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Effects of Heavy Equipment on Physical Properties of Soils and on Long-Term Productivity: a Review of Literature and Current Research

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Effects of Heavy Equipment on Physical Properties of Soils and on Long-Term Productivity: a Review of Literature and Current Research NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR AIR AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT EFFECTS OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND ON LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 887 OCTOBER 2004 by Richard E. Miller, Ph.D. USDA Forest Service Olympia, Washington Stephen R. Colbert, Ph.D. American Forest Management Raleigh, North Carolina Larry A. Morris, Ph.D. University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Acknowledgments The authors thank those colleagues who provided information, particularly from unpublished reports. These include Bill McFee of Purdue University; Nick Chappell of Potlatch Corporation; and Cindy Prescott of the University of British Columbia. Special appreciation is due Janet Jones and Sherry Dean for editorial assistance and to Eric Vance for his technical review. For more information about this research, contact: Eric D. Vance, Ph.D. Alan A. Lucier, Ph.D. Project Leader Senior Vice President NCASI NCASI P.O. Box 13318 P.O. Box 13318 Research Triangle Park, N.C 27709-3318 Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709-3318 (919) 941-6415 (919) 941-6403 [email protected] [email protected] For information about NCASI publications, contact: Publications Coordinator NCASI P.O. Box 13318 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3318 (919) 941-6400 [email protected] National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). 2004. Effects of heavy equipment on physical properties of soils and on long-term productivity: A review of literature and current research. Technical Bulletin No. 887. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. © 2004 by the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. serving the environmental research needs of the forest products industry since 1943 PRESIDENT’S NOTE Soil physical properties heavily influence the availability of water, nutrients, and oxygen to trees and are strongly related to the ability of a site to sustain productive forest growth. Soil physical properties also influence the susceptibility of soils to erosion, which has implications for both long- term site productivity and water quality. Forest management has the potential to degrade soil physical properties, but degradation can usually be avoided through appropriate management practices. Management can even mitigate poor physical properties inherent to some soil types or that result from past land uses or management practices. Because the physical state of the soil directly influences several indicators of sustainable forest management, it is intrinsically relevant to the goals of forest certification. Quantifying relationships between soil physical properties and tree growth and the effects of forest management practices on these relationships is difficult. This is due to the close ties between forest growth and other site limiting factors related to climate, topography, and inherent soil fertility. Because of these complexities, traditional agricultural models of soil disturbance and productivity cannot always be used to interpret the effects of forest management practices. Soil disturbance can also indirectly influence tree growth and stand productivity by altering limiting site factors. For example, soil compaction reduces vegetative competition and increases tree seedling growth on some sites. Effects of management practices also depend to a large extent on the time of year the practices take place, the type of equipment used, the expertise of the operator, and whether appropriate guidelines (e.g., Best Management Practices) are followed. Despite evidence of negative effects of soil disturbance, trees have a remarkable ability to adapt. There is also strong evidence that short-term effects of management-induced soil disturbance on tree growth should not be used to derive conclusions about long-term site productivity. This report provides a comprehensive review of relationships between soil physical properties and long-term site productivity. It contains detailed information on a) mechanistic relationships between soil physical properties and root growth, b) tree growth on disturbed soil, c) soil recovery from compaction and puddling, d) ameliorating soil disturbance, and e) preventive measures. The report is based on data collected from a wide range of forest sites across the United States, western Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and should serve as a valuable reference on this important topic for years to come. Ronald A. Yeske October 2004 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement au service de la recherche environnementale pour l’industrie forestière depuis 1943 MOT DU PRÉSIDENT Les propriétés physiques des sols jouent un rôle important dans l’approvisionnement des arbres en eau, en éléments nutritifs et en oxygène et sont intimement liées à la capacité du site de soutenir la croissance des arbres d’une façon productive. Les propriétés physiques des sols influencent également leur susceptibilité à l’érosion ce qui a des conséquences à long terme sur la productivité des sites et la qualité de l’eau. Les pratiques d’aménagement forestier peuvent détériorer les propriétés physiques des sols, mais cette dégradation est évitable si on fait appel à des pratiques d’aménagement adéquates. Les gestionnaires peuvent même réduire les faibles propriétés physiques inhérentes de certains types de sols ou de ceux découlant d’une utilisation passée des terres ou de vieilles pratiques d’aménagement. Les conditions physiques des sols sont par nature liées aux objectifs de la certification forestière car elles influencent directement plusieurs indicateurs d’aménagement forestier durable. Il est difficile de déterminer les relations entre les propriétés physiques des sols et la croissance des arbres et de quantifier l’effet des pratiques d’aménagement forestier sur ces relations en raison des liens étroits qui existent entre la croissance des arbres et les autres facteurs limitatifs du site liés au climat, à la topographie et à la fertilité inhérente du sol. Compte tenu de la complexité du système, il n’est pas toujours possible de faire appel aux modèles agricoles traditionnels sur la productivité et le déséquilibre des sols pour interpréter les effets des pratiques de gestion forestière. Les perturbations du sol peuvent également agir indirectement sur la croissance des arbres et la productivité des peuplements en modifiant les facteurs limitatifs du site. Par exemple, le tassement des sols diminue la concurrence végétale et augmente la croissance des semis d’arbres sur certains sites. Les effets des pratiques d’aménagement dépendent aussi en grande partie de la période dans l’année où s’opèrent ces pratiques, du type d’équipement employé, de la compétence de l’opérateur et de l’utilisation ou non de directives adéquates (c’est-à-dire de bonnes pratiques de gestion). Malgré qu’on puisse démontrer les effets négatifs de la perturbation des sols sur les arbres, ceux-ci ont une capacité remarquable d’adaptation. Il y a aussi de nombreuses évidences que les effets à court terme de la perturbation des sols sur la croissance des arbres causée par un aménagement artificiel ne devraient pas servir à établir des conclusions sur la productivité à long terme du site. Le présent rapport est une revue complète des relations entre les propriétés physiques des sols et la productivité à long terme d’un site. Il contient de l’information détaillée sur a) les relations mécanistes entre les propriétés physiques des sols et la croissance des racines, b) la croissance des arbres sur des sols perturbés, c) la régénération d’un sol tassé ou transformé en boue, d) les façons de moins perturber les sols et e) les mesures de prévention. Ce rapport repose sur des données recueillies dans de nombreux sites forestiers à travers les États-Unis, l’ouest canadien, l’Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Il devrait être une référence utile pour les prochaines années en ce qui concerne cet important sujet. Ronald A. Yeske Octobre 2004 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement EFFECTS OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AND ON LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CURRENT RESEARCH TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 887 OCTOBER 2004 ABSTRACT Soil disturbance caused by heavy equipment used for harvesting or site preparation can have negative effects on soil properties and long-term forest site productivity. Soil compaction, churning, rutting, mixing, displacement, and removal are types of disturbance that can reduce tree root growth through their influence on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Removal or displacement of surface soil can also expose deeper subsoil, which may be less suitable for root growth due to its greater bulk density and soil strength. Most information on the effects of soil disturbance on root growth is derived from studies of agricultural crops under carefully controlled laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In contrast, trees are long-lived and have great capacity to adapt to restrictive soil conditions through morphological and distributional changes in their root system. This adaptive capacity limits our ability to predict how trees will respond to soil compaction under field conditions. In most soils, compaction reduces subsequent root growth in direct proportion to the degree of compaction. The long-term significance of observed short-term reductions in growth will depend on whether reduced root growth is associated with a) an overall reduction in rootable soil volume and quality or b) simply a slower exploitation of the pre-disturbance
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