EWP 6752 — Fall 2010

Transpersonal Psychology

Instructor: Greg Bogart, Ph.D, (510) 594-4329 [email protected]

Course Description: psychology explores human potential by investigating experiences in which awareness expands beyond the usual limits of space and time, the rational mind, and the physical body—for example, deep and samadhi states, out-of-body journeys, telepathy and precognition, dream lucidity and radiance, visionary journeys induced through various methods, past life memories, awakening of chakras and kundalini , states of communion with plants, animals, and transhuman beings, nondual consciousness in its changeless tranquility. Transpersonal researchers study multiple states of consciousness and how they interact and enhance our human existence. Transpersonalists describe the psychological, philosophical, and social implications of these experiences and their relevance to human beings living through a time of planetary crisis. Transpersonal psychologists envisions the evolution of an integral human personality seeking balanced emotional, relational, vocational, spiritual, and creative-expressive development. studies both ancient and modern practices that awaken higher perceptual and energetic potentials: , meditation, pranayama, , ecstatic dance, devotional practices, chanting and toning, visualization; and contemporary practices, new and group disciplines, practices derived from ecopsychology, new transpersonal expressions in , transformative process work, healing arts, education, as well as in music, art, dance, film, and electronic culture. This course surveys the origins of transpersonal psychology and the unfolding of transpersonal paradigms, theories, and practices. Students are introduced to the work of influential researchers in the field. Students undertake a focused spiritual practice and write about their experiences and inner awakenings in a Spiritual Practice Journal. A final paper allows students to demonstrate their knowledge of core transpersonal theories and to pursue their own research.

Course Requirements: • Consistent class attendance (3 absences maximum) and active participation in class discussions. • Practice a spiritual discipline and keep a Journal of your experiences. • Complete Final Exam and Research Paper based on assigned readings and your own research. Papers should be typed, double-spaced, and written in APA style. Carefully edit and proofread all written work prior to submission. • Library orientation. Learn how to use search engines such as PsychInfo for instant access to a world of knowledge and current research. Ask a librarian to show you how. This will take 5 minutes. • Optional: In class presentation (10–15 minutes). • Cell phones and pagers are to be turned off during class.

Learning Activities Cognitive/Didactic (lecture/discussion): 50% Practical/Applied (presentations/research) 25% Experiential (group process) 25%

Criteria for Evaluation: Spiritual practice journal: 25% Classroom presence and participation 25% Final exam and research paper 50%

Summary of Educational Purpose: This course provides students with a conceptual and experiential foundation in transpersonal psychology, surveys the major theorists who have shaped the field, and prepares students to do their own research. The course is also an experiential training in theories and practices intended to aid students in their self-transformation.

Learning Objectives: After completing this course, students will: • Understand the basic theories and practices of transpersonal psychology, and be able to answer basic questions about the history and pivotal thinkers in the field. • Develop their own vision of the practical applications of transpersonal theories and models, in psychotherapy, spiritual counseling, education, healthcare and healing arts, bodywork, religion and community activism and leadership.

Level of Instruction: M.A./Ph.D

Prerequisites: None

Grading Options: Course is pass/fail; letter grade is optional

Required Texts: Reader of selected articles, available at Copy Central, 2336 Market Street (between Castro and Noe) telephone: 415 431-6725. Grof, S. (1985). Beyond the brain: Birth, , and transcendence in psychotherapy. OR Grof, S. (1993). The holotropic mind. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Welwood, J. (2000). Toward a psychology of awakening. Boston, MA: Shambhala. Ferrer, J. (2002). Revisioning transpersonal theory. A participatory vision of human . Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Additional reading materials are posted on Electronic Reserve (ERES). Password: “Trans”

Other recommended Books: Metzner, R. (1998). The unfolding self. Novato, CA: Origin Press. Daniels, M. (2005). Shadow, self, spirit: Essays in transpersonal psychology. Charlottesville,VA: Imprint Academic. Trungpa, C. (2005). The sanity we are born with: A Buddhist approach to psychology. Boston: Shambhala. Washburn, M. (1998). The ego and the dynamic ground. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Spiritual Practice Journal, due October 13. Spiritual practice is a key component of the course. Transpersonal psychology is optimally studied by those who are actively committed to a path of consciousness expansion and spiritual awakening. For this assignment you have two options. Both require focus and discipline; both offer opportunities for self-liberation through inner work.

