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Citation Bar-Yosef, O., and F. Valla. 1990. “The Natufian Culture and the Origin of the Neolithic in the Levant.” Current Anthropology 31 (4) (January): 433.

Published Version doi:10.1086/203867

Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12210882

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nists, and microwearanalysts. The followingis a sum- The NatufianCulture and mary of the main topics discussed. The papers of the the Originof the Neolithic conferencewill soon be published. Paleoenvironments.After recent coring in the Hula in the Levant' Valley, S. Bottemaand U. Baruchwere able to suggesta general climatic sequence for the Levant from about I5,000 to 8,ooo B.P. derivedfrom their densely sampled 0. BAR-YOSEF AND F. VALLA pollen cores. While previouswork in the Ghab marshes Departmentof Anthropology, Harvard University, of the northernOrontes Valley was taken into account, Cambridge,Mass. 02I38, U.S.A.!Centredes it seems thatthe conflictin chronologicalinterpretation RecherchesFrangais de Jerusalem,CNRS, P.O. Box between the Hula Valley and the Ghab sequence may 547, Jerusalem9I004, . 5 III 90 result fromthe paucity of radiocarbondates fromthe Ghab. The recent palynological profilefrom the Hula The Natufianculture occupies a special place in the evo- Basin, as yet dated by only two readings,correlates well lution ofhuman societies in the , namely,that with the earlier palynological graph from another of the threshold to the emergence of farmingcom- boreholein the Hula Valley done by H. Tsukada, which munities.The idea that the Natufianswere the earliest is dated by i 6 radiocarbonsamples (Bottema and van farmersis as old as the originaldiscovery of theircul- Zeist I98I, Cowgilli969). Bottemaviews the Ghab se- turalremains by Garrod(I932). What seemed at the time quence as well foundedand considersthe colder Pleni- an intuitivesuggestion is now consideredperhaps the glacial period to have been longer in the northernLe- right interpretation (Moore i982, Unger-Hamilton vant. Warmingled to the expansion of forestvegetation i989). The shiftfrom hunting-and-gathering with some firstin the southernLevant, where a peak was reached horticultureto a true farmingeconomy seems a logical around iI,500 B.P. The later slightdecrease in arboreal continuum(Henry i989). The factthat most of the hard pollen in the Hula Basin possiblyrepresents the Younger evidence fromthe Natufian sites comes fromthe Early Dryas, and a slight increase marks the onset of wetter or even Middle Natufian (Valla i984), which predates Holoceneconditions probably around I0,000 B.P. The the EarlyNeolithic by at least 8oo radiocarbonyears, is pollen evidence indicates that the Early was rarelytaken into account (Bar-Yosefand Belfer-Cohen wetter than the Mid- and Late Holocene. Tchernov's i989). The discoveryof earlyfarming sites in the (Noy, Schuldenrein,and Tchernov i980) faunal analysis Valley and the adjacent hilly areas on both the east and of large samples fromNetiv Hagdud and Gilgal, Early the west side ofthe RiftValley has made it clear thatthe Neolithic (Pre-PotteryNeolithic A) sites i 3 km northof origins of and agriculturewere in the in the Lower Jordan Valley, supports this southernLevant (van Zeist I988, Bar-Yosefi989). Thus climatic interpretation.He concludes that the only way the need to understandcultural processes in and around to account for the presence there of so many diverse the Natufian homeland (Stordeur i98i) has assumed freshwateravian and rodent species is in terms of the special importance. formerexistence of bodies of freshwater nearby.Paly- Explainingnot only how but also why the Natufian nological evidence from Netiv Hagdud studied by cultureemerged from a worldof hunter-gatherers appar- Leroi-Gourhanand Darmon (i987) reflectsthe presence entlynot much differentin material culturefrom their of a rich aquatic flora and corroboratesthe geomor- contemporarieshas become the concernof a numberof phologicalevidence produced by Schuldenreinand Gold- scholars. Henry (i989) has produced perhaps the