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Observations of Environmental Change in Grand Canyon, Arizona

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Observations of Environmental Change in Grand Canyon, Arizona U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER Observations of Environmental Change in Grand Canyon, Arizona Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4080 COVER PHOTOGRAPH November 1911. Ellsworth (left) and Emery Kolb displaying native fishes caught in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon during their 1911 expedition (Kolb photograph 5739, courtesy of Special Collections, the Cline LIbrary, Northern Arizona University). Observations of Environmental Change in Grand Canyon, Arizona By Robert H. Webb, Theodore S. Melis, and Richard A. Valdez U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4080 Prepared in cooperation with GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH CENTER Tucson, Arizona 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: DistrictRegional Chief Research Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 1201345 Middlefield Pacific Avenue Road – Suite 600 Building 810 Tacoma,Menlo Park, Washington California 98402 94025 Box 25286, Federal Center http://water.usgs.gov/nrp http://wa.water.usgs.gov Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................................................................................................................... 2 Units and Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................ 3 The Old Timers .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Other Pre-Dam or 1960s River Runners .................................................................................................... 4 Diaries and Other Accounts ....................................................................................................................... 5 Repeat Photography ................................................................................................................................... 5 Interviews and Interpretation of Observations ........................................................................................... 5 SPECIFIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN GRAND CANYON ........................................................................... 7 Aesthetics in Grand Canyon ....................................................................................................................... 7 Water Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Geomorphology .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Debris Flows and Floods ................................................................................................................... 8 Rockfalls ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Rapids ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Sand Bars .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Channel Bars ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Driftwood ................................................................................................................................................... 18 Riparian and Desert Vegetation ................................................................................................................. 18 Riparian Vegetation .......................................................................................................................... 18 Marshes ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Desert Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 21 Terrestrial Animals ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Birds and Bats ................................................................................................................................... 23 Insects ................................................................................................................................................ 24 Beavers .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Otters ................................................................................................................................................. 24 Large Mammals ................................................................................................................................ 26 Fishes .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 30 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Contents i FIGURES Figure 1. Map showing the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona .......................................................... 2 Figure 2. Photographs showing Badger Creek Rapid (mile 8.0) ......................................................................9 Figure 3. Photographs showing the sand bar downstream from Tapeats Creek (mile 133.9-R) ...................... 12 Figure 4. Photographs showing Deer Creek Falls (mile 136.1-R) ...................................................................14 Figure 5. Photographs showing the marsh at Cardenas Creek (mile 70.9-L) .................................................. 20 Figure 6. Schematic diagram showing historical changes in fish populations in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon ..................................................................................................... 27 Figure 7. Photographs showing examples of native fishes caught in Grand Canyon ...................................... 30 Contents ii TABLES Table 1. Diaries from historical river trips in Grand Canyon used in this study ............................................ 6 Table 2. Dates and observations of the Colorado River being frozen at Lee’s Ferry, Arizona, or other points along the river ........................................................................................................... 8 Table 3. List of known driftwood fires in Grand Canyon, 1937-1964 ........................................................... 16 Table 4. Pre-dam locations of tamarisk and native trees in Grand Canyon 19 Table 5. Waterbird sightings in Grand Canyon compiled from selected historic diaries ............................... 22 Table 6. Sightings of bighorn sheep in Grand Canyon during pre-dam river trips ......................................... 25 Table 7. Anecdotal accounts of native and non-native fishes in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon ........ 28 Contents iii CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To obtain inch 2.54 centimeter feet 0.3048 meters miles 1.609 kilometers cubic feet per second 0.02832 cubic meters per second pound, avoirdupois 0.4536 kilogram degrees Fahrenheit (°F) (1) degrees Celsius Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) can be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = 5/9 × (°F - 32). VERTICAL DATUM Sea level: In this report, “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)—a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Conversion Factors iv Observations of Environmental Change in Grand Canyon, Arizona By Robert H. Webb, Theodore S. Melis, and Richard A. Valdez ABSTRACT Few scientific data have been collected on pre-dam conditions of the Colorado River corridor through Grand Canyon National Park. Using historical diaries, interviews with pre-dam river runners (referred to as the “Old
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