Option A: Pick a spiritual practice or mind-body discipline: meditation, yoga, chi gung, ecstatic dancing, chanting, shamanism, pranayama, holotropic , TM, vipassana, , candle gazing, bodywork. Whatever you do, do it consistently for the next 8–10 weeks. Write about your inner experiences and awakenings in the light of the readings and class discussions.

Option B: Read Ralph Metzner’s book, The unfolding self, one or two chapters per week. In highly evocative writing, this book describes 12 central metaphors of human transformation: From caterpillar to butterfly; awakening from the dream of reality; uncovering the veils of illusion; from captivity to liberation; purification by inner fire; from fragmentation to wholeness; reconciling with the inner enemy; on dying and being reborn; from darkness to light; integrating the inner wild animal; unfolding the tree of our life; journey to the place of vision and power; returning to the source. Pick several of these themes and discuss their relevance to your current spiritual evolution. This book provides rich material for journaling, self-inquiry, and self-realization.

Final Exam and Research Paper, described below. Due December 8.

Student Presentations Each week, one or two 10–15 minute time slots will be allotted for student presentations. This is a time to formulate your thoughts and express your creativity. You can present individually, or team up with another class member to collaborate on a joint 20–25 minute presentation. Presentations can include your personal response to one (or more) of the readings, describing whatever it evoked in you.

September 1. Introduction to transpersonal psychology, and the historical and cultural factors contributing to its emergence. The inward and outward arcs of evolution.

Reading: Instructor’s Notes on Stan Grof, Beyond the brain (Chapter 1). Instructor’s Notes on Frances Vaughan, The inward arc. Instructor’s Notes on Angeles Arrien, The fourfold way.

September 8. The Great Ancestors: William James, the study of the stream of consciousness. , the study of dreams and their symbolism. , archetypes of the collective unconscious; synchronicity, psychology east and west.

Reading: Bryan Wittine, “Beyond ego.” Robert Frager, “Transpersonal psychology: Promise and prospects.” Ronald Valle, “The emergence of transpersonal psychology.” Bruce Scotton, “Introduction and definition of transpersonal psychology.” Allan Chinen, “The emergence of transpersonal psychiatry.” Mark Epstein, “Freud’s influence on transpersonal psychology.” Bruce Scotton, “The contributions of C. G. Jung to transpersonal psychiatry.” Instructor’s Notes on Henri Ellenberger, The discovery of the unconscious.

Optional reading: Glenn Hartelius, Marianna Caplan, M. A. Rardin, “Transpersonal psychology: Defining the past, divining the future.” ERES. Marianna Caplan, Glenn Hartelius, & M. A. Rardin, “Contemporary viewpoints on transpersonal psychology.” ERES Michael Daniels, “Approaching transpersonal psychology.” Shadow, self, spirit (pp. 11–38). Marcie Boucouvalas, “Transpersonal psychology: A working outline of the field.” ERES

September 15. The Great Ancestors, II. Existential-. , Anthony Sutich. Roberto Assagioli and Psychosynthesis.

Reading: Roberto Assagioli, “Psychosynthesis: Height psychology—Discovering the self and the Self—an interview with Roberto Assagioli.” ERES J. R. Battista, “Abraham Maslow and Roberto Assagioli. Pioneers of transpersonal psychology.” ERES Psychosynthesis Techniques (in Reader): The Evening Review; Ideal Model Exercise; The Blossoming of the Rose; Exercise of “The Door”; Integration of Subpersonalities Through the Witness; Exercise in Disidentification and Self-Identification. Michael Daniels, “Maslow and self-actualization.” Shadow, self, spirit (pp. 115–29). Greg Bogart, “A brief introduction to existential psychology.”

For further study: J. Firman, & A. Gila, Psychosynthesis: A psychology of the spirit.