most berg(i98i). While thereis disagreementabout the value substantialdiscussion, which takes population dynam- of pollen data derivedfrom archaeological sites, it is of ics into account. As more and more new data have been interestthat Leroi-Gourhanand Darmon have reached retrievedfrom Natufian sites, pollen cores, and faunal conclusions similar to those based on the pollen cores collections,the need fordirect international discussion fromthe Hula Valley. has become obvious, especially since many scholars In sum, the various lines of evidence demonstrate workingin various countriesof the Near East have no cold, wet conditions during the Geometric Kebaran/ such communicationbecause of the political situation. Mushabianperiod (I4,000-I2,800/i2,500 B.P.) preceding The participantsin the conferenceon the Natufianheld the Natufian,a dryspell duringthe veryEarly Natufian, at the Centre des Recherches Archeologiques,Sophia a steady increase in arboreal pollen during the Early Antipolis, Valbonne, June 6-8, I989, were archaeolo- Natufian, and an ensuing drier period in the Late gists, zooarchaeologists,palynologists and palaeobota- Natufian (YoungerDryas). An increase in humidityis documentedfor the EarlyHolocene both fromMureybet i. ? I990 by The Wenner-GrenFoundation for Anthropological in the middle Valley in northernSyria and Research. All rights reserved ooII-3204/90/3Io4-0005$I.OO. We fromthe Lower JordanValley. thankthe Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research The archaeologyof Natufian sites. The presentationof (New York),the AmericanSchool forPrehistoric Research (Pea- archaeologicalreports was an inevitablemixture of final bodyMuseum, Harvard University), the CNRS, andthe Ministry of ForeignAffairs (Paris) for making possible the conferencereported site reportsfrom the excavationscarried out in the I96os here.We also thankMme. Pallierand L. Meignen,who helpedin and I970S and preliminaryreports on new excavations organizingit. or sites discoveredin recentsurveys.

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J.Perrot described and discussed the types of burials ers joined the successful Early Neolithic (Pre- exhumed in the excavations of Ain (Eynan), Neolithic A) farmingcommunities in the JordanValley now fullypublished (Perrotand Ladiray i988). Skeletal or southernJordan, it seems more probablethat the on- remainswere oftenfound in flexedand semiflexedposi- set of the wet Early Holocene conditions,which must tion,rarely with bodydecorations made ofseries of Den- have improvedthe success of early cultivators,did not talium shells. Accordingto Solivers-Massei(i988), the entirelycoincide with the disappearanceof the Harifian, populationof Ain Mallaha demonstratesmarked sexual as has been indicated recentlyby C'4 dates obtained dimorphism,often greater stature than among other fromPre-Pottery Neolithic A sites in the JordanValley Natufiangroups, and greatermorphological robusticity (Bar-Yosefi989). (which Ferembach [I976] has attributedto dietarydif- The othermarginal zone forthe Natufiandistribution ferences). was the EuphratesValley. Togetherwith A. Moore, who B. Byrd described the scanty Natufian remains ex- described the stratigraphicand architecturalremains cavated under the Pre-PotteryNeolithic B village of fromAbu Hureyra,D. Olszewski presentedsome ideas Beidha,dated to i2,500 B.P. (Byrdi989). He stressedthat, concerningthe taxonomyof the lithic industryderived contraryto earlierreports, there is no evidence forthe fromthe deposits. The comparisonwith Mureybit, use ofmud bricksby the Natufianoccupants. In an addi- which lies only 2o km away on the oppositebank of the tional communicationhe describedthe potentialof an- river,is inevitable.Cauvin (i982) and Calley (i986) sug- othersite recentlydiscovered in a tributaryof Wadi Hasa gestthat there is no good reason not to include the lithic (southernJordan), where numerousmortars were found assemblage from IA in the Natufian. This in what seems to be a rich EarlyNatufian occupation. does not necessarilymean that the same can be said for A paucityof Natufianoccurrences was