Ground Water Year Book of Kerala (2015-2016)
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TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK OF KERALA (2015-2016) KERALA REGION THIRUVANANTHAPURAM SEPTEMBER 2016 GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK OF KERALA (2015-2016) Table of Contents Foreword I INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1 II HYDROGEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 4 Physiography .................................................................................................................. 4 Geology ........................................................................................................................... 4 Occurrence of Groundwater ............................................................................................ 5 Depth to water level during April 2015 ........................................................................ 21 Depth to water level during August 2015 ..................................................................... 22 Depth to water level during November 2015 ................................................................ 22 Depth to water level during January 2016 .................................................................... 23 V WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION IN KERALA DURING 2015-2016 .................................. 31 Fluctuation between April 2015 and August 2015 ....................................................... 31 Fluctuation between April 2015 and November 2015 .................................................. 31 Fluctuation between April 2015 and January 2015 ...................................................... 32 VI COMPARISON OF 2015-16 WATER LEVELS WITH THE DECADAL MEAN (2005- 2014) ............................................................................................................................................................ 39 Fluctuation between Mean April (2005-2014) and April 2015 .................................... 39 Fluctuation between Mean August (2005-2014) and August 2015 .............................. 39 Fluctuation between Mean November (2005-2014) and November 2015 ................... 40 Fluctuation between Mean January (2006-2015) and January 2016 ............................ 40 VIII. BEHAVIOUR OF PIEZOMETRIC HEADS IN DEEP AQUIFERS OF CONFINED/SEMICONFINED NATURE DURING THE YEAR 2015-2016 ...................................... 55 Sedimentary area: ......................................................................................................... 55 Crystalline area: ............................................................................................................ 56 XI HYDROCHEMISTRY ......................................................................................................................... 59 SUM UP ....................................................................................................................................................... 65 i List of Figures 1.1 Location of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala State 3 3.1 a Departure of rainfall from normal during April –May 2015 (Summer Season) 11 3.1 b Departure of rainfall from normal during June - September 2015 (SW Monsoon Season) 11 3.1 c Departure of rainfall from normal during October - December 2015 (North-East Monsoon 12 Season) 3.1 d Departure of rainfall from normal during January – March 2016 (WinterSeason) 12 3.2 Seasonal rainfall contribution to Annual rainfall in percentage (2015-16) 17 3.3 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution and their Percentage Contribution to Annual Rainfall (2015-16) 18 3.4 Comparison of 2014-15 Seasonal Rainfall with the Seasonal Rainfall of 2015-16 19 4.1 Depth to water level - April 2015 23 4.2 Depth to water level - August 2015 24 4.3 Depth to water level - November 2015 25 4.4 Depth to water level - January 2016 26 5.1 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to pre-monsoon water level (April 2015 – August 2015) 33 5.2 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to pre-monsoon water level (April 2015 – November 34 2015) 5.3 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to pre-monsoon water level (April 2015 – January 2016) 34 6.1 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to mean water level (April 2015 vs mean of 41 2005-2014) 6.2 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to mean water level (August 2015 vs mean of 42 2005-2014) 6.3 Water level Fluctuation with respect to mean water level (November 2015 vs mean of 43 2005-2014) 6.4 Water Level Fluctuation with respect to mean water level (January 2016 vs mean of 44 2005-2014) 7.1 Map of Kerala showing trend of pre-monsoon water level during 2006 – 2015 50 7.2 Map of Kerala showing trend of post-monsoon water level during 2006– 2015 51 7.3 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in laterites at Kommeri, Kannur District 52 7.4 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in laterites at Madavur, Thriuvananthapuram 52 District 7.5 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in laterites at Kottiyur, Kannur District 53 7.6 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in laterites at Ayur, Kollam District 53 7.7 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in Weathered Crystalline at Palakkad, 54 Palakkad District 7.8 Hydrograph of GWMW tapping phreatic aquifer in laterite at Mannanthala, 54 Thiruvananthapuram District 8.1 Hydrograph of piezometer tapping Warkalai aquifer at Karthikappally, Alapuzha District 57 8.2 Hydrograph of piezometer tapping Quilon aquifer at Karthikappally, Alapuzha District 57 8.3 Hydrograph of piezometer tapping fractured aquifer at Vadakkancherry , Palakkad District 58 8.4 Hydrograph of piezometer tapping fractured aquifer at Koduvayur , Palakkad District 58 9.1 Location Map where the electrical conductivity value is more than 1000 Microsiemens/cm at 61 250C 9.2 Location Map where nitrate value is more than 45 Milligram per 62 List of Tables 1.1 District-wise break-up of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala State as on 31.03.2016 2 2.1 Geological succession of Kerala 5 3.1 Monthly rainfall distribution during 2015-2016 13 3.2 Seasonal rainfall, normal rainfall and the percentage departure in 2015-2016 in Kerala State 14 3.3 Seasonal rainfall distribution and their percentage contribution to annual rainfall (2015 – 2016) 15 3.4 Comparison of 2014-2015 seasonal rainfall with the seasonal rainfall of 2015-2016 16 ii 4.1 District wise well frequency for different ranges of depth to water level (April 2015) 27 4.2 District wise well frequency for different ranges of depth to water level (August 2015) 28 4.3 District wise well frequency for different ranges of depth to water level (November 2015) 29 4.4 District wise well frequency for different ranges of depth to water level (January 2016) 30 5.1 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation (April 2015 – 36 August 2015) 5.2 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation (April 2015 – 37 November 2015) 5.3 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation (April 2015 – 38 January 2016) 6.1 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation with respect to 45 decadal mean (mean April value of 2005- 2014 – April 2015) 6.2 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation with respect to 46 decadal mean (mean August value of 2005- 2014 – August 2015) 6.3 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation with respect to 47 decadal mean (mean November value of 2005- 2014 – November 2015) 6.4 District-wise well frequency in different ranges of water level fluctuation with respect to 48 decadal mean (mean January value of 2006-2015 – January 2016) 9.1 Frequency Distribution of Electrical Conductivity in Ground Water Monitoring Wells during 60 April 2009 9.2 District-wise Frequency Distribution of Electrical Conductivity in Ground Water Monitoring 60 Wells during April 2009 9.3 Locations showing Electrical Conductivity more than 1000 µs/cm at 25oC ,Chloride > 61 250mg/l, F>1.5mg/l, Nitrate > 45mg/l Annexures: I Water level data of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Kerala State during the year 2015-16. 66-96 II Chemical analysis data of water samples from Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Kerala 97-112 during April 2013. iii Ground Water Year Book of Kerala (2015-16) FOREWORD Ground water is an important source of water for meeting the drinking, agricultural and industrial needs in India. Over the last few decades, the use of ground water in the country has increased manifold, exerting pressure on the limited resources available and threatening their long-term sustainability in many places. Kerala, though blessed with copious rainfall and abundant surface water resources, depends heavily on the limited ground water resources to meet its drinking and domestic water requirements, especially in the rural habitations. In the recent past, scarcity of drinking water resources during summer months is being faced by several habitations in the State with increasing regularity. Kerala State has limited ground water development prospects owing to the largely undulating topography and predominance of crystalline rocks devoid of any primary porosity. Increasing demand of fresh water resources due to change in life styles, agricultural practices and urbanisation has resulted in increasing stress on the ground water regime in several areas of the State. Contamination of ground water resources