Toronto Saturday Night 1887-1906
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TORONTO SATURDAY NIGHT 1887-1906: A STUDY OF THE SHEPPARD YEARS Evelyn Fox B.A., University of British Columbia, 1975 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of English -c') Evelyn Fox 1982 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY May 1982 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. I her-eby grant to Sirnori Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title ot which is shown below) to u,ers of the Simon fraser University Librsr.y, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a reqlrest from the library of dny other university, or other educational institution, on its own bei-#nlf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission tor multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copy iny or publicdtion of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Toronto Saturday Night 1887-1906: A Study of the Shepard Years Author : --. - - -- (sign&ure)/ Evelyn Jean Fox ( r)sme) August 16, _ 1982 (date) NAME: EVELYN JEAN ETlX DEGREE: bfaster of Arts TITLE OF THESIS: Toronto Saturday Night 1887-1906: A Study of the Sheppard Years. EXAMZNING rnhlcfI?TEE: Chairman: Prof. Michael Steig - -. Pmf. Kady h&e< Senior Supervisor Assistant Professor of English Prof. David Stouck, Associate Professor of English - -- - -- - - - Prof. Vexmica Strang-Boak, External Examiner Associate Professor of History/ Worn's Studies ABSTRACT First published in 1887, the Canadian popular magazine Toronto Saturday Night, was, to a great extent, a reflection of the man who edited it during the period, 1887-1906. Edmund E. Sheppard not only controlled the content but also wrote a good deal of the material himself. Character- ized by a charming but exasperating innocence, the Sheppard years were chosen for this study because they reveal much about the Canadian culture and, in particular, literature of the time. The first two chapters of this thesis examine the editorials and fiction by Sheppard: Chapter One focuses on the range and content of the editorials and Chapter Two, on the fiction written by Sheppard for Toronto Saturday Night. Chapter Three provides an overview of the fiction that appeared in the magazine from 1887-1906. While several hundred stories appeared during this time, the fiction of the early years relied on the cliches of the day: the triumph of justice, the reward of virtue and the value of hard work. This writing reveals that moral virtue was the primary message presented to the reader. The modern reader's initial impatience when confronted with the didactic nature of the fiction of early Toronto Saturday Night should therefore be tempered by an under- standing that it reflected the popular Victorian conviction iii that fiction had to have a high moral purpose. Chapter Three examines the moral purpose of Toronto Saturday Night's fiction, as well as its range and quality. Toronto Saturday Night's attitude toward Canadian literature was ambiguous; although the magazine regularly promoted and praised Canadian writing, proportionately few of the magazine's stories were by Canadian writers. Chapter Four first explores the character of this Canadian writing in the popular forms--the moral story and the fantasy story of mystery and suspense--and then explains the scarcity of good Canadian fiction in the magazine by examining how the demands of readers and editors and the expectations of writers hampered originality of express- ion. The Conclusion summarizes the idiosyncratic stamp imprinted by Sheppard on Toronto Saturday Night and discusses the changes in the magazine after his departure. Although the format of Toronto Saturday Night varied over the years, Sheppard's emphasis on social responsibility and support 1 of Canadian writers ha-emerged as . key featuresof the magazine. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE APPROVAL PAGE ii ABSTRACT iii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I: "SIMPLE DEMOCRACY AND COMMON SENSE": 17 THE EDITORIALS OF E. E. SHEPPARD FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER I: CHAPTER 11: A FETTERED VISION: THE FICTION OF E. E. SHEPPARD FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER 11: CHAPTER 111: TORONTO SATURDAY NIGHT FICTION: AN OVERVIEW FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER 111: CHAPTER IV: TORONTO SATURDAY NIGHT CANADIAN FICTION: PROBLEMS BETWEEN EDITOR AND WRITER, WRITER AND READER FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY The experiment of magazine publishing has been tried in all the chief cities of the Dominion, but it has failed in every instance, though the trial has been made honestly and at considerable sacrifice on the part of the promoters of the enterprise. 