safety and integrity (what would happen if there were a pipeline spill) (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.2.14 Cumulative Effects

 The Band has expressed considerable concern with cumulative impacts resulting from the number of developments such as oil, gas, lumber, etc. which are currently operating and are proposed for the area comprising their traditional territory (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

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3.3 McLeod Lake Indian Band

3.3.1 Vegetation

 Effects that chemical sprays used to maintain clearances have on vegetation used for medicine and food. Proponent may not honour its agreement to refrain from using chemical sprays on the RoW (other companies have been observed spraying chemicals even with agreements in place) (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Invasive species of plants will arise from tree clearances, soil disturbances and the replanting of clearances with non-native plants (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Potential that project-related construction will eliminate good berry and medicinal plant- gathering areas, or will pollute the land near them, thereby precluding their use by community members (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns regarding land modification and chemicals in the environment (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Traditional Knowledge Holders have seen the effects of chemical sprays used to maintain clearances on vegetation throughout MLIB Traditional Territory. This concern extends to the food chain, as animals get sick from consuming these toxins (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Traditional Knowledge Holders are generally concerned about the effects of development on berry patches. The use of herbicides near berry picking areas has restricted harvesting (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.2 Wildlife

 Potential for Project to affect animal health if chemical sprays are used to maintain clearances. Potential that project-related construction will eliminate wildlife areas, or will pollute the land near them, thereby precluding their use by community members (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  MLIB Traditional Knowledge Holders noted that there has been a decline in populations of moose, black bears and trapping animals, which the community attributes to poachers, big game hunters, logging and previous industrial activity in the area. MLIB Traditional Knowledge Holders have also observed a general decline in animal health, particularly around areas of industrial development (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.3 Fish

 Potential for Project to adversely affect fish health and habitat, through construction-related contaminants, accidental releases/spills, habitat disturbances from riverbank erosion, or the introduction of toxic chemicals from insect and plant control sprays. Fish health and habitat are already being affected by existing developments (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 With increasing industrial activity, there has been an increase in the number of parasites, such as fish lice. “We don’t know how [industrial activity and parasitic infections] are connected, but they happen together.” (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010)

3.3.4 Hunting/Trapping

 Project may adversely influence the health and abundance of game animals pursued by community members as a source of food (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Holders expressed concern that over-hunting and increased human activity in the bush has already contributed to the general reduction in animal populations. In addition, increased recreational ski-doo traffic in trapping areas during the winter drives off small fur bearers and has also negatively influenced the ability of community members to trap successfully (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.5 Cabins/Camps/Settlements

 Potential disturbance or destruction of cabins and/or cabin sites as a result of increased public access resulting from Project construction. Historic cabins frequently had raised caches associated with them (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.6 Trails/Travel Routes

 Potential for development to alter the nature of MLIB land use in general. Existing development has obliterated at least one land trail in the Parsnip River area and obscured the locations of others (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.7 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas

 Noted that many burials would have taken place on old traplines, so any traplines that were once used in the area are likely associated with human remains and should be treated accordingly (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.8 Traditional Knowledge

 Potential for Project to remove or damage CMTs (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Elders are concerned that they and their children will have nothing to look back to if MLIB Traditional Territory continues to be developed. As industry continues to develop the natural environment and remove cabins and CMTs that testify to First Nations use, Elders believe that there will be nothing left to mark the community’s past, or allow MLIB use of the land in the present (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 MLIB are concerned that mineral licks and CMTs will not be avoided by project construction personnel (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Expressed interest in the recognition of Keyoh holders (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Traditional Knowledge Holders have seen culturally modified trees (CMTs) cut down by industrial developments within MLIB Traditional Territory and are concerned about their removal. “CMTs are important to Native people; they are used as trail markers. CMTs can go back 200 to 300 years. That’s our history.” (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010)  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. MLIB, along with HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, KLCN, and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.3.9 Health/Community Well-being

 Potential that project will involve sour gas in any way. Accidental release of sour gas could affect the health and well-being of community members and wildlife (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Potential that project will create a lot of dust in the air (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Traditional Knowledge Holders are generally concerned about the decline in community members’ health. Many now suffer from cancer and breathing problems. Traditional Knowledge Holders have noted an increase in the number of sick animals within MLIB Traditional Territory, and are concerned about the potential transfer of toxic substances to humans from consuming animals caught near developed areas (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.10 Socio-economics

 MLIB Elders would like to see community members employed over the course of the Project. Elders would like to see promises of employment fulfilled by developers (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Emphasis was placed on hiring young adults from the community, and on the creation of long-term job opportunities as opposed to small contract jobs (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  MLIB members would be interested in receiving training to act as emergency response personnel for the Project, to react to spill situations should they arise (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  The chance to update skills through project-related training opportunities was viewed favourably by all (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Elders are interested about the ultimate disposition of trees or profits from the sale of trees removed by project clearing (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 Interest in “equity investment,” “training initiatives,” “participation in economic and employment opportunities,” and “business procurement opportunities.” (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010)

3.3.11 Archaeology

 Potential for Project to disturb and/or not report archaeological remains. There is potential for burials on old community traplines and at the north end of McLeod Lake where the community used to be located (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Archaeological sites could potentially be located anywhere there is flat, low-lying ground in the mountains. One archaeological site was identified on Parsnip River, near Williston Lake (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.12 Water Resources

 Potential that project-related construction will eliminate or pollute fresh water sources, or will pollute the land near them, thereby precluding their use by community members (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  MLIB have observed effects from industrial development on water quality, and expressed concerns about the potential for diminishing water quality. One member explained that streams are generally murkier and dirtier now, with oil and pollution slicks visible on the surface. Oil spills were also mentioned as an example of threats to water quality posed by industry – the oil spill in the Pine Pass and its effects was noted in particular (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  MLIB Traditional Knowledge Holders noted that overall water quality is important to the community. “I’m concerned about fish and wildlife, but my number one concern is for water resources, especially the sloughs that filter water and provide aquatic habitat. [British Columbia] is known for its fresh water and I feel we should do everything we can to protect it.” Another MLIB member explained, “Nothing can live if we don’t have clean water systems. One of the greatest gifts the Lord has given us, and we need to protect it.” (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Would like to see more stringent consequences in place in order to ensure that the water guidelines are being followed and not exceeded. Consequences should be quantifiable so that the community can clearly see what will be enforced for first, second and third consequences (Chingee, 2010).