September 22. The Harvard connection: William James, , Richard Alpert/, and Ralph Metzner. Psychedelics and the study of consciousness. The politics of ecstasy. Aldous Huxley. . Huston Smith. Charles Tart: State-specific learning. Mircea Eliade: Dialectic of the sacred, the phenomenology of .

Reading: William James, “Observations on nitrous oxide.” Eugene Taylor, “William James and transpersonal psychiatry.” Timothy Leary, “Sacred mushrooms of Mexico” “Harvard drug research” “Politics of ecstasy”; and other selections from Flashbacks. ERES Ralph Metzner, “States of consciousness and transpersonal psychology.” Charles Tart, “ and transpersonal psychology.” Jorge Ferrer, “The empiricist colonization of spirituality.” (Chapter 3, Revisioning transpersonal theory)

Optional reading: Michael Daniels, “Transpersonal psychology and the paranormal” and “Contexts and modes of mystical experience.” Shadow, self, spirit (pp. 39–62, 234–62). Charles Tart, “Transpersonal realities or neurophysiological illusions: Toward an empirically testable dualism.” ERES Eugene Taylor, “William James and the humanistic tradition” ERES G. Dudley, “Eliade’s interpretive vision”; “The normative thrust”; and “The Indian roots of Eliade’s vision.” ERES Selections from M. Eliade, Autobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ERES [This little known text describes Eliade’s travels in India and encounters with yogis, philosopher S. Dasgupta, mystic poet Tagore, Swami Shivananda, and others. Eliade was one of the first westerners to receive yogic initiations in India. He also describes his experience of enlightenment through tantric sex.]

September 29. , the spectrum of consciousness. Pre-personal, personal and transpersonal stages of development. The “pre-trans fallacy.” Wilber’s critics. Wilber’s Integral Psychology.

Reading: Instructor’s Notes on Ken Wilber, The Atman project. Ken Wilber, “Psychologia perennis”; “The spectrum of transpersonal development”; “The pre/trans fallacy”; “The spectrum of pathologies”; “The spectrum of therapies”; Roger Walsh and Frances Vaughan, “The worldview of Ken Wilber.” Jorge Ferrer, “Trouble in paradise: The revisited.” (Chapter 4, Revisioning transpersonal theory).

For further study: Ken Wilber, The atman project, pp. 3–6, 45–103. ERES Michael Washburn, “Transpersonal dialogue: A new direction.” ERES

Students who wish to study Wilber in greater depth have the option of reading Wilber’s book, Integral Psychology, later in the course.

October 6. Stanislav Grof. Realms of the human unconscious. . COEX systems. Holotropic therapy. Reading, Stanislav Grof, “Dimensions of the human psyche: Cartography of inner space” (Chapter 2 of Beyond the Brain). Or: Stanislav Grof, The Holotropic Mind. Instructor’s Notes on S. Grof, The adventure of self-discovery.

October 13. Spiritual emergency. Christina Grof, David Lukoff, John Weir Perry: Transpersonal perspectives on psychopathology. Spiritual Practice Journal due. Reading: Christina Grof and Stan Grof, “Spiritual emergency: The understanding and treatment of transpersonal crises.” Christina Grof, “Addiction as spiritual emergency.” David Lukoff, “The myths in mental illness” ERES David Lukoff, “Transpersonal perspectives on manic psychosis: Creative, visionary, and mystical states.” John Weir Perry, “Mental breakdown as healing process.”

For further study: Edward Podvoll, Recovering sanity: A compassionate approach to understanding and treating psychosis.

October 20. Buddhist transpersonal psychology I. John Welwood, Toward a psychology of awakening. Or: Chogyam Trungpa, The sanity we are born with: A Buddhist approach to psychology. Daniel Goleman, “Meditation and consciousness: An asian approach to mental health. ERES

October 27. Buddhist transpersonal psychology II. Meditation, consciousness, and psychotherapy. Integrating transpersonal and psychoanalytic perspectives on meditation.