reportedby A. Abu Hureyra(Olszewski i986); it is not impossiblethat Garrardfor the Azraq Basin (Garrardet al. i987) and by it was occupied by a differentgroup with the same sub- A. Bettsfor the Black Desert in Jordan.The only site in sistence strategy as the preceding Epi-Palaeolithic the Azraq Basin at which a few secondaryburials were hunter-gatherersof the region. The stratigraphicse- uncovered was destroyedby subsequent development quence at Mureybit,which leads to the EarlyNeolithic activities.Ephemeral Natufian occupations left only im- and resembles Khiamian and Sultanian sites in the poverishedlithic assemblages in the Black Desert,where southernLevant, indicates that there are real differences water sources are only seasonal (Betts i982). between the cultural sequences of these two mounds. Hayonim Cave was excavated in the late I960s and Technology. Several of the archaeological reports I970S by 0. Bar-Yosef,E. Tchernov,and B. Arensburg. touched upon questions related to knappingmethods, Most of the lithics and the bone tools (Bar-Yosefand utilization of raw material,and typologicalvariability. Goren I973) have recentlybeen studied by A. Belfer- Two papersdealt specificallywith the bone industry.D. Cohen (i988), who discussed typologicaland technologi- Campana summarizedhis researchon the bone industry cal changes throughtime on the basis of samples from fromHayonim Cave, while D. Stordeurdiscussed the the internal stratigraphyof the Natufian deposits. F. large assemblage from Ain Mallaha (Campana I989, Valla, who is currentlyexcavating the HayonimTerrace, Stordeuri988). Many of the Natufian bone tools were stressedthe advantagesof meticulous horizontal excava- made by shaving,scraping, or incising with flinttools. tion in tracinghearths, burials, dumping zones, and the Signs of utilization are evidenton most pieces, and the remains of houses. The skeletal material is being ana- piercingof soft materials seems to have been one oftheir lyzedby F. Le Mort.A selected sample offlint artifacts is most common tasks. beingstudied by H. Plisson to determinetheir functions. The results of intensivemicrowear studies were pre- Work in the Lower JordanValley was representedby sented by R. Unger-Hamilton,who carriedout system- the currentexcavations at Salibiya I, carriedout jointly atic experimentswith sickles both in WesternEurope by P. Crabtree,D. Campana, and A. Belfer-Cohen.At and in the Levant.Her suggestion(Unger-Hamilton i989) thissite was founda small incised pebble,one ofthe rare thatthe Natufianswere the firstfarmers met with some Late Natufian art objects. Additional art objects were challenge; participantsgenerally wanted more direct described by T. Noy from the excavations of Nahal evidence,such as carbonizedplant remains.It was sug- Oren,a terracesite dug in the I960s and the early I970S gested that the large number of striationsassociated and known mainly frompreliminary reports. with the sickle gloss on Natufian sickle blades could Following the descriptionof the Natufian sites from have been caused by disturbanceof the earthother than what is considered to be the homeland of this ar- cultivation,such as yearlyburning to enhance the natu- chaeological entity, the marginal regions were dis- ral growthof such annuals as . The increase in cussed. N. Goring-Morrisdescribed the Late Natufian the number of striations that is seen on Pre-Pottery sites fromthe highlandsand went on to reporton Neolithic A and especially on Pre-PotteryNeolithic B the latest Natufian adaptation to increasing aridity, sickle blades is perhapsexplained as reflectingthe estab- known as the Harifian(Scott I977, Magaritzand Good- lishmentof farming communities. In this contextP. An- friendI987, Goring-Morrisi987). It would appear that derson-Gerfaudreported ongoing experiments in Berrias the disappearanceof the Harifianfrom a regionof about (a researchcenter in the Ardechedirected by J.Cauvin) 25,000 km2 was due to the failure of its subsistence in replicatingthe techniques of early farmersin the strategy.Although one mighthypothesize that its bear- northernLevant and Turkey.