3.3.13 Air Quality

 MLIB Traditional Knowledge Holders are generally concerned with air quality in MLIB Traditional Territory. Dust from logging and road traffic, sour-gas activities, and pulp and paper mills, were discussed in relation to air quality. Airborne dust is a problem for MLIB members, and is attributed to clear-cutting and increased truck traffic related to the logging industry (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 Would like to see more stringent consequences in place in order to ensure that the air guidelines are being followed and not exceeded. Consequences should be quantifiable so that the community can clearly see what will be enforced for first, second and third consequences (Chingee, 2010).

3.3.14 Noise/Light

 Potential project effects of construction and blasting-related noise on animals within MLIB lands. Caribou were noted as being particularly susceptible to noise disturbances (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Open new roads, increasing existing access problems being experienced by MLIB community members, such as noise, recreational and illegal hunting, and safety (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Industrial developments within MLIB Traditional Territory have caused animals to leave the area as a result of loud noise coming from a variety of sources such as the one-time construction of the Hart Highway and railroad plus ongoing activities associated with logging and recreational vehicles, particularly ski-doos (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Blasting and dynamite use were also reported as serious noise concerns. Traditional Knowledge Holders have repeatedly witnessed the great extent and lengthy duration of animal displacements due to blasting, and study participants indicated that animal populations in areas where blasting took place 50 years ago still have not recovered (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.15 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 Accidental release could occur; this would negatively impact the flora and fauna in the surrounding area, and thereby reduce the ability for MLIB community members to make traditional use of the land (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns with emergency response and preparedness (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.3.16 Monitoring and Reclamation

 Elders expressed concerns about project facilities being left behind after the pipeline is no longer in service (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Questions as to at what point are operations seized due to neglect of the guidelines (Chingee, 2010).

3.3.17 Cumulative Effects

 Elders living in Bear Lake are worried that further developments will add to or exacerbate existing health problems attributed to existing developments (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 Concerns regarding cumulative effects of modifications to access (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns were voiced that installing another pipeline at a time when the ecosystem is just starting to recover would result in permanent damage (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.4 Northeast Métis Association

 Extensive review of existing literature was conducted for NEMA, however no publically available documents were found.

3.5 Doig River First Nation

3.5.1 Wildlife

 For DRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern. (FMA, 1996).

3.5.2 Traditional Knowledge

 The Beatton River was identified as an area of cultural significance to the DRFN as a historical fishing, hunting, and berry picking area (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).  DRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  DRFN, BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

3.5.3 Health/Community Well-being

 For DRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. DRFN, along with HRFN, MLIB, SFN, WMFN, KLCN, and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral

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histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.5.4 Socio-economics

 Doig First Nation representatives expressed an interest in the timber cleared prior to construction (Doig River First Nation, 1999).  DRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.5.5 Water Resources

 DRFN, along with BRFN, HRFN, SFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).  A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.5.6 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.6 Saulteau First Nation

3.6.1 Vegetation

 Possibility that once an area is disturbed as a result of the pipeline, the area will not be the same (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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3.6.2 Wildlife

 Further research is required to determine the long term effects on all wildlife species as a result of ingesting drilling waste and flare pit chemicals. Game species have been exposed to drilling waste since the beginning of the oil and gas boom. What are the long term effects of the population? How does contamination affect their health, their longevity, their reproduction, their chances of survival, and ultimately their safety as food for human consumption? (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004)  Enhance corporate responsibility to ensure minimal impact to wildlife and their habitat. Wildlife habitat assessments are key to mitigating impacts and should be conducted during the pre-planning stages. By conducting wildlife habitat assessments prior to oil and gas development, prior to well site construction, prior to road construction many negative impacts may be avoided. Wildlife habitat assessments consider current wildlife habitat conditions, determine movement corridors and trails, wintering areas, natural mineral licks, bedding sites, foraging and feeding area and calving or birthing areas. By knowing where these sites are, critical habitat can be incorporated into management plans to ensure that resource extraction occurs with the least amount of damage to the natural environment and its inhabitants. This strategy protects our wildlife as well as the economic income the landscape provides (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  For SFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern (FMA, 1996).

3.6.3 Fish

 Concern about the preservation of fish and fish habitat in relation to the project. The streams sampled tend to be tributaries of larger fish bearing streams, which raises concerns about the potential impacts of sedimentation, changes in drainage patterns, and other potential downstream effects (Publicover, 2012).

3.6.4 Hunting/Trapping

 Concern with methodology for determining that the impact of a project on hunting and gathering would be insignificant. It is important for a practical and contextual approach focused on traditional patterns of activity to be used in the assessment of a project’s effect on traditional way or life rather than an abstract and limited approach to the potential impacts, such as only looking at legal aspects (Publicover, 2012).

3.6.5 Traditional Knowledge

 Concern that the affected area is very near to the community and therefore it is one of the last walk-on hunting areas available to community members, and is intensively used by community members for traditional activities. The analysis of the question of whether the proposed project will have an impact on traditional patterns of activity and occupation must account for the high significance of the area and

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must be informed by the views, experience and traditional knowledge of the First Nations people that actively use the land (Publicover, 2012).  SFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  SFN, BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, WMFN, and FNFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

3.6.6 Socio-economics

 Request for further information on training and education opportunities (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  SFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.6.7 Health/Community Well-being

 For SFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, WMFN, PRFN and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. SFN, along with HRFN, MLIB, DRFN, WMFN, KLCN, and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.6.8 Noise/Light

 Concern regarding the Noise Assessment Report and that it says nothing about how wildlife and SFN camping areas will be impacted by noise pollution (Publicover, 2012).