Reading: Welwood, Toward a psychology of awakening, or: Trungpa, The sanity we are born with. Jack Engler, “Therapeutic aims in psychotherapy and meditation.” Greg Bogart, “The use of meditation in psychotherapy: A review of the literature.” Roger Walsh: Meditation research: The state of the art.”

For further study: Mark Epstein, “The deconstruction of the self: Ego and egolessness in Buddhist insight meditation.” ERES Michael Delmonte, “Constructivist view of meditation.” ERES Mark Epstein, Thoughts without a thinker. Mark Epstein, Psychotherapy without the self.

November 3. Michael Washburn: The spiral dynamic model. The ego and the dynamic ground. Regression in the service of transcendence. Regeneration in the spirit. Shamanic influences on transpersonal psychology.

Reading: Michael Washburn, The Ego and the Dynamic Ground. Instructor’s notes on Joan Halifax, Shamanic Voices. Peggy Wright, “A psychobiological approach to shamanic altered states of consciousness.” ERES. Roger Walsh, “Shamanism and healing.” Donald Sandner, “Native North American Healers.”

For further study: Stanley Krippner, “Spiritual dimensions of healing: From native shamanism to contemporary health care.”

November 10: Michael Murphy. Metanormal development and the somatics of transformation. Sports and somatic disciplines as a path to higher stages of human evolution.

Reading: Michael Murphy, The future of the body: Explorations into the further evolution of human nature, chapters 3, 5, and 7 (“Evolution and extraordinary functioning”; “Developing human attributes”; “Philosophy, religion, and human development.”) ERES

November 17: Option A: Transpersonal cognition. The participatory turn in transpersonal theory and epistemology.

Reading: Donald Rothberg, “Spiritual inquiry.” Michael Washburn, “Transpersonal cognition in developmental perspective.” Jorge Ferrer, “The participatory nature of spiritual knowing”; “An ocean with many shores: The challenge of spiritual pluralism”; “After the participatory turn” (Revisioning transpersonal theory, chapters 5, 6 & 7).

Option B: Ken Wilber’s Integral Psychology.

Reading: Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology.

November 24. No Class, Thanksgiving break.

December 1: Integral yoga, yoga psychology and yoga therapy. Reading: Haridas Chaudhuri, selections from Sri Aurobindo, Prophet of the life divine. ERES William Keane & Stephen Cope, “When the therapist is a yogi: Integrating yoga and psychotherapy”

For further study: Swami Ajaya: Yoga and psychotherapy.

December 8. Student Presentations. Past life therapy. Reading: Roger Woolger, “Past-life regression therapy.”

Final Exam and Research Paper due.

Part A: In 10 pages, write essays answering three of the following questions. Question #1: What is Transpersonal Psychology? Describe some of the important personages and cultural influences that shaped the emergence of this field. Question #2: Discuss Psychosynthesis as a transpersonal model and technique of self- transformation. Discuss Assagioli’s concepts of the “higher unconscious,” the egg diagram, and the Transpersonal Self. Pick a Psychosynthesis technique and practice it at home, at least twice. Describe the results. Question #3: Describe Ken Wilber’s spectrum model of consciousness What does Wilber mean by the “pre-trans fallacy”? How and why has Wilber evolved his model into Integral Psychology? What are some critiques of Wilber? Compare and contrast Wilber with other theorists such as Grof, Washburn, Rothberg, and Ferrer. Describe how these various models resonate with your own experience. Question #4. Discuss Ralph Metzner’s evolution from early Harvard psychedelic research, through his studies of shamanism, divination, , and states of consciousness, to his recent work on Green Psychology. Discuss how the evolution of Metzner’s work parallels broader developments in the transpersonal field. Question #5. What are the effects and benefits of meditation? How can meditation be useful in psychotherapy, health care, education, business, work, and relationships? Refer to assigned readings and your personal experiences of meditation. Question #6. Discuss Grof’s holotropic model of consciousness. Describe the four perinatal matrices and the emotional-psychological themes associated with each of them. What does Grof mean by COEX systems and why are they significant ? What are the basic principles of Grof’s holotropic therapy? What does Grof mean by the term “inner radar”? Question #7. Describe how an awakening to transpersonal realms of consciousness can become a spiritual emergency. Briefly describe how a transpersonal therapist could be of assistance. Question #8. Describe a transpersonal model for understanding persons exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology, referring to the writings of John Weir Perry, Ed Podvoll, Chogyam Trungpa, David Lukoff, and Stan Grof. Question #9. What does Stanley Krippner mean by “healing states” and how are indigenous healing methods relevant to our understanding of transpersonal psychology? Question #10. What does Jorge Ferrer mean by the participatory turn and how does it help us more fully realize the emancipatory potentials of transpersonal psychology.