1 On December 3, 1887 the first issue of Toronto Saturday ~i~ht'appeared on the newsstands in Toronto and by early afternoon all 10,000 copies were sold out. Toronto Saturday Nisht went on to become one of the few Canadian magazines to survive the nineteenth century and to carry on into the twentieth where it now enjoys a respected position among Canada's magazines. The record of periodicals in Canada up to that point had been surprisingly bleak, with most magazines folding within two years of their inception, among them the Canadian Magazine and Literary Repository (Montreal, 1823-25), the Canadian Review and Literary and Historical Journal (Montreal, 1824-26), the Acadian ~agazine(~alifax, 1826-28), the Canadian Literary Magazine (York, 1833), the Monthly Review (Toronto, 1541), Barker's Canadian Magazine (Kingston, 1846- 47), the Victoria Magazine (Belleville, 1847-48), the British Colonial Magazine (Toronto, 1853) , the Canadian Merchant's Magazine (Toronto, 1857-59), the British American Magazine (Toronto, 1863-64), and the Canadian Quarterly Review and Family Magazine (Toronto, 1863-64). If this were not enough, the optimism following Confederation resulted in the founding of still more periodicals, all of which had folded or merged with another by the time Toronto Saturday Niqht had appeared on the scene. They included the New Dominion Monthly Magazine (Montreal, 1867-79), Stewart's Literary Quarterly (St. Johns, 1867 -72), the Canadian Illustrated News (Montreal, 1869-83), as well as the Canadian Monthly and National Review (Toronto, 1872-78) . When Toronto Saturday Night first appeared there were a number of Canadian magazines on the market. The Week (Toronto, 1883-96), was a magazine aimed at an intellectual audience. Dominated by Goldwin Smith in its early years, The Week's subject matter reflected his interest in politics, literature and social affairs. Its style was one which encouraged thought and discussion and its tone was "aggres- ively contro~ersial..!~~' Smith also founded and contributed to the politically oriented The Bystander (1880-82 ; 1890 -91), which came out on an irregular basis. Still another magazine of a political nature available to Canadians at that time was Grip (Toronto 1872-94), edited by J.W. Bengough, whose gift for political satire and wry, sharp comment pro- vided much of the magazine's appeal. In addition to magazines that focused on politics, there were a number of religious magazines on the market, the primary Canadian periodicals being the Christian Guardian (Toronto, 1829-1925), a Methodist magazine which contained both political and religious news and The Methodist Magazine (Toronto, 1875- 1906), which was published under various titles through- out this time and, as one might expect, featured relig- ious news primarily, although occasionally it carried book reviews and discussions of literary subjects. Also of some note was the AnglicanCanadian Churchman (Toronto, 1871- ). As well as the political and religious magazines, there were those magazines of general interest such as the -Can- adian Maqazine (Toronto, 1893-1939) that were aimed at the middle-class audience of the day. While the format of the Canadian Magazine was less flamboyant than that of Toronto Saturday Night, the two has a number of features in common: their subject matter was aimed at a general audience; their tone was genial, and their uncomplicated style offered light entertainment in a format that was designed to capture the interest of the reader. If The Week was aggressively controversial, the Canadian Magazine and Toronto Saturday Night were agreeably amiable. Generally speaking, the Canadian Monthly, The Week and even the Canadian Magazine, all periodicals from Toronto, appealed to a more sophisticated audience than that of Toronto Saturday Night which saw itself as the magazine for the average Canadian reader and hoped for a national read- ership. In addition, the publishers of Toronto Saturday Night saw the magazine filling a particular need, for while periodicals like The Week appealed only to an educated, sophisticated Canadian audience, and dealt with serious issues of concern to that audience, Toronto Saturday Night offered a form of reading pleasure that aimed to entertain as it educated. Because education was regarded as a means of unifying, building and strengthening Canada, educating the public was a primary goal of the periodicals of the day. This goal was not confined to Toronto Saturday Night; editors of all popular magazines felt their task was to reach the adults of their community and to provide them with reading matter that would educate as it entertained by presenting examples of good behaviour, introducing the reader to foreign countries and customs, as well as informing him of scien- tific advancement and innovation. The popular magazine in Canada fulfilled a particular need in this area because it attracted a section of the populace that the other, more literate, magazines did not reach. The intention was to reach this audience through fiction. This aim, not surpri- singly, had a profound effect on the nature and quality of the fiction chosen for publication by the popular magazine such as Toronto Saturday Niqht.