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3.6.9 Water Resources

 SFN, along with BRFN, HRFN and DRFN stressed the need for ground surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).  A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.6.10 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 Concerns with NEB process (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns with pipeline integrity, safety of pipeline and how it would be inspected (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Old and abandoned sumps and flare pits should be tagged for immediate disposal and clean-up. Regulations need to be established that will ensure that contaminated sites are dealt with promptly and given the urgency they require (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  Existing operations should make certain that all sumps, flare stacks and other potentially toxic substances be fenced with chain link fencing. Snow fencing is not adequate because it is not sturdy and readily falls down. Criteria for chain link fence construction should be: strong enough that a moose cannot push it over and high enough that a deer cannot jump it (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  The number of sumps and flare pits, old and new, need to be inventoried, GPS’s and monitored throughout the entire Treaty 8 territory of northeastern BC. This recommendation is regarded as very important. The Old and Gas Commission should be responsible for identifying, locating and mapping all existing sumps and flare pits that are present in northeastern BC. Details of these sumps and flare pits should be recorded such as age, size and animal use based on tracks. Once baseline information has been gathered, a management plan can be established to deal with these sites (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  Concern about inadequate consultation about Treaty rights or the potential impacts (Publicover, 2012).  Concerns regarding methodology and conclusions in application materials that despite acknowledging intensive use by community members for traditional purposes, nevertheless concluded that impacts on First Nations considered insignificant (Publicover, 2012).  BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that

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government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.6.11 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 Need for compensation plan in the event of an oil spill, both for marine and pipeline operations (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).

3.6.12 Monitoring and Reclamation

 Band offices need to establish a contaminants monitoring and reporting department. At least one person need to be designated as the ‘monitoring officer’ for each community. Too often hunters harvest animals that show signs of abnormalities and either do not report the incident or else report the incident and no follow up occurs. It is critical that the community has a local person to contact, someone who will record the incident, and follow up with an investigation. Over time this method of documenting wildlife abnormalities will provide important baseline information (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).

3.6.13 Cumulative Effects

 The Joint Review Panel must consider the cumulative effects of the Project that are likely to result from the Project in combination with other projects or activities that have been or will be carried out as is currently proposed (Wolfenden, 2012).  Cumulative effects should be measured against a pre-industrial baseline in order to understand the extent to which the environment and the ability of Aboriginal peoples to exercise s.35 rights have been compromised, and put the significance of the impacts of the project into full perspective (Wolfenden, 2012).

3.7 West Moberly First Nation

3.7.1 Wildlife

 Concerns regarding wildlife (caribou and species at risk) (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Further research is required to determine the long term effects on all wildlife species as a result of ingesting drilling waste and flare pit chemicals. Game species have been exposed to drilling waste since the beginning of the oil and gas boom. What are the long term effects of the population? How does contamination affect their health, their longevity, their reproduction, their chances of survival, and ultimately their safety as food for human consumption? (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004)

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 Enhance corporate responsibility to ensure minimal impact to wildlife and their habitat. Wildlife habitat assessments are key to mitigating impacts and should be conducted during the pre-planning stages. By conducting wildlife habitat assessments prior to oil and gas development, prior to well site construction, prior to road construction many negative impacts may be avoided. Wildlife habitat assessments consider current wildlife habitat conditions, determine movement corridors and trails, wintering areas, natural mineral licks, bedding sites, foraging and feeding area and calving or birthing areas. By knowing where these sites are, critical habitat can be incorporated into management plans to ensure that resource extraction occurs with the least amount of damage to the natural environment and its inhabitants. This strategy protects our wildlife as well as the economic income the landscape provides (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  For WMFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, PRFN and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern. (FMA, 1996).

3.7.2 Hunting/Trapping

 Concern with other projects contributing to the decline in caribou populations that they have experienced with other projects. There is now an interruption in the transmission of cultural knowledge about caribou harvesting in the community due to the rapid decline in population after industrial development projects where they noticed a rapid decline in caribou populations and determined that caribou populations were not capable of providing a sustainable harvest surplus and therefore undertook to refrain from caribou hunting (Chief Roland Willson, 2012).  Concern regarding the scientific credibility of the research done on caribou herds and their ability to sustain themselves (Chief Roland Willson, 2012).

3.7.3 Traditional Knowledge

 WMFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, PRFN and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  WMFN, BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, and FNFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

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3.7.4 Socio-economics

 Interest in equity and benefits opportunities (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.7.5 Health/Community Well-being

 For WMFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, PRFN and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. WMFN, along with HRFN, MLIB, DRFN, SFN, KLCN, and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  WMFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, PRFN and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.7.6 Archaeology

 Expressed interest in participating with archaeological fieldwork (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

3.7.7 Water Resources

 Concerns regarding watercourse crossings (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  WMFN, along with BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, PRFN and FNFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).  A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.7.8 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 Concerns about pipeline safety and integrity (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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 Old and abandoned sumps and flare pits should be tagged for immediate disposal and clean-up. Regulations need to be established that will ensure that contaminated sites are dealt with promptly and given the urgency they require (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  Existing operations should make certain that all sumps, flare stacks and other potentially toxic substances be fenced with chain link fencing. Snow fencing is not adequate because it is not sturdy and readily falls down. Criteria for chain link fence construction should be: strong enough that a moose cannot push it over and high enough that a deer cannot jump it (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  The number of sumps and flare pits, old and new, need to be inventoried, GPS’s and monitored throughout the entire Treaty 8 territory of northeastern BC. This recommendation is regarded as very important. The Old and Gas Commission should be responsible for identifying, locating and mapping all existing sumps and flare pits that are present in northeastern BC. Details of these sumps and flare pits should be recorded such as age, size and animal use based on tracks. Once baseline information has been gathered, a management plan can be established to deal with these sites (Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources, 2004).  BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.7.9 Monitoring and Reclamation

3.8 Prophet River First Nation

3.8.1 Vegetation

 Huckleberries, cranberries and blueberries are the most common berries picked in and around Pink Mountain. Elders from Prophet River feel the weather has changed, the past two years have been very dry and have affected berry crops. Elders reported that blueberries are less common now due to there

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being “too many leaves,” regrowth of successional vegetation (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Although unrelated to oil and gas activity, there was strong concern over herbicide spraying being used on some cutblocks. Elders reported having seen dead or dying rabbits and grouse in proximity to sprayed cutblocks and expressed concerns over the impact of spraying on berry picking (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Logged areas were reported to have a negative effect on areas known to traditionally produce huckleberries (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to follow or otherwise use existing disturbed sites (eg. Seismic lines, roads, logged areas) wherever possible (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation made to avoid areas with extensive cover of willow, ‘white moss,’ and ‘goose grass,’ and alpine sites with shrubs and young fir (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation made that herbicides or soil sterilants must not be used as a means of vegetation control in areas traditionally used by the HRFN and PRFN (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.8.2 Wildlife