Part B: Research Paper. Investigate a topic in transpersonal psychology. Refer to the assigned readings, suggestions for further study, and the attached bibliography for ideas and suggestions. You can delve deeply into a single transpesrsonal theorist or practice, discuss a case study or personal experience, or describe the current state of knowledge on a topic. Your paper should contain references to books and published articles, not just material from Wikipedia and Internet websites. Your paper should be 10–12 pages in length. Go where the spirit moves you. You are invited to discuss your paper during an in-class presentation.

December 15. Student Presentations. Social implications of transpersonal psychology. Review and integration. Papers returned.

Reading: Roger Walsh, “Toward a psychology of human and ecological survival: Psychological approaches to contemporary global threats.”

Additional recommended reading:

BOOKS: Ajaya, S. (1976). Yoga and psychotherapy. Honesdale, PA: Himalayan Institute. Ajaya, S. (1983). Psychotherapy east and west. Honesdale, PA: Himalayan Institute. Almaas, A. H. (2000). The pearl beyond price. Boston: Shambhala. Almaas, A. H. (2000). The point of existence. Boston: Shambhala. Anderson, W. T. (2004). The upstart spring: Esalen and the : The first twenty years. Backinprint.com. Anthony, D., Ecker, B., & Wilber, K. (1987). Spiritual choices: The problems of recognizing authentic paths to inner transformation. New York: Paragon House. Baruss, I. (2003). Alterations of consciousness: An empirical analysis for social scientists. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Bogart, G. (2009). Dreamwork and self-healing: Unfolding the symbols of the unconscious. London: Karnac. Bogart, G. (2002). and meditation: The fearless contemplation of change. Bournemouth, U.K.: Wessex Astrologer. Bogart, G. (1997). The nine stages of spiritual apprenticeship: Understanding the student-teacher relationship. Berkeley: Dawn Mountain Press. Bogart, G. (1996) Therapeutic astrology: Using the birth chart in psychotherapy and spiritual counseling. Berkeley: Dawn Mountain Press. Bogart, G. (1993). Astrology and spiritual awakening. Berkeley: Dawn Mountain Press. Bragdon, E. (1990). The call of spiritual emergency. San Francisco: HarperCollins. Brown, M. (2004). Unfolding self: The practice of psychosynthesis. Allworth Press. Corbett, L. (1996). The religious function of the psyche. New York: Routledge. Cornell, J. (2006). Mandalas: Luminous symbols for healing. Wheaton, IL: Quest. Cortright, B. (1997). Psychotherapy and spirit. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Davis, J. (1999). The diamond approach: An introduction to the teachings of A. H. Almaas. Boston: Shambhala. Drew J. & Lorimer D. (Eds). Ways through the wall: Approaches to citizenship in an interconnected world. Lydney, Glouchestershire, UK. First Stone Publishing. Eliade, M. (1959/2009). Yoga, immortality and freedom. Princeton, NJ: Bollingen. Eliade, M. (1972/2004). Shamanism: Archaic techniques of ecstasy. Princeton, NJ: Bollingen. Epstein, M. (2004). Thoughts without a thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist perspective. New York: Basic Books. Epstein, M. (2008). Psychotherapy without the self: A Buddhist perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Feuerstein, G. (1999). The yoga tradition. Prescott, AZ. Hohm Press. Fincher, S. (1991). Creating mandalas. Boston: Shambhala. Firman, J. & Gila, A. (2003). Psychosynthesis: A psychology of the spirit. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Forte, R. (1997). Entheogens and the future of religion. San Francisco: Council for Spiritual Practices. Greenwell, B. (1990). Energies of transformation. Cupertino: Shakti River Press. Grof, S. & Grof, C. Spiritual emergency: When personal transformation becomes a crisis. Grof, S. (1980). Beyond death: The gates of consciousness. London: Thames & Hudson. Grof, S. (2006). When the impossible happens: Adventures in non-ordinary realities. Boulder, CO: Sounds True. Grof, S. (1998). The cosmic game: Explorations of the frontiers of human consciousness. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Grof, S. (1976 ). Realms of the human unconscious. New York: Dutton. Grof, S. (2000). Psychology of the future: Lessons from modern consciousness research. Albany: State University of New York Press. Grof, C. (1992). The stormy search for the self: A guide to personal growth through transformational crisis. Los Angeles: Tarcher. Harrigan, J. (2000). Kundalini vidya: A comprehensive model for studying and guiding spiritual development. Tennessee: Patanjali Kundalini Yoga Care. Hart, T., Nelson, P., & Puhakka, K. (Eds.). (2000). Transpersonal knowing: Exploring the horizon of consciousness. Albany: State University of New York Press. Huxley, A. (1970). The perennial philosophy. New York: Harper & Row. Huxley, A. (1963). The doors of ; and Heaven and hell. New York: Harper & Row. Iyengar, B. K. S. (1966/1995). Light on Yoga. New York: Schocken. Klimo, J. (1998). Channeling. Berkeley: North Atlantic Press. Kripal, J. (2008). Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kripal, J. (2001). Roads of excess, palaces of wisdom: Eroticism and reflexivity in the study of mysticism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jung, C. G. (1961). Memories, dreams, reflections. New York: Vintage Books. Jung, C. G. (1971). The difference between eastern and western thinking (Part I of Jung’s “Psychological commentary on the Tibetan book of the great liberation”). In J. Campbell (Ed.), The portable Jung (pp. 480–502). New York: Penguin. Kornfield, J. (1993). A path with heart: A guide through the perils and promises of spiritual life. New York: Bantam. Krippner, S. Bogzaran, F., & de Carvalho, A. P. (2002). Extraordinary dreams and how to work with them. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Krippner, S. (1995). The realms of healing. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts. Krippner, S. (1992). Spiritual dimensions of healing: From native shamanism to contemporary health care. New York: Irvington Press. Krippner, S. & Villoldo, A. (1987). Healing states: A journey into the world of spiritual healing and shamanism. New York: Fireside. Lancaster, B. L. (2004). Approaches to consciousness: The marriage of science & mysticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Mack, J. (2007). Abduction. New York: Scribner. Meckel, D. & Moore, R. (1992). Self and liberation: The Jung- dialogue. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. Metzner, R. (1999). Ayahuasca: Human consciousness and the spirits of nature. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press. Metzner, R. (1999). Green psychology: Transforming our relationship to the earth. Park Street Press. Metzner, R. (2008). The expansion of consciousness. Regent Press. Naranjo, C. (1991). Ennea-type stuctures: Self-analysis for the seeker. Nevada City, CA: Gateway Books. Naranjo, C. (1997). Transformation through insight. Prescott, AZ: Hohm Press. Palmer, H. (1991). The enneagram. New York: HarperOne. Podvoll, E. (2003). Recovering sanity: A compassionate approach to understanding and treating psychosis. Boston: Shambhala. Ring, K. (1998). Lessons from the light: What we learn from the near-death experience. Portsmouth, NH: Moment Point Press. Rothberg, D. (Ed.) (1998). Ken Wilber in dialogue: Conversations with leading transpersonal thinkers. Wheaton, IL: Quest. Rothberg (2006). The engaged spiritual life. Boston: Beacon. Salmon, D. & Maslow, J. (2007). Yoga psychology and the transformation of consciousness: Seeing through the eyes of infinity., St. Paul, MN: Paragon House. Sanford, J. (1977). Healing and wholeness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. Sannella, L.(1987). The kundalini experience. Lower Lake, CA: Integral Publishing. Scotton, B. W., Chinen, A. B., & Battista, J. R. (Eds.). (1996). Textbook of transpersonal psychiatry and psychology. New York: Basic Books. Smith, H. (2003). Cleansing the doors of perception. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications. Sovatsky, S. (1998).Words from the soul: Time, east-west spirituality, and psychotherapeutic narrative. Albany: State University of New York Press. Taimni, I. K. ((1961). The science of yoga. Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing. Tart, C. (1992). Transpersonal psychologies. New York: Harper San Francisco. Taylor, K. (1994). The breathwork experience. Santa Cruz, CA: Hanford Mead. Trungpa, C. (1973). Cutting through spiritual materialism. Berkeley, CA: Shambhala. Varenne, J. (1973). Yoga and the Hindu tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vaughan, F. (2005). Shadows of the sacred: Seeing through spiritual illusions. Backinprint.com. Vaughan, F. (1978). Awakening . New York: Anchor. Vaughan, F. (1986). The inward arc: Healing and wholeness in psychotherapy and spirituality. Boston: Shambhala. Walsh, R. & Vaughan, F. (Eds.). (1993). Paths beyond ego: The transpersonal vision. Los Angeles: J. T. Tarcher. Washburn, M. (1988). The ego and the dynamic ground. Albany: State University of New York Press. Washburn, M. (1994). Transpersonal psychology in psychoanalytic perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press. Washburn, M. (2003). Embodied spirituality in a sacred world. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Watts, A. (1965). The joyous cosmology. New York: Vintage. Weinhold B. & Hendricks, G. (1993). Counseling and psychotherapy: A transpersonal approach. Dallas: Love Publishing. Wellwood, J. (Ed.) (1983). Awakening the heart: East/West approaches to psychotherapy and the healing relationship. Boston: Shambhala. White, J. (1995). What is enlightenment? Wheaton, IL: Quest. Wilber, K. (1996). A brief history of everything. Boston: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (1996). The atman project. Wheaton, IL. Theosophical Publishing. Wilber, K, Engler D., & Brown J. (Eds.). (1986). Transformations of consciousness: Conventional and contemplative perspectives on development. Boston: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Boston: Shambhala. Wolman, B. & Ullman, M. (1986). Handbook of states of consciousness. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Woolger, R. (1988). Other lives, other selves. New York: Bantam.