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Population. The fossil Natufian populationswere de- major change from the mode of life of the Late scribedand discussed by B. Arensburgand P. Smith. In Palaeolithic hunter-gatherersknown from Levantine Hayonim Cave there is a clear bias in the skeletal re- cave sites. An additionalself-domesticated species is the mains toward males (Henry i989). The percentageof house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Thus Natufian children(O-I2 yearsold) is 22-30%. Natufianlife expec- sedentismis reflectedby the overexploitationof tancy was around 32-35 ; the range of causes of and the presence of commensal species. deathis still unknown.The populationwas healthy,and Art objects and marine shells. Natufian art objects there are no clear indications of stress or of prolonged are rare,and most of them have alreadybeen reported food shortages. According to Smith, a differencebe- (e.g., Cauvin I972). Belfer-Cohendescribed the as-yet- tweenNatufian and Neolithic populationsin the Levant unpublished engraved limestone slabs from Hayonim may be expressedin the width of the ramus of the jaw. Cave, and Noy added a descriptionof the small-animal The Natufiansare more like hunter-gatherersthan like skulls uncoveredin Nahal Oren Terrace at Mount Car- farmers.The degreeof dental attritionvaries, however, mel. withthe sample; the EarlyNatufian sample fromKebara Marine shells, until not long ago a neglectedsubject, resembles hunter-gatherersamples while those from have received the recentattention of threeresearchers. Ain Mallaha, Hayonim,and Nahal Oren resemblethose D. S. Reese, reportingthe finds fromJordanian sites, fromfarming groups. stressedthe factthat althoughthe shells oftenoriginate Subsistence. Various aspects of subsistence were de- fromthe nearestcoast, eitherthe Mediterraneanor the scribedand discussed. It is very clear that the paucity Red Sea, the rare findsfrom elsewhere are very inter- of plant remains fromNatufian sites does not reflect esting.For example,the presence at Ain Mallaha ofAs- deficienciesin excavation techniquesbut is a real prob- patharia rubens, a large freshwatermussel from the lem caused by the poor conditions of preservationat , is an interestingindication of the distance that most of the sites excavated; flotationonly slightlyin- shells travelled through exchange networks (Mienis creases the size of the available samples. The few sites i987). Most marine shells at the Natufian sites origi- which do contain plant remains are Mureybetand Abu nated in the Mediterranean,and the assemblages are by Hureyraon the EuphratesRiver, in and large dominated by Dentalium shells (Bar-Yosef northernJordan, and Salibiya I in the Lower JordanVal- i983). Many of these were used for body decorations, ley. S. Colledge reportedsome findsfrom a series ofEpi- but large quantities are always found dispersedin the Palaeolithic sites fromthe Azraq Basin in Jordan(Gar- deposits whereverdomestic activities were performed. rardet al. i987). She suggestedthat tubers were preferred C. Perles and J.L. Phillips,serving as discussants,con- to seeds in this regionduring the Natufian. centratedon the need for(I) redefinitionof the Natufian The faunal remains seem to indicate that the Natu- on the basis of the wealth of data now available and fianshunted the species common in theirenvironment. the large numberof sites, which representconsiderable Thus at Mureybit the main species representedare lithic variability,(2) a search forevidence of sedentary and equids, with low frequenciesof wild ox, rab- communitiesin biological and archaeological,qualita- bit,wild sheep,and fox.Evidence of stresson the gazelle tive and quantitativesources, and (3) the developmentof population in the formof decrease in average size and models that take into account the various reciprocalre- increase in the frequencyof youngeranimals was re- lationships among neighboringcommunities in terms portedfrom Hayonim Cave and Hayonim Terraceby C. of geographicorientation to the Euphrates River (i.e., Cope and from Hatula by S. Davis (i989). J. Pichon northward),the Syro-Arabiandesert (eastward), and the (i984) compared the avifaunas of Mureybit, Ain Sinai (southward).A combined and probablymore com- Mallaha, and Hayonim Cave and reportedthat the vari- plex socioeconomic model oughtto be able to reconcile ous assemblages reflectboth the nearbyenvironments short-termresidential mobility with the logistical mo- and more intense exploitationof waterfowlthan in ear- bilityof task groups. lier prehistoricperiods. A. Sillen reportedon a I984 studyusing the ratio of ReferencesCited strontiumto calcium as an indicatorof herbivorousas opposed to carnivorousdiets. He admittedthat the re- AUFREY, J. C., AND E. TCHERNOV. I989. Origine du commen- salismede la sourisdomestique (Mus musculus domesticus) sults probablydo not reflectthe truepicture but register vis-a-visde 1'homme.Comptes Rendus de l'Academiedes Sci- differencesbetween sites. Additional studies are under ences,Paris 307 (s6rie 3):5I7-22. way. BAR-YO SEF, O. I983. "The Natufianin thesouthern Levant," in Assemblagesof microvertebratesfrom Hayonim Cave Thehilly flanks and beyond:Essays on theprehistory of south- have been studied by Tchernov (i984). Recent chromo- westernAsia presentedto R.J.Braidwood. Edited by C. T. Young,P. E. L. Smith,and P. Mortensen,pp. II -42. Oriental somal and paleontological research by Aufrey and InstituteStudies in OrientalCivilization 36. Tchemov (i989) indicatesthat duringthe Natufianwild . I989. The PPNA in theLevant: An overview.Paleorient mice (Mus spretoides) underwent a process of self- I5:57-63. domesticationand became what is currentlyidentified BAR-YOSEF, O., AND A. BELFER-COHEN. I989. The origins of sedentismand farmingcommunities in theLevant. Journal of as Mus musculus domesticus, the house mouse. The WorldPrehistory 3:447-98. prevalence of this species in Natufian microfaunalas- BAR-YOSEF, 0., AND N. GOREN. I973. Natufianremains from semblagesindicates an increasein human -a HayonimCave. 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Analyses paly- nologiquesde sitesarcheologiques du Pleistocenefinal dans la eredin the early I98os and investigatedin I986-88 by a vallee du Jourdain.Israel Journalof Earth Sciences 36:65-72. team fromTel Aviv University,has revealed a Chal- MAGARITZ, M., AND G. GOODFRIEND. I987. "Movementof the colithic (4th-millennium-B.c.)cemetery of a scale and desert boundary in the Levant fromlatest Pleistocene to early complexityhitherto unknown in the period.Eight gold Holocene,"in Abruptclimatic change. Edited by W. H. Berger and L. D. Labeyrie,pp. I73-83. Berlin:Reidel. artifactsdiscovered in one of the graves (fig.i) are the MIENIS, H. K. I987. "Molluscs fromthe excavation of Mallaha earliestyet to be found in the Levant. Their discovery (Eynan)," in La faune du gisement natoufien de Mallaha (Ey- nan), Israel. Edited by J.Bouchud, pp. IS7-78. Memoires et Travauxdu Centredes RecherchesFrancais de Jerusalem4. i. ? I990 by The Wenner-GrenFoundation for Anthropological MOORE, A. M. T. I982. Agriculturalorigins in theNear East: A Research.All rightsreserved OOI I-3204/90/3I04-0004$I.00. The modelfor the I980S. WorldArchaeology I4:224-36. studyof Nahal Kana Cave was made possibleby grantsfrom the NOY, T., J. SCHULDENREIN, AND E. TCHERNOV. I980. Gilgal: A IsraelMinistry of Science and Development(grant no. 7i06) and Pre-PotteryNeolithic A sitein theLower Jordan Valley. Israel supportfrom the the Centreof Speleological Research of the Soci- ExplorationJournal 30:63-82. etyfor the Preservationof Nature in Israel.Our thanksare due to OLSZEWSKI, D. I986. The NorthSyrian Late Epipaleolithic.Brit- P. R. S. Moorey,J. P. Northover,C. J.Raub, Gal-Or, and D. Schech- ish ArchaeologicalReports International Series 309. termanfor their professional advice and to S. A. Rosen,T. Levy, PERROT, J., AND D. LADIRAY. I988. "Les sepultures,"in Les A. N. Goring-Morris,N. Goren-Inbar, and E. Orrellefor reading early hommesde Mallaha (Eynan),Israel. Edited by J. Perrot, pp. i- versionsof this paperand offeringvaluable comments.D. Enoch io6. Memoireset Travauxdu Centredes RecherchesFrancais and D. Ladirayprepared the drawings,and the photographswere de Jerusalem7. takenby Z. Radovan.

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