 Concern that the project will increase access for hunters and limit the habitat for wildlife and change vegetation (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Limit line of sight along pipeline rights-of-way (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  The Band is pursuing funding to conduct a long-term wildlife inventory (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  The creation of access roads, seismic lines, and pipeline right-of-ways is considered a major contributing factor to easier access for hunting and declines in some wildlife populations (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Shot holes from seismic activities were also observed to have been responsible for injury to wildlife and domestic livestock (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to secure all drilling sites from wildlife access (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Elders from PRFN identified nineteen mineral licks within the study area from roughly Chicken Creek west to Trimble Lake. During the rut, mineral licks were reported to be important focal points for moose. At this time bulls in the area apparently travel from one lick to another in search of receptive females Elders reported that wolves will preferentially prey on animals at lick sites. First Nations representatives have previously requested a half to two mile buffer be maintained around mineral licks,

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within which no new access or forest removal would occur. First Nations representatives have also requested that roads which encroach on licks be realigned or closed, where feasible. While the Elders have concerns with respect to all aspects of their environment, their concern for the protection of the moose licks represents the overwhelming focus of their attention (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Calving habitat for elk, moose and deer previously reported by the Elders included stands dominated by aspen, poplar, alder, willow, birch, high-bush cranberry and western mountain ash. Elders reported a preference by some caribou to calve at high elevation and to move to lower elevation once these calves are strong. Areas adjacent to ponds and creeks were also identified as important calving areas (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Use of herbicides to control secondary growth on logged areas was reported to create areas which were not used by wildlife. Reference was made to the invasion of logged areas by ‘stinkweed’ which was not used by wildlife (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to ensure that an approximate 0.5-3.0 km no development buffer is maintained around all water bodies (ponds, streams etc.) and licks. This buffer should be increased beyond the slope break where the river valley slopes are steep. This would apply to all well sites, cutlines, roads, pipelines, forestry cutblocks or other facilities. In addition to this buffer, facilities should not be located within the same clearing as any mineral lick or provide a clear view of any mineral lick. Other key wildlife habitats identified by the band should also be protected (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation made to secure all drilling sites from wildlife access by using fences (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  For PRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern (FMA, 1996).

3.8.3 Fish

 Altering the spawning potential of a stream can change the habitat, the food chain, as well as the potential to change the patterns of animals which rely on fish. Traditional food supplies such as mink and martin may also be affected (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  The people from Prophet River fish primarily in the Prophet, Minaker and Sikanni Chief Rivers. All three rivers support Arctic grayling (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).

3.8.4 Trails/Travel Routes

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mosaic of passages and interactions between animal being in motion against the backdrop of a terrain that was itself continually in process through the cyclical transformations of the changing seasons.” Trails of people and animals are looked upon as a record of these interactions (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.8.5 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas

 Important spiritual areas were identified at a site known as “Matsetsa” near the Chowade River; Halfway River junction, near the Kelly Creek; and Besa River junction along Cypress Creek south of the Halfway River (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Grave sites were identified near the junction of Elbow Creek with the Halfway River, along the Minaker River near Mile Post 200, and 4-5 km off Blair Creek (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to undertake project specific studies to locate and map cultural sites (eg. graves, gathering sites etc.) and design and implement a site preservation program for significant sites (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  The HRFN and PRFN state there is to be absolutely no disturbance in the area of the Dechinn, a symbol in the shape of a cross which acts as a meeting place where trails converged and people came to pray, and at the confluence of Kelly and Besa rivers. A 25 km2 avoidance zone around the Dechinn has been requested (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.8.6 Traditional Knowledge

 Earthquakes have been occurring more frequently in the region, perhaps this is due to the depletion of gas reserves (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  During the interviews Prophet River Elders spoke of the importance of mineral licks in the area and emphasized the need to protect these. Licks are used by caribou, moose, elk and other species. Referred to a lick which was destroyed when a road near Grassy Creek was constructed through the middle of it (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Comments have been made that activities such as trapping which helped maintain and build traditional knowledge are being less pursued by the young people of the community. One consequence of this is that traditional knowledge with respect to wildlife within the study area is concentrated within the few elders who have had experience in the more remote areas and more prolonged exposure to traditional harvesting practices (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  In recognition of their heritage, industry should consider participation in a cultural resource management program developed with the HRFN and PEFN to help ensure that culture is preserved for future generations (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

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 PRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).

3.8.7 Health/Community Well-being

 For PRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).

3.8.8 Socio-economics

 Interested in business opportunities (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Interested in long-term employment opportunities (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Reference was made to cases where oil and gas industry company representatives discussed routing/employment issues with affected local land users and then did the opposite of what was proposed without any further face to face consultation (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  PRFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.8.9 Archaeology

 Noted that under the B.C. Heritage Conservation Act any proposed development may require an Archaeological Impact Assessment (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.8.10 Water Resources

 Pipelines should be placed deep below waterways to avoid problems with erosion in future (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).

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 Concerns were expressed regarding drilling wastes. It is believed that these materials may leech toxic substances into the groundwater as well as attract and adversely affect wildlife health (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to not parallel watercourses. Where crossing is required, do so at right angles (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to not withdraw water from beaver dams during frozen conditions (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made to avoid any development which encroaches on the upper Halfway River and Prophet River drainage basin (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  PRFN, along with BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and FNFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).

3.8.11 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 Concerns about the tight time frame and the ability to review all the information and conduct necessary fieldwork (Westcoast Gas Services, 1996).  Recommendation made to avoid burying waste materials from the oil and gas industry (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made that communications with local Native trappers should be done in person rather than through mail and involve a local Native person during such consultation (Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1994).  Recommendation made that contact be made with PRFN early in the planning stage of any development proposed in their traditional lands. All proposed development sites should be visited by a band representative (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).  Recommendation has been made to control/restrict human access to areas that are newly opened up by roads and seismic lines. First Nations people should be employed for this task (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

3.8.12 Cumulative Effects

 The Nation has expressed considerable concern with cumulative impacts resulting from the number of developments such as oil, gas, lumber, etc. which are currently operating and are proposed for the area comprising their traditional territory (McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd., 1995).