ARTICLES: Boals, G. (1978). Toward a cognitive reconceptualization of meditation. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 143–181. Delmonte, M. (1987). Constructivist view of meditation. American Journal of Psychotherapy 41 (2), 286– 319. Epstein, M. (1988). The deconstruction of the self: Ego and egolessness in Buddhist insight meditation. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 20 (1), 61–69. Goleman, D. (1976). Meditation and consciousness: An asian approach to mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry 30 (1), 41–54. Kalff, M. (1983). The negation of ego in Tibetan Buddhism and Jungian psychology. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 15 (2), 103–124. Lukoff, D. (1985). The myths in mental illness. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 17 (2), 123–153. Lukoff, D. & Lu, F. (1988). Transpersonal psychology research review: Topic: Mystical experience. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 20 (2). Lukoff, D., Zanger, R., & Lu, F. (1990). Transpersonal psychology research review: Topic: Psychoactive substances and transpersonal states. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 22 (2), 107– 148. Lukoff, D., Turner, R., & Lu, F. (1992). Transpersonal psychology research review: Topic: Psychoreligious dimensions of healing. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 24 (1), 41–60. Metzner, R. (1994). Addiction and transcendence as altered states of consciousness. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26 (1), 41–60. Murphy, M. (1983). A bibliography of meditation theory and research: 1931–1983. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 17 (2). Rothberg, D. (1999). Transpersonal studies at the millennium. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 31. Rothberg, D. (1986). Philosophical foundations of transpersonal psychology. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 18 (1), 1–34. Washburn, M. (1990). Two patterns of transcendence. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 30 (3), 84–112. Wilber, K (1990). Two patterns of transcendence: A reply to Washburn. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 30 (3), 113–136.