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3.9 Fort Nelson First Nation

3.9.1 Vegetation

 Chemical spraying is killing berries traditionally gathered by FNFN members (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Berries growing in areas close to high levels of truck traffic are no longer safe to pick, due to traffic, or consume, covered in dust and mud from the road (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.2 Wildlife

 Industry is disrupting animals’ behavior and eating patterns and contaminating their food and water sources (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Chemical spraying is affecting wildlife. It is being sprayed on ungulate food sources (ex. willow eaten by moose) and into the habitats of wildlife (ex. frogs are being found deformed). There should be no broadcast spraying of invasive plants (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Community members are noticing that workers are throwing garbage out of boats and trucks (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Garbage that is being left out is attracting bears –in extreme circumstances resulting in the bear becoming aggressive and needing to be euthanized (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Dust from truck traffic is coating the vegetation eaten by wildlife that are then hunted by FNFN members. Wildlife are being driven away from industry to find cleaner healthier food sources and quieter conditions, causing FNFN members to have to go farther away to hunt (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Moose populations have been in a state of decline over the past 40 years–even disappearing in certain areas. FNFN members stated that no seismic lines should be allowed in prime calving areas (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Animals that used to be common to hunt but are in decline include: porcupine, rabbit, ptarmigan, chickens, chipmunks and birds (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Excessive traffic, primarily large trucks, increases the instance of wildlife being hit and killed (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Concern about the potential link between increased industrial activity in northeast BC and the resultant impacts on boreal caribou. Linear features such as power lines facilitate predator access to caribou habitat, increasing predation rates of caribou and thereby contributing to population declines (Wolfenden, 2012).  Concern that original studies should be completed to determine the populations of large carnivores such as grizzly bears, black bears, wolves, cougars, and coyotes to determine how they will be impacted by the displacement of habitat and from changes in prey (Wolfenden, 2012).

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 For FNFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and PRFN, moose is a principal food source for the Dane-zaa and the protection of moose licks is a noted concern. (FMA, 1996).

3.9.3 Fish

 Concerns that fish and fish habitat should be assessed in terms of their impact on the ability for Aboriginal groups to carry out traditional activities and culture. It has been observed that project affects assessments are leaving out key factors to assess, including: potential changes in fishing pressure due to increased activity in the region, increased projects and induced projects (Wolfenden, 2012).

3.9.4 Hunting/Trapping

 Access roads are disrupting wildlife and have destroyed a hunting area (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Industry (roads, pipelines) is impeding on lands traditionally used for traplines. Traditional traplines are important to the community’s way of life and it is important to the community to protect them, however they feel as though industry has taken over and they are no longer welcome in these areas (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Excessive hunting by non-members on the FNFN traditionally territory is affecting FNFN members’ ability to obtain traditional foods (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  The FNFN is concerned that due to a loss of key ungulate winter ranges in the Peace River valley, hunting pressure could be displaced towards the FNFN territory, hindering their rights for traditional harvest. Loss in key winter ranges will likely result in reduced ungulate populations, forcing the non- resident hunters to go somewhere else, potentially north (Wolfenden, 2012)  Certain roads need to be gated in order to protect habitat and areas for hunting and trapping (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.5 Cabins/Camps/Settlements

 Cabins and villages need to be protected from both projects and non-FNFN member access. FNFN members want to camp there, live there and retire there (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.6 Trails/Travel Routes

 FNFN members are no longer permitted to use numerous roads that they relied on for access to hunting areas (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

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3.9.7 Birth/Burial/Sacred/Ceremonial Areas

 The various burial sites on FNFN territory, some unmarked, need to be protected (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Clearing of and damage to the land also carries with it a spiritual impact, for example, digging up graves (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Kotcho Lake, which is considered special and sacred due to old burial and habitation sites, is being damaged (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Concerns expressed regarding damage to individual sites. Eg. A spiritual object being moved, a mineral lick destroyed, a cabin destroyed, a special campsite destroyed, a gravesite and a little village being paved over (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.8 Traditional Knowledge

 FNFN members are concerned that their way of life is disappearing, and feel that the land should be preserved for FNFN people to teach traditional knowledge to future generations (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Native place names are being replaced by new names that Elders do not recognize and therefore do not know the areas being spoken about when new place names are referenced (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  FNFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and PRFN community members placed importance on identifying short and long-term impacts to traditional lifestyles, as well as appropriate mitigation measures for maintaining traditional activities such as medicinal plant gathering, berry picking, trapping, hunting, and retaining oral histories. Community members also noted the importance of incorporating traditional environmental knowledge into project planning and design and managing land access and occupancy (FMA, 1996).  FNFN, BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, and WMFN Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River commented on how difficult it is to practice the old ways (and to pass on their culture and traditions to the next generation). Elders explained the importance for their children to get an education, learn new skills and become leaders in cleaning up their traditional lands (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008).

3.9.9 Health/Community Well-being

 For FNFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and PRFN communities are concerned about a reduced land base for traditional activities, which in turn reduces the ability to transfer traditional knowledge and threatens cultural identity (FMA, 1996).

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3.9.10 Socio-economics

 FNFN members would prefer that work would not happen on their traditional territory, however, if it is going to happen they want the opportunity for employment and to be paid (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Use of FNFN territory for industrial development should in turn result in economic benefits for the Nation and its members by ways of employment, training, experience, compensation for loss, economic diversification, etc. (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  FNFN, as well as BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and PRFN community members are interested in business opportunities and economic benefits related to industry in the region. Aboriginal business and community leaders consistently requested information regarding business and economic development. However, community members indicated that they feel that the benefits related to industrial related activities are short-lived, while social and environmental impacts are long-standing (FMA, 1996).

3.9.11 Water Resources

 Water systems are considered to be FNFN member’s means of life—a place where they hunt, fish, trap and travel—and all elements—from the vegetation, fish and medicines collected, to the moose that come down to drink and the beaver and muskrat that swim by—hold the greatest value to the FNFN community and need to be protected (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Industrial activity has resulted in many negative implications for the FNFN’s water sources:  Rivers and creeks are being contaminated, which in turn is affecting the fish and birds— sometimes turning up dead in large numbers.  Pipeline routes are affecting the rivers.  Lakes used to be used as hunting and trapping ground, however it is not possible anymore due to the extent of development.  FNFN members can no longer drink river and lake water as they have traditionally done. It no longer tastes or appears safe to drink and is expected to be contaminated. It now needs to be boiled before consumption or replaced with bottled water (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Fracking is too close to rivers and is negatively affecting aquatic ecosystems. Excessive amounts of surface water being withdrawn for fracking is resulting in ponds drying up, and consequently frogs eggs drying up and frogs dying. Larger buffers need to be put in place to protect the river from industry (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  FNFN, along with BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and PRFN, stressed the need for groundwater and surface water to be protected from contamination (CCS Corporation, 2009).

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 A British Columbia Treaty 8 First Nations Elder who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, commented: “I am very sad, in the past we drink good water, now we can’t. Before we camp anywhere, now no-trespassing signs, no hunting, poisonous gas—what can we do?” (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.9.12 Air Quality

 The concentration of industrial activity has significantly reduced the surrounding air quality due to emissions from wells and sour gas (H2S) smells (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.13 Noise/Light

 It is particularly important to shut down noisy development during animals’ rutting and calving seasons (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).

3.9.14 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 As part of FNFN’s vision, fourteen stewardship principals were documented in the Strategic Land Use Plan relating to the management of development on their lands, including:  Respect for FNFN’ rights—encompassing the Nation’s Aboriginal, treaty, constitutional and other legal rights.  Responsible Development–meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations.  Limiting development to appropriate locations—following the zoning and management requirements set out by the FNFN Strategic Land Use Plan to ensure that the type of development taking place is appropriate for that area.  Ensuring appropriate management of developments— following the zoning and management requirements set out by the FNFN Strategic Land Use Plan to determine the proper method for how the development should take place.  Manage cumulative effects—holistically assess the cumulative effects of historic, current and planned development and ensure they fall within acceptable thresholds.  Precautionary Principle—the risks of each development project should be thoroughly assessed and understood before proceeding with the project.  No net loss of environmental value—environmental damage that occurs on FNFN territory must be offset by protection or rehabilitation to equivalently sized and valued locations in the territory.  Leave the land in, at minimum, the same condition that it was found.

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 Proponent pays principle—the person/organization that proposes a development should be responsible for all the costs incurred by that project, both during and after the project is finished.  FNFN should be engaged in each stage of development—planning, pre-development assessment, identification and implementation of proper mitigation, ongoing compliance and environmental verification monitoring, the development project itself, and compensation.  Development should preserve, protect and restore the ecosystem of which it is affecting.  Development on FNFN lands must improve, rather than reduce, the quality of life of the FNFN community.  There must be a balance between economic use of the land and the cultural and spiritual use values upheld by the community.  Access and use of the land—in order for FNFN members to preserve their culture and traditions, development should be managed in a way that allows members access, use and protection of their territory it normally would be (protection of traditional foods, medicines, resources, habitations, spiritual sites), while also protecting FNFN ecologically sensitive or culturally important areas from non-FNFN members.  During the initial engagement stage of each development project, developers will be offered a copy of the Fort Nelson First Nation Strategic Land Use Plan as well as Consultation Protocol and Guidelines, and will be continuously consulted by the FNFN Lands Department throughout all stages of the project (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  BC Treaty 8 First Nations Elders who participated in the Elders Gathering at Doig River, which included Elders from BRFN, HRFN, DRFN, SFN, WMFN, and FNFN, believe that the oil and gas industry is not respectful of the land, explaining: “Industry is responsible to work with us, they get away with too many things,” and “Industry is pushing us fast, they have no respect.” Elders noted that government should do more to prevent contamination and to remediate currently contaminated sites. (Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership, 2008)

3.9.15 Monitoring and Reclamation

 Oil and gas development is proceeding at a rapid pace, however, FNFN members noted the same pace has not been maintained in protecting the land (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Closed projects are not always cleaned up properly (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Pockets of old forests that have never been logged need to be mapped and protected (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  Even though the project is planned to continue far into the future, a conceptual reclamation plan must be developed in case of unforeseen end to operations (Wolfenden, 2012)

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3.9.16 Cumulative Effects

 Everything is connected, and development in one area affects other areas (Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department, 2012).  FNFN is extremely concerned about the cumulative impacts from enabled oil and gas activity due to an increase in available energy from that will come from the Site C Clean Energy Project. Low energy cost, enhanced access, and improved regional infrastructure from the Site C Energy Project may spur oil and gas development in FNFN Traditional Territory (Wolfenden, 2012).  FNFN stressed the importance of using a pre-development baseline for assessing cumulative impacts of the project. Without the inclusion of a pre-development baseline, it is the opinion of FNFN that the assessment will fall subject to a shifting baseline phenomenon where the current, disturbed conditions of the ecosystem are considered natural or pristine. It is critical to use historical conditions as a reference ecosystem for potential impacts (Wolfenden, 2012).  Although it is agreed that there may be some uncertainty about details for the pre-development baselines, FNFN believes that government data along with local First Nation accounts could provide enough detail for a detailed pre-development baseline study (Wolfenden, 2012).

3.10 Kelly Lake Cree Nation

3.10.1 Vegetation

 Fear of harvesting plants due to perceived contamination from environmental effects of resource development projects (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010)

3.10.2 Wildlife

 Expressed concerns regarding wildlife disturbance (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010)

3.10.3 Hunting/Trapping

 Fear of hunting due to perceived contamination from environmental effects of resource development projects (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010)  Concerns pertaining to economic effects on trappers livelihoods (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010)

3.10.4 Trails/Travel Routes

 Concern regarding bisection of infrastructure on trails (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010)

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3.10.5 Traditional Knowledge

 Fear that traditions and culture will be lost; changing roles and changes in social activities (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  Concern, in particular, regarding the ability of members to participate in traditional activities has been affected by increased access to traditional traplines by unauthorized hunters and trappers; decreased health and number of fur bearing animals; and bisection of infrastructure on traplines (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. KLCN, along with MLIB, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and KLMSS, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.10.6 Health/Community Well-being

 Community well-being is directly affected by the lack of local full-time employment opportunities available to KLCN members. The population living in the community has declined since the 1960s as community members leave to find adequate employment or services (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  Disruptions in ability to engage in traditional practices “have negative effects—not only on economics, but on social cohesion, mental health and peoples’ sense of self” (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.10.7 Socio-economics

 Expressed interest in opportunities for local employment (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  KLCN community members expressed interest in economic benefits (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Inability to practice traditional practices has resulted in a shift in the economic emphasis of the community away from traditional practices to employment in the mining, and oil and gas sectors (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.10.8 Air Quality

 Concerns about air quality effects related to dust emitted through mining operations (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

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3.10.9 Noise/Light

 Concerns about increased volume, noise and dust from Project-related traffic (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.10.10 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 Expressed concern regarding pipeline spills (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concerns about emergency response in case of unexpected emergency situations at the Project site (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.10.11 Cumulative Effects

 Concerns with the growing intensity of cumulative effects of large-scale energy projects and people’s ability to engage in traditional land use and other cultural practices (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.11 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society

3.11.1 Vegetation

 Concern regarding negative effects of development on medicinal plants and berry picking areas (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Fear of harvesting plants due to perceived contamination from environmental effects of resource development projects (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  High levels of emissions during Project construction will settle, and then contaminate the ecosystem and KLMSS medicinal plant sources, ultimately affecting human health (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).  Direct and indirect Project effects to the local ecosystem may reduce the number of reliable medicinal plant gathering sites, exacerbating existing conditions and threatening the food, income, and culture security of current and future generations of KLMSS (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013)

3.11.2 Wildlife

 Concern regarding negative effects of development on wildlife (bears in particular) (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Concern about the potential effects of the Project on ungulates and ungulate habitat,  including moose, elk, deer, caribou, bison and Stone Sheep (Site C First Nations Engagement Team, 2013).

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3.11.3 Hunting/Trapping

 Concern regarding the effect of development on traplines (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Direct and indirect Project effects to the local ecosystem may reduce the number of reliable trapping, hunting, and fishing sites, exacerbating existing conditions and threatening food, income, and culture security of current and future generations of KLMSS (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).  Fear of hunting due to perceived contamination from environmental effects of resource development projects (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  High levels of emissions during Project construction will settle, and then contaminate the ecosystem and KLMSS food, ultimately affecting human health (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).

3.11.4 Traditional Knowledge

 Fear that traditions and culture will be lost; changing roles and changes in social activities (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  Direct and indirect Project effects to the local ecosystem productivity may reduce the number of reliable trapping, hunting, fishing and medicinal plant gathering sites, exacerbating existing conditions and threatening food, income and culture security of current and future generations of KLMSS (Site C First Nations Engagement Team, 2013).  KLMSS members have observed changes in weather patterns and precipitation, increase in winds, and decreases in the duration of wintertime lows (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).  Maintaining traditional way of life and culture is a key factor in community well-being. KLMSS, along with HRFN, MLIB, DRFN, SFN, WMFN and KLCN, share concern about loss of language and oral histories and the resulting effect on culture. The scale and speed of industrial development, as well as the influx of outsiders contributes to concerns about assimilation and inability to transfer traditional knowledge (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.11.5 Health/Community Well-being

 Community well-being is directly affected by the lack of local full-time employment opportunities available to KLMSS members. The population living in the community has declined since the 1960s as community members leave to find adequate employment or services (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.11.6 Socio-economics

 The KLMSS has raised issues surrounding capacity building, in particular, as it relates to employment and procurement opportunities for its members (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010)

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 Concern that economic benefits of the Project will not benefit KLMSS members: businesses may not be competitive enough to access procurement opportunities; community reticence to work at mine sites due to perceived discriminatory attitudes; employment and procurement (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).  Employment opportunities, if offered to KLMSS people, would be beneficial (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).  Interest in contracting and procurement opportunities for local contractors and Aboriginal businesses (Site C First Nations Engagement Team, 2013).

3.11.7 Archaeology

 Concern that construction and operation of the Project will damage or destroy archaeological, unidentified or non-archaeological (e.g., spiritual) heritage sites (Site C First Nations Engagement Team, 2013).

3.11.8 Water Resources

 High levels of emissions during Project construction will settle, and then contaminate the ecosystem and KLMSS drinking water sources, ultimately affecting human health (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).

3.11.9 Air Quality

 Other projects have caused a decline in air quality, linked to declining health of KLMSS members, and to vegetation health. Incidents have occurred where community members have not been notified of threats to safety (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).

3.11.10 Industry Relations/Regulatory Process/Project Components and Design

 Issues and concerns have been raised regarding project safety and emergency response plans (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).  Interest in receiving funding to electrify new community center (Peace River Coal Inc., 2010).

3.11.11 Accidents/Malfunctions/Spills/Emergency Procedures

 Interest and concern regarding project safety and emergency response plan (Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 2010).

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3.11.12 Cumulative Effects

 The disturbance, destruction and contamination of the natural environment is extensive and the Project will add to these effects, damaging the ecosystem and contributing to further declines in human, wildlife and ecological health (Traditions Consulting Service Inc., 2013).

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4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). Blueberry River First Nation Detail. Retrieved August 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5-esd5.ainc- inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=547&lang=eng Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). Doig River First Nation Detail. Retrieved August 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5- esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=548&lang=eng Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). Fort Nelson First Nation Details. Retrieved July 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5-esd5.ainc- inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=543&lang=eng Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). Halfway River First Nation Detail. Retrieved August 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5-esd5.ainc- inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=546&lang=eng Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). Prophet River First Nation Detail. Retrieved July 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5-esd5.ainc- inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=544&lang=eng Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013). Status Report on Specific Claims. Retrieved August 2013, from Reporting Centre on Specific Claims: http://services.aadnc- aandc.gc.ca/SCBRI_E/Main/ReportingCentre/External/externalreporting.aspx Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013, February). West Moberly First Nations. Retrieved August 2013, from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada: http://pse5- esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=545&lang=eng CCS Corporation. (2009). Northern Rockies Secure Landfill Project Assessment Report. British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office. Chief Roland Willson. (2012, September). EA Certificate for Roman Coal Mine. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p308/1355766566013_0517ad8fc0703d37bcb28c 00f2a92266467bbaa9a72e741e035c1d766a98c78f.pdf Chingee, A. (2010, June). Comments for the Peace River Coal Roman Mine EA. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p308/1278522191617_a5c146044331ec156d8c3e 8f40cc676687c4c27a3f1acab6830d28ac2b4d4739.pdf Doig River Environmental Limited Partnership. (2008). Peejay Secure Landfill Project Assessment Report. British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office. Doig River First Nation. (1999). Traditional Knowledge Study Doig River First Nation: Ecological and Cultural Resources in Proximity to the Boundary Lake Lateral, Alliance Pipeline Project. Calgary: Doig River First Nation; Alliance Pipeline Limited.

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Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines. (2010). Volume 5A: Aboriginal Engagement Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Sec. 52 Application. Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines. Fasken Martineau. (2013, January). Site C Clean Energy Project: Community Summary: Fort Nelson First Nation [Volume 5, Appendix A 09, Part 1]. Retrieved August 2013, from http://www.ceaa- acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/63919/85328/Vol5_Appendix-Fort_Nelson.pdf Finavera Wind Energy. (2011). Application for an EA Certificate: Wildmare Wind Energy Project. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p300/d33280/1301682421010_411095c38ecee4ce d80da2d632e57dd4de4bba255ff2e38c90210a752906b3ac.pdf First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council. (n.d.). First Peoples' Language Map British Columbia. Retrieved August 2013, from First Peoples' Heritage, Language & Culture Council: http://maps.fphlcc.ca/prophet_river FMA. (1996). Traditional Land Use Overview: Husky Oil Operations Ltd., Murphy Oil Company Ltd., Novgas Clearinghouse Ltd. Fort Nelson First Nation. (n.d.). Culture and Revitalization Department. Retrieved July 2013, from http://www.fortnelsonfirstnation.org/culture.html Fort Nelson First Nation Land Department. (2012). Fort Nelson First Nation Strategic Land Use Plan. Retrieved August 2013, from http://thefirelightgroup.com/projects/respect-for-the-land-fort- nelson-first-nation-strategic-land-use-plan/ Government of British Columbia. (2013). Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. Retrieved August 2013, from Government of British Columbia: http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/tsekani/ Houwers, Claudia; Wildland Resources. (2004). Petroleum Contaminants Community Research Project Final Report. Fort St. John: Wildland Resources. Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society. (2010). Historic Overview. Retrieved August 2013, from http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p311/d30710/1249942748941_a72e5ac884bf5994 eab790d18b2b6e35f61c2f105c9c214aecf182f80bcce09d.pdf KS Davidson & Associates and KDC Consulting Inc. (2012, July). Site C Clean Energy Project: Kelly Lake Metis Settlement Society: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge: Final Report. Retrieved August 2013, from http://www.ceaa- acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/63919/85328/Vol5_Appendix-Kelly_Lake.pdf Landsong Heritage Consulting Ltd. (2004). Traditional Land Use Sites Assessment Basic Report Western Canadian Coal Corp. Moberly Lake, B.C.: Landsong Heritage Consulting Ltd. Martineau, F. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project Community Summary: Blueberry River First Nations Final Report. Vancouver: BC Hydro Power and Authority. Martineau, F. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project Community Summary: Halfway River First Nation Final Report. Vancouver: BC Hydro Power and Authority. Martineau, F. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project Community Summary: McLeod Lake Indian Band Final Report. Vancouver: BC Hydro Power and Authority. McCullough, Fedirchuk; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd. (1995). Traditional Knowledge Study of Natural and Cultural Resources in the Vicinity of the Lower Graham and Chowade Rivers Area, British Columbia. Fort St. John: Husky Oil Operations. Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. (2005). Reports on Plans and Priorities. Retrieved August 2013, from Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs: http://www.fja- cmf.gc.ca/fja-cmf/publications/rpp/index-eng.html

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Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (n.d.). Treaty 8 First Nations: Saulteau First Nations. Retrieved July 2013, from Government of British Columbia: http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/treaty_8/ Peace River Coal Inc. (2010). Roman Coal Mine Project Environmental Assessment Report: Volume 3: Human Environmental Assessment. Retrieved August 2013, from http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p308/d32016/1269902031182_433111210cec52a 28a84b7b1380856ff81e189bbf6a1a37e65ecb23302cd06b2.pdf Pokiak, Roslyn; TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd. (1994). Halfway River Band and Prophet River Band Traditional Knowledge Study - Pink Mountain/Sikanni Chief Area, B.C. Fort St. John: Husky Oil Operations. Publicover, R. (2012, February). Comments on Documents, Proposed Wildmare Project. Retrieved August 2013, from Bristish Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/documents/p300/1332873063914_9adbadf6a00b74da8ddd27 4e9d32c2eacafeac9e0a256806fdf9fe4106e11c44.pdf Site C First Nations Engagement Team. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project: Aboriginal Summary: Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society: Final Report [Volume 5 Appendix A12 Part 4]. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/html/deploy/epic_document_371_35287.html Site C First Nations Engagement Team. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project: BC Hydro Consultation Summary: Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society: Final Report [Volume 5 Appendix A12 Part 2]. Retrieved August 2013, from http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/html/deploy/epic_document_371_35287.html Stantec Consulting Ltd. (2011). Tradtitional Ecological Knowledge and land Use Study: Kelly Lake Apetokosan Nation Grande Prairie Mainline Loop (Karr North Section Pipeline Project). Calgary: Stantec Consulting Ltd. TERA Environmental Consultants Ltd.; Fedirchuk McCullough & Associates. (1995). Traditional Knowledge Study of Natural and Cultural Resources in the Vicinity of the Lower Graham and Chowade Rivers Area, British Columbia. Fort St. John: FMA. Traditions Consulting Service Inc. (2013). Site C Clean Energy Project: Aboriginal Land and Resource Use Summary: Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society [Volume 5, Appendix A12, Part 3]. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/html/deploy/epic_document_ 371_34731.html Treaty 8 Tribal Association. (n.d.). Communities: West Moberly First Nation. Retrieved July 2013, from http://www.treaty8.bc.ca/communities/westmoberly.php Westcoast Gas Services. (1996). Jedney Gas Plant and Pipeline Expansion Project Application for a Project Approval Certificate. British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office. Westcoast Gas Services Inc. (1997). Highway Gas and Liquids Plant and Pipeline Project: Application for a Project Approval Certificate pursuant to the Environmental Assessment Act. Fort St. John: British Columbia Environmental Assessment Act. Wolfenden, K. (2012, July). Fort Nelson First Nation Primary Concerns and Comments on the Draft EIS Guidelines for Site C Clean Energy Project. Retrieved August 2013, from British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office: http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/html/deploy/epic_document_371_34731.html

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